Lecture One
Lecture One
Friday, 11 March 2016
D4.21 is room if need to ask Chris questions 5:57 PM
WHAT SHOULD WE LABEL THE INTERWAR ERA AS?
An era of crisis? (Richard Overy) An age of catastrophe? (Eric Hobsbawm) An age of speed and excitement?
KEY THEMES
Time of crisis Age of catastrophe Contest between ideologies Collapse of political and social structures Changes in the world order Changes in work, culture and society
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” – George Santayana
THE WAR
A war between the central powers and the Entente (Allied) powers – major battlefronts in Europe A new type of war – industrial – a triumph of technology and industry over old forms of warfare War challenged how people saw themselves – culture The Allied forces were victorious by 1918, but at a great cost of life and wealth
AIH107 Page 1
Tutorial One Friday, 11 March 2016
[email protected] 6:16 PM
All readings are on cloud - no text Class Presentation – on study guide, questions down bottom of each week, answer these in presentation Page numbers are required when referencing an event or moment in history Provide a response to the question (take a position) in the introduction No possessive apostrophes for dates (1930s instead of 1930's)
AIH107 Page 2
Lecture Two
Wednesday, 16 March 2016
8:58 AM
REMAKING THE WORLD AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR
IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR • Empires, societies, states and economies around the world were disrupted, destroyed and transformed by the war • New ways of understanding and seeing the world emerged • Different political ideologies came to power in certain nations (Communism in Russia and Fascism in Italy) • The war destroyed the idea that the 'balance of power' would keep the peace • War was blamed on undemocratic governments, secret diplomacy and the arms race • There was an enormous groundswell of war weary public opinion THE VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY • In 1919 the dominant mood was never to return • With the old order destroyed, a new international order had to be established • A mood for change, experimentation and the new was competing with the desire to re-establish old certainties and security
IDEAS AND MOTIVATIONS = Revenge, punishment, security, humiliation, gains, losses, nationalism, imperialism, racial equality and difference
KEY PEOPLE = Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, David Lloyd George (Liberal), Georges Clemenceau (Aiming to get the most for France), Ho Chi Minh (Communist), Japanese representative, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini (Fascist) The main aims for the treaty were: • Creating a new international order and system of security • Punishing the defeated nations • A new territorial settlement for the world - for Europe and the imperial possessions of the defeated nations • A new international institution - the League of Nations
The actual statement: • Punished Germany - forced to pay reparations to victors, borders were shortened and the German army was limited, as well as being forced to admit 'war guilt' • Territorial adjustment to Europe - new nations such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia were created out of the defeated empires - limited to Europe • Colonies of defeated empires redistributed to victors (e.g. Papua New Guinea to Australia, new imperial settlement of the Middle East) • Created the League of Nations THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Under the constitution ('covenant') of the League of Nations, there was: • The General Assembly • The Council (four permanent members, nine non-permanent members • The Permanent Court of International Justice • The Secretariat • Commissions and Committees The major purposes were: • To keep the peace through collective security, • To punish aggressors • To improve international conditions and thereby prevent war
RACIAL EQUALITY DISPUTE The Racial Equality Dispute was proposed at Versailles by the Japanese Empire, and was stated as such:
"The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality." The Dispute was voted in by 11 of the 17 delegates at the conference, however Chairman Woodrow Wilson overturned it, stating that since "strong opposition had manifested itself" (USA, UK and Australia), a unanimous vote was required. WEAKNESSES OF THE VERSAILLES SETTLEMENT • Non-involvement of the USA and USSR - emerging great powers • Humiliation of Germany - grievances • Unsatisfied victors - Japan/Italy - grievances • No effective road map to world disarmament • Weakness of League of Nations as a force for peace - potential weakness of the idea of collective security • No concessions or justice for the colonial people of the world • Could not and did not address effectively fundamental causes of war
AIH107 Page 3
AFTER THE TREATY The early 1920s were a golden age for the League: • Some international crises were defused • Commissions and other committees were established, which began to look at the issues of health, labour, the condition of women, education etc.
AIH107 Page 4
Tutorial Three Tuesday, 22 March 2016
9:59 AM
HOW WAS THE TERM KULAK USED EFFECTIVELY AS A POLITICAL WEAPON?
The definition was so broad, and so vague, that anyone (not just those rich peasants with land) could be labelled as Kulaks. Anyone who opposed the Soviet rule could be unfairly labelled and shamed as a Kulak, and Stalin used this to full effect to eliminate any opposition to his Communist rule.
