world trade organization
WORLD TRADE
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 31 January 2001
ORGANIZATION
(01-0519)
Committee on Agriculture Special Session
AGRICULTURAL TRADE P ERF ORM ANCE BY DEVELOP ING COUNTRIES 1990- 99
Background Paper by the Secretariat
Revision
1. At the fourth Special Session of the Committee on Agriculture on 15-17 November 2000, the Secretariat was requested to prepare a revision of background paper G/AG/NG/S/6 in line with the definition of agricultural products under the Agreement on Agriculture (G/AG/NG/4, paragraph 6(c) refers). In response to that request, the present paper fully revises the information first provided in document G/AG/NG/S/6 dated 23 May 2000. 2. This paper is based on statistical data contained in a revised Network of world trade prepared by the WTO Statistics Division according to a definition of agricultural products which matches the product coverage of the Agreement on Agriculture as defined in Annex 1 thereto . Hence throughout the paper, the terms "agricultural products", "agricultural exports" and "agricultural imports" relate to the definition of agricultural products under the Agreement on Agriculture. The paper covers the period 1990 to 1999. 3.
The paper is organized in four Sections:
(i)
Section I provides information on developing countries' exports of agricultural products, mining products and manufactures and products not elsewhere specified, and related world market shares.
(ii)
In Section II the regional pattern of agricultural exports from Africa, developing Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East is presented, including information on intra-developing country trade. This Section also provides on agricultural imports of developed countries from all origins as well as from developing countries.
(iii)
Section III takes a look at developing countries' agricultural exports by product group. The products specified in Section III were selected on the basis of their respective ranking, in value terms, in total agricultural exports of the three developing regions (Africa, developing Asia, Latin America and Caribbean countries) under consideration for the most recent year for which data was available. Each of the three developing regions is represented by samples covering nly a limited number of countries for which a complete set of data and a consistent time-series from 1990 to
1999 were available. (iv)
Section IV provides information on the trade performance of least-developed countries.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 2
4. The statistical information contained in this paper is based on trade values in current US dollars (by way of background information, data on agricultural world price developments are presented in Annexes 2 and 3). Average annual growth are presented for the periods 1990-94 and 1994-99. In some cases growth rates for the period 1994-98 are also included. Hence, information is provided on trade performance prior to and following the start of the implementation of the Uruguay Round results on agriculture. Information on data sources, area definitions and the definition of "agricultural products" is presented in Box 1 below.
Box 1 Data Sources and Defin itions Data sources For the purposes of this paper, the Secretariat has used trade data from the WTO Statistics Division, the United Nations Statistical Division Comtrade database and national statistics. The data are classified on the basis of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). The overall methodology is that used for preparing the standard Network of world merchandise trade by product and by region, which is broadly described in the technical notes of the WTO annual report International Trade Statistics 2000. The paper covers the period from 1990 through the year 1999, i.e. the fifth year of implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture. Area definitions This paper basically uses the area definitions used by the WTO Statistics Division:
(i)
Developed countries - North America, EU(15), EFTA(3), Japan, Australia, and New Zealand;
(ii)
Developing countries - Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa including South Africa, Europe less EU(15) and EFTA(3), the Middle East, and Asia less Australia, Japan, and New Zealand; and
(iii)
Economies in transition – Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic States and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
It should be noted that in this paper, tables specifying Africa as a developing region include South Africa. Throughout the paper, the figures used for world exports exclude intra-EU trade. World , Developing countries and Asia totals exclude the re-exports of Hong Kong, China in order to avoid double counting. The term "country" or "countries" as used in this paper includes separate customs territories. Product definitions As regards Agricultural Products, this paper uses a revised Network of world merchandise trade by product and by region prepared by the WTO Statistics Division which defines agricultural products according to the product coverage of the Agreement on Agriculture as defined in Annex 1 thereto . The coverage of agricultural products according to the Agreement on Agriculture is defined in SITC Rev.3. It is derived from the HS96 product coverage provided in Annex 1 of the Agreement on Agriculture. To minimize discrepancies due to the imperfect correlation between SITC Rev.3 and HS96, the SITC items 598.91 and 598.99 as well as the HS sub-headings 3809.10 and 3824.60 are not taken into account in the Agreement on Agriculture product coverage 1. Annex 1 to this paper provides the Agreement on Agriculture coverage in terms of SITC Rev3.
(i) 1
Tests indicate that the adjusted Agreement on Agriculture coverage in terms of SITC Rev.3 provides results that closely match those based on HS96.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 3
SECTION I: OVERVIEW TABLES
5. Tables I.1 and I.2 provide an overview of the value of developing countries' merchandise exports by major product group and the growth of agricultural exports by region for the period 1990 to 1999. 6. Tables I.3 and I.4 show the shares of developing countries' exports in world exports of agricultural products by region and in world merchandise exports by major product group for the same period.
Table I.1 :
World M erchandise Exports and M erchandise Exports of D by M ajor P roduct Group, 1990 -99 (Billion dollars)
Countries
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Agricultural products
212
211
226
224
258
297
324
331
306
289
Mining products
416
389
384
368
381
448
530
548
428
486
1,781
1,852
2,015
2,133
2,440
2,894
3,015
3,198
3,173
3,313
86
87
89
89
107
122
134
139
133
125
Mining products
260
238
237
222
224
262
313
322
239
290
Manufactures and products n.e.s
470
517
581
633
756
927
965
1,051
1,035
1,115
World
Manufactures and products n.e.s Developing Countries Agricultural products
Data for World exclude intra-EU trade.
Note:
Source: WTO Secretariat.
Table I.2 :
Growth of the Value of Agricultural Exports by Region, 1990- 99 (Annual percentage change)
Region
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
90-94
94-98
94-99
Developing countries
14½
9½
4
-4
-6½
5½
5½
3
14½
22½
-1
-3
-9
2
7½
4
14
5
-1½
-4
-3
8½
3
2
16½
10½
10½
-3
-10
4
8½
4½
15½
6
½
-9½
-4
4½
3
1½
20
33
2½
-14½
-12½
5
8½
4
15½
9
2
-7½
-5½
5
4½
2½
of which: Africa Developing Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Developed countries Other countries
World Note:
"Other Countries" inc lude transition economies and countries not elsewhe
Source: WTO Secretariat.
ied.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 4
Table I.3 :
Share of Developing Countries in World Agricultural Exports by Region, 1990- 99 (Percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
5
5
1998
1999
5½
5½
5½
5½
6
Developing Asia
15
16
16½
16½
16½
16½
16
15½
16
16½
Latin America and the Caribbean
16
15½ 2
14
14½ 2
15½ 2
16
16
2
17½ 2
18
2
2
17½ 2
1½
1½
1½
1½
1½
1½
40½
41
41
42
43½
43
Middle East
2
Other
2
2
1½
2
40½
41
39
40
All Developing Countries Note:
2
5
1997
5
Africa
5½
The figures for " Other" inc lude European develop ing economies as defined by he WTO Statistics Divis ion: Malta, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, S lovenia, Yugoslavia and territories in Western Europe n.e.s. The shares are expressed in per cent of world agricultural exports excluding intra -EU trade.
Source: WTO Secretariat.
Table I.4 :
Share of Developing Countries in World M erchandise Exports by M ajor P roduct Group, 1990 -99 (Percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
34
34½
34½
34½
35½
36
36½
37
36
37½
Agricultural products
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3
Mining products
11
9½
9
8
7½
7
8
8
6
7
Manufactures and products n.e.s
19½
21
22
23
24½
25½
25
26
26½
27½
Share of developing
countries in world merchandise exports of which:
Note:
The shares are expressed in per cent of world merchandise exports exclud ing intra -EU trade.
