Indoor Air Quality Assessment Report
Indoor Air Quality Assessment Report Loughman Oaks Elementary Building 07 4600 N. US Highway17/92 Davenport, Polk County, Florida 33837 November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Prepared for:
Polk County Schools Bartow, Florida Prepared by:
Terracon Consultants, Inc. Tampa, Florida
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... i 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope of Services .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Standard of Care ...................................................................................................... 1 1.3 General Conditions and Limitations .......................................................................... 1 1.4 Reliance ................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 BUILDING DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 2 3.0 EVALUATION CRITERIA ..................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Visual Assessment ................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Carbon Dioxide ........................................................................................................ 3 3.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity.......................................................................... 3 3.4 Surface Samples ...................................................................................................... 4 3.5 Bioaerosol Exposure Limits ...................................................................................... 4 4.0 FIELD ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................... 5 4.1 Visual Assessment ................................................................................................... 5 4.2 General IAQ Monitoring ............................................................................................ 5 4.3 Tape-Lift Sampling ................................................................................................... 5 4.4 Spore Trap Sampling ............................................................................................... 6 5.0 RESULTS............................................................................................................................. 6 5.1 Visual Observations ................................................................................................. 6 5.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) .............................................................................................. 8 5.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity Measurements.................................................. 9 5.4 Tape-Lift Sample Results ....................................................................................... 10 5.5 Spore Trap Sampling Results ................................................................................. 10 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 12 6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 12 6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 12 APPENDICES APPENDIX A
Laboratory Reports
APPENDIX B
Photographic Documentation
APPENDIX C
Inspector Certification
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Terracon Consultants, Inc. (Terracon) conducted a limited indoor air quality assessment in Building 07 at Loughman Oaks Elementary located at 4600 N. US Highway 17/92 in Davenport, Florida. The assessment was conducted on October 18, 2013 in general accordance with our Proposal PH4130396 dated October 15, 2013. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity (RH) measurements were recorded at representative locations within the building interior. Total bioaerosol air samples were collected using a spore trap sampling technique from eight locations within the interior environment and two locations in the outdoor environment. Surface tape lift samples were collected of surfaces exhibiting the presence of suspect mold growth. Samples were submitted to an independent laboratory for analysis. Visible mold growth (VMG) was observed on several pieces of furniture in several classrooms throughout the building. The air handler units for the classrooms were also assessed. In general, an accumulation of dust and debris was observed on the coils, fan blades and insulation. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity levels were within the recommended ASHRAE guidelines. The total bioaerosol concentrations in samples collected from room inside Building 07 were less than the total bioaerosol concentrations in the exterior environment; however four indoor samples indicated genera-specific elevations of airborne spore concentrations when compared to the outdoor samples. Classrooms 106, 116 and 121 were observed with higher concentrations of the genus Curvularia and Classrooms 121 and 125 were observed with higher concentrations of the mold group Aspergillus/Penicillium when compared to the outdoor samples. Four surface tape-lift samples were collected from various items exhibiting visible mold growth. The fans blades of AHU # 2 indicated loaded quantities of Cladosporium and trace quantities of ascospores and basidiospores. The undersides of the rectangular table in Classroom 125, the teacher’s desk in Classroom 110 and the wooden sled in the closet of Classroom 116 indicated loaded quantities of the fungal genus Aspergillus. The source of the visible mold growth is unknown. Based on conversations with maintenance personnel, historically, relative humidity levels are high and the air conditioning units are not operated when the classrooms are not occupied. Both high levels of relative humidity and not consistently condition the classrooms could contribute to mold growth.
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT Loughman Oaks Elementary 4200 N. US Highway 17/92 Davenport, Florida Terracon Project H4137212 November 25, 2013
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Scope of Services
Terracon Consultants, Inc. (Terracon) conducted a limited indoor air quality assessment at Loughman Oaks Elementary School, located at 4600 N. US Highway 17/92 in Davenport, Florida. The assessment was conducted on October 18, 2013, in general accordance with our proposal PH4130396 dated October 15, 2013. The scope of this project included a visual observations of accessible interior surfaces in classrooms in Building 07. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity (RH) measurements were recorded at representative locations within the building’s interior. Total bioaerosol air samples were collected using a spore trap sampling technique from eight indoor locations and two outdoor locations. Surface tape lift samples were collected of surfaces exhibiting the presence of suspect mold growth. Samples were submitted to an independent laboratory for analysis.
1.2
Standard of Care
Terracon conducted the limited indoor air quality assessment services in general accordance with our proposal dated October 15, 2013. Terracon also generally followed the guidelines established by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) in Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold, 2008; and Assessment, Remediation, and PostRemediation Verification of Mold in Buildings (AIHA Guideline 3-2004); and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, 2008.
1.3
General Conditions and Limitations
This indoor air quality assessment was conducted at the subject buildings on October 18, 2013. Terracon did not attempt to identify every potential exposure or hazard present in the subject buildings. Molds are ubiquitous to the environment, and have somewhat specific requirements for survival and growth. Elevated mold concentrations in indoor environments occur when both moisture and food source are present. Indoor food sources for mold growth can include organic materials such as those resulting from a flood or sewer back up, or building materials high in cellulose such as, but not limited to, carpet backing, drywall paper, or ceiling panels.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Moisture sources in buildings can occur because of leaks from water or sewer lines, moisture intrusion through walls and foundations, or as condensation in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. In some areas of the United States, relative humidity during certain times of the year is high enough to serve as a moisture source. In order to reduce the potential occurrence or recurrence of mold growth in indoor environments, sources of indoor moisture must be eliminated or controlled. The results, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this report are based on conditions observed during our October 18, 2013, assessment. Many factors such as weather conditions, building occupancy, ventilation patterns, and seasonal variations in mold levels can affect the conditions observed. The information contained in this report should not be relied upon to represent conditions that existed previously or at a later date. Terracon does not warrant the services of regulatory agencies, laboratories, or other third parties supplying information that may have been used in the preparation of this report. No warranty, express or implied is made.
1.4
Reliance
This report is for the exclusive use of the client for the project being discussed. No other individual or entity may rely on this report without the written permission of Terracon and Polk County School Board. Reliance on this report by Polk County School Board and all authorized parties will be subject to the key understandings and limitations stated in the Agreement.
2.0
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
Building 07 was located in a one-story building comprised of eight classrooms at the northeast corner of the Loughman Oaks Elementary School campus (south of the portables). The exterior of the building was constructed with brick over concrete block walls. Interior finishes included resilient floor tiles, concrete block walls, and 2’ x 4’ ceiling tiles within a suspended grid system. Each classroom is serviced by its own air handler unit with ducted supply and return vents, which are housed in mechanical rooms next to the classrooms.
3.0
EVALUATION CRITERIA
3.1
Visual Assessment
Since many building materials can provide a source of nutrients for mold, water is the limiting factor in minimizing the potential for its growth. Therefore, visible mold, excessive dirt, and
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
water-damaged building materials should not be observed. When these conditions are observed, it indicates a need to conduct additional assessment, cleaning, and/or remediation activities to minimize the potential for mold-related issues.
