Moving on up? Key Statistics
47 Influence of attitudes and beliefs on the employment Outcomesrelationship are patchy
Key statistics
Moving on up? Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women and work
March 2007
45
About the investigation In October 2005, the Equal Opportunities Commission launched Moving on up? Ethnic minority women at work, a GB-wide investigation into the participation, pay and progression of ethnic minority women in the labour market. The overall aim of the investigation was to understand more about the diverse experiences and aspirations of ethnic minority women in relation to work, including barriers to progress, so that effective action can be taken to improve their labour market prospects. The focus was on women, as there was insufficient labour market evidence available that showed how gender, race and faith intersect in the labour market. The investigation focused particularly, though not exclusively, on Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women. Pakistani and Bangladeshi women because they have the lowest rates of employment of any other ethnic group, and Black Caribbean women because they are underrepresented in senior level jobs, despite being more likely than white women to work full-time. A focus on these three groups meant that resources could be channelled more effectively for in-depth research and analysis, and in order to avoid over-generalisations about ethnic minority women. The EOC has commissioned new research and analysis to support the investigation, including the voices of women at every stage. Moving on up? is a statutory investigation under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. The legislation gives the EOC the power to undertake general formal investigations into deep-seated issues of gender inequality or discrimination, and to make recommendations to those in a position to make changes, including Government. This briefing is a companion volume to Moving on up? the way forward. The Moving on up? investigation was supported by the European Social Fund. All research reports produced for the investigation are available on the EOC’s website at www.eoc.org.uk. Please email [email protected] or phone our Helpline if you require a printed copy of any report. For more information on the investigation visit our website www.eoc.org.uk/bme
Contents
page
Introduction
2
Definitions
3
1. Population
4
2. Families and caring
8
3. Education and qualifications
12
4. Economic activity
14
5. Unemployment
18
6. Employment
22
7. Types of employment
26
8. Occupation and industry
30
9. Pay and pensions
38
Conclusion
41
Other publications
42
Moving on up? Key statistics
Introduction The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) produced the statistical briefing Ethnic minority women and men in Britain in 2004, primarily using published 2001 Census tables. In it the EOC identified the lack of data available on gender and ethnicity, and also raised the importance of considering differences, as well as similarities, both within ethnic minority groups and between women and men from the same or different ethnic backgrounds. Since the 2004 briefing was published, the EOC has collected a wealth of data for the Moving on up? investigation. One of the key recommendations from the interim report for the investigation was the importance of exploring national level data in greater depth and detail, and by gender and ethnicity where possible. This statistics briefing includes a selection of the data that was commissioned to support the investigation, such as secondary analysis of the 2001 Census and the Labour Force Survey. The topics covered are: population, families and caring, education, economic activity, unemployment, employment, types of employment, occupation and industry, pay and pensions. It is intended as a companion volume to Moving on up? the way forward, but can also be used as a resource in its own right. A full list of reports produced for the investigation can be found on page 42. The data in this briefing refer primarily to England and Wales in 2001. They include data relating to the UK, Great Britain or England where necessary and more recent statistics where available. Although 2001 data will not exactly reflect the current position, in many cases they represent the most recent, sufficiently detailed source of statistics available. It is recognised that the lack of more comprehensive data on people from ethnic minority communities in Wales and Scotland also needs to be addressed, and information on reports relating to the ethnic minority women in these countries can be found on page 43. The majority of statistics in this briefing have been derived from the 2001 Census. We would particularly like to thank Lisa Buckner at the University of Leeds for the additional analysis she has provided. This includes analysis based on tables commissioned from the Office for National Statistics and analysis using the 2001 Census SARs. The SARs (a 3% sample of Census returns) were provided through the Centre for Census and Survey Research of the University of Manchester, with the support of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). Almost all the statistics in this briefing are covered by Crown copyright and are reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.
Definitions The following definitions apply throughout the briefing: Economic activity and inactivity The economically active include those in employment, the unemployed and economically active students. All other groups are described as economically inactive. Children Dependent children are those living at home and aged under 16 or aged 16–18 and in full-time education. Other children still living at home and without a partner or children are described as non-dependent. Employment Those in employment are those who had a job during the week prior to the Census: as an employee, self-employed/freelance, on a Government-sponsored training scheme, or in a family business. Family A family is a married or cohabiting couple with or without children, or a lone parent with children. It includes same sex couples. Parents A married or cohabiting couple or lone parent with dependent children who live in the same household. Qualification levels These are based on the National Qualifications Framework, and are defined as follows: Level 4 and above is equivalent to higher education qualifications, including degrees. Level 3 is equivalent to two or more GCE ‘A’ levels. Level 2 is equivalent to five or more GCSE grades A* – C. Level 1 is equivalent to GCSE grades below five or more grades A* – C. Unemployment The unemployed were those without a job in the week prior to the Census who: were actively looking for paid work during the last four weeks, could have started work within two weeks, or were waiting to start a job already obtained. This classification is based on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) definition.