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 5
SECTION II:
REGIONAL P ATTERN OF TRADE
7. This Section looks at the export performance of developing countries from a regional perspective. Tables II.1 and II.2 present the regional pattern of exports of agricultural products from four developing regions, including intra-developing country trade. Export figures of European developing economies as defined by the WTO Statistics (Malta, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Slovenia, Yugoslavia and territories in Western Europe n.e.s.) are not included. 8. Tables II.3 and II.4 show developed countries' imports, and import growth (compound rates), of agricultural products over the 1990-99 period. Imports are broken down by the origin of t trading partner, i.e. from developing countries and from the w as a whole.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 6
Table II.1:
Developing Countries ' Exports of Agricultural P roducts by Region and by Destination, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars)
Origi n
Desti nation Year
North Am eri ca
EU(15) and EF TA(3)
Japan
Australi a and New Zeal and
Eco no mies i n Transi tion
Developi ng Co untries
Africa
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
6 80 7 00 6 00 6 20 7 20 7 00 9 20 9 10 1,01 0 9 10
7,230 7,060 6,770 6,100 7,400 8,990 10,0 60 9,600 9,770 8,660
560 450 4 10 350 650 460 650 520 480 450
30 30 30 30 50 60 60 60 50 40
5 70 4 00 2 80 3 60 4 70 6 30 9 40 1 ,120 1 ,000 9 80
3,09 0 3,30 0 3,46 0 3,31 0 3,93 0 4,19 0 5,41 0 5,51 0 5,08 0 5,04 0
Develo pi ng Asi a
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
2,60 0 2,89 0 3,34 0 3,16 0 3,47 0 3,80 0 4,42 0 4,57 0 4,66 0 4,69 0
5,870 6,100 6,620 6,180 7,170 7,460 7,850 8,350 8,080 7,830
6,230 7,590 8,060 8,190 9,950 9,680 10,220 8,270 7,660 8,400
470 500 550 560 660 730 730 730 730 680
2 ,840 1 ,810 1 ,640 2 ,030 1 ,390 1 ,710 1 ,630 1 ,890 1 ,590 1 ,500
13 ,3 80 15 ,3 30 16 ,9 20 16 ,7 70 20 ,5 00 25 ,7 10 26 ,7 10 26 ,9 50 25 ,9 20 23 ,9 40
Lati n Am eri ca and the Cari bbean
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
8,76 0 8,52 0 8,67 0 8,98 0 9,83 0 11,4 10 12,0 50 13,6 80 13,8 30 14,7 40
11,2 20 11,8 70 12,0 80 12,0 20 15,3 60 15 ,580 16,4 30 18,3 60 16,6 70 14,9 60
1,130 1,020 1,020 970 1,390 1,430 1,680 1,900 1,840 1,520
80 110 100 120 150 170 180 180 160 180
5 ,100 2 ,290 1 ,140 9 50 8 60 1 ,500 2 ,220 2 ,270 2 ,110 1 ,880
7,92 0 8,34 0 9,09 0 9,28 0 12 ,7 20 16 ,8 00 19 ,0 50 20 ,7 30 20 ,6 50 16 ,4 40
Mi ddle East
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
1 30 1 40 1 80 1 80 1 80 2 20 2 60 2 60 3 20 3 10
1,940 1,770 1,780 1,610 1,740 1,990 2,180 1,950 1,760 1,670
60 70 60 60 80 110 110 100 80 90
10 10 10 20 20 20 30 20 20 20
5 80 2 90 2 50 2 50 2 30 3 10 3 10 2 50 2 30 2 10
1,49 0 1,46 0 2,32 0 2,58 0 2,91 0 3,21 0 3,25 0 3,71 0 3,17 0 3,21 0
To tal of 4 develo pi ng regions above
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
12,1 60 12,2 50 12,8 00 12,9 40 14,2 00 16,1 40 17,6 50 19,4 20 19,8 20 20,6 40
26,2 60 26,7 90 27,2 40 25,9 10 31,6 60 34,0 20 36,5 20 38,2 60 36,2 80 33,1 10
7,970 9,120 9,550 9,570 12,070 11,680 12,650 10,780 10,060 10,460
590 660 690 730 870 980 1000 990 960 930
9 ,080 4 ,800 3 ,310 3 ,580 2 ,950 4 ,160 5 ,100 5 ,530 4 ,930 4 ,570
25 ,8 70 28 ,4 20 31 ,7 90 31 ,9 40 40 ,0 60 49 ,9 00 54 ,4 20 56 ,900 54 ,8 20 48 ,6 30
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 7
Table II.2:
Developing Countries ' Exports of Agricultural P roducts by Region and by Developing Region Destination, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars)
Origi n
Desti nation Year
Africa
Developi ng Asi a
Lati n Am erica and the Cari bbean
Mi ddle East
Develo pi ng Countries
Africa
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1,64 0 1,69 0 1,93 0 1,79 0 1,78 0 2,01 0 2,41 0 2,45 0 2,31 0 2,42 0
8 90 1,010 9 10 8 20 1,250 1,400 1,850 1,910 1,740 1,740
80 70 50 1 50 2 40 1 70 4 50 4 20 2 80 2 70
350 440 510 440 540 460 490 500 510 450
3,090 3,300 3,460 3,310 3,930 4,190 5,410 5,510 5,080 5,040
Develo pi ng Asi a
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1,14 0 1,44 0 1,50 0 1,48 0 1,64 0 2,00 0 1,83 0 1,94 0 2,11 0 2,35 0
9,740 11,0 50 12,3 20 12,2 50 16,0 90 20,1 70 21,0 10 21,1 80 20,0 30 17,7 20
4 20 4 40 3 70 3 80 3 90 4 00 5 50 5 80 5 30 4 80
1,920 2,250 2,560 2,480 2,180 2,870 3,050 2,940 2,980 3,170
1 3,380 1 5,330 1 6,920 1 6,770 2 0,500 2 5,710 2 6,710 2 6,950 2 5,920 2 3,940
Lati n Am eri ca and the Cari bbean
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
940 820 1,21 0 970 1,08 0 1,73 0 1,91 0 2,13 0 2,09 0 1,66 0
1,530 1,760 1,370 1,020 2,820 3,870 4,200 4,840 4,050 3,490
4 ,040 4 ,410 5 ,050 5 ,790 7 ,490 9 ,200 10,4 60 11,0 60 11,8 20 8 ,880
1,150 1,060 1,230 1,270 1,200 1,69 0 1,920 2,250 2,290 2,110
7,920 8,340 9,090 9,280 1 2,720 1 6,800 1 9,050 2 0,730 2 0,650 1 6,440
Mi ddle East
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
100 170 150 110 200 280 240 410 420 440
1 70 2 00 3 20 4 00 4 40 4 20 3 00 3 60 3 10 3 20
40 40 50 40 70 50 60 50 60 40
1,110 990 1,690 1,900 2,100 2,330 2,480 2,650 2,190 2,190
1,490 1,460 2,320 2,580 2,910 3,210 3,250 3,710 3,170 3,210
To tal of 4 develo pi ng regions above
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
3,81 0 4,12 0 4,79 0 4,35 0 4,70 0 6,02 0 6,39 0 6,93 0 6,93 0 6,88 0
12,3 30 14,0 00 14,9 20 14,4 90 20,6 10 25,8 60 27,3 60 28,2 90 26,1 40 23,2 80
4 ,570 4 ,960 5 ,520 6 ,370 8 ,180 9 ,810 11,5 20 12,1 20 12,6 80 9 ,670
4,520 4,740 5,990 6,080 6,010 7,350 7,930 8,330 7,970 7,910
2 5,870 2 8,420 3 1,790 3 1,940 4 0,060 4 9,900 5 4 ,420 5 6,900 5 4,820 4 8,630
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 8
Table II.3:
Developed Countries ' Imports of Agricultural P roducts by Origin, 1990- 99 (M illion dollars) 1990
From All Origins
From Developing Countries Note:
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
114,295 114,952 120,024 118,877 137,278 148,791 156,437 158,978 151,437 148,786
49,211
51,305
52,091
51,208
61,191
65,407
70,492
72,317
69,804
67,832
Imports are valued f.o.b..