3.2
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been widely used by indoor air quality professionals as a surrogate for various occupant generated indoor contaminants, such as cigarette smoke, volatile organic compounds and bioeffluents, which are known to cause annoyance, irritation, or discomfort among building occupants. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, gives specific design criteria for determining the ventilation rates for different types of facilities. The standard calls for outdoor air supply requirements based on the usage of the space, the occupant density and the square footage of the space. Determining the breathing zone outdoor airflow required per person was derived using the default values from in ASHRAE Standard 62.1, which assumes the maximum number of occupants expected within 1000 square footage of specific functional spaces: 25 for classrooms (ages 5-8). Using Table 6.1 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007, recommendations for outdoor airflow rate per person for classrooms (ages 5-8) is 15 cubic feet per minute (cfm). The outdoor airflow rate required per unit area is 0.12 cfm. Using these benchmark values, the following analyses have been made: Under these conditions, maintaining a steady-state CO2 concentration no greater than 610 ppm for classrooms (ages 5-8) above the outdoor air concentration equates to a breathing zone outdoor airflow rate of 17 cfm per person. Maintaining the steady-state CO2 concentration will indicate that a substantial majority of visitors (80 % or more) entering a space will be satisfied with respect to human bioeffluents (body odor). The EPA has documented that higher ventilation rates directly correspond to a reduction in reported occupant complaints regarding the perceived indoor air quality.
3.3
Temperature and Relative Humidity
Indoor air temperature and RH are physical conditions important to the perception of comfort. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has published recommendations regarding thermal comfort. ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, identifies six primary factors that affect comfort: metabolic rate (affected by the activity being performed); clothing insulation; air temperature; radiant temperature; air speed; and humidity. Although the relationships are complex, a temperature range between 73 and 79 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) with relative humidity between roughly 20 and 60 percent (%) is Responsive
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
recommended for persons doing “office” work and wearing light summer clothing. Higher temperatures require lower humidity for comfort. For persons in winter clothing, temperatures can range between 68 and 75 F, with relative humidity between 30 and 60%. In order to avoid conditions sufficiently moist to promote the growth of molds or other microbial growth, relative humidity should not exceed 60%. The EPA recommends maintaining indoor humidity below 60 %, ideally 30-50 %, if possible.1
3.4
Surface Samples
Samples collected from a surface may be analyzed by direct microscopic examination. The primary purpose of a direct microscopic examination of a sample taken from a surface is to determine whether or not mold is growing on the surface sampled, and if so, what kinds of molds are present. This type of analysis may identify "marker" genera that may be indicative of indoor mold growth. The presence of biological materials on a particular surface is not a direct indication of what may be in the air.
3.5
Bioaerosol Exposure Limits
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment, and have specific requirements for survival and growth. In the indoor environment, microorganisms often exist as bioaerosols. Bioaerosols are airborne particles that are living or were released from a living organism. At present, no mandatory regulations or standards have been established for the maximum allowable concentration of bioaerosols such as mold spores. Although bioaerosols have not been conclusively associated with adverse health effects commonly noted in building-related complaints (e.g., mucous membrane irritation, headache, and fatigue) some studies and case histories have shown correlations between these symptoms and microbial contamination of humidification and cooling systems. The spore trap sampling method used for airborne mold sampling is capable of determining total fungal spore concentrations per cubic meter of air. High variability in mold spore concentrations will exist in different geographic locations, during different seasons and weather patterns, and over the course of a given day. As a general rule, indoor mold spore concentrations in a typical, HVAC-supplied building are usually less than, but qualitatively similar to, spore concentrations found in the outside environment. To better interpret the results of airborne mold sampling, a comparative sampling strategy is employed.
1
A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home. Moisture and Mold Prevention and Control Tips. EPA 402-K02-003, reprinted September 2010. Posted at http://www.epa.gov/mold/preventionandcontrol.html.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Over the past several years, industrial hygienists and researchers from a number of governmental and non-governmental agencies have collectively gathered a significant body of data from air, dust, and surface samples during both investigative studies and mold abatement projects. The recommended criteria for evaluating airborne mold concentrations which have emerged from peer-reviewed publications include the following: 1.
The airborne mold concentration in indoor air should be quantitatively lower than, but qualitatively similar to, that of outdoor air.
2.
The presence of one or more fungal species at significant levels indoors but not outdoors may indicate indoor amplification (i.e., biological growth occurring in the indoor environment).
3.
Pathogenic (disease-causing) and toxigenic (toxin-producing) molds should not be present in quantities indicative of indoor amplification.
4.0
FIELD ACTIVITIES
4.1
Visual Assessment
Terracon conducted a walkthrough of the interior in Building 07, observed furniture and building surfaces. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems were observed with the aid of school maintenance staff. The roofing systems were not included in the assessment. To avoid distribution of added mold spores or dust, the visual assessment is conducted after air sampling.
4.2
General IAQ Monitoring
Terracon measured carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity (RH) using a TSI QTrak meter. The instrument provides direct-reading measurements of carbon dioxide within the range of 0 to 5000 ppm; temperature within the range of 32 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (ºF); and RH within the range of 5% to 95%. Measurements were conducted in the ambient environment outside the building and in various areas of the building interior during the site walkthrough.
4.3
Tape-Lift Sampling
Terracon collected four tape-lift surface samples from representative surfaces in the complaint areas during the October 18, 2013, assessment. The tape-lift samples were collected using clear a Biotape slide pressed over a suspect mold-impacted area. The collected sample was placed inside a sampling container, labeled, and submitted with a chain of custody to Scientific
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Analytical Institute, Inc. (SAI) for microscopic analysis. SAI participates in the American Industrial Hygiene Association Environmental Microbiology Proficiency Analytical Testing (#173190).
4.4
Spore Trap Sampling
Terracon conducted sampling for total bioaerosols in eight classrooms in Building 07 (complaint areas) as requested by Polk County School Board. The total bioaerosol samples were collected at an approximate height of four feet above the finished floor surface. The samples were collected utilizing a BioPump™ calibrated at fifteen (15) liters of air per minute prior to sample collection. Each sample was collected over a span of ten (10) minutes for a total volume of 150 liters of air/sample. Terracon contemporaneously sampled for total bioaerosols in the outdoor air. Sample cassettes were sent to SAI for analysis by visual identification via light microscopy, for identification and quantification of bioaerosols (i.e., mold spores, fungal structures). A summary of the spore trap sample results is provided in Table 3.0, Section 5.4.
5.0
RESULTS
5.1
Visual Observations
According to staff members, the air conditioning units operate on a timer system of four hours. The a/c system is manually turned on and turns off automatically after four hours. Visible mold growth (VMG) was observed on several pieces of furniture in several classrooms throughout the building. The air handler units for the classrooms were also observed. In general, an accumulation of dust and debris was observed on the coils, fan blades and insulation. Each air handler has a 10% make-up of fresh air and is equipped with a cut-to-fit filter.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Room #
Classroom Observations VMG observed on the underside of one student table VMG observed on the undersides of 4 of the 6 student tables VMG observed on the underside of the trapezoidshaped table
101
105
The room appeared to be clean and free of clutter
106
VMG observed on the underside of one student table VMG on the underside of the round table VMG on the underside of the teacher’s desk (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4) VMG observed on the undersides of 4 of the 5 student tables VMG observed on the wooden sled in the closet (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4) VMG observed on the leather case in the closet VMG on the underside of the rectangular student table in the middle of room
110
116
120
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Associated AHU #
AHU Observations
8
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades and coils
7
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
6
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades and interior insulation
5
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
2
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4)
1
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Room #
Classroom Observations
Associated AHU #
VMG observed on the undersides of all student tables VMG observed on the underside of the kidney bean-shaped table VMG observed on the underside of the round table VMG observed on a small whiteboard easel VMG observed on the mirrored child craft toy VMG observed on the underside of the rectangular table in the NW corner (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4) VMG observed on the three-tiered bookshelf in the NE corner
121
125
AHU Observations
4
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades and interior insulation
3
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
Refer to Appendix B for Photographic Documentation.