Moving on up? Key statistics
1. Population 1.1 The ethnic minority population of England and Wales ■
The total population of England and Wales in 2001 was 52 million, of which 4.5 million or 8.7% were from ethnic minority groups. Overall, 87.5% of the population were white British, 1.4% Pakistani, 0.5% Bangladeshi and 1.1% Black Caribbean.
■
After adjusting for undercounting in the 1991 Census, the size of the white population changed little between 1991 and 2001, whilst the Black Caribbean population increased by a tenth, the Pakistani population increased by about half and the Bangladeshi population increased by around two-thirds.
■
A higher percentage of the under 16s than older age groups were from ethnic minority groups: 13.0% in total. Overall, 84.9% of this age group were white British, 2.4% Pakistani, 1.0% Bangladeshi and 1.1% Black Caribbean.
■
Only 3.1% of those past state pension age (60 for women and 65 for men) were from ethnic minority groups.
■
Over half the Black Caribbean and Pakistani populations were born in the UK, and just under half of the Bangladeshi population.
Ethnic minority groups by age, England and Wales, 2001 Age group
0 – 15
16 – 59/64
60/65+
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Percentage of age group Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Other ethnic minority
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 1 Population change, England and Wales, 1991–2001 Thousands
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All ethnic minority*
1991
47,877
514
469
167
3,048
2001
47,521
564
715
281
4,521
-1
+10
+52
+69
+48
Percentage change
* All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2006) A guide to comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic group data.
Table 2 Total population by age, England and Wales, 2001 Thousands
White British
Women & girls
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All ethnic minority*
23,359
303
353
139
2,299
0–15
4,338
57
122
53
670
16–59
13,310
200
209
80
1,455
5,711
45
21
6
175
22,175
261
362
142
2,222
0–15
4,565
58
128
55
693
16–64
14,363
173
218
81
1,411
3,247
31
17
6
118
60 and over Men & boys
65 and over
* All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 3 Country of birth, England and Wales, 2001 Column percentage (each gender)
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women Born in the UK Born outside the UK
98
57
55
47
2
43
45
53
98
58
55
46
2
42
45
54
Men Born in the UK Born outside the UK
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Moving on up? Key statistics
1.2 Geographic distribution ■
The regions with the highest percentages of the ethnic minority population in England and Wales were London (46%), West Midlands (13%) and the South East (9%).
■
Three-fifths of the Black Caribbean population lived in London. Another 15% of the Black Caribbean population lived in the West Midlands, including 8% in Birmingham.
■
The majority of the Pakistani population was divided between four regions: the West Midlands (22%), London (20%), Yorkshire and the Humber (20%) and the North West (16%). Birmingham (15%) and Bradford (10%) were the cities with the largest Pakistani populations.
■
More than half (55%) the Bangladeshi population lived in London, particularly in Tower Hamlets (23%). One in ten (11%) lived in the West Midlands, including 7% in Birmingham.
■
Outside of London, the towns or cities with the highest percentages of ethnic minority people in their population were Leicester and Slough, each with 36%, followed by Birmingham (30%) and Luton (28%).
■
Within London the areas with the highest percentages of ethnic minorities relative to their populations were Newham (61%), Brent (55%) and Tower Hamlets (49%).
Population
Table 4 Regional distribution of each ethnic group, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of each ethnic group
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All ethnic minority*
London
9
61
20
55
46
– Tower Hamlets
–
1
–
23
2
West Midlands
10
15
22
11
13
– Birmingham
1
8
15
7
6
South East
16
5
8
5
9
North West
14
4
16
9
8
Yorkshire and the Humber
10
4
20
4
7
1
1
10
2
2
11
5
5
7
6
8
5
4
2
6
10
2
1
2
3
Wales
6
–
1
2
1
North East
5
–
2
2
1
– Bradford East of England East Midlands South West
– less than 0.5%, * All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 5 Ethnic minority populations of selected cities, England, 2001 Thousands
Percentage ethnic minority*
White
All ethnic minority
Birmingham
687
290
30
Bradford
366
102
22
Leeds
657
58
8
Leicester
179
101
36
London
5,103
2,069
29
– Brent
119
144
55
96
148
61
– Tower Hamlets
101
95
49
Luton
133
52
28
Manchester
318
75
19
76
43
36
– Newham
Slough
* All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Moving on up? Key statistics
2. Families and caring 2.1 Families with dependent children ■
A higher percentage of ethnic minority families than white families had dependent children. Four out of five Bangladeshi families had dependent children compared with just over two out of five white families.
