why do tourist travel
Chapter 4 notes Understanding the Tourist as a Consumer Hall and Page Question “why do tourist travel” – related to social psychology -it is the choice given to people -time and finance = factors Effect on leisure behaviour -gender, age, social class, retirement, unemployment, social relationships, personality and socializating Motivating & decision making - Moutinho says motivation = “a state of need a condition that exerts a push on the individual towards certain types of action that are seen as likely to bring satisfaction -Stimulated by economic, social, psychological, cultural, political, industry and environmental -Two reasons in understanding motivation and decision making 1. Planning consideration: plan and management and control of negative impact to divert tourist or activities away from vulnerable areas 2. Economic considerations: growth and development of tourism industry dependent on understanding consumer behaviour through market segmentation Motivation = open to interpretation to describe holiday to visit friends and relatives Two ways for decision making 1) Consumer identifies a need, looks for info on product, its cost, where it can be purchased, weight alternate of product and supplier, makes choice, consumes, finally makes judgement Ryan 1997 says 1. Social and personal interactions, such as the needs of others with whom the individual is travelling, whether there are children in the group, likely contact with service staff and host community 2. Travel experience, expectation of delays, comfort and ease of travel to destination 3. Destination specific factors, such as the quality of the accommodation and facilities, and historical or other interests, which may act as a particular draw for tourists 4. Personal facts such as self confidence, personality, experience, lifestyle and life stage
Stage 1 – consumer dominant assessment (no purchase) Stage 2 – producer dominant assessment (service delivery) Stage 3 – consumer dominant assessment (post consumption)
Factors influencing purchase decisions 1. Personality 2. Sales person 3. Routine or new purchase 4. Preference 5. Prior experience 6. Point of purchase 7. Situation (surrounding, task, definition) Behaviour pattern: individual propensity to experience new places Responsive mechanisms, authentic experience, social skills and feeling at ease Patmore constraints 1. Desire 2. Ability 3. Mobility
1945 – consumer inexperience as purchaser of tourism package 20th century – discern and demand of their own tourism Hogg (2005)
-become more knowledgeable, demanding and thinking Middleton & Clarke says demand tourism based on 1. Increase affluence 2. Better education 3. More experience of travel, including international travel 4. More culturally diverse travelling population 5. Greater exposure to the media and other forms of information Motive to travel - cultural/ heritage - sport - Events - Food and wine - Visiting friends and relatives - Business - Religious - Health related - Education
Maslow hierarchy of needs 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self actualization “push and pull factors” Dann 1977 Push = propel a desire to travel Pull = influence which destination selected, given initial push
Gilbert 1991 4 stages of push and pull 1. Energizers of demand: motivation, initiate decisions to visit an attraction or go on holiday 2. Effectors of demand: info about a destination by various means (brochure, media) – develop own idea and perception, which increase or decrease travelling 3. Roles and decisions making: holiday allowed to take off from work and family member will affect where and when 4. Filtered of demand: demographics and socio economic constraints and opportunities Tourism gaze: tourist with interest and curiosity which leads to expectation Dann – 7 perspectives on tourist (picture above)
1. Travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired -desire for something new or diff which cannot be provided at home environment 2. Destination pull in response to motivational push -need and want (push factor) -shaped by perception of destination (pull factor) 3. Motivation as fantasy -enable deviant behaviour such as gambling, drug, prostitution because illegal at home but not in other places 4. Motivation as classified purpose -nature, visit friends relatives 5. Motivational typologies -tourist influences others to travel 6. Motivation and tourist experiences -to experience in contrast to home area 7. Motivation & auto definition -define situation and respond to them may provide a better understanding Forms of Tourist Gaze (picture above) 1. Romantic – gaze of art and literature 2. Collective – coach tour 3. Spectatorial – sightseeing, photography & souvenir 4. Environmental – study and inspection (rainforest) 5. Anthropological –live a