GGR100 ± Chapter 13 Textbook Notes 1
cc
c is the process-based study of landforms and dynamic equilibrium.
½ is any process that wears away or rearranges landforms. Principle processes of this are weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation and deposition produced by the agents of moving water, air, waves and ice all influenced by the pull of gravity
0 ! Ô Are inside the surface and characterized by the internal movement of heat and materials (Tectonics and the rock cycle) 0 ! Ô Are outside and characterized by external movement and wearing from weathering, mass wasting and erosion. This builds mountains and weathers to shape landmasses
0 sun converts radiation into heat energy. Hydrologic cycle imparts kinetic energy through mechanical motion. Chemical energy made available from atmospheric reactions within the crust
½ 0 emphasized a balance among force, form and processes. Building mountains, weathering and shaping land masses.
The rock cycle makes up the formations of landmasses and natural disasters. When rocks hit and get folded, this causes mountains while the hitting can also cause earthquakes and volcanoes.
Ñ Ô Is influenced by the character of the bedrock Ô Some are hard/soft, soluble/insoluble, and broken/unbroken. Ô It is a process that attacks rocks and breaks it down into smaller pieces of rocks called . Ô Weathering is broken down into two proal growth and unloading.cesses, physical and chemical.
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M
ë " ) no chemical alteration. Frost action is a physical alteration. Frost action is when water gets into joints and expands beraking and altering the rock. Other examples of physical weathering are salt crystal growth (growing crystals from minerals in water grows over time exerting enough force to break rocks). Unloading allows for the rocks to relaxe after the stresses from salt crystal growth and ice loading, pressure release jointing. When water freezes, it expands up to 9%
Joints are fractures in the rock or separations that occur without displacement of the sides.
# $# chemical alteration. Chemical weathering increases with increased temperature and precipitation. Types of chemical weathering are hydration and hydrolysis, oxidation and carbonation. Hydrolysis breaks down the silicate minerals in rocks while hydration is when water gets into crystal structure. Oxidation is when metals react with oxygen to become oxidized and change chemical properties like with a nail when it is exposed to air. Carbonation is explained by waters ability to naturally dissolve co2 causing them to interact to dissolve minerals like limestone and rocks. Rain water can become more acidic is agents such as sulphuric acid are introduced to the cycle. The carbonic acid created by rain and carbon is what forms karst landscapes Õ is a landscape formed by limestone weathering. Forby carbonatino. med by basic carbonates containing rock coming in contact with rain water. Caves form in limestone because it is so easily dissolved. Karst landscapes typically have very little water because it flows down into caves throough sinkholes. Karst landscapes are best explained as limestone pavement surfaces
(limestone pavement = karren) spheroidal weathering is common here, which rounds the rocks. Karst requires distinct features like easily weathered limestone, many joints for shaping and creating features, active water flow for chemical wreathing, vegetation for decay through acidic byproducts and liquid water and humid climates.
The principle of chemical weathering says that the wetter it is, the more wreathing will occue. The cooler the temperature, the less the weathering. The hotter, the better for weathering. However, coolder temperatuers can lead to frost action (physical weathering). Least chemical weathering is in very dry and warm areas like deserts.
The term mass movement is used interchangeably with mass wasting. This is the general process involved in mass movements and erosion of the
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landscape. Erosion is when all the pieces of rock are moved downslope by water wind or ice. Weathering weakens and fragments the regolith.
All mass movements occur on slopes under the influence of gravity. The steeper the slope, the more mass wasting takes place. Gravity works in conjunction with the weight, size and shape of the material being moved. The resisting force (friction) is the shearing strength of the slope material that owrks against mass wasting and gravity until it reaches a geomorphic threshold
c gravity pulls on a mass until the critical shear failure point is reached
is a product of rock falls
Once a geomorphic threshold is reached, the material then falls, slides, creeps or flows. (4 classes of mass movement)
V occurs fast due to individual rock fall events. Avalanches are often a result of water or snow. Falling rocks tend to form Talus slopes (fig 13.26)
ÿ sudden movement of unsaturated regolith. Unlike falls, slides move in a unit and are generally promoted by heavy rain, earthquakes or human activity that disrupts the underlying regolith.
V# High amount of saturation can cause a flow. Heavy rains can saturate barren mountain slopes and set them moving.
a persistent gradual mass movement of surface soil is soil creep. Soil particles are lifted and distributed by the expansion of soil moisture as it freezes. In the freeze and thaw cycles. Material accumulates at the base of the slope and little particles are pushed up and fall to the bottom due to gravity.
ÿ ! slow moving downslope movement of thin layer of saturated soil over permafrost. Solifluction is a special case of creep
c is the process-based study of landforms and dynamic equilibrium.