5.2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 concentrations were monitored at the same locations as the spore trap sampling including the ambient outdoor environment. The outdoor CO2 concentration average measured on October 18, 2013, was 392 ppm. Therefore, based on ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, indoor locations with CO2 concentrations greater than 1,012 ppm (392 ppm + 610 ppm) for classrooms (ages 5-8) would be areas that were suspect for insufficient outdoor air delivery. The CO2 concentration of 1,012 ppm is relative and could change based on day to day ambient outdoor CO2 concentrations. The CO2 concentrations in the classrooms ranged from 640 ppm to 1,067 ppm. Generally, the CO2 results indicate adequate air exchange and outdoor air introduction for the classrooms on the Responsive
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
day of our assessment with the exception of Classroom 105 which was considered to be borderline. A summary of the CO2 measurements are presented in Table 1.0.
5.3
Temperature and Relative Humidity Measurements
Temperature and relative humidity were monitored in Building 07 during our assessment. Outdoor temperature averaged 81.0 degrees Fahrenheit (oF) on October 18, 2013, and the indoor temperature in Building 07 ranged from 71.1 oF to 75.0 oF. The measured indoor temperatures were within the referenced ASHRAE guidelines for thermal comfort in the indoor environment for occupants wearing “summer clothing”. Outdoor relative humidity on October 18, 2013, averaged 76.2 %. The indoor RH in Building 07 ranged from 38.7% to 57.6%. The relative humidity was below the referenced ASHRAE guideline of less than 60% relative humidity in the indoor environment at the time of the evaluation. A summary of indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity levels obtained during this assessment is provided in Table 1.0 below. Table 1.0 Temperature and Relative Humidity Levels
Location Building 07, Room 125 Building 07, Room 120 Building 07, Room 116 Building 07, Room 116 Building 07, Room 121 Building 07, Room 105 Building 07, Room 110 Building 07, Room 106 Building 07, Room 101 Interior Average Exterior (9:52am) Exterior (10:11am) Exterior (11:24am) Exterior Average
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Carbon Dioxide (ppm)
Temperature (oF)
Relative Humidity (%)
675 703 683 763
75.0 72.7 73.8 71.1
57.6 46.1 52.0 48.2
878 1,067 640 907 945 807 423 400 383 402
74.1 72.7 73.6 73.0 74.8 73.4
49.3 45.6 51.1 38.7 46.4 48.3
78.1 79.9 84.9 81.0
84.8 82.4 61.5 76.2
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Students present? No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes -n/a n/a n/a --
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
5.4
Tape-Lift Sample Results
Four surface tape-lift samples were collected from surfaces exhibiting potential mold growth. Mold spores and hyphal fragments were observed in each of the referenced samples indicating active mold growth on the surfaces. Table 2.0 summarizes the results of the tape-lift sampling. Table 2.0 Tape-Lift Sample Results Sample #
Location
L07-11
Air handler unit (AHU) #2
L07-12
Building 07, Room 125: underside of the rectangular table
L07-13
Building 07, Room 110: underside of the teacher’s desk
L07-14
Building 07, Room 116: wooden sled in the closet
Results Cladosporium – Loaded Ascospores - Trace Basidiospores – Trace Hyphal – like fragments– Loaded Fruiting bodies – Loaded Aspergillus – Loaded Hyphal–like fragments– Loaded Fruiting bodies- Abundant Aspergillus – Loaded Alternaria – Trace Hyphal – like fragments– Loaded Fruiting bodies – Light Aspergillus – Loaded Hyphal – like fragments– Abundant Fruiting bodies – Light
As provided by the laboratory, the results are interpreted as follows: Trace – less than or equal to 10 spore counts per coverslip Light – 11-100 spore counts per coverslip Abundant – 101-300 spore counts per coverslip Loaded – greater than 300 spore counts per coverslip Laboratory analytical results of the tape-lift samples are provided in Appendix A.
5.5
Spore Trap Sampling Results
Terracon collected spore trap air samples in eight classrooms in Building 07 and two outdoor locations. Table 3.0 summarizes the results of the spore trap sampling. The results are reported in spores per cubic meter (spores/m3).
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Table 3.0 Spore Trap Sampling Results Sample Number
Location
Total Fungal Spores/m3
Predominant Genus
Elevated Spore Types Compared to Exterior
L07-01
Room 125
1,998
Ascospores
Aspergillus/Penicillium
L07-02
Room 120
666
Cladosporium
--
L07-03
Room 116
2,469
Curvularia
Curvularia
L07-04
Exterior
9,012
Ascospores
n/a
L07-05
Room 121
2,429
Cladosporium
Aspergillus/Penicillium Curvularia
L07-06
Room 105
549
Aspergillus/Penicillium like
--
L07-07
Room 1110
1,176
Basidiospores
--
L07-08
Room 106
1,176
Curvularia
Curvularia
L07-09
Room 101
980
Ascospores
--
L07-10
Exterior
6,818
Ascospores
n/a
Sampling results from the indoor environment were compared to the outdoor environment. A comparison of the sampling results yielded the following general findings: 1.
Total outdoor air mold spore concentrations were greater than 7,915 spores/m3.
2.
Total airborne mold spore concentrations in the samples collected from each of the complaint areas ranged from 549 to 2,469 spores/m3. The total mold spore concentrations collected from the complaint areas were less than the mold spore concentrations in the outdoor environment.
3.
Concentrations of indoor genera-specific fungal groups was less than or similar to outdoor air samples with three exceptions. The predominant fungal group observed in the outdoor samples was Ascospores, which was different from samples collected in Classrooms 116, 121, and 106; each of which had higher concentrations of the mold genus Curvularia. In addition, Classrooms 121 and 125 had higher concentrations of the mold group Aspergillus/Penicillium than the outdoor samples.
Air sampling laboratory analytical results for the spore trap sampling are included in Appendix A.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
6.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
Conclusions
Visible mold growth (VMG) was observed on several pieces of furniture in several classrooms throughout the building. The air handler units for the classrooms were also assessed. In general, an accumulation of dust and debris was observed on the coils, fan blades and insulation. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity levels were within the recommended ASHRAE guidelines. The total bioaerosol concentrations in samples collected from room inside Building 07 were less than the total bioaerosol concentrations in the exterior environment; however four indoor samples indicated genera-specific elevations of airborne spore concentrations when compared to the outdoor samples. Classrooms 106, 116 and 121 were observed with higher concentrations of the genus Curvularia and Classrooms 121 and 125 were observed with higher concentrations of the mold group Aspergillus/Penicillium when compared to the outdoor samples. Four surface tape-lift samples were collected from various items exhibiting visible mold growth. The fans blades of AHU # 2 indicated loaded quantities of Cladosporium and trace quantities of ascospores and basidiospores. The undersides of the rectangular table in Classroom 125, the teacher’s desk in Classroom 110 and the wooden sled in the closet of Classroom 116 indicated loaded quantities of the fungal genus Aspergillus. The source of the visible mold growth is unknown. Based on conversations with maintenance personnel, historically, relative humidity levels are high and the air conditioning units are not operated when the classrooms are not occupied. Both high levels of relative humidity and not consistently condition the classrooms could contribute to mold growth.