Source: WTO Secretariat.
Table II.4:
Average Annual Growth of Developed Countries ' Imports of Agricultura l P roducts by Orig in, 1990-94, 1994-98 and 1994- 99 (Percentage change)
1990-94
1994-98
1994-99
From All Origins
4½
2½
1½
From Developing Countries
5½
3½
2
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 9
SECTION III:
P RODUCT P ATTERN OF EXP ORTS
9. This Section provides information on the product pattern of developing countries' agricultural exports over the period 1990 to 1999. For the purpose of this section, the respective leading agricultural export items, for Africa, developing Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean are identified on the basis of the 2-digit level of SITC Rev.3 (for product descriptions see Box 2 below). 10. The aggregate export figures in Table III.1 (Africa), III.4 (developing Asia) and Table III.7 (Latin America and the Caribbean) represent, in each case, only a sample of countries in the relevant region. These samples include, for each of the concerned regions, all countries for which a full series of data for the period 1990-1999 was available. 11. For Africa, total exports of agricultural products of the 10 accounted for 43 per cent of Africa's total agricultural exports in 1999. products of the 12 Asian sample countries combined accounted for 96 exports of developing Asia in 1999. For Latin America and the agricultural products of the 14 sample countries combined accounted agricultural exports of Latin Amer ica and the Caribbean in 1999.
sample countries combined Total exports of agricultural per cent of total agricultural Caribbean, total exports of for 86 per cent of the total
12. Tables III.3, III.6 and III.9 present average annual growth rates (compoun rates) of the US$ value of agricultural exports for the periods 1990-94 and 1994-99 (and 1994-98 where relevant).
Box 2 P roduct Descriptions SITC Division Code 2-digit level
SITC Division Heading – Description
Abbreviations used in Tables
01
Meat and meat preparations
Meat
04
Cereal and cereal preparations
Cereals (incl. rice)
05
Fruit and vegetables
Fruit & vegetables
06
Sugar, sugar preparations and honey
Sugar
07
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
08
Feeding stuff for animals (not incl. unmilled cereals)
Feeding stuff
12
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
Tobacco
26
Textile fibres (other than wool tops) and their wastes (not manufactured into yarn or fabric)
Natural fibres
42
Fixed vegetable oils and fats
Vegetable oils and fats
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 10
Table III.1:
Agricultural Exports of Ten African Countries by P rodu t Group, 1990- 99 (M illion dollars and percentage) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 value
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
590
644
594
701
912
934
925
964
950
860
Natural fibres
649
433
316
239
537
547
494
566
535
601
1,468
1,723
1,756
1,647
1,631
2,066
2,095
1,974
2,065
2,162
Sugar
770
675
539
487
632
694
992
805
903
717
Tobacco
388
506
509
443
757
604
859
759
568
811
3,864
3,980
3,713
3,517
4,470
4,844
5,366
5,068
5,022
5,151
909
1,249
1,304
1,414
2,307
2,076
2,376
2,222
1,920
1,915
4,773
5,229
5,017
4,931
6,777
6,920
7,741
7,290
6,942
7,066
Fruit & vegetables
Sub -total
Other agricultural products
Total
share in total Selected products (Sub-total)
81
76
74
71
66
70
69
70
72
73
Other agricultural products
19
24
26
29
34
30
31
30
28
27
Note:
The data represent the agricultural exports of Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunis ia and Zimbabwe.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 11
Table III.2:
Agricultural Exports of Ten African Countries, 1999 (M illion dollars and percentage) Value of agricultural exports
Share in total agricultural exports from Africa
South Africa
2,351
14
Zimbabwe
1,119
7
Kenya
1,053
6
Morocco
910
6
Egypt
595
4
Tunisia
575
4
Mauritius
345
2
Madagascar
90
0.6
Algeria
26
0.2
1
0
7,066
43
16,255
100
Seychelles
Total of above Total Africa
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
Table III.3:
Average Annual Growth of Agricultural Exports of Ten African Countries by P roduct Group, 1990 -94 and 1994- 99 (Percentage change) 1990-94
1994-99
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
11½
-1
Natural fibres
-4 ½
2½
2½
6
Sugar
-5
2½
Tobacco
18
1½
Other agricultural products
26
-3½
Fruit & vegetables
Note:
The data represent the annual change in the aggregate ricultural exports of Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunis ia and Zimbabwe.
Source: United Nations Comtrad e database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 12
Table III.4:
Agricultural Exports of Twelve Asian Developing Countries by P roduct Group, 1990- 99 (M illion dollars and percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
value
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
2,795
3,811
4,351
4,231
4,674
5,070
5,144
5,833
6,519
6,078
Cereals (incl. rice)
3,151
2,993
2,782
2,963
3,894
4,176
3,979
4,492
4,555
4,220
Fruit & vegetables
3,863
3,768
3,948
3,731
4,935
7,237
6,959
5,467
4,068
3,550
Meat
2,771
3,022
3,702
3,783
5,599
6,723
6,444
7,760
7,144
6,497
Natural fibres
3,350
3,199
3,189
2,917
3,388
3,862
4,249
4,011
2,994
3,233
Vegetable oils & fats
5,586
6,163
6,505
6,404
7,172
7,675
7,715
7,190
6,467
7,385
Sub -total
21,515 22,957 24,478 24,028 29,662 34,743 34,491 34,754 31,748 30,962
Other agricultural products
11,271 13,231 14,839 14,923 16,225 17,273 19,161 17,206 16,063 14,376
Total
32,786 36,188 39,317 38,950 45,886 52,015 53,651 51,960 47,811 45,338 share in total
Selected products (Subtotal)
66
63
62
62
65
67
64
67
66
68
Other agricultural products
34
37
38
38
35
33
36
33
34
32
Note:
The data represent the aggregate agricultural exports China; Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; Ind ia; Indonesia; Macau, China; Malays ia; Pakistan; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Thailand.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 13
Table III.5:
Agricultural Exports of Twelve Developing Asian Countries, 1999 (M illion dollars and percentage) Value of agricultural exports
China
Share in total agricultural exports from Developing Asia
10,570
22
Malaysia
6,763
14
Thailand
6,309
13
India
4,900
10
Indonesia
4,459
9
Hong Kong, China
4,032
9
Singapore
3,029
6
Korea Rep.
