EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Early History
27/08/2014
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Susan Loh 25Aug14
DEB202
© Susan Loh 2014
40 000 BCE School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
UBIRR at Kakadu School of Design
http://www.parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/people/rock-art.html
Queensland University of Technology
Early History
© Susan Loh 2014
40 000 BCE
LASCAUX France School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1
27/08/2014
Lascaux paintings Upon visiting the Lascaux cave paintings, it has been reported that Picasso said that in modern art “..we have invented nothing new…” Picasso
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
Architectural History
40 000 BCE
Expression of a culture Conscious attempt to reveal the true nature of reality
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
How buildings are structured and organised Form + Intentions Not iconic or symbolic
use architectonics (structure + relationships) to make buildings meaningful…not nicer
Why study architectural history?
School of Design
Architectonics
What is architecture?
LASCAUX France
© Susan Loh 2014
Why a building was built the way it was built - to understand the intent How we think architecture began affects how we build today
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
2
27/08/2014
shelter and architecture
shelter
Paleolithic and Neolithic
purely functional
architecture
vs Ubirr or Lascaux
PALEOLITHIC period
400,000 BCE TERRA AMATA Nice, France © Susan Loh 2014
7000 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
CATAL HUYUK
7000 BCE
http://www.catalhoyuk.com/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20021112.shtml
School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
CATAL HUYUK School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
3
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PALEOLITHIC
Ubirr Lascaux, Terra Amata
Australia Europe
NEOLITHIC
Catal Huyuk Nabta Playa
Turkey Egypt
7,000 BCE
PRE-DYNASTIC EARLY DYNASTIC
Carnac, Stonehenge Uruk, Eridu Abydos, Saqqara Xishuipo
Europe Mesopotamia (Iraq) Egypt China
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
OLD KINGDOM
Zoser, Khurfu, Heliopolis Ziggurat at Ur Mohenjo-Daro, Harapan
Egypt Mesopotamia (Iraq) Indus (India)
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
MIDDLE KINGDOM SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Hattusas Mari Knossus
Egypt Syria Malta
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE
NEW KINGDOM THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Karnak, Luxor Queen Hatshepsut Salinas de Chao
Egypt
LATE KINGDOM GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD
Temple of Horus Parthenon, Persepolis
Egypt Greece
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
7000 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
Wadi Kubbaniya (ca. 17,000–15,000 BCE)
17000 –3100 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
CATAL HUYUK - shelter and architecture School of Design
Wild bovids (Bos primigenius or aurochs) at the Qurta II site. 13 000 BCE
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE 712 – 322 BCE 332 BCE – 330 AD
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
Arrowhead, Neolithic period, ca. 7000–4500 BCE Egyptian; From the Faiyum area Chert; H. 1 5/8" (4.1 cm), W. 1 1/8" (2.8 cm)
EGYPT - from PALEOLITHIC to NEOLITHIC period School of Design
Peru
500,000 – 7,000 BCE
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
9000 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
NABTA PLAYA - NEOLITHIC PERIOD http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2007AfrSk..11....2M
School of Design
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabta_Playa#mediaviewer/File:Calendar_aswan.JPG
Queensland University of Technology
4
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Pre-Dynastic and Early Dynastic
Desertification of Egypt – climate change Farming begins, evidence of irrigation Invention of wheel 3600 BCE Calendar, hieroglyphic writing, bronze Founding of Memphis Royal necropolis at Abydos and Saqqara Temple of Uruk and Eridu
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
EGYPT -
Footed Bowl, Predynastic Period, probably late Naqada I– early Naqada II, ca. 3750–3550 b.c. Egyptian Ceramic; H. 3 7/8 in. (9.8 cm), Diam. 6 in. (15.3 cm)
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD & EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/timeline.html
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
Megalithic structures
Alignments, standing stones Dolmens Menhirs Stone circles Tumulus, barrow mounds
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS 4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
CARNAC FRANCE ca3300 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
MAESHOWE ORKNEY ISLANDS ca2800 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
5
27/08/2014
EGYPT – PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS © Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
MAESHOWE ORKNEY ISLANDS ca2800 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS 4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
© Susan Loh 2014
XISHUIPO CHINA ca4000 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
URUK WHITE TEMPLE/ANU ZIGGURAT MESOPOTAMIA3500 BCE School of Design
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
URUK WHITE TEMPLE/ANU ZIGGURAT ca3500 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
