Marine Sediments
Siliceous Ooze Deposition
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits • Calcareous Ooze
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits • Calcareous Ooze – Contains hard remains of calcareous-secreting organisms
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits • Calcareous Ooze – Contains hard remains of calcareous-secreting organisms – Destruction varies at different depths in the ocean
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
• CCD – Calcite compensation depth
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
• CCD – Calcite compensation depth – Depth where CaCO3 readily dissolves
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
• CCD – Calcite compensation depth – Depth where CaCO3 readily dissolves – Rate of supply = rate at which the shells dissolve
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean • Due to CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean • Due to CCD
• Ancient calcareous oozes can be found at greater depths
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean • Due to CCD
• Ancient calcareous oozes can be found at greater depths • Moved by sea floor spreading, then covered by another deposits that is not affected by CCD
Sea Floor Spreading and Sediment Accumulation
Distribution of Modern Calcium Carbonate Sediments
Hydrogenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment • hydro = water, generare = to produce
Hydrogenous Sediment • hydro = water, generare = to produce • Derived from the dissolved materials in water
Hydrogenous Sediment • hydro = water, generare = to produce • Derived from the dissolved materials in water • Small proportion of marine sediments
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
• Minerals precipitate directly from seawater
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
• Minerals precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
• Minerals precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state • Come from a variety of minerals and metals
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments
– Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater – Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Manganese nodules
– Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Manganese nodules
– Metal sulfides
– Phosphates
– Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Manganese nodules
– Metal sulfides
– Phosphates
– Evaporites
– Carbonates
Manganese Nodules
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates • Many commercial uses
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates • Many commercial uses • Unsure why they are not buried by seafloor sediments
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates • Many commercial uses • Unsure why they are not buried by seafloor sediments
Phosphates and Carbonates
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
• Carbonates
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
• Carbonates – Aragonite, calcite, oolites
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
• Carbonates – Aragonite, calcite, oolites – Found in shallower, tropical waters
Metal Sulfides
• Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides • Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
– Associated with hydrothermal vents
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
– Associated with hydrothermal vents – Found throughout the ocean floor
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
– Associated with hydrothermal vents – Found throughout the ocean floor – Can be uplifted onto continents
Evaporites
Evaporites – “Salts”
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates – Halite (NaCl - common salt)
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates – Halite (NaCl - common salt)
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates – Halite (NaCl - common salt)
– Found in areas where open ocean circulation is minimal and evaporation rates are high
Cosmogenous Sediments
Cosmogenous Sediments • Macroscopic meteor debris • Microscopic iron-nickel and silicate spherules (small globular masses) – Tektites – Space dust
• Overall, insignificant proportion of marine sediments
Marine Sediment Mixtures
Rate of Deposition of Marine Sediments
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments – Productivity of microscopic marine organisms
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments – Productivity of microscopic marine organisms – Depth of water
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments – Productivity of microscopic marine organisms – Depth of water – Sea floor features
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution
Pelagic Sediment Types
Pelagic Sediment Types
WHY ?!?
Pelagic Sediment Types
WHY ?!? Think about the marine provinces...
Worldwide Marine Sediment Thickness
Information from Marine Sediments
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record • Level of productivity indicator
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record • Level of productivity indicator • Current concentrations in the ocean
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record • Level of productivity indicator • Current concentrations in the ocean • What else??