½ is any process that wears away or rearranges landforms. Principle processes of this are weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation and deposition produced by the agents of moving water, air, waves and ice all influenced by the pull of gravity
0 ! Ô Are inside the surface and characterized by the internal movement of heat and materials (Tectonics and the rock cycle) 0 ! Ô Are outside and characterized by external movement and wearing from weathering, mass wasting and erosion. This builds mountains and weathers to shape landmasses
0 sun converts radiation into heat energy. Hydrologic cycle imparts kinetic energy through mechanical motion. Chemical energy made available from atmospheric reactions within the crust
½ 0 emphasized a balance among force, form and processes. Building mountains, weathering and shaping land masses.
The rock cycle makes up the formations of landmasses and natural disasters. When rocks hit and get folded, this causes mountains while the hitting can also cause earthquakes and volcanoes.
Ñ Ô Is influenced by the character of the bedrock Ô Some are hard/soft, soluble/insoluble, and broken/unbroken. Ô It is a process that attacks rocks and breaks it down into smaller pieces of rocks called . Ô Weathering is broken down into two proal growth and unloading.cesses, physical and chemical.
cc
M
ë " ) no chemical alteration. Frost action is a physical alteration. Frost action is when water gets into joints and expands beraking and altering the rock. Other examples of physical weathering are salt crystal growth (growing crystals from minerals in water grows over time exerting enough force to break rocks). Unloading allows for the rocks to relaxe after the stresses from salt crystal growth and ice loading, pressure release jointing. When water freezes, it expands up to 9%
Joints are fractures in the rock or separations that occur without displacement of the sides.
# $# chemical alteration. Chemical weathering increases with increased temperature and precipitation. Types of chemical weathering are hydration and hydrolysis, oxidation and carbonation. Hydrolysis breaks down the silicate minerals in rocks while hydration is when water gets into crystal structure. Oxidation is when metals react with oxygen to become oxidized and change chemical properties like with a nail when it is exposed to air. Carbonation is explained by waters ability to naturally dissolve co2 causing them to interact to dissolve minerals like limestone and rocks. Rain water can become more acidic is agents such as sulphuric acid are introduced to the cycle. The carbonic acid created by rain and carbon is what forms karst landscapes Õ is a landscape formed by limestone weathering. Forby carbonatino. med by basic carbonates containing rock coming in contact with rain water. Caves form in limestone because it is so easily dissolved. Karst landscapes typically have very little water because it flows down into caves throough sinkholes. Karst landscapes are best explained as limestone pavement surfaces
(limestone pavement = karren) spheroidal weathering is common here, which rounds the rocks. Karst requires distinct features like easily weathered limestone, many joints for shaping and creating features, active water flow for chemical wreathing, vegetation for decay through acidic byproducts and liquid water and humid climates.
The principle of chemical weathering says that the wetter it is, the more wreathing will occue. The cooler the temperature, the less the weathering. The hotter, the better for weathering. However, coolder temperatuers can lead to frost action (physical weathering). Least chemical weathering is in very dry and warm areas like deserts.
The term mass movement is used interchangeably with mass wasting. This is the general process involved in mass movements and erosion of the
cc
à
landscape. Erosion is when all the pieces of rock are moved downslope by water wind or ice. Weathering weakens and fragments the regolith.
All mass movements occur on slopes under the influence of gravity. The steeper the slope, the more mass wasting takes place. Gravity works in conjunction with the weight, size and shape of the material being moved. The resisting force (friction) is the shearing strength of the slope material that owrks against mass wasting and gravity until it reaches a geomorphic threshold
c gravity pulls on a mass until the critical shear failure point is reached
is a product of rock falls
Once a geomorphic threshold is reached, the material then falls, slides, creeps or flows. (4 classes of mass movement)
V occurs fast due to individual rock fall events. Avalanches are often a result of water or snow. Falling rocks tend to form Talus slopes (fig 13.26)
ÿ sudden movement of unsaturated regolith. Unlike falls, slides move in a unit and are generally promoted by heavy rain, earthquakes or human activity that disrupts the underlying regolith.
V# High amount of saturation can cause a flow. Heavy rains can saturate barren mountain slopes and set them moving.
a persistent gradual mass movement of surface soil is soil creep. Soil particles are lifted and distributed by the expansion of soil moisture as it freezes. In the freeze and thaw cycles. Material accumulates at the base of the slope and little particles are pushed up and fall to the bottom due to gravity.
ÿ ! slow moving downslope movement of thin layer of saturated soil over permafrost. Solifluction is a special case of creep
