genki fact l. 3
GENKI FACT L. 3 “The limits of my language means the limits of my world.” Ludwig Wittgenstein JPN 199 ALLEX 2016 Presented by Tom Mason; Slides by Masayuki Itomitsu
In Lesson 2, we have learned… • Telling/asking prices • Shopping • Ordering at a restaurant • Telling/Asking which item(s) belongs to
whom • Telling/asking where something is located
In Lesson 3, we’ll learn… • Talking about daily schedules and
routines • Inviting someone to do things together • Accepting/refusing invitations *Romanization version and Additional Grammar Available on Engrade
3 types of predicate (sentence types) in Japanese • Noun + desu (Lessons 1, 2) • Adjectives (ii desu, takai desu), more in
Lesson 5 • Verb (Lesson 3, this lesson)
Lesson 2: 3 kinds of verbs: 1. ru-verbs 2. u-verbs 3. irregular verbs (how many?)
Present Tense (non-past) Dictionary/ Short Form Base Stem Long form aff Long form neg
Ru-verbs U-verbs
Irregular
tabe-ru
suru
nom-u
tabe nom --- tabe nomi shi tabemasu nomimasu shimasu tabemasen nomimasen shimasen
Present (non-past) Tense: Piza o tabemasu. • Meaning? • “I/she/he/we/they eat pizza.” (habitual action) • “(I) will eat pizza.” (future action) • Does NOT mean “I am eating pizza right
now.” (cf. Lesson 7) • Form: Present (non-past), affirmative long form • Long form (desu/masu): speech style? • Negative? • Piza wa tabemasen (wa with negative predicate, Additional Grammar A)
–ru verbs • 4 –ru verbs in Lesson 3:
tabe-ru, ne-ru, oki-ru, mi-ru • Why called –ru verbs? • What do you notice about the above? • The base ends in e or i. • Therefore, all –ru verbs end in iru or eru. • Others: dekiru, oshieru, mazeru, kiru, iru • BUT, not all verbs that end in –iru or –eru are –ru verbs. • EXCEPTIONS (so far): kaer-u •
-ru verb Stems • Base = Stem • tabe-ru base? • tabe • Stem? • tabe • We use the STEM to make the –masu form (the “long” form,
present, affirmative) and other forms too. • tabe-masu • Negative? • tabe-masen • What are the stems of the following: • ne-ru, oki-ru, mi-ru? • Make the –masu forms of the above: • nemasu, okimasu, mimasu
u-verbs • Base ≠ Stem • Example: nom-u • nom-u is the DICTIONARY FORM • Why are these verbs called –u verbs? • Because the DICTIONARY FORM is formed by adding –u
to the base • nom+ u = nomu • Base? • nom • -u is a suffix (short form, present (non-past), affirmative)
More… • Examples:
ik-u, yom-u, hanas-u, kik-u, kaer-u • Others: wakar-u, itadak-u, • Distinguishing u-verbs from ru-verbs? • tsukuru vs. tukeru • If the dictionary form doesn’t end in –iru or –eru then it’s a good guess that it’s an u-verb! • kaer-u is an exception • Irregular verbs are exceptions •
STEMS • For ru-verbs, BASE = STEM • tabe-ru • For u-verbs, BASE + i = STEM • Ik-u BASE? • Ik • STEM? • Iki • nom-u BASE? • Nom • STEM? • nomi
-masu forms (STEM + masu) • hanas-u • hanashi • hanasi-masu • kik-u • kiki • kiki-masu • nom-u • nomi • nomi-masu • kaer-u • kaeri • kaeri-masu
Irregular verbs (2!) 1. kuru 2. suru
STEMS • Stem of shimasu? • shi • Stem of kimasu? • ki • -masu forms? • shimasu, simasen • kimasu, kimasen • Dictionary (short) forms? • suru, kuru
simasu • Can be combined with nouns to form verbs: • Examples? • Benkyoo simasu. • NOTE: • Nihongo o benkyoo shimasu. • Nihongo no benkyoo o shimasu (cf. p. 197)
Present Tense (non-past): summary Dictionary/ Short Form Base Stem Long form aff Long form neg
Ru-verbs U-verbs
Irregular
tabe-ru
suru
nom-u
tabe nom --- tabe nomi shi tabemasu nomimasu shimasu tabemasen nomimasen shimasen
Noun vs. Verb sentences • Use of “soo desu.”: • Anoo, sumimasen, ryuugakusee desu ka? • Watashi desu ka? Hai, …. • soo desu. • Anoo, sumimasen. Kono konsaato (コンサート）,
ikimasu ka? • Watashi desu ka? Hai, …. • ikimasu.
4 Particles! • REVIEW: particles you know: • wa and mo • These are usually preceded by? • nouns • Sentence-final particles: • ka, yo, ne?, ne(e). • Come at the end of the sentence • NEW: • o, de, ni, e
o • Biiru o nomimasu. • Piza o tabemasu. • Relationship of biiru/piza to nomimasu/tabemasu? • They are the things that are affected by the action; the
things that are “acted upon.” Terebi o mimasu. Tenisu o shimasu. Ongaku o kikimasu.