■
A higher percentage of Bangladeshi and Pakistani families than white or Black Caribbean families had three or more dependent children.
Families with dependent children, Great Britain, 2001 100
Percentage of families
80 60 40 20 0
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
One dependent child
Two dependent children
Three or more dependent children
No dependent children
Source: ONS (2005) Focus on Families: data tables.
2.2 Births in 2000/1 ■
Over half of Pakistani and Bangladeshi mothers giving birth in 2000/1 were under 27 years old, compared with a third of white and Black Caribbean mothers.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi mothers giving birth in 2000/1 were most likely to be 21–26 years old, whilst white mothers were most likely to be 27–32 years old and Black Caribbean mothers most likely to be aged 33 or over.
■
Only 13% of Bangladeshi and 21% of Pakistani mothers worked during pregnancy, compared with 71% of white and 69% of Black Caribbean mothers.
■
Of those mothers who did not work during pregnancy, 68% of Bangladeshi and 58% of Pakistani mothers had never had a paid job.
Table 6 Families with dependent children, Great Britain, 2001 Percentage of families
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
One dependent child
18
32
22
22
Two dependent children
17
20
21
22
7
10
29
35
58
38
28
21
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Three or more dependent children No dependent children
Source: ONS (2005) Focus on Families: data tables.
Table 7 Mother’s age at birth of child, Great Britain, 2000/1 Percentage of mothers, sweep 1¹
White
Black Caribbean
up to 20 years old
11
13
11
9
21–26 years
21
20
42
47
27–32 years
40
24
32
32
33 years and over
29
44
16
12
Source: Dex, S and Ward, K (2007) Unpublished data from the Millennium Cohort Study.
Table 8 Working during pregnancy, Great Britain, 2000/1 Percentage of mothers, sweep 1¹
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Worked during pregnancy
71
69
21
13
Didn’t work during pregnancy
29
31
79
87
Never had a paid job (percentage of those who didn’t work during pregnancy)
15
24
58
68
Source: Dex, S and Ward, K (2007) Parental care and employment in early childhood. Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) Sweeps 1 and 2. EOC Working Paper Series No.57. Manchester: EOC.
1. The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a nationally representative sample of parents with babies born between September 2000 to December 2001. The GB sample at Sweep 1 when the baby was 9–10 months old contained 16,588 mothers and 11,935 fathers; at Sweep 2 when the child was 3 it contained 14,048 mothers and 9,747 fathers. Visit http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/studies.asp?section=000100020001 for further information about the MCS.
Moving on up? Key statistics
2.2 Informal carers ■
Carers are people looking after or giving help or support to family members, friends neighbours or others, because of long term physical or mental ill-health or disability, or problems related to old age.
■
Overall rates of caring were highest for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women of working age at around one in six.
■
A higher proportion of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women provided 50 or more hours care per week than white British and Black Caribbean women.
■
Rates of caring were mostly slightly lower for women in employment compared with all women of working age, but the main difference was a reduction in hours of care.
Women carers by hours of unpaid care, England, 2001 20
Percentage of women of working age
10
15
10
5
0
White British 50+ hours
Black Caribbean 20 – 49 hours
Pakistani
Bangladeshi 1 – 19 hours
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Families and caring
Table 9 Hours of unpaid care* given per week, England, 2001 Percentage of women of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All women 1–19 hours
10.4
7.7
7.7
7.3
20–49 hours
1.6
1.5
3.3
2.8
50+ hours
2.6
1.6
5.2
5.6
All carers
14.6
10.8
16.2
15.7
11.4
8.5
10.4
10.1
20–49 hours
1.3
1.4
2.7
2.5
50+ hours
1.4
1.1
1.9
1.7
All carers
14.1
11.0
15.0
14.3
Women in employment 1–19 hours
* Carers are people looking after or giving help or support to family members, friends, neighbours or others, because of long term physical or mental ill-health or disability, or problems related to old age. Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
11
Moving on up? Key statistics
3. Education and qualifications 3.1 GCSE results ■
62% of white British and Bangladeshi girls achieved five or more GCSE A*–C grades or equivalent, followed by 58% of Pakistani and 53% of Black Caribbean girls.
■
When English and Maths were included, white British (48%) and Bangladeshi (42%) girls still achieved higher results than Black Caribbean and Pakistani girls.