6.2
Recommendations
Based on the visual and analytical results of the evaluation, Terracon recommends the following: Due to the quantity of items which displayed evidence of visible mold growth, Terracon recommends cleaning of the affected items by a Florida licensed mold remediation contractor. The visible mold growth on surfaces throughout Building 07 should be disinfected with an EPA registered fungicide. The fungicide should be manufactured
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
for the type of surface that exists on the undersides of the tables. In addition, Terracon recommends applying a fungicidal sealant to the undersides of the tables to inhibit the growth of mold spores. At a minimum a Florida licensed mold assessor should conduct a visual inspection of affected furniture prior to being put back into use. It is recommended to periodically clean the interior surfaces of the air handler units on a regular schedule which can be established after initial cleaning and subsequent inspections. Cleaning of the interior surfaces should include but not be limited to the fan blade, fan blade housing, coils and interior insulation.
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APPENDIX A – LABORATORY REPORTS
Page 1 of 2
Direct Exam: Spore Trap Analysis Client:
Sample ID Sample Description Volume (liters) Analytical Sensitivity IDENTIFICATION Alternaria Ascospores Aspergillus/Penicillium-like Basidiospores Cercospora-like Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Drechslera/Bipolaris Epicoccum Fusarium-like Myxomycete/Rust/Smut-like Nigrospora Peronospora/Oidium Pithomyces Pyricularia Scopulariopsis Stachybotrys Tetraploa Torula Ulocladium Unknown/Other TOTAL Fibers Hyphal fragments Insect parts Pollen DEBRIS BKGRD SKIN CELLS BKGRD COMMENT:
Project ID: L07-01 125 150 39
SAI Method B-SOP-003 Attn: 504 E. Tyler Street Lab ID: Tampa, FL 33602 Received: Polk Schools H41372L0 Reported: L07-02 L07-03 L07-04 120 116 Ext. 150 150 150 39 39 39 Terracon
Nacole Bowersox 1319036 10/21/2013 10/22/2013
L07-05 121 150 39
L07-06 105 150 39
L07-07 110 150 39
OUTSIDE AVERAGE N/A N/A counts/m3 0 3605 118 2155 118 0 1156 176 59 0 0 411 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 7915 0 78 0 0 N/A N/A
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
823 392 627 39
118
705 235 78
5094
392 470 157
78 274 39
235
78
313
392 823 39 39
940 118 78
353 980
157
274 78
235
39
1998 39 60-80% 80-100%
666 39 78 39 60-80% 80-100%
2508 78
78
39 39
39
78 2469 78 235 78 80-100% 80-100%
118 9012 78 20-40% 0-20%
39 2429 157 823 39 78 80-100% 80-100%
Scientific Analytical Institute, Inc. 4604 Dundas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 (336) 292-3888
549 78 39 80-100% 80-100%
549
39 1176 157 196 39 80-100% 80-100%
Microbiology Technical Manager B-F-030 EXP: 12-1-13
Page 2 of 2
Direct Exam: Spore Trap Analysis Client:
Sample ID Sample Description Volume (liters) Analytical Sensitivity IDENTIFICATION Alternaria Ascospores Aspergillus/Penicillium-like Basidiospores Cercospora-like Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Drechslera/Bipolaris Epicoccum Fusarium-like Myxomycete/Rust/Smut-like Nigrospora Peronospora/Oidium Pithomyces Pyricularia Scopulariopsis Stachybotrys Tetraploa Torula Ulocladium Unknown/Other TOTAL Fibers Hyphal fragments Insect parts Pollen DEBRIS BKGRD SKIN CELLS BKGRD COMMENT:
Project ID: L07-08 106 150 39
SAI Method B-SOP-003 Attn: 504 E. Tyler Street Lab ID: Tampa, FL 33602 Received: Polk Schools H41372L0 Reported: L07-09 L07-10 101 Ext. 150 150 39 39 Terracon
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
78
431
313
196
2116 235 1802 157
157 549
235 78
1371 235 39
39
784
980 313 157 80-100% 80-100%
78 6818 78 40-60% 0-20%
Nacole Bowersox 1319036 10/21/2013 10/22/2013
OUTSIDE AVERAGE N/A N/A counts/m3 0 3605 118 2155 118 0 1156 176 59 0 0 411 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 7915 0 78 0 0 N/A N/A
39
39
1176 118 470 80-100% 80-100%
Scientific Analytical Institute, Inc. 4604 Dundas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 (336) 292-3888
Microbiology Technical Manager B-F-030 EXP: 12-1-13
Page 1 of 1
Direct Exam: Tape Lift Analysis SAI Method B-SOP-005 Terracon
Client:
Attn: Lab ID: Received: Reported:
504 E. Tyler Street Tampa, FL 33602
Project ID: Sample ID Sample Description
L07-11 AHU
Polk Schools H41372L0
L07-12 Rm 125
L07-13 Rm 110
Nacole Bowersox 1319038 10/21/2013 10/22/2013
L07-14 Rm116
IDENTIFICATION: 1=Trace (1-10 spores); 2=Light (11-100 spores); 3=Abundant (101-300 spores) 4=Loaded (>300 spores)
Alternaria Ascospores Aspergillus Aspergillus/Penicillum-like Basidiospores Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Drechslera/Bipolaris Epicoccum Myxomycete/Rust/Smut-like Nigrospora Penicillium Pithomyces Scopulariopsis Spegazzinia Stachybotrys Stemphylium Tetraploa Torula Ulocladium Unknown/Other Fruiting bodies Hyphal fragments Pollen Debris COMMENT:
1 1 4
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3 4
2 4
2 3
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Scientific Analytical Institute, Inc. 4604 Dundas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 (336) 292-3888
Microbiology Technical Manager B-F-017 EXP: 12-1-13
Scien ific Analytical Institute
Lab Use Only
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Lab Order ID: \ C) (0 Client Code: _ _ _ _ _ __
4604 D ndas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 Phone: 36.292.3888 Fax: 336.292.331.3 [email protected]
Contact Inform
Microbiology Test Types Spore Trap - Slit Impact, . ie, AOC/Alier/ilenco (STAl • Spore Trap Other, ie_ Micro-5 ! (STO)
Company: Terracon
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504 E. Tyler St
Address:
20 3927
FL 33602
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Direct Exam Bulk (DEB)
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Fungal Culture Air (FC A)
----------~----~----------+
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: Fungal Culture Bulk (FCB)
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Bacteria Culture Air (BC A)
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Prepared for:
Polk County Schools Bartow, Florida Prepared by:
Terracon Consultants, Inc. Tampa, Florida
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... i 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope of Services .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Standard of Care ...................................................................................................... 1 1.3 General Conditions and Limitations .......................................................................... 1 1.4 Reliance ................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 BUILDING DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 2 3.0 EVALUATION CRITERIA ..................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Visual Assessment ................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Carbon Dioxide ........................................................................................................ 3 3.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity.......................................................................... 3 3.4 Surface Samples ...................................................................................................... 4 3.5 Bioaerosol Exposure Limits ...................................................................................... 4 4.0 FIELD ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................... 5 4.1 Visual Assessment ................................................................................................... 5 4.2 General IAQ Monitoring ............................................................................................ 5 4.3 Tape-Lift Sampling ................................................................................................... 5 4.4 Spore Trap Sampling ............................................................................................... 6 5.0 RESULTS............................................................................................................................. 6 5.1 Visual Observations ................................................................................................. 6 5.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) .............................................................................................. 8 5.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity Measurements.................................................. 9 5.4 Tape-Lift Sample Results ....................................................................................... 10 5.5 Spore Trap Sampling Results ................................................................................. 10 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 12 6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 12 6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 12 APPENDICES APPENDIX A
Laboratory Reports
APPENDIX B
Photographic Documentation
APPENDIX C
Inspector Certification
