What Happened to Fuel Cells (on Ships)?
What Happened to Fuel Cells (on Ships)?
Rich Delpizzo Government Operations ABS Washington DC SNAME Chair, Panel M-45 (Fuel Cells) June 2013
On Predictions… “I confess that in 1901 I said to my brother Orville that man would not fly for fifty years. Two years later we ourselves made flights. This demonstration of my impotence as a prophet gave me such a shock that ever since I have distrusted myself and avoided all predictions.” - Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) [In 1908)]
2
Outline ●
Introduction: The Promise
●
Just What Is a Fuel Cell and How Do They Work? ●
●
Some Marine Applications
Picture it: America, 2003 ●
Fuel Cell Progress
●
Land and Marine Applications
●
What Happened from 2003 to 2013?
●
Are Fuel Cells Dead?
3
How a Fuel Cell Works
William Grove 1838
4
Fuel Cells Today
Alkaline (AFC) Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC) Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Solid Oxide (SOFC) 5
The Fuel Cell (FC) System Fuel Air
Hydrogen
Fuel Cell
Water Heat
Fuel Processing Inverter
H2 Storage 6
Molten Carbonate (MCFC) – internal reformer
7
Fuel Cell Properties Operating Temperature
AFC
PEMFC
PAFC
DMFC
MCFC
SOFC
70-100
70-100
120-200
70-100
650
800-1000 Internal or External
Reformer
External
External
External
Internal
Internal or External
Material & Catalyst
Carbon & Nickel
Carbon & Platinum
Graphite & Platinum
Platinum & Ruthenium
Stainless steel Ceramic & & Nickel Perovskites
Electrolyte
Potassium hydroxide
Solid membrane
Phosphoric acid
Solid membrane
Carbonated metal
Ceramics
Efficiency
50-60
40-50
40-50
20-50
>60
50-60
AFC – Alkaline
PEMFC - Proton Exchange Membrane
PAFC - Phosphoric Acid
MCFC - Molten Carbonate
SOFC - Solid Oxide
DMFC - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 8
Why are they so promising?
Nearly Zero Emissions
High Electrical Efficiencies
Modular
Distributed Power
Homes outside the power grid (‘PIMBY’)
Mobile Power
9
Why are they so promising?
Freedom from fossil fuels
Methane (CH4, or natural gas)
Propane
Diesel
Hydrogen
Methanol and Bio Fuels
Ethanol
Sodium Borohydride
Ammonia
10
Why are they so promising?
Silent Operation
Residential use
Research Ships
Submarines
11
Back to 2003…
12 12
Air Emissions Requirements
Emissions
Marine Initiatives (MARPOL ANNEX VI) – Began drafting in the 1990s – Annex VI entered into force on 19 May 2005 – US added ECAs in 2008 – Additional requirements in 2010
CA Emissions Requirements – Testing waived for Fuel Cells (‘ZEV’)
13
Fuel Cell Car Initiatives
BMW Chrysler Ford GM Honda Mazda Nissan Opel Toyota Volkswagen
GM CEO Rick Wagoner: - Fuel cells the ‘Holy Grail’ of energy 14
Current Events Leading to 2003: The Turbulent Middle East
Iranian Revolution (1979) The ‘Tanker War’ & USS Stark (1980’s) Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) Iraq War (2003-2011) Terrorism originating in SWA: – Beirut (1983) – Khobar Towers (1996, SA) – USS Cole (2000, Yemen) – September 11, 2001 (Al-Qaeda)
President George W. Bush - “Fuel cells offer an incredible opportunity” [to reduce dependence on imported oil, calling fuel cell-powered automobiles] “the wave of the future.” Source: State of the Union Address 2003 15
FreedomCAR & The Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
2003 - the Bush Administration announced the FreedomCAR program, an industry-government cooperative effort to develop fuel cell vehicles.
An expanded initiative, entitled the FreedomCAR and FUEL initiative, that focused more on infrastructure issues, was announced soon after.
"Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles." – President George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003
16
Fuel Cells Killed the Electric Car!