local resident Cohen (1972) 4 categories of tourist 1. Organized mass tourist -increase organized package holiday -min contact with host community -within environmental bubble 2. Independent Mass Tourist -use similar facilities to organized mass tourism -breakaway from norm -visit other site not covered in norm 3. Explorer -arranges travelling independently -experience social and cultural lifestyle of destination 4. Drifter -no contact with other tourist -live with host community Plog’s Tourist Types 1. Allocentrics = tourist who seek adventure on their holidays = prepare to take risks a. More exotic location , travel independently 2. Psychocentric a. Look inwardly, concentrate in small problems b. Not adventurous c. Prefer location like home environment d. Repeat same destination in travelling 3. Mid centrics a. Majority population go to known destination b. Do not go explore c. Travel to destination found and made popular by allocentrics
Five major tourist type 1. Environment 2. High contact 3. Spiritual 4. Pleasure 5. Exploitative travel Pearce 2005 travel career pattern 1. Corey motive a. Pursuit of novel, escape, relaxation and desire to enhance relationship 2. Layer surrounding core a. Self actualization, change from inner focused to externally oriented motive 3. Outer lay a. Isolation and less stable motive Education: study programmed, education related travel Sun lover = relax and sunbath in warm sun, sand, ocean Action seeker: party, night club, lover Anthropologist: meet locals, try food and speak the language Archeologist: study history of ancient civilization Organized Mass Tourism: organized vacation, pictures, souvenirs Thrill seek: risk, and emotion increase sky diving Explorer: adventurous, enjoy challenge Jetsetter: elite world class, night club, socialize Seeker: spiritual or personal knowledge, understand self and meaning Independent mass: regular tourist, makes own travel arrangement High class tourist: travels first class, best hotel Drift: lives hippie style Escapist: quiet and peaceful place Sport: active, sports Educational: planned study programmed or education oriented vacation
Factors influencing tourism 1. Age 2. Stage in family 3. Gender 4. Social 5. Situational 6. Disability – airline = good form of transportation for this area a. Access Africa (established wheel chair accessible lodge accommodation in South Africa) Nationality and national identity 1. Social interaction (Japanese stay in own group) 2. Commercial transaction (American buy the most) 3. Preference for activity (Italian and French are most adventurous) 4. Bargaining and trip planning (Japanese plan the most, Italian = least) 5. Knowledge of destination (French, Italian, American interested in experience) Visas = disadvantage for traveling Zuzanek and Mannel 1983 1. Trade off hypothesis a. Work and leisure = competitor for time so people choose either one 2. Compensation hypothesis a. Compensate for boredom and troubles associated with work and everyday life 3. Spin off hypothesis a. Nature of individuals work produce similar pattern 4. Neutralist hypothesis a. No discernible relationship between leisure and work Class A = professional/ senior managerial B= middle managers/ executives C1 = junior managers / non manual C2 = skilled manual D = semi skilled/ unskilled E = unemployed/ state dependents
Stage 1 – consumer dominant assessment (no purchase) Stage 2 – producer dominant assessment (service delivery) Stage 3 – consumer dominant assessment (post consumption)
Factors influencing purchase decisions 1. Personality 2. Sales person 3. Routine or new purchase 4. Preference 5. Prior experience 6. Point of purchase 7. Situation (surrounding, task, definition) Behaviour pattern: individual propensity to experience new places Responsive mechanisms, authentic experience, social skills and feeling at ease Patmore constraints 1. Desire 2. Ability 3. Mobility
1945 – consumer inexperience as purchaser of tourism package 20th century – discern and demand of their own tourism Hogg (2005)
-become more knowledgeable, demanding and thinking Middleton & Clarke says demand tourism based on 1. Increase affluence 2. Better education 3. More experience of travel, including international travel 4. More culturally diverse travelling population 5. Greater exposure to the media and other forms of information Motive to travel - cultural/ heritage - sport - Events - Food and wine - Visiting friends and relatives - Business - Religious - Health related - Education
Maslow hierarchy of needs 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self actualization “push and pull factors” Dann 1977 Push = propel a desire to travel Pull = influence which destination selected, given initial push