6
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main cemetery at Umm al-Qa’ab
Tomb of Khasekhemwy
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS 4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
SAQQARA EGYPT ca 3100 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
Tomb of Den
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
UMM AL-QA’AB AT ABYDOS EGYPT ca 3100 Photo BCE credits at end School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
Old, Middle and New Kingdoms
Zoser
Giza
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
MASTABA – ZOSER COMPLEX AND GIZA ca 2750, 2600 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
7
27/08/2014
OLD KINGDOM
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Age of pyramids – Zoser, Khufu Cult of Sun-god Re at Heliopolis Trading
Political chaos – Egypt splits into 2 separate regions with 2 different dynasties
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
EGYPT - OLD KINGDOM PERIOD FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Tomb Temple Palace
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
ZOSER COMPLEX ca 2600 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
(pyramid) (ziggurat)
architect
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary nobleman, High Priest of Heliopolis, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor, and Maker of Vases in Chief. EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
IMHOTEP 2650 - 2600 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
8
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Space and meaning “ A space conception is but the disclosure of architectural intent. The architecture of the first high civilisations, which is everywhere saturated with symbolism and mystical meaning, can only be comprehended when related to its space conception.” Siegfried Gideon in The Eternal Present v.2 EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
ZOSER COMPLEX ca 2600 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
ZIGGURAT AT UR- MESOPOTAMIA ca2100 BCE School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
ZIGGURAT AT UR- MESOPOTAMIA ca2100 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
9
27/08/2014
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
GIZA COMPLEX ca 2750 BCE School of Design
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
GIZA COMPLEX ca 2750 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
MIDDLE KINGDOM
Reunification of Theban kings Royal burials near Memphis Classical literary period
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Asiatic Hyksos settlers in north Thebans in south Horse and chariot introduced
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
GIZA COMPLEX ca 2750 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD School of Design
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
10
27/08/2014
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
School of Design
Sewer outfall on a wall outside the palace area
Sewer structure
Stone drainage channel, Crete.
Queen's bathroom, Crete
Ancient sewer pipe
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
11
27/08/2014
NEW KINGDOM
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Thebans expel Hyksos and reunite Egypt Warrior kings – Age of Empire conquering Syria, Palestine and Lower Nubia
Egypt divided – high priests of Amun control Thebes Ethnic Libyans rule elsewhere
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD School of Design
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
12
27/08/2014
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
LUXOR COMPLEX ca 1350 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
LUXOR COMPLEX ca 1350 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUTca 1520 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
13
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© Susan Loh 2014
332 BCE – 330 AD
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD
Nubians from Kush conquer Egypt Egypt reunited under Saite Dynasty Persians rule 500 BCE Egypt independent 404-343 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
(ziggurat)
TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT ca1520 BCE
LATE PERIOD
(pyramid)
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
Tomb Temple Palace
Ptolemy dynasty after death of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE Population growth Increased agricultural output Roman emperors build temples in Egyptian style
EGYPT – GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD School of Design
332 BCE – 330 AD http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT – GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
14
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Why study Architectural History ? “..we have invented nothing new…” Picasso
332 BCE – 330 AD © Susan Loh 2014
TEMPLE OF HORUS AT EDFU ca 237 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_ancillary/88/14051114/DOWNLOAD/ITTC04.pdf Queensland University of Technology
Architectural History
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
Architectural History
“…buildings are not simply visual objects without any connection to concepts which we can analyse and then evaluate. Buildings speak – and on topics which can readily be discerned. They speak of democracy or aristocracy, openness or arrogance, welcome or threat, a sympathy for the future or a hankering for the past.”