Sort of…. 17 17
Marine Fuel Cell Applications (late 1990’s to 2005)
18
Russia – Project KATRAN and Kristall-27 AIP System
Began in 1978
Intended for 3 Classes of submarines:
Piranha (midget submarine)
Poisk-6 (deep-diving submersible vehicle)
Sirena-K (submersible transport)
By 1987, work terminated due to funding except for the Piranha Class design
Result of this research was the Kristall-20 fuel-cell
Designed for use in the Amur Class
Possible retrofit in Kilo Class
Funding challenges
Sources: (1) Navy News This Week (2) Military Parade www.milparade.com (3) Canadian American Strategic Review 19
Germany – Type 212A Class
Crew of 27, 1450Mt
First marine fuel cell power plant in series production, diesel surface operation
Air Independent Propulsion System consisting of 9 Siemens Proton Exchange (PEM) Fuel Cells modules
Each module produces 30 to 50 kW each
Sources: HDW, Defense News, Canadian American Strategic Review 20
Canada
300kW Ballard PEM using methanol (CH3OH).
Possible configuration would allow 4kts for 30 days submerged.
21
US Interagency Working Group Navy Shipboard Fuel Cell Program (since 1997)
Foster use of Fuel Cells for ships using diesel fuels
Transfer technology to the public
Actively involve industry in development efforts
Reduce duplicative efforts on marine fuel cells
USCG NOAA ONR DOT
NAVSEA MARAD DOE
Source: Don Hoffman, ONR 22
Navy Shipboard Fuel Cell Program
NSWC Naval Fuel Cell Development Laboratory Philadelphia
Evaluate a 500 kW molten carbonate fuel cell from Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. of Danbury, Connecticut.
At the completion of this demonstration the module will be installed aboard a ship. Final Goals are:
Scale up to 2.5 mW with acceptable power density;
Integrate and simplify fuel reforming equipment;
Achieve minimum system level efficiency of 70%;
Achieve production cost of $1200/kW
23
UK
DERA Research focused on similar issues as the US Navy:
Fuel storage efficiencies
Types of fuels used
Since 2001, work on fuel cells continues at QinetiQ, formerly part of DERA
Source: Canadian American Strategic Review; DERA, QinetiQ 24
European Union Fuel Cell Technology – Ships
Reviewing different fuels:
LNG
Low S Diesel
Compressed and liquefied H2
Source: www.fcship.com
Reviewing fuel cells for ship service and propulsion power
25
San Francisco Bay Water Transit Authority
Zero Emission Fuel Cell Powered Ferryboat (ZEF)
Fuel Cells and Solar Cells
Battery-Electric Hybrid, using H2
49 Passenger
Treasure Island Run (5 NM)
12 –15 Knots (200-500 kW)
26
Fuel Cell Taxis
Enable Fuel Cell DCH Technology (uses hybrid FC/H2 turbine)
Anuvu Fuel Cell Seaworthy H2 on Demand Duffy Electric Boats (SNAME OCT 2003)
27
Japan - URASHIMA
World's first deep sea probe run on fuel cells operational in 2005
10m long torpedo-shaped Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)
Urashima is designed to dive as deep as 3,500 meters with a cruising range of up to 300 kilometers
Source: Associated Press, NSWC-CD (UJNR)
28
What Happened from 2003 to 2013?
29 29
Some Challenges
Evolving Technology - Too much hype early on
Early versions didn’t perform as expected.
Municipalities were apprehensive of fuel cells
No standards to guide the building of systems
Cost of Hydrogen: In 2003, hydrogen was four times as expensive to produce as gasoline (when produced from its most affordable source, natural gas).
30
Some Challenges
Creating Effective Hydrogen Storage: Hydrogen storage systems were inadequate for use in the wide range of vehicles that consumers demand.
No filling stations existed for Hydrogen
Creating Affordable Hydrogen Fuel Cells: In 2003, fuel cells were ten times more expensive than internal combustion engines.
R & D Funding shortfalls
31
Fuel Cell Issues
Fuel Cell
Reliability
Marine Environmental Criteria (ship motion, humidity, etc.)
High Temperature
Component Construction (electrolytes, corrosive materials)
Transient Loads
Expensive components
Platinum
Gold
32
Reformer Issues
Processing (Reformer) technology:
The more complex the fuel, the more complex the process to extract hydrogen from it
Impurities
Additional challenges for a marine environment
H | H-C-H | H
33
Fuel Cell System Issues
Fuel
Safety issues for non-traditional fuels – Unfamiliarity & Concerns of Volatility – Pipe lines & Leak sensors
Storage – Processing – Restrictions and Limitations of Materials
34
Properties of H2
Physical data
Appearance: colorless gas
Melting point: -259 C
Boiling point: -253 C
Critical temperature -240 C
Vapor density: 0.07 (air = 1)
Flammability range in air: 4 - 75%
(Natural Gas: Explosive limits: 5 - 15%)
35
Hydrogen’s Past
36
Gaseous Fuel Storage Issues
High Pressure Tank
Not as much energy stored as equivalent volume of gasoline – High Pressure composite tank standards were quite new – Hydrogen precipitation issues
Cryogenic Tank
High degree of insulation
Reliquefaction not practical
Metal Hydride Storage
Low pressure
Very Heavy!