1,748
4
Philippines
1,334
3
Pakistan
1,124
2
Chinese Taipei
1,031
2
Macau, China
38
0.1
Total of above
45,338
96
Total Developing Asia
47,240
100
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
Table III.6
Average Annual Growth of Agricultural Exports of Twelve Asian Developing Countries by P roduct Group, 1990-94, 1994 -98 and 1994 -99 (Percentage change) 1990-94
1994-98
1994-99
13½
8½
5½
Cereals (incl. rice)
5½
4
1½
Fruit & vegetables
6½
-4½
-6½
Meat
19
6½
3
Natural fibres
½
-3
-1
Vegetable oils & fats
6½
-2½
½
Other agricultural products
9½
-½
-2½
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
Note : The data represent the annual change in the aggregate agricultural exports of China; Chinese Taipei; Hong Ko ng, China; Ind ia; Indonesia; Macau, China; Malaysia; Pakistan; Philipp ines; Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Thailand.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 14
Table III.7:
Agricultural Exports of F ourteen Latin American and Caribbean Countries by P roduct Group, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars and percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
value
Cereals (incl. rice) Meat Feeding stuff Fruit & Vegetables Sugar Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices Sub -total
Other agricultural products
Total
1,799
1,498
1,970
2,007
2,026
2,764
3,761
4,505
4,394
3,155
2,027
2,194
2,377
2,412
2,681
2,978
3,170
3,319
3,220
3,454
3,827
3,831
4,387
4,551
4,853
4,976
7,088
7,210
4,841
4,736
5,809
5,925
6,347
6,111
6,914
8,362
9,192
9,184
9,787
9,768
1,251
1,113
1,257
1,498
1,841
3,116
3,017
3,210
3,495
3,153
4,187
4,259
3,566
3,727
6,573
6,557
5,977
7,951
6,669
5,785
18,901 18,820 19,904 20,307 24,887 28,752 32,206 35,380 32,406 30,052
7,133
7,020
7,041
7,146
9,471 11,544 11,715 13,227 15,331 13,237
26,033 25,840 26,944 27,453 34,358 40,296 43,921 48,607 47,737 43,288 share in total
Selected products (Sub-total)
73
73
74
74
72
71
73
73
68
69
Other agricultural products
27
27
26
26
28
29
27
27
32
31
Note:
The data represent the aggregate agricultural exports Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colomb ia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 15
Table III.8:
Agricultural Exports of F ourteen Latin American and CaribbeanCountries,1999 (M illion dollars and percentage) Value of agricultural exports
Share in total agricultural exports from Latin America and the Caribbean
Brazil
14,013
28
Argentina
10,988
22
Mexico
6,964
14
Colombia
3,165
6
Chile
2,796
6
Ecuador
1,596
3
Uruguay
1,089
2
Peru
691
1
Paraguay
594
1
Venezuela
415
1
Bolivia
368
1
Jamaica
310
1
Trinidad and Tobago
223
0.4
76
0.2
Total of above
43,288
86
Total Latin American and the Caribbean
50,137
100
Barbados
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 16
Table III.9
Average Annual Growth of Agricultura l Exports of Fourt en Latin American and Caribbean Countries by P roduct Group, 1990 -94 and 1994 -99 (Percentage change) 1990-94
1994-99
Cereals (incl. rice)
3
9½
Meat
7
5
Feeding stuff
6
-½
Fruit & vegetables
4½
7
Sugar
10
11½
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
12
-2½
Other agricultural products
7
4
Note:
The data represent the annual change in the aggregate exports of Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Tr idad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estim ates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 17
SECTION IV:
LEAST-DEVELOP ED COUNTRIES
13. The United Nations has designated 48 countries as least-developed: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Camb Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, the Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, the Sudan, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia. 14. This Section provides information on the trade performance of these least-developed countries, as a group, during the period 1990 to 1999. For reasons of data availability, the information presented is based on developed countries' import statistics. It should be noted that therefore only part of the agricultural exports of least-developed countries are covered, as these countries also trade among themselves and with other developing countries. 15. Table IV.1 shows the merchandise trade of the European Union, the United States and Japan respectively with the least-developed countries from 1990 through 1999. Finally, Table IV.2 presents data on the imports of agricultural products of the European Union, the United States and Japan and of other developed countries from the least-developed countries.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 18
Table IV.1 :
M erchandise trade of the European Union, the United States the Least-Developed Countries, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars and percentage)
Japan with
Val ue 1 990
1994
1 995
1996
Share 1997
1998
1999
1 990
1999
Im po rts from LDCs European Union (15) To tal merchandise
9 ,571
7,55 7
9 ,422
9,407
9,372
9,685
9,41 1
100.0
1 00 .0
Agri cultural pro ducts
1 ,812
1,77 6
2 ,427
2,056
2,171
2,053
1,61 7
1 8.9
17.2
M ining products
4 ,352
1,52 6
1 ,480
1,607
1,400
1,350
1,34 1
4 5.5
14.2
3 ,407
4,25 5
5 ,515
5,744
5,801
6,282
6,45 3
3 5.6
68.6
4 ,603
4,63 1
4 ,981
5,685
6,324
6,336
6,98 2
100.0
1 00 .0
M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s United States To tal merchandise Agri cultural pro ducts M ining products M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s
269
277
2 58
2 69
362
2 76
2 60
5.8
3 .7
3 ,033
2,75 2
2 ,843
3,356
3,354
2,85 0
2,96 0
6 5.9
42.4
1 ,301
1,60 2
1 ,880
2,060
2,608
3,210
3,76 2
2 8.3
53.9
Japan To tal merchandise
1 ,250
1,24 4
1 ,579
1,683
1,294
1,069
1,01 5
100.0
1 00 .0
Agri cultural pro ducts
211
261
2 68
2 25
223
2 54
2 13
1 6.9
21.0
M ining products
645
435
6 58
7 22
391
2 80
2 37
5 1.6
23.3
394
548
6 53
7 36
680
5 35
5 65
3 1.5
55.7
9 ,789
7,40 6
9 ,000
9,393
9,495
9,134
8,51 0
100 .0
1 00 .0
1 ,866
1,66 7
1 ,986
2,104
2,057
2,139
1,91 8
1 9.1
22.5
281
273
2 70
2 75
325
2 35
2 35
2.9
2 .8
7 ,642
5,46 6
6 ,744
7,014
7,113
6,760
6,35 7
7 8.1
74.7
1 ,836
1,68 6
2 ,291
2,205
2,156
2,338
2,44 5
100.0
1 00 .0
574
791
9 64
6 91
665
7 15
6 67
3 1.3
27.3
19
10
34
38
19
16
23
1.0
0 .9
1 ,243
885
1 ,293
1,476
1,472
1,607
1,75 5
6 7.7
71.8
M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s Exports to LDCs European Union (15) To tal merchandise Agri cultural pro ducts M ining products M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s United States To tal merchandise Agri cultural pro ducts M ining products M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s Japan To tal merchandise
1 ,707
1,48 4
1 ,689
1,654
1,613
1,440
1,51 2
100.0
1 00 .0
Agri cultural pro ducts
8
15
22
16
17
12
8
0.5
0 .5
M ining products
5
5
4
5
4
7
17
0.3
1 .1
1 ,694
1,46 4
1 ,663
1,633
1,592
1,421
1,48 7
9 9.2
98.3
M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 19
Table IV.2 :
Developed countries' imports of agricultural products from the Least -Developed Countries, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars and percentage) Share in imports
Value
European Union (15)
from LDCs
1990
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1990
1999
1,812
1,776
2,427
2,056
2,171
2,053
1,617
76
74
United States
269
277
258
269
362
276
260
11
12
Japan
211
261
268
225
223
254
213
70
115
95
104
110
90
9 4
10
87 2,379
2,384
3,068
2,645
2,860
2,693
2,180
100
100
Other developed countries
TOTAL
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
4
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 20
Annex 1 – Agreement on Agriculture coverage in terms of SITC Rev.3
0 less 03, 012.93, 081.42 1 22 4 less 411.1 21 less 211.91 26 less 264, 265.4, 265.5, 265.7, 265.8, 266, 267, 268.62, 268.7, 269 29 less 297.97 512.15 512.16 512.17 512.22 512.24 512.25 592 less 592.29 551.3
Annex 2 – The International Grains Council wheat price index, January 1987 – M arch 2000
300 0
250 0
200 0
150 0
100 0
50 0
0 88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99 0 0
* Average w heat prices of seven w idely traded varietie of bread w heat: July/D ec 1986= 1000 IG C 04 /0 0
Page G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1
87
Annex 3 – IM F indices of non -fuel primary commodity prices, 1982-2000 (1990=100) 1 /
16 0
Re al 2/
150
15 0
140
14 0
130
13 0
120
12 0
110
11 0
100
10 0
90
90
U .S . Do l l a rs
1/ Indices comprise 39 price series for 33 non - fuel primary commodities. Weights are based on the 19 87-89 average of wo rld export earnings. 2/ Deflated by the export unit value index for manufactures o f industrial countries. So urce: Internatio nal M onetary Fund (www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.htm).