“The notion that buildings speak helps us to place, at the very centre of our architectural conundrums, the question of the values we want to live by – rather than merely of how we want things to look.” Alain de Botton in The Architecture of Happiness
Alain de Botton in The Architecture of Happiness
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
15
27/08/2014
Architectural History
Photo credits
Our best educated guess Learn from past to proclaim our future
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menec.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Menec.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dolmen_Roch-Feutet.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Dolmen_Roch-Feutet.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alignement_Menec_Carnac.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Alignement_Menec_Carnac.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnac_Geant_du_Manio.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Carnac_Geant_du_Manio.jpg http://www.megalithic.co.uk/modules.php?op=modload&name=a312&file=index&do=showpic&pid=86331 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maes_Howe_1861.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Maes_Howe_1861.jpg http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/379/maeshowe.html http://antiquities.bibalex.org/Collection/index.aspx?collection=38&lang=en# http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Soldiers_climbing_the_Ziggurat_of_Ur.jpg#mediaviewer/File:US_Soldiers_climbing_the_Zig gurat_of_Ur.jpg http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijge/2012/716296/fig2/ http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/classes/anth3/Ur_map.jpg http://artefacts-berlin.de/uruk-whitetemple/index.php?l=eng http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/firstdynastysaqqara.htm http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/saqqara/zoser/zoser.html http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/2057/pyramid-of-zoser http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/2028/ancient-architecture-of-egypt http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/mastabas/abydos.html http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/dsteppyramid1.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/dsteppyramid5.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/greatpyramid3.htm http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/giza.htm http://www.colostate-pueblo.edu/Communications/Media/PressReleases/2010/Pages/11-19-2010.aspx http://carloshamann.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/main-zigurrat-at-ur-e1307831878658.jpg http://www.mapsofworld.com/travel/destinations/egypt/pyramids-of-giza http://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/inside-the-great-pyramid-75164298/?no-ist http://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/pyramids-of-giza/ http://www.aeraweb.org/gpmp-project/great-pyramid-quarry/
© Susan Loh 2014
Photo credits
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
http://www.westga.edu/~rtekippe/slides1201/karnakplan.html http://www.ancient-egypt.co.uk/people/the-temple.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak#mediaviewer/File:Karnacs2.jpg http://www.famous-historic-buildings.org.uk/eygpt_8.html http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/photos/affmax.php?fichier=Temple_Karnak&CP=EGY http://www.annodomini.org.uk/wonders/the-temple-at-karnak/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Temple#mediaviewer/File:Entrance_of_Luxor_Temple.JPG http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/luxortemple.htm http://proteus.brown.edu/historyofegyptone14/20298 http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/732/flashcards/513732/jpg/funerary_temple_of_hatshepsut31317091683312.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/giuseppes/8340556965/ http://www.filmapia.com/sites/default/files/filmapia/pub/place/hatshepsut_mortuary_temple2.jpg http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilmCC304/lecture2/images/v_knossos.gif http://www.crete-kreta.com/knossos https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8149/7432646932_68c44ef21e_m.jpg http://travelingclassroom.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/10queens_megaronW1.jpg http://www.imagesofanthropology.com/images/_DSC6609-1_low_res_copy.jpg http://www.torchieflash.com/images-2/Knossos_palace500W.jpg http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/edfu/edfu.html
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© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Do not remove this notice. Do not remove this notice.
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
16
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Susan Loh 25Aug14
DEB202
© Susan Loh 2014
40 000 BCE School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
UBIRR at Kakadu School of Design
http://www.parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/people/rock-art.html
Queensland University of Technology
Early History
© Susan Loh 2014
40 000 BCE
LASCAUX France School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1
27/08/2014
Lascaux paintings Upon visiting the Lascaux cave paintings, it has been reported that Picasso said that in modern art “..we have invented nothing new…” Picasso
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
Architectural History
40 000 BCE
Expression of a culture Conscious attempt to reveal the true nature of reality
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
How buildings are structured and organised Form + Intentions Not iconic or symbolic
use architectonics (structure + relationships) to make buildings meaningful…not nicer
Why study architectural history?