Storage issues
Regulatory / municipality concerns 37
Alternative Fuel Stations in America (DoE)
38 38
Hydrogen Stations in America (DoE)
39 39
Hydrogen Stations in America (DoE)
40 40
FreedomCAR
Funded moderately for about 5 years
Criticisms:
Taking funding from renewable energy initiatives
Technology isn’t ready for widespread use
Department of Energy cuts funding for fuel cell technologies by 60% (to US$70 million).
Secretary of Energy Steven Chu's presentation portrays this as "moving away from funding vehicular hydrogen fuel cells to technologies with more immediate promise."
41
Will We Ever Get Our Own Fuel Cell Car?
42
Are Fuel Cells Dead?
Absolutely not!
The fuel cell and hydrogen revolution is still happening, but much quieter and slower than first thought.
The following is far from all-inclusive, but hopefully will prove illustrative of the work that has been accomplished, and will soon be done….
43
Carbon Molecular Nanostructure Technology
Research by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and others
Developing a solid-state storage system that is safer than physical storage systems, and could potentially store more hydrogen per unit volume
Solid-state systems composed of microscopic carbon tubes chemically or physically bind hydrogen to a solid material
44
Carbon Molecular Nanostructure Technology
Still under development
First introduced in 1998 Source: Discover
45
Carbon Molecular Nanostructure Technology
Used by permission: Original graphic von Schwarzm (30 Aug 2004); Made using C4D /Cartoonrenderer, GNU FDL; www.wikipedia.org
46
Millennium Cell- Seaworthy Systems – CCDOTT TM Hydrogen on Demand
Releases Hydrogen stored in sodium borohydride (NaBH4 made from sodium borate or “borax”) (“FREEDOM FUEL”)
Sodium borohydride is nonflammable, non-explosive and safe to produce, store and transport
Limited amount of gaseous fuel present in the system at any given time
Produces about the same amount of energy per gallon as that of gasoline
47
Germany – Type 214 Class
Improved Type 214 Class developed by HDW
Increased to 65m in length and 1700 Mt
Siemens PEM fuel cells increased to 120 kW per module
Construction continues at both Hyundai and Daewoo
Sources: HDW, Defense News, Canadian American Strategic Review 48
Type 214 (Export Version)
49
Project 677 Lada Class (Russian Navy)
50
Maritime Projects
Large-scale marine concepts have been tested:
US Ship Service Fuel Cell (SSFC) project (ended 2011)
FELICITAS (2005-2008)
MC-WAP (2005-2011)
Viking Lady (2012)
Norway-based FellowSHIP:
DNV
Wartsila
Eidesvik
330 kW fuel cell 7000 hours operation
51
Maritime Projects
CMAL (Caledonian Maritime Assets Ltd)
30 ferries operating company
Studying a zero emission hydrogen FC ferry
Wallenius Lines – M/V Undine
Wartsila WFC 20 SOFC Run on methanol Resulted in joint venture for Wartsila & Versa Power Systems for FC systems
52
Maritime Projects – Fuel Cells in Ports
2008 – Hamburg
Fuel cell powered forklift
2013 – Helsinki
FC feeding the port grid
Backup power
Wartsila FC auxiliary power unti (APU) – port power – Ships approaching port
2013 – LA & Long Beach
1/3 CO and 10% NOx from cargo handling
Tyrano class-8 rig demonstrator
Short-haul drayage terminal tractors
53
Feasibility and Design Implications of Fuel Cell Power for Sealift Ships - Jing Suna, John Stebeb, and Colen Kennell
Written in 2010
“…fuel cell powered LMSR has tremendous potential in reducing fuel consumption and NOx emissions. The associated economic and environmental benefits present a great incentive for naval and maritime industry to pursue fuel cell technology for the next generation green cargo ships.”
