week 5
Table of Contents Week 1: Introduction to Geopolitics ............................................................ 3 Week 2: Geopolitical Theory & the Age of Imperialism ............................... 5 Week 3: 30 Years War & Cold War ............................................................. 8 Week 4: Post-Cold War & Nationalism ..................................................... 13 Week 5: Geopolitics & American Grand Strategy ...................................... 22 Week 6: The Rise of China & India ............................................................ 29 Week 7: Russia & Australia ...................................................................... 36 Week 8: Globalisation & Migrants ............................................................ 43 Week 9: Environmental Security—Resource Conflict & Energy Security ... 46 Week 10: Geopolitics of Sustainable Development ................................... 52 Week 11: Geopolitics of Climate Change .................................................. 58 Week 12: Geopolitics of Oceans & Space .................................................. 61 Exam Preparation & Practice Questions .................................................... 64
WEEK 2: GEOPOLITICAL THEORY & THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM What are the different theories regarding imperialism? o
J. Gallagher & R.E. Robinson 1950s: Belief imp should inc informal imp (imp of FT) as trade often opened by force Imp Scramble attributed to conflicts of Euro diplomacy or thrusts expansionary finc capitalism?
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3 interpretations 19th C empire (persistence, steady expansion to 1870s & acceleration Scramble 4 Africa): 1. Metrocentric theory: New imp gave birth theories eco/soc imp (Hobson, Lenin, Schumpeter) 2. Systemic perspective: (diplomatic; balance power) States conceived as rational, unitary strategic actors (Langer, Taylor, Fieldhouse) 3. Pericentric view: slow but steady growth formal/ informal empire via trade, frontiers, tariff post J.A. Hobson’s theory of modern imperialism: Rejected search land for colonial settlement & search markets for trade as inadequate justify/ cause new imperialism b/c ppl/ trade didn’t flow areas B gained Portrays imp result forces (eco, pol, socio-psychological) emanating from dispositions metropolitan soc Diagnosis of ‘imperial syndrome’ Imp vital & necessary to capitalism as a whole Lenin’s theory: Imperialism was capitalism in its monopoly, financial & final stage Defined imperialism in 5 ‘essential features’: 1. Monopolies est. by concentratn prodn & cap develop decisive role eco life 2. Merging bank capital w/ industry capital & creation ‘financial oligarchy’ 3. X of capital distinguished from X of commodities 4. World shared among the newly formed int. capitalist combines 5. Territorial division world among greatest capital powers completed Solution= REVOLUTION: ‘civil war by proletariat against bourgeoisie in ACs and democrat & revolutionary movements in undeveloped, oppressed nations’ Schumpeter’s views: Argued capitalism inherently anti-imperialistic Capitm wouldn’t gain from FT. However 19th C capitm warped by X monopolies; big banks pay low wages & engage in selective pricing ‘imp = objectless disposition on part of state to unlimited forcible explanation’ True imp 19th C & earlier = product ‘war machine’, warlike instincts, X monopolism
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WEEK 5: GEOPOLITICS & AMERICAN GRAND STRATEGY LECTURE SUMMARY SECT & Terrorism: • SOVEREIGNTY: Challenge attack on state’s monopoly force & means coercion Dilemmas of defensive counter-terrorism • ECONOMICS: Disruption eco activity Role natural resources ME region w/ oil ‘magnet’ State eco sponsorship terrorist groups • CULTURE: Terrorism brought on by class, re, ethnic divisions Int. solidarity among challenging groups i.e. ISIS brand Int. solidarity among challenged groups i.e. Coalition of Willing Iraq • TERRITORY: Occupation territory i.e. ghettoes, mountains, jungles, villages, provinces Struggles over territory new ‘ethnic claims’ re ‘nationhood’ Non-sovereign territory utilized i.e. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen w/in states i.e. Kashmir, Chechnya, ‘Kurdistan’ IS in contested space in Syria & Iraq Terrorism: • 2 purposes: Demonstration (recruitment & gain attention) & coercion (get actor alter behavior) • Strat punishment grad costs & risks to target soc & aim change preferences over dispute Bush Doctrine: • 1st pillar: Spreading Democracy great struggles C 20th b/w liberty & totm ended w/ victory 4 forces freedom & sustainable model nat success: freedom, democ, free enterprise • 2nd pillar: Preventative War deterrence cannot protect US • 3rd pillar: Act unilaterally when necessary Mission determines coalition • 4th Pillar: Maintain U.S. Primacy National Security Strategy 2002 US & Asia: • • • •
Security agreements & bases in J & SK Bases Phillipines, Aust. Observer to ASEAN meetings, attends East Asia Summit Negotiating bilat trade agreements here
WEEK 2: GEOPOLITICAL THEORY & THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM What are the different theories regarding imperialism? o
J. Gallagher & R.E. Robinson 1950s: Belief imp should inc informal imp (imp of FT) as trade often opened by force Imp Scramble attributed to conflicts of Euro diplomacy or thrusts expansionary finc capitalism?