School of Design
Architectonics
What is architecture?
LASCAUX France
© Susan Loh 2014
Why a building was built the way it was built - to understand the intent How we think architecture began affects how we build today
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
2
27/08/2014
shelter and architecture
shelter
Paleolithic and Neolithic
purely functional
architecture
vs Ubirr or Lascaux
PALEOLITHIC period
400,000 BCE TERRA AMATA Nice, France © Susan Loh 2014
7000 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
CATAL HUYUK
7000 BCE
http://www.catalhoyuk.com/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20021112.shtml
School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
CATAL HUYUK School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
3
27/08/2014
PALEOLITHIC
Ubirr Lascaux, Terra Amata
Australia Europe
NEOLITHIC
Catal Huyuk Nabta Playa
Turkey Egypt
7,000 BCE
PRE-DYNASTIC EARLY DYNASTIC
Carnac, Stonehenge Uruk, Eridu Abydos, Saqqara Xishuipo
Europe Mesopotamia (Iraq) Egypt China
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
OLD KINGDOM
Zoser, Khurfu, Heliopolis Ziggurat at Ur Mohenjo-Daro, Harapan
Egypt Mesopotamia (Iraq) Indus (India)
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
MIDDLE KINGDOM SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Hattusas Mari Knossus
Egypt Syria Malta
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE
NEW KINGDOM THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Karnak, Luxor Queen Hatshepsut Salinas de Chao
Egypt
LATE KINGDOM GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD
Temple of Horus Parthenon, Persepolis
Egypt Greece
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
7000 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
Wadi Kubbaniya (ca. 17,000–15,000 BCE)
17000 –3100 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
CATAL HUYUK - shelter and architecture School of Design
Wild bovids (Bos primigenius or aurochs) at the Qurta II site. 13 000 BCE
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE 712 – 322 BCE 332 BCE – 330 AD
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
Arrowhead, Neolithic period, ca. 7000–4500 BCE Egyptian; From the Faiyum area Chert; H. 1 5/8" (4.1 cm), W. 1 1/8" (2.8 cm)
EGYPT - from PALEOLITHIC to NEOLITHIC period School of Design
Peru
500,000 – 7,000 BCE
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
9000 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
NABTA PLAYA - NEOLITHIC PERIOD http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2007AfrSk..11....2M
School of Design
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabta_Playa#mediaviewer/File:Calendar_aswan.JPG
Queensland University of Technology
4
27/08/2014
Pre-Dynastic and Early Dynastic
Desertification of Egypt – climate change Farming begins, evidence of irrigation Invention of wheel 3600 BCE Calendar, hieroglyphic writing, bronze Founding of Memphis Royal necropolis at Abydos and Saqqara Temple of Uruk and Eridu
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
EGYPT -
Footed Bowl, Predynastic Period, probably late Naqada I– early Naqada II, ca. 3750–3550 b.c. Egyptian Ceramic; H. 3 7/8 in. (9.8 cm), Diam. 6 in. (15.3 cm)
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD & EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/timeline.html
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
Megalithic structures
Alignments, standing stones Dolmens Menhirs Stone circles Tumulus, barrow mounds
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS 4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
CARNAC FRANCE ca3300 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
MAESHOWE ORKNEY ISLANDS ca2800 BCE School of Design
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EGYPT – PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS © Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
MAESHOWE ORKNEY ISLANDS ca2800 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS 4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
© Susan Loh 2014
XISHUIPO CHINA ca4000 BCE School of Design
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EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
URUK WHITE TEMPLE/ANU ZIGGURAT MESOPOTAMIA3500 BCE School of Design
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
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4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
URUK WHITE TEMPLE/ANU ZIGGURAT ca3500 BCE School of Design
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main cemetery at Umm al-Qa’ab
Tomb of Khasekhemwy
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS 4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE
SAQQARA EGYPT ca 3100 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
Tomb of Den
EGYPT–PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
4500 – 3100 BCE 3100 – 2649 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
UMM AL-QA’AB AT ABYDOS EGYPT ca 3100 Photo BCE credits at end School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
Old, Middle and New Kingdoms
Zoser
Giza
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
MASTABA – ZOSER COMPLEX AND GIZA ca 2750, 2600 BCE School of Design
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© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Ching F., et al A Global History of Architecture Queensland University of Technology
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OLD KINGDOM