__________
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
70
1984
70
1983
80
1982
80
G/AG/N S/6/Rev. Page 22
160
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 31 January 2001
ORGANIZATION
(01-0519)
Committee on Agriculture Special Session
AGRICULTURAL TRADE P ERF ORM ANCE BY DEVELOP ING COUNTRIES 1990- 99
Background Paper by the Secretariat
Revision
1. At the fourth Special Session of the Committee on Agriculture on 15-17 November 2000, the Secretariat was requested to prepare a revision of background paper G/AG/NG/S/6 in line with the definition of agricultural products under the Agreement on Agriculture (G/AG/NG/4, paragraph 6(c) refers). In response to that request, the present paper fully revises the information first provided in document G/AG/NG/S/6 dated 23 May 2000. 2. This paper is based on statistical data contained in a revised Network of world trade prepared by the WTO Statistics Division according to a definition of agricultural products which matches the product coverage of the Agreement on Agriculture as defined in Annex 1 thereto . Hence throughout the paper, the terms "agricultural products", "agricultural exports" and "agricultural imports" relate to the definition of agricultural products under the Agreement on Agriculture. The paper covers the period 1990 to 1999. 3.
The paper is organized in four Sections:
(i)
Section I provides information on developing countries' exports of agricultural products, mining products and manufactures and products not elsewhere specified, and related world market shares.
(ii)
In Section II the regional pattern of agricultural exports from Africa, developing Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East is presented, including information on intra-developing country trade. This Section also provides on agricultural imports of developed countries from all origins as well as from developing countries.
(iii)
Section III takes a look at developing countries' agricultural exports by product group. The products specified in Section III were selected on the basis of their respective ranking, in value terms, in total agricultural exports of the three developing regions (Africa, developing Asia, Latin America and Caribbean countries) under consideration for the most recent year for which data was available. Each of the three developing regions is represented by samples covering nly a limited number of countries for which a complete set of data and a consistent time-series from 1990 to
1999 were available. (iv)
Section IV provides information on the trade performance of least-developed countries.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 2
4. The statistical information contained in this paper is based on trade values in current US dollars (by way of background information, data on agricultural world price developments are presented in Annexes 2 and 3). Average annual growth are presented for the periods 1990-94 and 1994-99. In some cases growth rates for the period 1994-98 are also included. Hence, information is provided on trade performance prior to and following the start of the implementation of the Uruguay Round results on agriculture. Information on data sources, area definitions and the definition of "agricultural products" is presented in Box 1 below.
Box 1 Data Sources and Defin itions Data sources For the purposes of this paper, the Secretariat has used trade data from the WTO Statistics Division, the United Nations Statistical Division Comtrade database and national statistics. The data are classified on the basis of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). The overall methodology is that used for preparing the standard Network of world merchandise trade by product and by region, which is broadly described in the technical notes of the WTO annual report International Trade Statistics 2000. The paper covers the period from 1990 through the year 1999, i.e. the fifth year of implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture. Area definitions This paper basically uses the area definitions used by the WTO Statistics Division:
(i)
Developed countries - North America, EU(15), EFTA(3), Japan, Australia, and New Zealand;
(ii)
Developing countries - Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa including South Africa, Europe less EU(15) and EFTA(3), the Middle East, and Asia less Australia, Japan, and New Zealand; and
(iii)
Economies in transition – Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic States and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
It should be noted that in this paper, tables specifying Africa as a developing region include South Africa. Throughout the paper, the figures used for world exports exclude intra-EU trade. World , Developing countries and Asia totals exclude the re-exports of Hong Kong, China in order to avoid double counting. The term "country" or "countries" as used in this paper includes separate customs territories. Product definitions As regards Agricultural Products, this paper uses a revised Network of world merchandise trade by product and by region prepared by the WTO Statistics Division which defines agricultural products according to the product coverage of the Agreement on Agriculture as defined in Annex 1 thereto . The coverage of agricultural products according to the Agreement on Agriculture is defined in SITC Rev.3. It is derived from the HS96 product coverage provided in Annex 1 of the Agreement on Agriculture. To minimize discrepancies due to the imperfect correlation between SITC Rev.3 and HS96, the SITC items 598.91 and 598.99 as well as the HS sub-headings 3809.10 and 3824.60 are not taken into account in the Agreement on Agriculture product coverage 1. Annex 1 to this paper provides the Agreement on Agriculture coverage in terms of SITC Rev3.
(i) 1
Tests indicate that the adjusted Agreement on Agriculture coverage in terms of SITC Rev.3 provides results that closely match those based on HS96.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 3
SECTION I: OVERVIEW TABLES
5. Tables I.1 and I.2 provide an overview of the value of developing countries' merchandise exports by major product group and the growth of agricultural exports by region for the period 1990 to 1999. 6. Tables I.3 and I.4 show the shares of developing countries' exports in world exports of agricultural products by region and in world merchandise exports by major product group for the same period.
Table I.1 :
World M erchandise Exports and M erchandise Exports of D by M ajor P roduct Group, 1990 -99 (Billion dollars)
Countries
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Agricultural products
212
211
226
224
258
297
324
331
306
289
Mining products
416
389
384
368
381
448
530
548
428
486
1,781
1,852
2,015
2,133
2,440
2,894
3,015
3,198
3,173
3,313
86
87
89
89
107
122
134
139
133
125
Mining products
260
238
237
222
224
262
313
322
239
290
Manufactures and products n.e.s
470
517
581
633
756
927
965
1,051
1,035
1,115
World
Manufactures and products n.e.s Developing Countries Agricultural products
Data for World exclude intra-EU trade.
Note:
Source: WTO Secretariat.
Table I.2 :
Growth of the Value of Agricultural Exports by Region, 1990- 99 (Annual percentage change)
Region
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
90-94
94-98
94-99
Developing countries
14½
9½
4
-4
-6½
5½
5½
3
14½
22½
-1
-3
-9
2
7½
4
14
5
-1½
-4
-3
8½
3
2
16½
10½
10½
-3
-10
4
8½
4½
15½
6
½
-9½
-4
4½
3
1½
20
33
2½
-14½
-12½
5
8½
4
15½
9
2
-7½
-5½
5
4½
2½
of which: Africa Developing Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Developed countries Other countries
World Note:
"Other Countries" inc lude transition economies and countries not elsewhe
Source: WTO Secretariat.
ied.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 4
Table I.3 :
Share of Developing Countries in World Agricultural Exports by Region, 1990- 99 (Percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
5
5
1998
1999
5½
5½
5½
5½
6
Developing Asia
15
16
16½
16½
16½
16½
16
15½
16
16½
Latin America and the Caribbean
16
15½ 2
14
14½ 2
15½ 2
16
16
2
17½ 2
18
2
2
17½ 2
1½
1½
1½
1½
1½
1½
40½
41
41
42
43½
43
Middle East
2
Other
2
2
1½
2
40½
41
39
40
All Developing Countries Note:
2
5
1997
5
Africa
5½
The figures for " Other" inc lude European develop ing economies as defined by he WTO Statistics Divis ion: Malta, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, S lovenia, Yugoslavia and territories in Western Europe n.e.s. The shares are expressed in per cent of world agricultural exports excluding intra -EU trade.
Source: WTO Secretariat.
Table I.4 :
Share of Developing Countries in World M erchandise Exports by M ajor P roduct Group, 1990 -99 (Percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
34
34½
34½
34½
35½
36
36½
37
36
37½
Agricultural products
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3½
3
Mining products
11
9½
9
8
7½
7
8
8
6
7
Manufactures and products n.e.s
19½
21
22
23
24½
25½
25
26
26½
27½
Share of developing
countries in world merchandise exports of which:
Note:
The shares are expressed in per cent of world merchandise exports exclud ing intra -EU trade.