“The extended range and improved endurance, together with the reduced fuel cost and environmental impact, also represent a unique opportunity for military sealift ships.”
Good deal of further study and research needed.
54
Fuel Cell Standards
Application of Industry Guidelines and Related Criteria
SNAME T&R 55, titled “An Evaluation of Fuel Cells for Commercial Ship Applications” and associated technical society reference documents – Being Revised
55
Fuel Cell Standards
ANSI Z 21.83 (Fuel Cell Power Plants)
IMO (IMDG), US DOT CFR 49
ASME
PTC 50 (Fuel Cell Power System Performance)
B31.12 (Hydrogen Piping)
NFPA
853 (Installation of Stationary FC Power Plants)
70 (NEC) Article 692 (Fuel Cells)
52: (NEC) Article 692 (Fuel Cells)
50A, 50 B, 54, 55 – Hydrogen related
56
Fuel Cell Standards
CSA (Component Acceptance Service)
PEM FC
Residential FC
Portable FC Appliances
Hydrogen Generators
ISO TC 197 (Hydrogen Technologies)
UL
1741 (Inverters, Converters and Controllers)
2264 (Hydrogen Appliances)
2265 (Replacement FC Power Units for Appliances)
IEC TC 105 (62282-3-1 - Fuel Cell Power Plants)
Also: IEEE, SAE, ICC, NES
57
Fuel Cell Torpedo?
58
Government Initiatives (2011)
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Interagency Working Group
Manufacturing Fuel Cell Manhattan Project Presented by the Benchmarking and Best Practices Center of Excellence (ONR)
Beyond Demonstration: The Role of Fuel cells in DoD’s Energy Strategy
Focused on: – Distributed Power Generation – Backup Power – Unmanned Vehicles
59
Last Week
60
This Week
61
Next Week
62
Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell SUV
First Production Fuel Cell Car 63 63
Honda FCX Clarity
64 64
Mercedes, Ford and Nissan
65 65
Airbus eGenius & Boeing FC Demonstrator
66 66
The Era of Natural Gas?
LNG Supply and Demand
Natural gas will be playing a greater role in the global energy mix
Increased use for transportation and power plants – OSVs, ferries, container carriers, tankers, offshore drilling units
Environmental drivers – Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
US becoming an exporter
LNG Demand in China, Japan & India
Source: Lloyd’s List, IEA, Drewry, OSC, Seatrade & Poten
67
Global Shale Gas Basins: Top Reserve Holders
Source: EIA based on Advanced Resources International Inc. data, BP
Reuters graphic/Catherine Trevethan
68
Import/Export Applications
69
US Fuel Prices
70
The Age of Natural Gas
Natural gas will be playing a greater role in the global energy mix for the foreseeable future
US is poised to become a new exporter of LNG
LNG as fuel for the marine industry will increase dramatically
OSVs, ferries, container carriers, tankers, offshore drilling units
Many ‘Golfcart’ efforts
Possible use of MCFCs?
By 2030 shale sources will likely make up 1/3 of the total US oil and gas production
Environmental drivers – Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
71
New Endurance Record for Small Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (May 2013)
Researchers at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory flew their fuel cell powered Ion Tiger UAV for 48 hours and 1 minute on April 16-18 by using liquid hydrogen fuel in a new, NRL developed, cryogenic fuel storage tank and delivery system.
72
More in May 2013
Engineers Devise New Way to Produce Clean Hydrogen (Duke University)
Significant Improvement in Performance of Solar-Powered Hydrogen Generation
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have shed new light on what may become a cost-effective way to generate hydrogen gas directly from water and sunlight.
73
June 2013
Hydrogen Powered Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell Vehicles Delivered in Europe
Delivered to the city of Copenhagen in Denmark, during the opening ceremony of Denmark’s first hydrogen refueling station. The 15 ix35 cars are the first hydrogen powered vehicles manufactured on a production line to be introduced in Europe.
Metal-Free Catalyst Outperforms Platinum in Fuel Cell
Researchers from South Korea, Case Western Reserve University and University of North Texas have discovered an inexpensive and easily produced catalyst that performs better than platinum in oxygen-reduction reactions.
74
June 2013
Are we now moving from Emission Control Areas (ECAs) to ‘Sound Control Areas (SCAs)’?