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Age of pyramids – Zoser, Khufu Cult of Sun-god Re at Heliopolis Trading
Political chaos – Egypt splits into 2 separate regions with 2 different dynasties
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
EGYPT - OLD KINGDOM PERIOD FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Tomb Temple Palace
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
ZOSER COMPLEX ca 2600 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
(pyramid) (ziggurat)
architect
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary nobleman, High Priest of Heliopolis, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor, and Maker of Vases in Chief. EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
IMHOTEP 2650 - 2600 BCE School of Design
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Space and meaning “ A space conception is but the disclosure of architectural intent. The architecture of the first high civilisations, which is everywhere saturated with symbolism and mystical meaning, can only be comprehended when related to its space conception.” Siegfried Gideon in The Eternal Present v.2 EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
ZOSER COMPLEX ca 2600 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
ZIGGURAT AT UR- MESOPOTAMIA ca2100 BCE School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
ZIGGURAT AT UR- MESOPOTAMIA ca2100 BCE School of Design
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EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
GIZA COMPLEX ca 2750 BCE School of Design
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE
GIZA COMPLEX ca 2750 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
MIDDLE KINGDOM
Reunification of Theban kings Royal burials near Memphis Classical literary period
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SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Asiatic Hyksos settlers in north Thebans in south Horse and chariot introduced
EGYPT–OLD KINGDOM AND FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2649 – 2150 BCE 2150 – 2030 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
GIZA COMPLEX ca 2750 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD School of Design
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
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27/08/2014
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
School of Design
Sewer outfall on a wall outside the palace area
Sewer structure
Stone drainage channel, Crete.
Queen's bathroom, Crete
Ancient sewer pipe
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
2030 – 1640 BCE 1640 – 1550 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KNOSSUS ca 2000-1400 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
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NEW KINGDOM
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Thebans expel Hyksos and reunite Egypt Warrior kings – Age of Empire conquering Syria, Palestine and Lower Nubia
Egypt divided – high priests of Amun control Thebes Ethnic Libyans rule elsewhere
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD School of Design
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
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EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
KARNAK COMPLEX ca 1550 BCE School of Design
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
LUXOR COMPLEX ca 1350 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
LUXOR COMPLEX ca 1350 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE © Susan Loh 2014
TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUTca 1520 BCE School of Design
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© Susan Loh 2014
332 BCE – 330 AD
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
School of Design
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD
Nubians from Kush conquer Egypt Egypt reunited under Saite Dynasty Persians rule 500 BCE Egypt independent 404-343 BCE
© Susan Loh 2014
(ziggurat)
TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT ca1520 BCE
LATE PERIOD
(pyramid)
EARLY TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
EGYPT – NEW KINGDOM PERIOD THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1550 – 1070 BCE 1070 – 712 BCE
Tomb Temple Palace
Ptolemy dynasty after death of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE Population growth Increased agricultural output Roman emperors build temples in Egyptian style
EGYPT – GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD School of Design
332 BCE – 330 AD http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
EGYPT – GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD School of Design
Photo credits at end Queensland University of Technology
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Why study Architectural History ? “..we have invented nothing new…” Picasso
332 BCE – 330 AD © Susan Loh 2014
TEMPLE OF HORUS AT EDFU ca 237 BCE School of Design
Photo credits at end http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_ancillary/88/14051114/DOWNLOAD/ITTC04.pdf Queensland University of Technology
Architectural History
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
Architectural History
“…buildings are not simply visual objects without any connection to concepts which we can analyse and then evaluate. Buildings speak – and on topics which can readily be discerned. They speak of democracy or aristocracy, openness or arrogance, welcome or threat, a sympathy for the future or a hankering for the past.”