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 5
SECTION II:
REGIONAL P ATTERN OF TRADE
7. This Section looks at the export performance of developing countries from a regional perspective. Tables II.1 and II.2 present the regional pattern of exports of agricultural products from four developing regions, including intra-developing country trade. Export figures of European developing economies as defined by the WTO Statistics (Malta, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Slovenia, Yugoslavia and territories in Western Europe n.e.s.) are not included. 8. Tables II.3 and II.4 show developed countries' imports, and import growth (compound rates), of agricultural products over the 1990-99 period. Imports are broken down by the origin of t trading partner, i.e. from developing countries and from the w as a whole.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 6
Table II.1:
Developing Countries ' Exports of Agricultural P roducts by Region and by Destination, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars)
Origi n
Desti nation Year
North Am eri ca
EU(15) and EF TA(3)
Japan
Australi a and New Zeal and
Eco no mies i n Transi tion
Developi ng Co untries
Africa
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
6 80 7 00 6 00 6 20 7 20 7 00 9 20 9 10 1,01 0 9 10
7,230 7,060 6,770 6,100 7,400 8,990 10,0 60 9,600 9,770 8,660
560 450 4 10 350 650 460 650 520 480 450
30 30 30 30 50 60 60 60 50 40
5 70 4 00 2 80 3 60 4 70 6 30 9 40 1 ,120 1 ,000 9 80
3,09 0 3,30 0 3,46 0 3,31 0 3,93 0 4,19 0 5,41 0 5,51 0 5,08 0 5,04 0
Develo pi ng Asi a
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
2,60 0 2,89 0 3,34 0 3,16 0 3,47 0 3,80 0 4,42 0 4,57 0 4,66 0 4,69 0
5,870 6,100 6,620 6,180 7,170 7,460 7,850 8,350 8,080 7,830
6,230 7,590 8,060 8,190 9,950 9,680 10,220 8,270 7,660 8,400
470 500 550 560 660 730 730 730 730 680
2 ,840 1 ,810 1 ,640 2 ,030 1 ,390 1 ,710 1 ,630 1 ,890 1 ,590 1 ,500
13 ,3 80 15 ,3 30 16 ,9 20 16 ,7 70 20 ,5 00 25 ,7 10 26 ,7 10 26 ,9 50 25 ,9 20 23 ,9 40
Lati n Am eri ca and the Cari bbean
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
8,76 0 8,52 0 8,67 0 8,98 0 9,83 0 11,4 10 12,0 50 13,6 80 13,8 30 14,7 40
11,2 20 11,8 70 12,0 80 12,0 20 15,3 60 15 ,580 16,4 30 18,3 60 16,6 70 14,9 60
1,130 1,020 1,020 970 1,390 1,430 1,680 1,900 1,840 1,520
80 110 100 120 150 170 180 180 160 180
5 ,100 2 ,290 1 ,140 9 50 8 60 1 ,500 2 ,220 2 ,270 2 ,110 1 ,880
7,92 0 8,34 0 9,09 0 9,28 0 12 ,7 20 16 ,8 00 19 ,0 50 20 ,7 30 20 ,6 50 16 ,4 40
Mi ddle East
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
1 30 1 40 1 80 1 80 1 80 2 20 2 60 2 60 3 20 3 10
1,940 1,770 1,780 1,610 1,740 1,990 2,180 1,950 1,760 1,670
60 70 60 60 80 110 110 100 80 90
10 10 10 20 20 20 30 20 20 20
5 80 2 90 2 50 2 50 2 30 3 10 3 10 2 50 2 30 2 10
1,49 0 1,46 0 2,32 0 2,58 0 2,91 0 3,21 0 3,25 0 3,71 0 3,17 0 3,21 0
To tal of 4 develo pi ng regions above
1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999
12,1 60 12,2 50 12,8 00 12,9 40 14,2 00 16,1 40 17,6 50 19,4 20 19,8 20 20,6 40
26,2 60 26,7 90 27,2 40 25,9 10 31,6 60 34,0 20 36,5 20 38,2 60 36,2 80 33,1 10
7,970 9,120 9,550 9,570 12,070 11,680 12,650 10,780 10,060 10,460
590 660 690 730 870 980 1000 990 960 930
9 ,080 4 ,800 3 ,310 3 ,580 2 ,950 4 ,160 5 ,100 5 ,530 4 ,930 4 ,570
25 ,8 70 28 ,4 20 31 ,7 90 31 ,9 40 40 ,0 60 49 ,9 00 54 ,4 20 56 ,900 54 ,8 20 48 ,6 30
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 7
Table II.2:
Developing Countries ' Exports of Agricultural P roducts by Region and by Developing Region Destination, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars)
Origi n
Desti nation Year
Africa
Developi ng Asi a
Lati n Am erica and the Cari bbean
Mi ddle East
Develo pi ng Countries
Africa
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1,64 0 1,69 0 1,93 0 1,79 0 1,78 0 2,01 0 2,41 0 2,45 0 2,31 0 2,42 0
8 90 1,010 9 10 8 20 1,250 1,400 1,850 1,910 1,740 1,740
80 70 50 1 50 2 40 1 70 4 50 4 20 2 80 2 70
350 440 510 440 540 460 490 500 510 450
3,090 3,300 3,460 3,310 3,930 4,190 5,410 5,510 5,080 5,040
Develo pi ng Asi a
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1,14 0 1,44 0 1,50 0 1,48 0 1,64 0 2,00 0 1,83 0 1,94 0 2,11 0 2,35 0
9,740 11,0 50 12,3 20 12,2 50 16,0 90 20,1 70 21,0 10 21,1 80 20,0 30 17,7 20
4 20 4 40 3 70 3 80 3 90 4 00 5 50 5 80 5 30 4 80
1,920 2,250 2,560 2,480 2,180 2,870 3,050 2,940 2,980 3,170
1 3,380 1 5,330 1 6,920 1 6,770 2 0,500 2 5,710 2 6,710 2 6,950 2 5,920 2 3,940
Lati n Am eri ca and the Cari bbean
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
940 820 1,21 0 970 1,08 0 1,73 0 1,91 0 2,13 0 2,09 0 1,66 0
1,530 1,760 1,370 1,020 2,820 3,870 4,200 4,840 4,050 3,490
4 ,040 4 ,410 5 ,050 5 ,790 7 ,490 9 ,200 10,4 60 11,0 60 11,8 20 8 ,880
1,150 1,060 1,230 1,270 1,200 1,69 0 1,920 2,250 2,290 2,110
7,920 8,340 9,090 9,280 1 2,720 1 6,800 1 9,050 2 0,730 2 0,650 1 6,440
Mi ddle East
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
100 170 150 110 200 280 240 410 420 440
1 70 2 00 3 20 4 00 4 40 4 20 3 00 3 60 3 10 3 20
40 40 50 40 70 50 60 50 60 40
1,110 990 1,690 1,900 2,100 2,330 2,480 2,650 2,190 2,190
1,490 1,460 2,320 2,580 2,910 3,210 3,250 3,710 3,170 3,210
To tal of 4 develo pi ng regions above
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
3,81 0 4,12 0 4,79 0 4,35 0 4,70 0 6,02 0 6,39 0 6,93 0 6,93 0 6,88 0
12,3 30 14,0 00 14,9 20 14,4 90 20,6 10 25,8 60 27,3 60 28,2 90 26,1 40 23,2 80
4 ,570 4 ,960 5 ,520 6 ,370 8 ,180 9 ,810 11,5 20 12,1 20 12,6 80 9 ,670
4,520 4,740 5,990 6,080 6,010 7,350 7,930 8,330 7,970 7,910
2 5,870 2 8,420 3 1,790 3 1,940 4 0,060 4 9,900 5 4 ,420 5 6,900 5 4,820 4 8,630
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 8
Table II.3:
Developed Countries ' Imports of Agricultural P roducts by Origin, 1990- 99 (M illion dollars) 1990
From All Origins
From Developing Countries Note:
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
114,295 114,952 120,024 118,877 137,278 148,791 156,437 158,978 151,437 148,786
49,211
51,305
52,091
51,208
61,191
65,407
70,492
72,317
69,804
67,832
Imports are valued f.o.b..