75
The Dreamers and Doers “Those who say it can't be done are usually interrupted by others doing it.” - James Baldwin, American writer, playwright, poet, and civil rights activist
76
www.eagle.org www.eagle.org
Rich Delpizzo Government Operations ABS Washington DC SNAME Chair, Panel M-45 (Fuel Cells) June 2013
On Predictions… “I confess that in 1901 I said to my brother Orville that man would not fly for fifty years. Two years later we ourselves made flights. This demonstration of my impotence as a prophet gave me such a shock that ever since I have distrusted myself and avoided all predictions.” - Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) [In 1908)]
2
Outline ●
Introduction: The Promise
●
Just What Is a Fuel Cell and How Do They Work? ●
●
Some Marine Applications
Picture it: America, 2003 ●
Fuel Cell Progress
●
Land and Marine Applications
●
What Happened from 2003 to 2013?
●
Are Fuel Cells Dead?
3
How a Fuel Cell Works
William Grove 1838
4
Fuel Cells Today
Alkaline (AFC) Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC) Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Solid Oxide (SOFC) 5
The Fuel Cell (FC) System Fuel Air
Hydrogen
Fuel Cell
Water Heat
Fuel Processing Inverter
H2 Storage 6
Molten Carbonate (MCFC) – internal reformer
7
Fuel Cell Properties Operating Temperature
AFC
PEMFC
PAFC
DMFC
MCFC
SOFC
70-100
70-100
120-200
70-100
650
800-1000 Internal or External
Reformer
External
External
External
Internal
Internal or External
Material & Catalyst
Carbon & Nickel
Carbon & Platinum
Graphite & Platinum
Platinum & Ruthenium
Stainless steel Ceramic & & Nickel Perovskites
Electrolyte
Potassium hydroxide
Solid membrane
Phosphoric acid
Solid membrane
Carbonated metal
Ceramics
Efficiency
50-60
40-50
40-50
20-50
>60
50-60
AFC – Alkaline
PEMFC - Proton Exchange Membrane
PAFC - Phosphoric Acid
MCFC - Molten Carbonate
SOFC - Solid Oxide
DMFC - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 8
Why are they so promising?
Nearly Zero Emissions
High Electrical Efficiencies
Modular
Distributed Power
Homes outside the power grid (‘PIMBY’)
Mobile Power
9
Why are they so promising?
Freedom from fossil fuels
Methane (CH4, or natural gas)
Propane
Diesel
Hydrogen
Methanol and Bio Fuels
Ethanol
Sodium Borohydride
Ammonia
10
Why are they so promising?
Silent Operation
Residential use
Research Ships
Submarines
11
Back to 2003…
12 12
Air Emissions Requirements
Emissions
Marine Initiatives (MARPOL ANNEX VI) – Began drafting in the 1990s – Annex VI entered into force on 19 May 2005 – US added ECAs in 2008 – Additional requirements in 2010
CA Emissions Requirements – Testing waived for Fuel Cells (‘ZEV’)
13
Fuel Cell Car Initiatives
BMW Chrysler Ford GM Honda Mazda Nissan Opel Toyota Volkswagen
GM CEO Rick Wagoner: - Fuel cells the ‘Holy Grail’ of energy 14
Current Events Leading to 2003: The Turbulent Middle East
Iranian Revolution (1979) The ‘Tanker War’ & USS Stark (1980’s) Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) Iraq War (2003-2011) Terrorism originating in SWA: – Beirut (1983) – Khobar Towers (1996, SA) – USS Cole (2000, Yemen) – September 11, 2001 (Al-Qaeda)
President George W. Bush - “Fuel cells offer an incredible opportunity” [to reduce dependence on imported oil, calling fuel cell-powered automobiles] “the wave of the future.” Source: State of the Union Address 2003 15
FreedomCAR & The Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
2003 - the Bush Administration announced the FreedomCAR program, an industry-government cooperative effort to develop fuel cell vehicles.
An expanded initiative, entitled the FreedomCAR and FUEL initiative, that focused more on infrastructure issues, was announced soon after.
"Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles." – President George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003
16
Fuel Cells Killed the Electric Car!