“The notion that buildings speak helps us to place, at the very centre of our architectural conundrums, the question of the values we want to live by – rather than merely of how we want things to look.” Alain de Botton in The Architecture of Happiness
Alain de Botton in The Architecture of Happiness
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
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Architectural History
Photo credits
Our best educated guess Learn from past to proclaim our future
© Susan Loh 2014
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menec.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Menec.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dolmen_Roch-Feutet.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Dolmen_Roch-Feutet.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alignement_Menec_Carnac.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Alignement_Menec_Carnac.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnac_Geant_du_Manio.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Carnac_Geant_du_Manio.jpg http://www.megalithic.co.uk/modules.php?op=modload&name=a312&file=index&do=showpic&pid=86331 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maes_Howe_1861.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Maes_Howe_1861.jpg http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/379/maeshowe.html http://antiquities.bibalex.org/Collection/index.aspx?collection=38&lang=en# http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Soldiers_climbing_the_Ziggurat_of_Ur.jpg#mediaviewer/File:US_Soldiers_climbing_the_Zig gurat_of_Ur.jpg http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijge/2012/716296/fig2/ http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/classes/anth3/Ur_map.jpg http://artefacts-berlin.de/uruk-whitetemple/index.php?l=eng http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/firstdynastysaqqara.htm http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/saqqara/zoser/zoser.html http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/2057/pyramid-of-zoser http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/2028/ancient-architecture-of-egypt http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/mastabas/abydos.html http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/dsteppyramid1.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/dsteppyramid5.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/greatpyramid3.htm http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/giza.htm http://www.colostate-pueblo.edu/Communications/Media/PressReleases/2010/Pages/11-19-2010.aspx http://carloshamann.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/main-zigurrat-at-ur-e1307831878658.jpg http://www.mapsofworld.com/travel/destinations/egypt/pyramids-of-giza http://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/inside-the-great-pyramid-75164298/?no-ist http://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/pyramids-of-giza/ http://www.aeraweb.org/gpmp-project/great-pyramid-quarry/
© Susan Loh 2014
Photo credits
School of Design
Queensland University of Technology
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
http://www.westga.edu/~rtekippe/slides1201/karnakplan.html http://www.ancient-egypt.co.uk/people/the-temple.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak#mediaviewer/File:Karnacs2.jpg http://www.famous-historic-buildings.org.uk/eygpt_8.html http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/photos/affmax.php?fichier=Temple_Karnak&CP=EGY http://www.annodomini.org.uk/wonders/the-temple-at-karnak/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Temple#mediaviewer/File:Entrance_of_Luxor_Temple.JPG http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/luxortemple.htm http://proteus.brown.edu/historyofegyptone14/20298 http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/732/flashcards/513732/jpg/funerary_temple_of_hatshepsut31317091683312.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/giuseppes/8340556965/ http://www.filmapia.com/sites/default/files/filmapia/pub/place/hatshepsut_mortuary_temple2.jpg http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilmCC304/lecture2/images/v_knossos.gif http://www.crete-kreta.com/knossos https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8149/7432646932_68c44ef21e_m.jpg http://travelingclassroom.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/10queens_megaronW1.jpg http://www.imagesofanthropology.com/images/_DSC6609-1_low_res_copy.jpg http://www.torchieflash.com/images-2/Knossos_palace500W.jpg http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/edfu/edfu.html
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School of Design
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© Susan Loh 2014
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Queensland University of Technology
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