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Terracon Consultants, Inc. (Terracon) conducted a limited indoor air quality assessment in Building 07 at Loughman Oaks Elementary located at 4600 N. US Highway 17/92 in Davenport, Florida. The assessment was conducted on October 18, 2013 in general accordance with our Proposal PH4130396 dated October 15, 2013. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity (RH) measurements were recorded at representative locations within the building interior. Total bioaerosol air samples were collected using a spore trap sampling technique from eight locations within the interior environment and two locations in the outdoor environment. Surface tape lift samples were collected of surfaces exhibiting the presence of suspect mold growth. Samples were submitted to an independent laboratory for analysis. Visible mold growth (VMG) was observed on several pieces of furniture in several classrooms throughout the building. The air handler units for the classrooms were also assessed. In general, an accumulation of dust and debris was observed on the coils, fan blades and insulation. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity levels were within the recommended ASHRAE guidelines. The total bioaerosol concentrations in samples collected from room inside Building 07 were less than the total bioaerosol concentrations in the exterior environment; however four indoor samples indicated genera-specific elevations of airborne spore concentrations when compared to the outdoor samples. Classrooms 106, 116 and 121 were observed with higher concentrations of the genus Curvularia and Classrooms 121 and 125 were observed with higher concentrations of the mold group Aspergillus/Penicillium when compared to the outdoor samples. Four surface tape-lift samples were collected from various items exhibiting visible mold growth. The fans blades of AHU # 2 indicated loaded quantities of Cladosporium and trace quantities of ascospores and basidiospores. The undersides of the rectangular table in Classroom 125, the teacher’s desk in Classroom 110 and the wooden sled in the closet of Classroom 116 indicated loaded quantities of the fungal genus Aspergillus. The source of the visible mold growth is unknown. Based on conversations with maintenance personnel, historically, relative humidity levels are high and the air conditioning units are not operated when the classrooms are not occupied. Both high levels of relative humidity and not consistently condition the classrooms could contribute to mold growth.
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT Loughman Oaks Elementary 4200 N. US Highway 17/92 Davenport, Florida Terracon Project H4137212 November 25, 2013
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Scope of Services
Terracon Consultants, Inc. (Terracon) conducted a limited indoor air quality assessment at Loughman Oaks Elementary School, located at 4600 N. US Highway 17/92 in Davenport, Florida. The assessment was conducted on October 18, 2013, in general accordance with our proposal PH4130396 dated October 15, 2013. The scope of this project included a visual observations of accessible interior surfaces in classrooms in Building 07. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity (RH) measurements were recorded at representative locations within the building’s interior. Total bioaerosol air samples were collected using a spore trap sampling technique from eight indoor locations and two outdoor locations. Surface tape lift samples were collected of surfaces exhibiting the presence of suspect mold growth. Samples were submitted to an independent laboratory for analysis.
1.2
Standard of Care
Terracon conducted the limited indoor air quality assessment services in general accordance with our proposal dated October 15, 2013. Terracon also generally followed the guidelines established by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) in Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold, 2008; and Assessment, Remediation, and PostRemediation Verification of Mold in Buildings (AIHA Guideline 3-2004); and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, 2008.
1.3
General Conditions and Limitations
This indoor air quality assessment was conducted at the subject buildings on October 18, 2013. Terracon did not attempt to identify every potential exposure or hazard present in the subject buildings. Molds are ubiquitous to the environment, and have somewhat specific requirements for survival and growth. Elevated mold concentrations in indoor environments occur when both moisture and food source are present. Indoor food sources for mold growth can include organic materials such as those resulting from a flood or sewer back up, or building materials high in cellulose such as, but not limited to, carpet backing, drywall paper, or ceiling panels.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Moisture sources in buildings can occur because of leaks from water or sewer lines, moisture intrusion through walls and foundations, or as condensation in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. In some areas of the United States, relative humidity during certain times of the year is high enough to serve as a moisture source. In order to reduce the potential occurrence or recurrence of mold growth in indoor environments, sources of indoor moisture must be eliminated or controlled. The results, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this report are based on conditions observed during our October 18, 2013, assessment. Many factors such as weather conditions, building occupancy, ventilation patterns, and seasonal variations in mold levels can affect the conditions observed. The information contained in this report should not be relied upon to represent conditions that existed previously or at a later date. Terracon does not warrant the services of regulatory agencies, laboratories, or other third parties supplying information that may have been used in the preparation of this report. No warranty, express or implied is made.
1.4
Reliance
This report is for the exclusive use of the client for the project being discussed. No other individual or entity may rely on this report without the written permission of Terracon and Polk County School Board. Reliance on this report by Polk County School Board and all authorized parties will be subject to the key understandings and limitations stated in the Agreement.
2.0
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
Building 07 was located in a one-story building comprised of eight classrooms at the northeast corner of the Loughman Oaks Elementary School campus (south of the portables). The exterior of the building was constructed with brick over concrete block walls. Interior finishes included resilient floor tiles, concrete block walls, and 2’ x 4’ ceiling tiles within a suspended grid system. Each classroom is serviced by its own air handler unit with ducted supply and return vents, which are housed in mechanical rooms next to the classrooms.
3.0
EVALUATION CRITERIA
3.1
Visual Assessment
Since many building materials can provide a source of nutrients for mold, water is the limiting factor in minimizing the potential for its growth. Therefore, visible mold, excessive dirt, and
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
water-damaged building materials should not be observed. When these conditions are observed, it indicates a need to conduct additional assessment, cleaning, and/or remediation activities to minimize the potential for mold-related issues.
3.2
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been widely used by indoor air quality professionals as a surrogate for various occupant generated indoor contaminants, such as cigarette smoke, volatile organic compounds and bioeffluents, which are known to cause annoyance, irritation, or discomfort among building occupants. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, gives specific design criteria for determining the ventilation rates for different types of facilities. The standard calls for outdoor air supply requirements based on the usage of the space, the occupant density and the square footage of the space. Determining the breathing zone outdoor airflow required per person was derived using the default values from in ASHRAE Standard 62.1, which assumes the maximum number of occupants expected within 1000 square footage of specific functional spaces: 25 for classrooms (ages 5-8). Using Table 6.1 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007, recommendations for outdoor airflow rate per person for classrooms (ages 5-8) is 15 cubic feet per minute (cfm). The outdoor airflow rate required per unit area is 0.12 cfm. Using these benchmark values, the following analyses have been made: Under these conditions, maintaining a steady-state CO2 concentration no greater than 610 ppm for classrooms (ages 5-8) above the outdoor air concentration equates to a breathing zone outdoor airflow rate of 17 cfm per person. Maintaining the steady-state CO2 concentration will indicate that a substantial majority of visitors (80 % or more) entering a space will be satisfied with respect to human bioeffluents (body odor). The EPA has documented that higher ventilation rates directly correspond to a reduction in reported occupant complaints regarding the perceived indoor air quality.