Sort of…. 17 17
Marine Fuel Cell Applications (late 1990’s to 2005)
18
Russia – Project KATRAN and Kristall-27 AIP System
Began in 1978
Intended for 3 Classes of submarines:
Piranha (midget submarine)
Poisk-6 (deep-diving submersible vehicle)
Sirena-K (submersible transport)
By 1987, work terminated due to funding except for the Piranha Class design
Result of this research was the Kristall-20 fuel-cell
Designed for use in the Amur Class
Possible retrofit in Kilo Class
Funding challenges
Sources: (1) Navy News This Week (2) Military Parade www.milparade.com (3) Canadian American Strategic Review 19
Germany – Type 212A Class
Crew of 27, 1450Mt
First marine fuel cell power plant in series production, diesel surface operation
Air Independent Propulsion System consisting of 9 Siemens Proton Exchange (PEM) Fuel Cells modules
Each module produces 30 to 50 kW each
Sources: HDW, Defense News, Canadian American Strategic Review 20
Canada
300kW Ballard PEM using methanol (CH3OH).
Possible configuration would allow 4kts for 30 days submerged.
21
US Interagency Working Group Navy Shipboard Fuel Cell Program (since 1997)
Foster use of Fuel Cells for ships using diesel fuels
Transfer technology to the public
Actively involve industry in development efforts
Reduce duplicative efforts on marine fuel cells
USCG NOAA ONR DOT
NAVSEA MARAD DOE
Source: Don Hoffman, ONR 22
Navy Shipboard Fuel Cell Program
NSWC Naval Fuel Cell Development Laboratory Philadelphia
Evaluate a 500 kW molten carbonate fuel cell from Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. of Danbury, Connecticut.
At the completion of this demonstration the module will be installed aboard a ship. Final Goals are:
Scale up to 2.5 mW with acceptable power density;
Integrate and simplify fuel reforming equipment;
Achieve minimum system level efficiency of 70%;
Achieve production cost of $1200/kW
23
UK
DERA Research focused on similar issues as the US Navy:
Fuel storage efficiencies
Types of fuels used
Since 2001, work on fuel cells continues at QinetiQ, formerly part of DERA
Source: Canadian American Strategic Review; DERA, QinetiQ 24
European Union Fuel Cell Technology – Ships
Reviewing different fuels:
LNG
Low S Diesel
Compressed and liquefied H2
Source: www.fcship.com
Reviewing fuel cells for ship service and propulsion power
25
San Francisco Bay Water Transit Authority
Zero Emission Fuel Cell Powered Ferryboat (ZEF)
Fuel Cells and Solar Cells
Battery-Electric Hybrid, using H2
49 Passenger
Treasure Island Run (5 NM)
12 –15 Knots (200-500 kW)
26
Fuel Cell Taxis
Enable Fuel Cell DCH Technology (uses hybrid FC/H2 turbine)
Anuvu Fuel Cell Seaworthy H2 on Demand Duffy Electric Boats (SNAME OCT 2003)
27
Japan - URASHIMA
World's first deep sea probe run on fuel cells operational in 2005
10m long torpedo-shaped Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)
Urashima is designed to dive as deep as 3,500 meters with a cruising range of up to 300 kilometers
Source: Associated Press, NSWC-CD (UJNR)
28
What Happened from 2003 to 2013?
29 29
Some Challenges
Evolving Technology - Too much hype early on
Early versions didn’t perform as expected.
Municipalities were apprehensive of fuel cells
No standards to guide the building of systems
Cost of Hydrogen: In 2003, hydrogen was four times as expensive to produce as gasoline (when produced from its most affordable source, natural gas).
30
Some Challenges
Creating Effective Hydrogen Storage: Hydrogen storage systems were inadequate for use in the wide range of vehicles that consumers demand.
No filling stations existed for Hydrogen
Creating Affordable Hydrogen Fuel Cells: In 2003, fuel cells were ten times more expensive than internal combustion engines.
R & D Funding shortfalls
31
Fuel Cell Issues
Fuel Cell
Reliability
Marine Environmental Criteria (ship motion, humidity, etc.)
High Temperature
Component Construction (electrolytes, corrosive materials)
Transient Loads
Expensive components
Platinum
Gold
32
Reformer Issues
Processing (Reformer) technology:
The more complex the fuel, the more complex the process to extract hydrogen from it
Impurities
Additional challenges for a marine environment
H | H-C-H | H
33
Fuel Cell System Issues
Fuel
Safety issues for non-traditional fuels – Unfamiliarity & Concerns of Volatility – Pipe lines & Leak sensors
Storage – Processing – Restrictions and Limitations of Materials
34
Properties of H2
Physical data
Appearance: colorless gas
Melting point: -259 C
Boiling point: -253 C
Critical temperature -240 C
Vapor density: 0.07 (air = 1)
Flammability range in air: 4 - 75%
(Natural Gas: Explosive limits: 5 - 15%)
35
Hydrogen’s Past
36
Gaseous Fuel Storage Issues
High Pressure Tank
Not as much energy stored as equivalent volume of gasoline – High Pressure composite tank standards were quite new – Hydrogen precipitation issues
Cryogenic Tank
High degree of insulation
Reliquefaction not practical
Metal Hydride Storage
Low pressure
Very Heavy!