Source: WTO Secretariat.
Table II.4:
Average Annual Growth of Developed Countries ' Imports of Agricultura l P roducts by Orig in, 1990-94, 1994-98 and 1994- 99 (Percentage change)
1990-94
1994-98
1994-99
From All Origins
4½
2½
1½
From Developing Countries
5½
3½
2
Source: WTO Secretariat.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 9
SECTION III:
P RODUCT P ATTERN OF EXP ORTS
9. This Section provides information on the product pattern of developing countries' agricultural exports over the period 1990 to 1999. For the purpose of this section, the respective leading agricultural export items, for Africa, developing Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean are identified on the basis of the 2-digit level of SITC Rev.3 (for product descriptions see Box 2 below). 10. The aggregate export figures in Table III.1 (Africa), III.4 (developing Asia) and Table III.7 (Latin America and the Caribbean) represent, in each case, only a sample of countries in the relevant region. These samples include, for each of the concerned regions, all countries for which a full series of data for the period 1990-1999 was available. 11. For Africa, total exports of agricultural products of the 10 accounted for 43 per cent of Africa's total agricultural exports in 1999. products of the 12 Asian sample countries combined accounted for 96 exports of developing Asia in 1999. For Latin America and the agricultural products of the 14 sample countries combined accounted agricultural exports of Latin Amer ica and the Caribbean in 1999.
sample countries combined Total exports of agricultural per cent of total agricultural Caribbean, total exports of for 86 per cent of the total
12. Tables III.3, III.6 and III.9 present average annual growth rates (compoun rates) of the US$ value of agricultural exports for the periods 1990-94 and 1994-99 (and 1994-98 where relevant).
Box 2 P roduct Descriptions SITC Division Code 2-digit level
SITC Division Heading – Description
Abbreviations used in Tables
01
Meat and meat preparations
Meat
04
Cereal and cereal preparations
Cereals (incl. rice)
05
Fruit and vegetables
Fruit & vegetables
06
Sugar, sugar preparations and honey
Sugar
07
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
08
Feeding stuff for animals (not incl. unmilled cereals)
Feeding stuff
12
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
Tobacco
26
Textile fibres (other than wool tops) and their wastes (not manufactured into yarn or fabric)
Natural fibres
42
Fixed vegetable oils and fats
Vegetable oils and fats
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 10
Table III.1:
Agricultural Exports of Ten African Countries by P rodu t Group, 1990- 99 (M illion dollars and percentage) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 value
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
590
644
594
701
912
934
925
964
950
860
Natural fibres
649
433
316
239
537
547
494
566
535
601
1,468
1,723
1,756
1,647
1,631
2,066
2,095
1,974
2,065
2,162
Sugar
770
675
539
487
632
694
992
805
903
717
Tobacco
388
506
509
443
757
604
859
759
568
811
3,864
3,980
3,713
3,517
4,470
4,844
5,366
5,068
5,022
5,151
909
1,249
1,304
1,414
2,307
2,076
2,376
2,222
1,920
1,915
4,773
5,229
5,017
4,931
6,777
6,920
7,741
7,290
6,942
7,066
Fruit & vegetables
Sub -total
Other agricultural products
Total
share in total Selected products (Sub-total)
81
76
74
71
66
70
69
70
72
73
Other agricultural products
19
24
26
29
34
30
31
30
28
27
Note:
The data represent the agricultural exports of Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunis ia and Zimbabwe.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 11
Table III.2:
Agricultural Exports of Ten African Countries, 1999 (M illion dollars and percentage) Value of agricultural exports
Share in total agricultural exports from Africa
South Africa
2,351
14
Zimbabwe
1,119
7
Kenya
1,053
6
Morocco
910
6
Egypt
595
4
Tunisia
575
4
Mauritius
345
2
Madagascar
90
0.6
Algeria
26
0.2
1
0
7,066
43
16,255
100
Seychelles
Total of above Total Africa
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
Table III.3:
Average Annual Growth of Agricultural Exports of Ten African Countries by P roduct Group, 1990 -94 and 1994- 99 (Percentage change) 1990-94
1994-99
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
11½
-1
Natural fibres
-4 ½
2½
2½
6
Sugar
-5
2½
Tobacco
18
1½
Other agricultural products
26
-3½
Fruit & vegetables
Note:
The data represent the annual change in the aggregate ricultural exports of Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunis ia and Zimbabwe.
Source: United Nations Comtrad e database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 12
Table III.4:
Agricultural Exports of Twelve Asian Developing Countries by P roduct Group, 1990- 99 (M illion dollars and percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
value
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
2,795
3,811
4,351
4,231
4,674
5,070
5,144
5,833
6,519
6,078
Cereals (incl. rice)
3,151
2,993
2,782
2,963
3,894
4,176
3,979
4,492
4,555
4,220
Fruit & vegetables
3,863
3,768
3,948
3,731
4,935
7,237
6,959
5,467
4,068
3,550
Meat
2,771
3,022
3,702
3,783
5,599
6,723
6,444
7,760
7,144
6,497
Natural fibres
3,350
3,199
3,189
2,917
3,388
3,862
4,249
4,011
2,994
3,233
Vegetable oils & fats
5,586
6,163
6,505
6,404
7,172
7,675
7,715
7,190
6,467
7,385
Sub -total
21,515 22,957 24,478 24,028 29,662 34,743 34,491 34,754 31,748 30,962
Other agricultural products
11,271 13,231 14,839 14,923 16,225 17,273 19,161 17,206 16,063 14,376
Total
32,786 36,188 39,317 38,950 45,886 52,015 53,651 51,960 47,811 45,338 share in total
Selected products (Subtotal)
66
63
62
62
65
67
64
67
66
68
Other agricultural products
34
37
38
38
35
33
36
33
34
32
Note:
The data represent the aggregate agricultural exports China; Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; Ind ia; Indonesia; Macau, China; Malays ia; Pakistan; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Thailand.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 13
Table III.5:
Agricultural Exports of Twelve Developing Asian Countries, 1999 (M illion dollars and percentage) Value of agricultural exports
China
Share in total agricultural exports from Developing Asia
10,570
22
Malaysia
6,763
14
Thailand
6,309
13
India
4,900
10
Indonesia
4,459
9
Hong Kong, China
4,032
9
Singapore
3,029
6
Korea Rep.