Gilbert 1991 4 stages of push and pull 1. Energizers of demand: motivation, initiate decisions to visit an attraction or go on holiday 2. Effectors of demand: info about a destination by various means (brochure, media) – develop own idea and perception, which increase or decrease travelling 3. Roles and decisions making: holiday allowed to take off from work and family member will affect where and when 4. Filtered of demand: demographics and socio economic constraints and opportunities Tourism gaze: tourist with interest and curiosity which leads to expectation Dann – 7 perspectives on tourist (picture above)
1. Travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired -desire for something new or diff which cannot be provided at home environment 2. Destination pull in response to motivational push -need and want (push factor) -shaped by perception of destination (pull factor) 3. Motivation as fantasy -enable deviant behaviour such as gambling, drug, prostitution because illegal at home but not in other places 4. Motivation as classified purpose -nature, visit friends relatives 5. Motivational typologies -tourist influences others to travel 6. Motivation and tourist experiences -to experience in contrast to home area 7. Motivation & auto definition -define situation and respond to them may provide a better understanding Forms of Tourist Gaze (picture above) 1. Romantic – gaze of art and literature 2. Collective – coach tour 3. Spectatorial – sightseeing, photography & souvenir 4. Environmental – study and inspection (rainforest) 5. Anthropological –live a local resident Cohen (1972) 4 categories of tourist 1. Organized mass tourist -increase organized package holiday -min contact with host community -within environmental bubble 2. Independent Mass Tourist -use similar facilities to organized mass tourism -breakaway from norm -visit other site not covered in norm 3. Explorer -arranges travelling independently -experience social and cultural lifestyle of destination 4. Drifter -no contact with other tourist -live with host community Plog’s Tourist Types 1. Allocentrics = tourist who seek adventure on their holidays = prepare to take risks a. More exotic location , travel independently 2. Psychocentric a. Look inwardly, concentrate in small problems b. Not adventurous c. Prefer location like home environment d. Repeat same destination in travelling 3. Mid centrics a. Majority population go to known destination b. Do not go explore c. Travel to destination found and made popular by allocentrics
Five major tourist type 1. Environment 2. High contact 3. Spiritual 4. Pleasure 5. Exploitative travel Pearce 2005 travel career pattern 1. Corey motive a. Pursuit of novel, escape, relaxation and desire to enhance relationship 2. Layer surrounding core a. Self actualization, change from inner focused to externally oriented motive 3. Outer lay a. Isolation and less stable motive Education: study programmed, education related travel Sun lover = relax and sunbath in warm sun, sand, ocean Action seeker: party, night club, lover Anthropologist: meet locals, try food and speak the language Archeologist: study history of ancient civilization Organized Mass Tourism: organized vacation, pictures, souvenirs Thrill seek: risk, and emotion increase sky diving Explorer: adventurous, enjoy challenge Jetsetter: elite world class, night club, socialize Seeker: spiritual or personal knowledge, understand self and meaning Independent mass: regular tourist, makes own travel arrangement High class tourist: travels first class, best hotel Drift: lives hippie style Escapist: quiet and peaceful place Sport: active, sports Educational: planned study programmed or education oriented vacation
Factors influencing tourism 1. Age 2. Stage in family 3. Gender 4. Social 5. Situational 6. Disability – airline = good form of transportation for this area a. Access Africa (established wheel chair accessible lodge accommodation in South Africa) Nationality and national identity 1. Social interaction (Japanese stay in own group) 2. Commercial transaction (American buy the most) 3. Preference for activity (Italian and French are most adventurous) 4. Bargaining and trip planning (Japanese plan the most, Italian = least) 5. Knowledge of destination (French, Italian, American interested in experience) Visas = disadvantage for traveling Zuzanek and Mannel 1983 1. Trade off hypothesis a. Work and leisure = competitor for time so people choose either one 2. Compensation hypothesis a. Compensate for boredom and troubles associated with work and everyday life 3. Spin off hypothesis a. Nature of individuals work produce similar pattern 4. Neutralist hypothesis a. No discernible relationship between leisure and work Class A = professional/ senior managerial B= middle managers/ executives C1 = junior managers / non manual C2 = skilled manual D = semi skilled/ unskilled E = unemployed/ state dependents