Resources from Marine Sediments
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates – Mostly methane; produced by bacteria
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates – Mostly methane; produced by bacteria
• Sand and gravel
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates – Mostly methane; produced by bacteria
• Sand and gravel • tin, gold, and so on
Resources from Marine Sediments
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
• Manganese nodules and crusts
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
• Manganese nodules and crusts • Metal source
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
• Manganese nodules and crusts • Metal source
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits • Calcareous Ooze
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits • Calcareous Ooze – Contains hard remains of calcareous-secreting organisms
Pelagic Biogenous Deposits • Calcareous Ooze – Contains hard remains of calcareous-secreting organisms – Destruction varies at different depths in the ocean
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
• CCD – Calcite compensation depth
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
• CCD – Calcite compensation depth – Depth where CaCO3 readily dissolves
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate • Shells don’t dissolve any further • Cool, deep ocean undersaturated with calcium carbonate • Shells begin to break down and dissolve – Lysocline – depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 begins to dissolve rapidly
• CCD – Calcite compensation depth – Depth where CaCO3 readily dissolves – Rate of supply = rate at which the shells dissolve
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean • Due to CCD
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean • Due to CCD
• Ancient calcareous oozes can be found at greater depths
Calcareous Ooze and the CCD • Scarce calcareous ooze below 5000 meters (16,400 feet) in modern ocean • Due to CCD
• Ancient calcareous oozes can be found at greater depths • Moved by sea floor spreading, then covered by another deposits that is not affected by CCD
Sea Floor Spreading and Sediment Accumulation
Distribution of Modern Calcium Carbonate Sediments
Hydrogenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment • hydro = water, generare = to produce
Hydrogenous Sediment • hydro = water, generare = to produce • Derived from the dissolved materials in water
Hydrogenous Sediment • hydro = water, generare = to produce • Derived from the dissolved materials in water • Small proportion of marine sediments
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
• Minerals precipitate directly from seawater
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
• Minerals precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state
Origin of Hydrogenous Sediments
• Minerals precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state • Come from a variety of minerals and metals
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments
– Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater – Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Manganese nodules
– Metal sulfides – Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Manganese nodules
– Metal sulfides
– Phosphates
– Evaporites
Composition of Hydrogenous Sediments • Chemical compounds precipitate directly from seawater • Go from a dissolved to solid state – Manganese nodules
– Metal sulfides
– Phosphates
– Evaporites
– Carbonates
Manganese Nodules
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates • Many commercial uses
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates • Many commercial uses • Unsure why they are not buried by seafloor sediments
Manganese Nodules • Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and other metals • Very slow accumulation rates • Many commercial uses • Unsure why they are not buried by seafloor sediments
Phosphates and Carbonates
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
• Carbonates
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
• Carbonates – Aragonite, calcite, oolites
Phosphates and Carbonates • Phosphates – Contain phosphorus – Occur beneath areas iof very high biological productivity – Economically useful as fertilizer
• Carbonates – Aragonite, calcite, oolites – Found in shallower, tropical waters
Metal Sulfides
• Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides • Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc • Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver • Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
– Associated with hydrothermal vents
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
– Associated with hydrothermal vents – Found throughout the ocean floor
Metal Sulfides • Metal sulfides – Contain: • Iron
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Silver
• Copper
• Other metals
– Associated with hydrothermal vents – Found throughout the ocean floor – Can be uplifted onto continents
Evaporites
Evaporites – “Salts”
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates – Halite (NaCl - common salt)
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates – Halite (NaCl - common salt)
Evaporites – “Salts” – Minerals that form when seawater evaporates – Halite (NaCl - common salt)
– Found in areas where open ocean circulation is minimal and evaporation rates are high
Cosmogenous Sediments
Cosmogenous Sediments • Macroscopic meteor debris • Microscopic iron-nickel and silicate spherules (small globular masses) – Tektites – Space dust
• Overall, insignificant proportion of marine sediments
Marine Sediment Mixtures
Rate of Deposition of Marine Sediments
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments – Productivity of microscopic marine organisms
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments – Productivity of microscopic marine organisms – Depth of water
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution • Distribution controlled by – Proximity to sources of lithogenous sediments – Productivity of microscopic marine organisms – Depth of water – Sea floor features
Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution
Pelagic Sediment Types
Pelagic Sediment Types
WHY ?!?
Pelagic Sediment Types
WHY ?!? Think about the marine provinces...
Worldwide Marine Sediment Thickness
Information from Marine Sediments
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record • Level of productivity indicator
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record • Level of productivity indicator • Current concentrations in the ocean
Information from Marine Sediments
• Fossil record • Geological record • Level of productivity indicator • Current concentrations in the ocean • What else??
Resources from Marine Sediments
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates – Mostly methane; produced by bacteria
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates – Mostly methane; produced by bacteria
• Sand and gravel
Resources from Marine Sediments • Energy resources – Petroleum • Mainly from continental shelves; biogeneous sediment
– Gas hydrates – Mostly methane; produced by bacteria
• Sand and gravel • tin, gold, and so on
Resources from Marine Sediments
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
• Manganese nodules and crusts
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
• Manganese nodules and crusts • Metal source
Resources from Marine Sediments • Evaporative salts • Table salt, sodium hydroxide, others
• Phosphorite • Synthetic fertilizer production
• Manganese nodules and crusts • Metal source