3.3
Temperature and Relative Humidity
Indoor air temperature and RH are physical conditions important to the perception of comfort. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has published recommendations regarding thermal comfort. ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, identifies six primary factors that affect comfort: metabolic rate (affected by the activity being performed); clothing insulation; air temperature; radiant temperature; air speed; and humidity. Although the relationships are complex, a temperature range between 73 and 79 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) with relative humidity between roughly 20 and 60 percent (%) is Responsive
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
recommended for persons doing “office” work and wearing light summer clothing. Higher temperatures require lower humidity for comfort. For persons in winter clothing, temperatures can range between 68 and 75 F, with relative humidity between 30 and 60%. In order to avoid conditions sufficiently moist to promote the growth of molds or other microbial growth, relative humidity should not exceed 60%. The EPA recommends maintaining indoor humidity below 60 %, ideally 30-50 %, if possible.1
3.4
Surface Samples
Samples collected from a surface may be analyzed by direct microscopic examination. The primary purpose of a direct microscopic examination of a sample taken from a surface is to determine whether or not mold is growing on the surface sampled, and if so, what kinds of molds are present. This type of analysis may identify "marker" genera that may be indicative of indoor mold growth. The presence of biological materials on a particular surface is not a direct indication of what may be in the air.
3.5
Bioaerosol Exposure Limits
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment, and have specific requirements for survival and growth. In the indoor environment, microorganisms often exist as bioaerosols. Bioaerosols are airborne particles that are living or were released from a living organism. At present, no mandatory regulations or standards have been established for the maximum allowable concentration of bioaerosols such as mold spores. Although bioaerosols have not been conclusively associated with adverse health effects commonly noted in building-related complaints (e.g., mucous membrane irritation, headache, and fatigue) some studies and case histories have shown correlations between these symptoms and microbial contamination of humidification and cooling systems. The spore trap sampling method used for airborne mold sampling is capable of determining total fungal spore concentrations per cubic meter of air. High variability in mold spore concentrations will exist in different geographic locations, during different seasons and weather patterns, and over the course of a given day. As a general rule, indoor mold spore concentrations in a typical, HVAC-supplied building are usually less than, but qualitatively similar to, spore concentrations found in the outside environment. To better interpret the results of airborne mold sampling, a comparative sampling strategy is employed.
1
A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home. Moisture and Mold Prevention and Control Tips. EPA 402-K02-003, reprinted September 2010. Posted at http://www.epa.gov/mold/preventionandcontrol.html.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Over the past several years, industrial hygienists and researchers from a number of governmental and non-governmental agencies have collectively gathered a significant body of data from air, dust, and surface samples during both investigative studies and mold abatement projects. The recommended criteria for evaluating airborne mold concentrations which have emerged from peer-reviewed publications include the following: 1.
The airborne mold concentration in indoor air should be quantitatively lower than, but qualitatively similar to, that of outdoor air.
2.
The presence of one or more fungal species at significant levels indoors but not outdoors may indicate indoor amplification (i.e., biological growth occurring in the indoor environment).
3.
Pathogenic (disease-causing) and toxigenic (toxin-producing) molds should not be present in quantities indicative of indoor amplification.
4.0
FIELD ACTIVITIES
4.1
Visual Assessment
Terracon conducted a walkthrough of the interior in Building 07, observed furniture and building surfaces. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems were observed with the aid of school maintenance staff. The roofing systems were not included in the assessment. To avoid distribution of added mold spores or dust, the visual assessment is conducted after air sampling.
4.2
General IAQ Monitoring
Terracon measured carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity (RH) using a TSI QTrak meter. The instrument provides direct-reading measurements of carbon dioxide within the range of 0 to 5000 ppm; temperature within the range of 32 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (ºF); and RH within the range of 5% to 95%. Measurements were conducted in the ambient environment outside the building and in various areas of the building interior during the site walkthrough.
4.3
Tape-Lift Sampling
Terracon collected four tape-lift surface samples from representative surfaces in the complaint areas during the October 18, 2013, assessment. The tape-lift samples were collected using clear a Biotape slide pressed over a suspect mold-impacted area. The collected sample was placed inside a sampling container, labeled, and submitted with a chain of custody to Scientific
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Analytical Institute, Inc. (SAI) for microscopic analysis. SAI participates in the American Industrial Hygiene Association Environmental Microbiology Proficiency Analytical Testing (#173190).
4.4
Spore Trap Sampling
Terracon conducted sampling for total bioaerosols in eight classrooms in Building 07 (complaint areas) as requested by Polk County School Board. The total bioaerosol samples were collected at an approximate height of four feet above the finished floor surface. The samples were collected utilizing a BioPump™ calibrated at fifteen (15) liters of air per minute prior to sample collection. Each sample was collected over a span of ten (10) minutes for a total volume of 150 liters of air/sample. Terracon contemporaneously sampled for total bioaerosols in the outdoor air. Sample cassettes were sent to SAI for analysis by visual identification via light microscopy, for identification and quantification of bioaerosols (i.e., mold spores, fungal structures). A summary of the spore trap sample results is provided in Table 3.0, Section 5.4.
5.0
RESULTS
5.1
Visual Observations
According to staff members, the air conditioning units operate on a timer system of four hours. The a/c system is manually turned on and turns off automatically after four hours. Visible mold growth (VMG) was observed on several pieces of furniture in several classrooms throughout the building. The air handler units for the classrooms were also observed. In general, an accumulation of dust and debris was observed on the coils, fan blades and insulation. Each air handler has a 10% make-up of fresh air and is equipped with a cut-to-fit filter.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Room #
Classroom Observations VMG observed on the underside of one student table VMG observed on the undersides of 4 of the 6 student tables VMG observed on the underside of the trapezoidshaped table
101
105
The room appeared to be clean and free of clutter
106
VMG observed on the underside of one student table VMG on the underside of the round table VMG on the underside of the teacher’s desk (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4) VMG observed on the undersides of 4 of the 5 student tables VMG observed on the wooden sled in the closet (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4) VMG observed on the leather case in the closet VMG on the underside of the rectangular student table in the middle of room
110
116
120
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Associated AHU #
AHU Observations
8
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades and coils
7
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
6
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades and interior insulation
5
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
2
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4)
1
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Room #
Classroom Observations
Associated AHU #
VMG observed on the undersides of all student tables VMG observed on the underside of the kidney bean-shaped table VMG observed on the underside of the round table VMG observed on a small whiteboard easel VMG observed on the mirrored child craft toy VMG observed on the underside of the rectangular table in the NW corner (see the results of the tape-lift sample collected in Section 5.4) VMG observed on the three-tiered bookshelf in the NE corner
121
125
AHU Observations
4
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades and interior insulation
3
Accumulation of dust and debris on the fan blades
Refer to Appendix B for Photographic Documentation.