PLACE noun + de • Uchi de terebi o mimasu. • Toshokan de hon o yomimasu. • Relationship of uchi/toshokan to mimasu/yomimasu? • The noun indicates the place of the action.
PLACE ni and e + MOTION verb • Kyoo gakkoo ni/e ikimasu. • Uchi ni/e kaerimasu. • Ashita mo gakkoo ni/e kimasu ka. • Relationship of gakkoo to ikimasu? • The goal (final destination) of the motion of the verb.
Time + ni • Ichi-ji ni shimasu. • Nichiyoobi ni ikimasu. • Maiban juuichi-ji ni nemasu. • Relationship of ichi-ji to shimasu? • Tells the time of the action/motion.
4 Time reference • Ashita kimasu. • Maiban terebi o mimasu. • Itsu kimasuka?
When do we / don’t we use ni? 1. Yoji ni kimasu. 2. Doyoobi ni mimasu. 3. Basu wa 9:15 ni kimasu yo. 4.Nagoya e kugatsu ni ikimasu.
1. Ima 7:30 desu. 2. Ashita shimasu yo. 3. Kyoo ikimasu. 4. Maiban tsukaimasu. 5. Ashita 11:00 goro kimasu.
When don’t we use ni? Generic time words: asa, ban, mainichi 2. Time-relative words: kyoo, ashita, asatte 3. With goro it’s optional Ku-zi goro shimasu. Ku-zi goro ni shimasu. 1.
5 ~masen ka • Tenisu o shimasen ka. • Eega o mimasen ka. • Koohii o nomimasen ka. • Sutaba e ikimasen ka. • Negative questions are used for ? • Invitations • How do you accept the invitation? • How do you turn it down politely?
7 Frequency adverbs • Adverb (English grammar): • A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
A: Wain, yoku nomimasu ka. B: Iie, wain wa amari nomimasen. A: Jaa,biiru wa? B: Biiru wa zenzen nomimasen. • Tokidoki hanbaagaa o tabemasu • Takeshi-san wa amari benkyoo simasen nee. • Meari-san wa yoku benkyoo simasu. • What do you notice about amari and zenzen?
8 Topic particle wa • Meari-san wa ryuugakusee desu. • Senkoo wa nihongo desu. • Shuumatsu wa taitee nani o shimasu ka. • Kyoo wa kyooto ni ikimasu. • Asa-gohan wa tabemasen. • The particle wa marks the topic of discussion and what
follows is what the speaker wants to convey. The focus is on what comes AFTER the wa. •
In Lesson 2, we have learned… • Telling/asking prices • Shopping • Ordering at a restaurant • Telling/Asking which item(s) belongs to
whom • Telling/asking where something is located
In Lesson 3, we’ll learn… • Talking about daily schedules and
routines • Inviting someone to do things together • Accepting/refusing invitations *Romanization version and Additional Grammar Available on Engrade
3 types of predicate (sentence types) in Japanese • Noun + desu (Lessons 1, 2) • Adjectives (ii desu, takai desu), more in
Lesson 5 • Verb (Lesson 3, this lesson)
Lesson 2: 3 kinds of verbs: 1. ru-verbs 2. u-verbs 3. irregular verbs (how many?)
Present Tense (non-past) Dictionary/ Short Form Base Stem Long form aff Long form neg
Ru-verbs U-verbs
Irregular
tabe-ru
suru
nom-u
tabe nom --- tabe nomi shi tabemasu nomimasu shimasu tabemasen nomimasen shimasen
Present (non-past) Tense: Piza o tabemasu. • Meaning? • “I/she/he/we/they eat pizza.” (habitual action) • “(I) will eat pizza.” (future action) • Does NOT mean “I am eating pizza right
now.” (cf. Lesson 7) • Form: Present (non-past), affirmative long form • Long form (desu/masu): speech style? • Negative? • Piza wa tabemasen (wa with negative predicate, Additional Grammar A)
–ru verbs • 4 –ru verbs in Lesson 3:
tabe-ru, ne-ru, oki-ru, mi-ru • Why called –ru verbs? • What do you notice about the above? • The base ends in e or i. • Therefore, all –ru verbs end in iru or eru. • Others: dekiru, oshieru, mazeru, kiru, iru • BUT, not all verbs that end in –iru or –eru are –ru verbs. • EXCEPTIONS (so far): kaer-u •
-ru verb Stems • Base = Stem • tabe-ru base? • tabe • Stem? • tabe • We use the STEM to make the –masu form (the “long” form,
present, affirmative) and other forms too. • tabe-masu • Negative? • tabe-masen • What are the stems of the following: • ne-ru, oki-ru, mi-ru? • Make the –masu forms of the above: • nemasu, okimasu, mimasu
u-verbs • Base ≠ Stem • Example: nom-u • nom-u is the DICTIONARY FORM • Why are these verbs called –u verbs? • Because the DICTIONARY FORM is formed by adding –u