o
3 interpretations 19th C empire (persistence, steady expansion to 1870s & acceleration Scramble 4 Africa): 1. Metrocentric theory: New imp gave birth theories eco/soc imp (Hobson, Lenin, Schumpeter) 2. Systemic perspective: (diplomatic; balance power) States conceived as rational, unitary strategic actors (Langer, Taylor, Fieldhouse) 3. Pericentric view: slow but steady growth formal/ informal empire via trade, frontiers, tariff post J.A. Hobson’s theory of modern imperialism: Rejected search land for colonial settlement & search markets for trade as inadequate justify/ cause new imperialism b/c ppl/ trade didn’t flow areas B gained Portrays imp result forces (eco, pol, socio-psychological) emanating from dispositions metropolitan soc Diagnosis of ‘imperial syndrome’ Imp vital & necessary to capitalism as a whole Lenin’s theory: Imperialism was capitalism in its monopoly, financial & final stage Defined imperialism in 5 ‘essential features’: 1. Monopolies est. by concentratn prodn & cap develop decisive role eco life 2. Merging bank capital w/ industry capital & creation ‘financial oligarchy’ 3. X of capital distinguished from X of commodities 4. World shared among the newly formed int. capitalist combines 5. Territorial division world among greatest capital powers completed Solution= REVOLUTION: ‘civil war by proletariat against bourgeoisie in ACs and democrat & revolutionary movements in undeveloped, oppressed nations’ Schumpeter’s views: Argued capitalism inherently anti-imperialistic Capitm wouldn’t gain from FT. However 19th C capitm warped by X monopolies; big banks pay low wages & engage in selective pricing ‘imp = objectless disposition on part of state to unlimited forcible explanation’ True imp 19th C & earlier = product ‘war machine’, warlike instincts, X monopolism
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WEEK 5: GEOPOLITICS & AMERICAN GRAND STRATEGY LECTURE SUMMARY SECT & Terrorism: • SOVEREIGNTY: Challenge attack on state’s monopoly force & means coercion Dilemmas of defensive counter-terrorism • ECONOMICS: Disruption eco activity Role natural resources ME region w/ oil ‘magnet’ State eco sponsorship terrorist groups • CULTURE: Terrorism brought on by class, re, ethnic divisions Int. solidarity among challenging groups i.e. ISIS brand Int. solidarity among challenged groups i.e. Coalition of Willing Iraq • TERRITORY: Occupation territory i.e. ghettoes, mountains, jungles, villages, provinces Struggles over territory new ‘ethnic claims’ re ‘nationhood’ Non-sovereign territory utilized i.e. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen w/in states i.e. Kashmir, Chechnya, ‘Kurdistan’ IS in contested space in Syria & Iraq Terrorism: • 2 purposes: Demonstration (recruitment & gain attention) & coercion (get actor alter behavior) • Strat punishment grad costs & risks to target soc & aim change preferences over dispute Bush Doctrine: • 1st pillar: Spreading Democracy great struggles C 20th b/w liberty & totm ended w/ victory 4 forces freedom & sustainable model nat success: freedom, democ, free enterprise • 2nd pillar: Preventative War deterrence cannot protect US • 3rd pillar: Act unilaterally when necessary Mission determines coalition • 4th Pillar: Maintain U.S. Primacy National Security Strategy 2002 US & Asia: • • • •
Security agreements & bases in J & SK Bases Phillipines, Aust. Observer to ASEAN meetings, attends East Asia Summit Negotiating bilat trade agreements here