5.2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 concentrations were monitored at the same locations as the spore trap sampling including the ambient outdoor environment. The outdoor CO2 concentration average measured on October 18, 2013, was 392 ppm. Therefore, based on ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, indoor locations with CO2 concentrations greater than 1,012 ppm (392 ppm + 610 ppm) for classrooms (ages 5-8) would be areas that were suspect for insufficient outdoor air delivery. The CO2 concentration of 1,012 ppm is relative and could change based on day to day ambient outdoor CO2 concentrations. The CO2 concentrations in the classrooms ranged from 640 ppm to 1,067 ppm. Generally, the CO2 results indicate adequate air exchange and outdoor air introduction for the classrooms on the Responsive
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
day of our assessment with the exception of Classroom 105 which was considered to be borderline. A summary of the CO2 measurements are presented in Table 1.0.
5.3
Temperature and Relative Humidity Measurements
Temperature and relative humidity were monitored in Building 07 during our assessment. Outdoor temperature averaged 81.0 degrees Fahrenheit (oF) on October 18, 2013, and the indoor temperature in Building 07 ranged from 71.1 oF to 75.0 oF. The measured indoor temperatures were within the referenced ASHRAE guidelines for thermal comfort in the indoor environment for occupants wearing “summer clothing”. Outdoor relative humidity on October 18, 2013, averaged 76.2 %. The indoor RH in Building 07 ranged from 38.7% to 57.6%. The relative humidity was below the referenced ASHRAE guideline of less than 60% relative humidity in the indoor environment at the time of the evaluation. A summary of indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity levels obtained during this assessment is provided in Table 1.0 below. Table 1.0 Temperature and Relative Humidity Levels
Location Building 07, Room 125 Building 07, Room 120 Building 07, Room 116 Building 07, Room 116 Building 07, Room 121 Building 07, Room 105 Building 07, Room 110 Building 07, Room 106 Building 07, Room 101 Interior Average Exterior (9:52am) Exterior (10:11am) Exterior (11:24am) Exterior Average
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Carbon Dioxide (ppm)
Temperature (oF)
Relative Humidity (%)
675 703 683 763
75.0 72.7 73.8 71.1
57.6 46.1 52.0 48.2
878 1,067 640 907 945 807 423 400 383 402
74.1 72.7 73.6 73.0 74.8 73.4
49.3 45.6 51.1 38.7 46.4 48.3
78.1 79.9 84.9 81.0
84.8 82.4 61.5 76.2
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Students present? No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes -n/a n/a n/a --
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
5.4
Tape-Lift Sample Results
Four surface tape-lift samples were collected from surfaces exhibiting potential mold growth. Mold spores and hyphal fragments were observed in each of the referenced samples indicating active mold growth on the surfaces. Table 2.0 summarizes the results of the tape-lift sampling. Table 2.0 Tape-Lift Sample Results Sample #
Location
L07-11
Air handler unit (AHU) #2
L07-12
Building 07, Room 125: underside of the rectangular table
L07-13
Building 07, Room 110: underside of the teacher’s desk
L07-14
Building 07, Room 116: wooden sled in the closet
Results Cladosporium – Loaded Ascospores - Trace Basidiospores – Trace Hyphal – like fragments– Loaded Fruiting bodies – Loaded Aspergillus – Loaded Hyphal–like fragments– Loaded Fruiting bodies- Abundant Aspergillus – Loaded Alternaria – Trace Hyphal – like fragments– Loaded Fruiting bodies – Light Aspergillus – Loaded Hyphal – like fragments– Abundant Fruiting bodies – Light
As provided by the laboratory, the results are interpreted as follows: Trace – less than or equal to 10 spore counts per coverslip Light – 11-100 spore counts per coverslip Abundant – 101-300 spore counts per coverslip Loaded – greater than 300 spore counts per coverslip Laboratory analytical results of the tape-lift samples are provided in Appendix A.
5.5
Spore Trap Sampling Results
Terracon collected spore trap air samples in eight classrooms in Building 07 and two outdoor locations. Table 3.0 summarizes the results of the spore trap sampling. The results are reported in spores per cubic meter (spores/m3).
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
Table 3.0 Spore Trap Sampling Results Sample Number
Location
Total Fungal Spores/m3
Predominant Genus
Elevated Spore Types Compared to Exterior
L07-01
Room 125
1,998
Ascospores
Aspergillus/Penicillium
L07-02
Room 120
666
Cladosporium
--
L07-03
Room 116
2,469
Curvularia
Curvularia
L07-04
Exterior
9,012
Ascospores
n/a
L07-05
Room 121
2,429
Cladosporium
Aspergillus/Penicillium Curvularia
L07-06
Room 105
549
Aspergillus/Penicillium like
--
L07-07
Room 1110
1,176
Basidiospores
--
L07-08
Room 106
1,176
Curvularia
Curvularia
L07-09
Room 101
980
Ascospores
--
L07-10
Exterior
6,818
Ascospores
n/a
Sampling results from the indoor environment were compared to the outdoor environment. A comparison of the sampling results yielded the following general findings: 1.
Total outdoor air mold spore concentrations were greater than 7,915 spores/m3.
2.
Total airborne mold spore concentrations in the samples collected from each of the complaint areas ranged from 549 to 2,469 spores/m3. The total mold spore concentrations collected from the complaint areas were less than the mold spore concentrations in the outdoor environment.
3.
Concentrations of indoor genera-specific fungal groups was less than or similar to outdoor air samples with three exceptions. The predominant fungal group observed in the outdoor samples was Ascospores, which was different from samples collected in Classrooms 116, 121, and 106; each of which had higher concentrations of the mold genus Curvularia. In addition, Classrooms 121 and 125 had higher concentrations of the mold group Aspergillus/Penicillium than the outdoor samples.
Air sampling laboratory analytical results for the spore trap sampling are included in Appendix A.
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Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
6.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
Conclusions
Visible mold growth (VMG) was observed on several pieces of furniture in several classrooms throughout the building. The air handler units for the classrooms were also assessed. In general, an accumulation of dust and debris was observed on the coils, fan blades and insulation. Carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity levels were within the recommended ASHRAE guidelines. The total bioaerosol concentrations in samples collected from room inside Building 07 were less than the total bioaerosol concentrations in the exterior environment; however four indoor samples indicated genera-specific elevations of airborne spore concentrations when compared to the outdoor samples. Classrooms 106, 116 and 121 were observed with higher concentrations of the genus Curvularia and Classrooms 121 and 125 were observed with higher concentrations of the mold group Aspergillus/Penicillium when compared to the outdoor samples. Four surface tape-lift samples were collected from various items exhibiting visible mold growth. The fans blades of AHU # 2 indicated loaded quantities of Cladosporium and trace quantities of ascospores and basidiospores. The undersides of the rectangular table in Classroom 125, the teacher’s desk in Classroom 110 and the wooden sled in the closet of Classroom 116 indicated loaded quantities of the fungal genus Aspergillus. The source of the visible mold growth is unknown. Based on conversations with maintenance personnel, historically, relative humidity levels are high and the air conditioning units are not operated when the classrooms are not occupied. Both high levels of relative humidity and not consistently condition the classrooms could contribute to mold growth.