to the base • nom+ u = nomu • Base? • nom • -u is a suffix (short form, present (non-past), affirmative)
More… • Examples:
ik-u, yom-u, hanas-u, kik-u, kaer-u • Others: wakar-u, itadak-u, • Distinguishing u-verbs from ru-verbs? • tsukuru vs. tukeru • If the dictionary form doesn’t end in –iru or –eru then it’s a good guess that it’s an u-verb! • kaer-u is an exception • Irregular verbs are exceptions •
STEMS • For ru-verbs, BASE = STEM • tabe-ru • For u-verbs, BASE + i = STEM • Ik-u BASE? • Ik • STEM? • Iki • nom-u BASE? • Nom • STEM? • nomi
-masu forms (STEM + masu) • hanas-u • hanashi • hanasi-masu • kik-u • kiki • kiki-masu • nom-u • nomi • nomi-masu • kaer-u • kaeri • kaeri-masu
Irregular verbs (2!) 1. kuru 2. suru
STEMS • Stem of shimasu? • shi • Stem of kimasu? • ki • -masu forms? • shimasu, simasen • kimasu, kimasen • Dictionary (short) forms? • suru, kuru
simasu • Can be combined with nouns to form verbs: • Examples? • Benkyoo simasu. • NOTE: • Nihongo o benkyoo shimasu. • Nihongo no benkyoo o shimasu (cf. p. 197)
Present Tense (non-past): summary Dictionary/ Short Form Base Stem Long form aff Long form neg
Ru-verbs U-verbs
Irregular
tabe-ru
suru
nom-u
tabe nom --- tabe nomi shi tabemasu nomimasu shimasu tabemasen nomimasen shimasen
Noun vs. Verb sentences • Use of “soo desu.”: • Anoo, sumimasen, ryuugakusee desu ka? • Watashi desu ka? Hai, …. • soo desu. • Anoo, sumimasen. Kono konsaato (コンサート）,
ikimasu ka? • Watashi desu ka? Hai, …. • ikimasu.
4 Particles! • REVIEW: particles you know: • wa and mo • These are usually preceded by? • nouns • Sentence-final particles: • ka, yo, ne?, ne(e). • Come at the end of the sentence • NEW: • o, de, ni, e
o • Biiru o nomimasu. • Piza o tabemasu. • Relationship of biiru/piza to nomimasu/tabemasu? • They are the things that are affected by the action; the
things that are “acted upon.” Terebi o mimasu. Tenisu o shimasu. Ongaku o kikimasu.
PLACE noun + de • Uchi de terebi o mimasu. • Toshokan de hon o yomimasu. • Relationship of uchi/toshokan to mimasu/yomimasu? • The noun indicates the place of the action.
PLACE ni and e + MOTION verb • Kyoo gakkoo ni/e ikimasu. • Uchi ni/e kaerimasu. • Ashita mo gakkoo ni/e kimasu ka. • Relationship of gakkoo to ikimasu? • The goal (final destination) of the motion of the verb.
Time + ni • Ichi-ji ni shimasu. • Nichiyoobi ni ikimasu. • Maiban juuichi-ji ni nemasu. • Relationship of ichi-ji to shimasu? • Tells the time of the action/motion.
4 Time reference • Ashita kimasu. • Maiban terebi o mimasu. • Itsu kimasuka?
When do we / don’t we use ni? 1. Yoji ni kimasu. 2. Doyoobi ni mimasu. 3. Basu wa 9:15 ni kimasu yo. 4.Nagoya e kugatsu ni ikimasu.
1. Ima 7:30 desu. 2. Ashita shimasu yo. 3. Kyoo ikimasu. 4. Maiban tsukaimasu. 5. Ashita 11:00 goro kimasu.
When don’t we use ni? Generic time words: asa, ban, mainichi 2. Time-relative words: kyoo, ashita, asatte 3. With goro it’s optional Ku-zi goro shimasu. Ku-zi goro ni shimasu. 1.
5 ~masen ka • Tenisu o shimasen ka. • Eega o mimasen ka. • Koohii o nomimasen ka. • Sutaba e ikimasen ka. • Negative questions are used for ? • Invitations • How do you accept the invitation? • How do you turn it down politely?
7 Frequency adverbs • Adverb (English grammar): • A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
A: Wain, yoku nomimasu ka. B: Iie, wain wa amari nomimasen. A: Jaa,biiru wa? B: Biiru wa zenzen nomimasen. • Tokidoki hanbaagaa o tabemasu • Takeshi-san wa amari benkyoo simasen nee. • Meari-san wa yoku benkyoo simasu. • What do you notice about amari and zenzen?
8 Topic particle wa • Meari-san wa ryuugakusee desu. • Senkoo wa nihongo desu. • Shuumatsu wa taitee nani o shimasu ka. • Kyoo wa kyooto ni ikimasu. • Asa-gohan wa tabemasen. • The particle wa marks the topic of discussion and what
follows is what the speaker wants to convey. The focus is on what comes AFTER the wa. •