AIH107 Page 5
Friday, 11 March 2016
D4.21 is room if need to ask Chris questions 5:57 PM
WHAT SHOULD WE LABEL THE INTERWAR ERA AS?
An era of crisis? (Richard Overy) An age of catastrophe? (Eric Hobsbawm) An age of speed and excitement?
KEY THEMES
Time of crisis Age of catastrophe Contest between ideologies Collapse of political and social structures Changes in the world order Changes in work, culture and society
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” – George Santayana
THE WAR
A war between the central powers and the Entente (Allied) powers – major battlefronts in Europe A new type of war – industrial – a triumph of technology and industry over old forms of warfare War challenged how people saw themselves – culture The Allied forces were victorious by 1918, but at a great cost of life and wealth
AIH107 Page 1
Tutorial One Friday, 11 March 2016
[email protected] 6:16 PM
All readings are on cloud - no text Class Presentation – on study guide, questions down bottom of each week, answer these in presentation Page numbers are required when referencing an event or moment in history Provide a response to the question (take a position) in the introduction No possessive apostrophes for dates (1930s instead of 1930's)
AIH107 Page 2
Lecture Two
Wednesday, 16 March 2016
8:58 AM
REMAKING THE WORLD AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR
IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR • Empires, societies, states and economies around the world were disrupted, destroyed and transformed by the war • New ways of understanding and seeing the world emerged • Different political ideologies came to power in certain nations (Communism in Russia and Fascism in Italy) • The war destroyed the idea that the 'balance of power' would keep the peace • War was blamed on undemocratic governments, secret diplomacy and the arms race • There was an enormous groundswell of war weary public opinion THE VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY • In 1919 the dominant mood was never to return • With the old order destroyed, a new international order had to be established • A mood for change, experimentation and the new was competing with the desire to re-establish old certainties and security
IDEAS AND MOTIVATIONS = Revenge, punishment, security, humiliation, gains, losses, nationalism, imperialism, racial equality and difference
KEY PEOPLE = Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, David Lloyd George (Liberal), Georges Clemenceau (Aiming to get the most for France), Ho Chi Minh (Communist), Japanese representative, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini (Fascist) The main aims for the treaty were: • Creating a new international order and system of security • Punishing the defeated nations • A new territorial settlement for the world - for Europe and the imperial possessions of the defeated nations • A new international institution - the League of Nations
The actual statement: • Punished Germany - forced to pay reparations to victors, borders were shortened and the German army was limited, as well as being forced to admit 'war guilt' • Territorial adjustment to Europe - new nations such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia were created out of the defeated empires - limited to Europe • Colonies of defeated empires redistributed to victors (e.g. Papua New Guinea to Australia, new imperial settlement of the Middle East) • Created the League of Nations THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Under the constitution ('covenant') of the League of Nations, there was: • The General Assembly • The Council (four permanent members, nine non-permanent members • The Permanent Court of International Justice • The Secretariat • Commissions and Committees The major purposes were: • To keep the peace through collective security, • To punish aggressors • To improve international conditions and thereby prevent war
RACIAL EQUALITY DISPUTE The Racial Equality Dispute was proposed at Versailles by the Japanese Empire, and was stated as such:
"The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality." The Dispute was voted in by 11 of the 17 delegates at the conference, however Chairman Woodrow Wilson overturned it, stating that since "strong opposition had manifested itself" (USA, UK and Australia), a unanimous vote was required. WEAKNESSES OF THE VERSAILLES SETTLEMENT • Non-involvement of the USA and USSR - emerging great powers • Humiliation of Germany - grievances • Unsatisfied victors - Japan/Italy - grievances • No effective road map to world disarmament • Weakness of League of Nations as a force for peace - potential weakness of the idea of collective security • No concessions or justice for the colonial people of the world • Could not and did not address effectively fundamental causes of war
AIH107 Page 3
AFTER THE TREATY The early 1920s were a golden age for the League: • Some international crises were defused • Commissions and other committees were established, which began to look at the issues of health, labour, the condition of women, education etc.
AIH107 Page 4
Tutorial Three Tuesday, 22 March 2016
9:59 AM
HOW WAS THE TERM KULAK USED EFFECTIVELY AS A POLITICAL WEAPON?
The definition was so broad, and so vague, that anyone (not just those rich peasants with land) could be labelled as Kulaks. Anyone who opposed the Soviet rule could be unfairly labelled and shamed as a Kulak, and Stalin used this to full effect to eliminate any opposition to his Communist rule.
AIH107 Page 5