Storage issues
Regulatory / municipality concerns 37
Alternative Fuel Stations in America (DoE)
38 38
Hydrogen Stations in America (DoE)
39 39
Hydrogen Stations in America (DoE)
40 40
FreedomCAR
Funded moderately for about 5 years
Criticisms:
Taking funding from renewable energy initiatives
Technology isn’t ready for widespread use
Department of Energy cuts funding for fuel cell technologies by 60% (to US$70 million).
Secretary of Energy Steven Chu's presentation portrays this as "moving away from funding vehicular hydrogen fuel cells to technologies with more immediate promise."
41
Will We Ever Get Our Own Fuel Cell Car?
42
Are Fuel Cells Dead?
Absolutely not!
The fuel cell and hydrogen revolution is still happening, but much quieter and slower than first thought.
The following is far from all-inclusive, but hopefully will prove illustrative of the work that has been accomplished, and will soon be done….
43
Carbon Molecular Nanostructure Technology
Research by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and others
Developing a solid-state storage system that is safer than physical storage systems, and could potentially store more hydrogen per unit volume
Solid-state systems composed of microscopic carbon tubes chemically or physically bind hydrogen to a solid material
44
Carbon Molecular Nanostructure Technology
Still under development
First introduced in 1998 Source: Discover
45
Carbon Molecular Nanostructure Technology
Used by permission: Original graphic von Schwarzm (30 Aug 2004); Made using C4D /Cartoonrenderer, GNU FDL; www.wikipedia.org
46
Millennium Cell- Seaworthy Systems – CCDOTT TM Hydrogen on Demand
Releases Hydrogen stored in sodium borohydride (NaBH4 made from sodium borate or “borax”) (“FREEDOM FUEL”)
Sodium borohydride is nonflammable, non-explosive and safe to produce, store and transport
Limited amount of gaseous fuel present in the system at any given time
Produces about the same amount of energy per gallon as that of gasoline
47
Germany – Type 214 Class
Improved Type 214 Class developed by HDW
Increased to 65m in length and 1700 Mt
Siemens PEM fuel cells increased to 120 kW per module
Construction continues at both Hyundai and Daewoo
Sources: HDW, Defense News, Canadian American Strategic Review 48
Type 214 (Export Version)
49
Project 677 Lada Class (Russian Navy)
50
Maritime Projects
Large-scale marine concepts have been tested:
US Ship Service Fuel Cell (SSFC) project (ended 2011)
FELICITAS (2005-2008)
MC-WAP (2005-2011)
Viking Lady (2012)
Norway-based FellowSHIP:
DNV
Wartsila
Eidesvik
330 kW fuel cell 7000 hours operation
51
Maritime Projects
CMAL (Caledonian Maritime Assets Ltd)
30 ferries operating company
Studying a zero emission hydrogen FC ferry
Wallenius Lines – M/V Undine
Wartsila WFC 20 SOFC Run on methanol Resulted in joint venture for Wartsila & Versa Power Systems for FC systems
52
Maritime Projects – Fuel Cells in Ports
2008 – Hamburg
Fuel cell powered forklift
2013 – Helsinki
FC feeding the port grid
Backup power
Wartsila FC auxiliary power unti (APU) – port power – Ships approaching port
2013 – LA & Long Beach
1/3 CO and 10% NOx from cargo handling
Tyrano class-8 rig demonstrator
Short-haul drayage terminal tractors
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Feasibility and Design Implications of Fuel Cell Power for Sealift Ships - Jing Suna, John Stebeb, and Colen Kennell
Written in 2010
“…fuel cell powered LMSR has tremendous potential in reducing fuel consumption and NOx emissions. The associated economic and environmental benefits present a great incentive for naval and maritime industry to pursue fuel cell technology for the next generation green cargo ships.”