1,748
4
Philippines
1,334
3
Pakistan
1,124
2
Chinese Taipei
1,031
2
Macau, China
38
0.1
Total of above
45,338
96
Total Developing Asia
47,240
100
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
Table III.6
Average Annual Growth of Agricultural Exports of Twelve Asian Developing Countries by P roduct Group, 1990-94, 1994 -98 and 1994 -99 (Percentage change) 1990-94
1994-98
1994-99
13½
8½
5½
Cereals (incl. rice)
5½
4
1½
Fruit & vegetables
6½
-4½
-6½
Meat
19
6½
3
Natural fibres
½
-3
-1
Vegetable oils & fats
6½
-2½
½
Other agricultural products
9½
-½
-2½
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
Note : The data represent the annual change in the aggregate agricultural exports of China; Chinese Taipei; Hong Ko ng, China; Ind ia; Indonesia; Macau, China; Malaysia; Pakistan; Philipp ines; Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Thailand.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 14
Table III.7:
Agricultural Exports of F ourteen Latin American and Caribbean Countries by P roduct Group, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars and percentage) 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
value
Cereals (incl. rice) Meat Feeding stuff Fruit & Vegetables Sugar Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices Sub -total
Other agricultural products
Total
1,799
1,498
1,970
2,007
2,026
2,764
3,761
4,505
4,394
3,155
2,027
2,194
2,377
2,412
2,681
2,978
3,170
3,319
3,220
3,454
3,827
3,831
4,387
4,551
4,853
4,976
7,088
7,210
4,841
4,736
5,809
5,925
6,347
6,111
6,914
8,362
9,192
9,184
9,787
9,768
1,251
1,113
1,257
1,498
1,841
3,116
3,017
3,210
3,495
3,153
4,187
4,259
3,566
3,727
6,573
6,557
5,977
7,951
6,669
5,785
18,901 18,820 19,904 20,307 24,887 28,752 32,206 35,380 32,406 30,052
7,133
7,020
7,041
7,146
9,471 11,544 11,715 13,227 15,331 13,237
26,033 25,840 26,944 27,453 34,358 40,296 43,921 48,607 47,737 43,288 share in total
Selected products (Sub-total)
73
73
74
74
72
71
73
73
68
69
Other agricultural products
27
27
26
26
28
29
27
27
32
31
Note:
The data represent the aggregate agricultural exports Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colomb ia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 15
Table III.8:
Agricultural Exports of F ourteen Latin American and CaribbeanCountries,1999 (M illion dollars and percentage) Value of agricultural exports
Share in total agricultural exports from Latin America and the Caribbean
Brazil
14,013
28
Argentina
10,988
22
Mexico
6,964
14
Colombia
3,165
6
Chile
2,796
6
Ecuador
1,596
3
Uruguay
1,089
2
Peru
691
1
Paraguay
594
1
Venezuela
415
1
Bolivia
368
1
Jamaica
310
1
Trinidad and Tobago
223
0.4
76
0.2
Total of above
43,288
86
Total Latin American and the Caribbean
50,137
100
Barbados
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 16
Table III.9
Average Annual Growth of Agricultura l Exports of Fourt en Latin American and Caribbean Countries by P roduct Group, 1990 -94 and 1994 -99 (Percentage change) 1990-94
1994-99
Cereals (incl. rice)
3
9½
Meat
7
5
Feeding stuff
6
-½
Fruit & vegetables
4½
7
Sugar
10
11½
Coffee, tea, cocoa & spices
12
-2½
Other agricultural products
7
4
Note:
The data represent the annual change in the aggregate exports of Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Tr idad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estim ates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 17
SECTION IV:
LEAST-DEVELOP ED COUNTRIES
13. The United Nations has designated 48 countries as least-developed: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Camb Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, the Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, the Sudan, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia. 14. This Section provides information on the trade performance of these least-developed countries, as a group, during the period 1990 to 1999. For reasons of data availability, the information presented is based on developed countries' import statistics. It should be noted that therefore only part of the agricultural exports of least-developed countries are covered, as these countries also trade among themselves and with other developing countries. 15. Table IV.1 shows the merchandise trade of the European Union, the United States and Japan respectively with the least-developed countries from 1990 through 1999. Finally, Table IV.2 presents data on the imports of agricultural products of the European Union, the United States and Japan and of other developed countries from the least-developed countries.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 18
Table IV.1 :
M erchandise trade of the European Union, the United States the Least-Developed Countries, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars and percentage)
Japan with
Val ue 1 990
1994
1 995
1996
Share 1997
1998
1999
1 990
1999
Im po rts from LDCs European Union (15) To tal merchandise
9 ,571
7,55 7
9 ,422
9,407
9,372
9,685
9,41 1
100.0
1 00 .0
Agri cultural pro ducts
1 ,812
1,77 6
2 ,427
2,056
2,171
2,053
1,61 7
1 8.9
17.2
M ining products
4 ,352
1,52 6
1 ,480
1,607
1,400
1,350
1,34 1
4 5.5
14.2
3 ,407
4,25 5
5 ,515
5,744
5,801
6,282
6,45 3
3 5.6
68.6
4 ,603
4,63 1
4 ,981
5,685
6,324
6,336
6,98 2
100.0
1 00 .0
M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s United States To tal merchandise Agri cultural pro ducts M ining products M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s
269
277
2 58
2 69
362
2 76
2 60
5.8
3 .7
3 ,033
2,75 2
2 ,843
3,356
3,354
2,85 0
2,96 0
6 5.9
42.4
1 ,301
1,60 2
1 ,880
2,060
2,608
3,210
3,76 2
2 8.3
53.9
Japan To tal merchandise
1 ,250
1,24 4
1 ,579
1,683
1,294
1,069
1,01 5
100.0
1 00 .0
Agri cultural pro ducts
211
261
2 68
2 25
223
2 54
2 13
1 6.9
21.0
M ining products
645
435
6 58
7 22
391
2 80
2 37
5 1.6
23.3
394
548
6 53
7 36
680
5 35
5 65
3 1.5
55.7
9 ,789
7,40 6
9 ,000
9,393
9,495
9,134
8,51 0
100 .0
1 00 .0
1 ,866
1,66 7
1 ,986
2,104
2,057
2,139
1,91 8
1 9.1
22.5
281
273
2 70
2 75
325
2 35
2 35
2.9
2 .8
7 ,642
5,46 6
6 ,744
7,014
7,113
6,760
6,35 7
7 8.1
74.7
1 ,836
1,68 6
2 ,291
2,205
2,156
2,338
2,44 5
100.0
1 00 .0
574
791
9 64
6 91
665
7 15
6 67
3 1.3
27.3
19
10
34
38
19
16
23
1.0
0 .9
1 ,243
885
1 ,293
1,476
1,472
1,607
1,75 5
6 7.7
71.8
M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s Exports to LDCs European Union (15) To tal merchandise Agri cultural pro ducts M ining products M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s United States To tal merchandise Agri cultural pro ducts M ining products M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s Japan To tal merchandise
1 ,707
1,48 4
1 ,689
1,654
1,613
1,440
1,51 2
100.0
1 00 .0
Agri cultural pro ducts
8
15
22
16
17
12
8
0.5
0 .5
M ining products
5
5
4
5
4
7
17
0.3
1 .1
1 ,694
1,46 4
1 ,663
1,633
1,592
1,421
1,48 7
9 9.2
98.3
M anufactures and pro ducts n.e.s
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 19
Table IV.2 :
Developed countries' imports of agricultural products from the Least -Developed Countries, 1990 -99 (M illion dollars and percentage) Share in imports
Value
European Union (15)
from LDCs
1990
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1990
1999
1,812
1,776
2,427
2,056
2,171
2,053
1,617
76
74
United States
269
277
258
269
362
276
260
11
12
Japan
211
261
268
225
223
254
213
70
115
95
104
110
90
9 4
10
87 2,379
2,384
3,068
2,645
2,860
2,693
2,180
100
100
Other developed countries
TOTAL
Source: United Nations Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat estimates.
4
G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1 Page 20
Annex 1 – Agreement on Agriculture coverage in terms of SITC Rev.3
0 less 03, 012.93, 081.42 1 22 4 less 411.1 21 less 211.91 26 less 264, 265.4, 265.5, 265.7, 265.8, 266, 267, 268.62, 268.7, 269 29 less 297.97 512.15 512.16 512.17 512.22 512.24 512.25 592 less 592.29 551.3
Annex 2 – The International Grains Council wheat price index, January 1987 – M arch 2000
300 0
250 0
200 0
150 0
100 0
50 0
0 88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99 0 0
* Average w heat prices of seven w idely traded varietie of bread w heat: July/D ec 1986= 1000 IG C 04 /0 0
Page G/AG/NG/S/6/Rev.1
87
Annex 3 – IM F indices of non -fuel primary commodity prices, 1982-2000 (1990=100) 1 /
16 0
Re al 2/
150
15 0
140
14 0
130
13 0
120
12 0
110
11 0
100
10 0
90
90
U .S . Do l l a rs
1/ Indices comprise 39 price series for 33 non - fuel primary commodities. Weights are based on the 19 87-89 average of wo rld export earnings. 2/ Deflated by the export unit value index for manufactures o f industrial countries. So urce: Internatio nal M onetary Fund (www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.htm).
__________
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
70
1984
70
1983
80
1982
80
G/AG/N S/6/Rev. Page 22
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