6.2
Recommendations
Based on the visual and analytical results of the evaluation, Terracon recommends the following: Due to the quantity of items which displayed evidence of visible mold growth, Terracon recommends cleaning of the affected items by a Florida licensed mold remediation contractor. The visible mold growth on surfaces throughout Building 07 should be disinfected with an EPA registered fungicide. The fungicide should be manufactured
Responsive
Reliable
Resourceful
12
Indoor Air Quality Assessment Loughman Oaks Elementary – Building 07 Davenport, Florida November 25, 2013 Terracon Project H4137212
for the type of surface that exists on the undersides of the tables. In addition, Terracon recommends applying a fungicidal sealant to the undersides of the tables to inhibit the growth of mold spores. At a minimum a Florida licensed mold assessor should conduct a visual inspection of affected furniture prior to being put back into use. It is recommended to periodically clean the interior surfaces of the air handler units on a regular schedule which can be established after initial cleaning and subsequent inspections. Cleaning of the interior surfaces should include but not be limited to the fan blade, fan blade housing, coils and interior insulation.
Responsive
Reliable
Resourceful
13
APPENDIX A – LABORATORY REPORTS
Page 1 of 2
Direct Exam: Spore Trap Analysis Client:
Sample ID Sample Description Volume (liters) Analytical Sensitivity IDENTIFICATION Alternaria Ascospores Aspergillus/Penicillium-like Basidiospores Cercospora-like Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Drechslera/Bipolaris Epicoccum Fusarium-like Myxomycete/Rust/Smut-like Nigrospora Peronospora/Oidium Pithomyces Pyricularia Scopulariopsis Stachybotrys Tetraploa Torula Ulocladium Unknown/Other TOTAL Fibers Hyphal fragments Insect parts Pollen DEBRIS BKGRD SKIN CELLS BKGRD COMMENT:
Project ID: L07-01 125 150 39
SAI Method B-SOP-003 Attn: 504 E. Tyler Street Lab ID: Tampa, FL 33602 Received: Polk Schools H41372L0 Reported: L07-02 L07-03 L07-04 120 116 Ext. 150 150 150 39 39 39 Terracon
Nacole Bowersox 1319036 10/21/2013 10/22/2013
L07-05 121 150 39
L07-06 105 150 39
L07-07 110 150 39
OUTSIDE AVERAGE N/A N/A counts/m3 0 3605 118 2155 118 0 1156 176 59 0 0 411 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 7915 0 78 0 0 N/A N/A
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
823 392 627 39
118
705 235 78
5094
392 470 157
78 274 39
235
78
313
392 823 39 39
940 118 78
353 980
157
274 78
235
39
1998 39 60-80% 80-100%
666 39 78 39 60-80% 80-100%
2508 78
78
39 39
39
78 2469 78 235 78 80-100% 80-100%
118 9012 78 20-40% 0-20%
39 2429 157 823 39 78 80-100% 80-100%
Scientific Analytical Institute, Inc. 4604 Dundas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 (336) 292-3888
549 78 39 80-100% 80-100%
549
39 1176 157 196 39 80-100% 80-100%
Microbiology Technical Manager B-F-030 EXP: 12-1-13
Page 2 of 2
Direct Exam: Spore Trap Analysis Client:
Sample ID Sample Description Volume (liters) Analytical Sensitivity IDENTIFICATION Alternaria Ascospores Aspergillus/Penicillium-like Basidiospores Cercospora-like Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Drechslera/Bipolaris Epicoccum Fusarium-like Myxomycete/Rust/Smut-like Nigrospora Peronospora/Oidium Pithomyces Pyricularia Scopulariopsis Stachybotrys Tetraploa Torula Ulocladium Unknown/Other TOTAL Fibers Hyphal fragments Insect parts Pollen DEBRIS BKGRD SKIN CELLS BKGRD COMMENT:
Project ID: L07-08 106 150 39
SAI Method B-SOP-003 Attn: 504 E. Tyler Street Lab ID: Tampa, FL 33602 Received: Polk Schools H41372L0 Reported: L07-09 L07-10 101 Ext. 150 150 39 39 Terracon
counts/m3
counts/m3
counts/m3
78
431
313
196
2116 235 1802 157
157 549
235 78
1371 235 39
39
784
980 313 157 80-100% 80-100%
78 6818 78 40-60% 0-20%
Nacole Bowersox 1319036 10/21/2013 10/22/2013
OUTSIDE AVERAGE N/A N/A counts/m3 0 3605 118 2155 118 0 1156 176 59 0 0 411 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 7915 0 78 0 0 N/A N/A
39
39
1176 118 470 80-100% 80-100%
Scientific Analytical Institute, Inc. 4604 Dundas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 (336) 292-3888
Microbiology Technical Manager B-F-030 EXP: 12-1-13
Page 1 of 1
Direct Exam: Tape Lift Analysis SAI Method B-SOP-005 Terracon
Client:
Attn: Lab ID: Received: Reported:
504 E. Tyler Street Tampa, FL 33602
Project ID: Sample ID Sample Description
L07-11 AHU
Polk Schools H41372L0
L07-12 Rm 125
L07-13 Rm 110
Nacole Bowersox 1319038 10/21/2013 10/22/2013
L07-14 Rm116
IDENTIFICATION: 1=Trace (1-10 spores); 2=Light (11-100 spores); 3=Abundant (101-300 spores) 4=Loaded (>300 spores)
Alternaria Ascospores Aspergillus Aspergillus/Penicillum-like Basidiospores Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Drechslera/Bipolaris Epicoccum Myxomycete/Rust/Smut-like Nigrospora Penicillium Pithomyces Scopulariopsis Spegazzinia Stachybotrys Stemphylium Tetraploa Torula Ulocladium Unknown/Other Fruiting bodies Hyphal fragments Pollen Debris COMMENT:
1 1 4
4
4
4 4
3 4
2 4
2 3
1
1
1
1
1 4
Scientific Analytical Institute, Inc. 4604 Dundas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 (336) 292-3888
Microbiology Technical Manager B-F-017 EXP: 12-1-13
Scien ific Analytical Institute
Lab Use Only
3)
02>
Lab Order ID: \ C) (0 Client Code: _ _ _ _ _ __
4604 D ndas Dr. Greensboro, NC 27407 Phone: 36.292.3888 Fax: 336.292.331.3 [email protected]
Contact Inform
Microbiology Test Types Spore Trap - Slit Impact, . ie, AOC/Alier/ilenco (STAl • Spore Trap Other, ie_ Micro-5 ! (STO)
Company: Terracon
00
1
_
504 E. Tyler St
Address:
20 3927
FL 33602
Dillin
nvoice Informatio
Turn Around Times Company: Same 9(1 Min. 0 48 Hours :zJ ! - I Contact: : 3 Hours 0 72 Hours 0 ----------------r----------ri --------~--------~ Address: - 6 Hours 0 96 Hours 0 12 Hours 0 120 Hours 0 24 Hours 0
.
0
----------
~---
Direct Exam Tape (DET)
~
Direct Exam Swab (DES)
0
Direct Exam Bulk (DEB)
0 0
Fungal Culture Air (FC A)
----------~----~----------+
i
: Fungal Culture Bulk (FCB)
0
Bacteria Culture Air (BC A)
0
Bacteria Culture Bulk (BCB)
0 0
i
Bacteria Culture Swab (BCS) I . • BlOlog (BLG)
i
Project NamelNumber: Polk
SampleID #
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