“The extended range and improved endurance, together with the reduced fuel cost and environmental impact, also represent a unique opportunity for military sealift ships.”
Good deal of further study and research needed.
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Fuel Cell Standards
Application of Industry Guidelines and Related Criteria
SNAME T&R 55, titled “An Evaluation of Fuel Cells for Commercial Ship Applications” and associated technical society reference documents – Being Revised
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Fuel Cell Standards
ANSI Z 21.83 (Fuel Cell Power Plants)
IMO (IMDG), US DOT CFR 49
ASME
PTC 50 (Fuel Cell Power System Performance)
B31.12 (Hydrogen Piping)
NFPA
853 (Installation of Stationary FC Power Plants)
70 (NEC) Article 692 (Fuel Cells)
52: (NEC) Article 692 (Fuel Cells)
50A, 50 B, 54, 55 – Hydrogen related
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Fuel Cell Standards
CSA (Component Acceptance Service)
PEM FC
Residential FC
Portable FC Appliances
Hydrogen Generators
ISO TC 197 (Hydrogen Technologies)
UL
1741 (Inverters, Converters and Controllers)
2264 (Hydrogen Appliances)
2265 (Replacement FC Power Units for Appliances)
IEC TC 105 (62282-3-1 - Fuel Cell Power Plants)
Also: IEEE, SAE, ICC, NES
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Fuel Cell Torpedo?
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Government Initiatives (2011)
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Interagency Working Group
Manufacturing Fuel Cell Manhattan Project Presented by the Benchmarking and Best Practices Center of Excellence (ONR)
Beyond Demonstration: The Role of Fuel cells in DoD’s Energy Strategy
Focused on: – Distributed Power Generation – Backup Power – Unmanned Vehicles
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Last Week
60
This Week
61
Next Week
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Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell SUV
First Production Fuel Cell Car 63 63
Honda FCX Clarity
64 64
Mercedes, Ford and Nissan
65 65
Airbus eGenius & Boeing FC Demonstrator
66 66
The Era of Natural Gas?
LNG Supply and Demand
Natural gas will be playing a greater role in the global energy mix
Increased use for transportation and power plants – OSVs, ferries, container carriers, tankers, offshore drilling units
Environmental drivers – Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
US becoming an exporter
LNG Demand in China, Japan & India
Source: Lloyd’s List, IEA, Drewry, OSC, Seatrade & Poten
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Global Shale Gas Basins: Top Reserve Holders
Source: EIA based on Advanced Resources International Inc. data, BP
Reuters graphic/Catherine Trevethan
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Import/Export Applications
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US Fuel Prices
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The Age of Natural Gas
Natural gas will be playing a greater role in the global energy mix for the foreseeable future
US is poised to become a new exporter of LNG
LNG as fuel for the marine industry will increase dramatically
OSVs, ferries, container carriers, tankers, offshore drilling units
Many ‘Golfcart’ efforts
Possible use of MCFCs?
By 2030 shale sources will likely make up 1/3 of the total US oil and gas production
Environmental drivers – Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
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New Endurance Record for Small Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (May 2013)
Researchers at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory flew their fuel cell powered Ion Tiger UAV for 48 hours and 1 minute on April 16-18 by using liquid hydrogen fuel in a new, NRL developed, cryogenic fuel storage tank and delivery system.
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More in May 2013
Engineers Devise New Way to Produce Clean Hydrogen (Duke University)
Significant Improvement in Performance of Solar-Powered Hydrogen Generation
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have shed new light on what may become a cost-effective way to generate hydrogen gas directly from water and sunlight.
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June 2013
Hydrogen Powered Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell Vehicles Delivered in Europe
Delivered to the city of Copenhagen in Denmark, during the opening ceremony of Denmark’s first hydrogen refueling station. The 15 ix35 cars are the first hydrogen powered vehicles manufactured on a production line to be introduced in Europe.
Metal-Free Catalyst Outperforms Platinum in Fuel Cell
Researchers from South Korea, Case Western Reserve University and University of North Texas have discovered an inexpensive and easily produced catalyst that performs better than platinum in oxygen-reduction reactions.
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June 2013
Are we now moving from Emission Control Areas (ECAs) to ‘Sound Control Areas (SCAs)’?
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The Dreamers and Doers “Those who say it can't be done are usually interrupted by others doing it.” - James Baldwin, American writer, playwright, poet, and civil rights activist
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