■
A higher percentage of Bangladeshi (42%) girls achieved five or more A*–C grades, including Maths and English, than white British boys (40%).
■
In each ethnic group, a higher percentage of girls than boys achieved five or more A*–C grades, whether or not Maths and English were included.
GCSE qualifications†, England, 2005/6 50
40
Percentage of pupils
12
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean Girls
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Boys
† Five or more GCSE grades A*– C or equivalent, including Maths & English GCSEs. Source: DfES (2007) National curriculum assessment, GCSE and equivalent attainment and post-16 attainment by pupil characteristics in England 2005/06 (revised). London: DfES.
3.2 Highest qualification ■
A quarter (26%) of Black Caribbean women of working age were qualified to degree level or higher, a higher percentage than other women.
■
One in five (22%) Pakistani men were qualified to degree level or higher, a higher percentage than other men.
■
There were fewer Black Caribbean women with no qualifications (15%) than other women or men of working age.
■
Bangladeshi women were most likely to have no qualifications (48%), followed by Pakistani women (43%) and Bangladeshi men (42%).
13
Table 10 GCSE and equivalent qualifications, England, 2005/6 Percentage of Key Stage 4 pupils
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Girls Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent
62
53
58
Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent, including English and Mathematics GCSEs
48
36
39
42
237,631
4,383
6,594
2,947
Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent
53
37
45
51
Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent, including English and Mathematics GCSEs
40
23
31
35
245,975
4,191
7,233
2,847
No. of eligible pupils
62
Boys
No. of eligible pupils
Source: DfES (2007) National curriculum assessment, GCSE and equivalent attainment and post-16 attainment by pupil characteristics in England 2005/06 (revised). London: DfES.
Table 11 Highest qualifications by level, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of the working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
No qualifications
23
15
43
48
Level 1
20
22
12
13
Level 2
24
24
16
16
Level 3
9
9
9
9
19
26
16
11
4
5
3
3
No qualifications
24
27
35
42
Level 1
19
23
14
14
Level 2
20
20
15
14
Level 3
9
7
10
9
19
15
22
17
9
10
4
5
Women
Level 4 or above Other qualifications Men
Level 4 or above Other qualifications
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Moving on up? Key statistics
4. Economic activity 4.1 Economic activity by country of birth ■
White British (72%) and Black Caribbean (73%) women had the highest economic activity rates, whilst the rates for Pakistani (30%) and Bangladeshi (27%) women were much lower.
■
White British (83%) men had the highest economic activity rates, compared with Black Caribbean (77%), Pakistani (69%) and Bangladeshi (68%) men.
■
Economic activity rates were around twice as high for Pakistani (43%) and Bangladeshi (44%) women born in the UK as for their female counterparts born outside the UK.
■
Unlike women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men born in the UK have lower economic activity rates than those born outside the UK.
Women’s economic activity rates, England and Wales, 2001
80 70
Percentage of working age women
14
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
White British
Black Caribbean
Born in the UK
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Born outside the UK
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
15
Table 12 Economic activity rates by country of birth, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
72
73
30
27
Born in the UK
72
74
43
44
Born outside the UK
72
71
23
22
Men
83
77
69
68
Born in the UK
83
82
62
56
Born outside the UK
84
73
73
71
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Table 13 Economic activity rates by qualification level, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
83
84
58
61
Level 2 or 3
74
74
44
46
Below level 2
61
64
17
13
Level 4 or above
91
88
83
82
Level 2 or 3
84
80
61
63
Below level 2
78
71
67
65
Women
Men
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
16
Moving on up? Key statistics
4.2 Economic activity by qualifications and presence of children in the household ■
In each ethnic group, women and men with level 4 qualifications or above had higher economic activity rates than those with lower level qualifications.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women who were qualified below level 2 had the lowest economic activity rates of 17% and 13% respectively.
■
The presence of dependent children in the household also reduced women’s economic activity rates irrespective of level of qualification.
■
For example, both Pakistani and Bangladeshi women qualified to level 4 or above who did not live in households with dependent children had economic activity rates around 20 percentage points higher than those who did.
■
Women qualified to level 4 or above with no children in the household had the highest economic activity rates at 88% of white British, 86% of Black Caribbean, 68% of Pakistani and 69% of Bangladeshi women.
■
The lowest economic activity rates were for those women qualified below level 2 with children in the household at 59% of white British, 60% of Black Caribbean, 15% of Pakistani and 12% of Bangladeshi women.
Table 14 Economic activity rates by qualification level and presence of dependent children in the household, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
81
83
47
50
Level 2 or 3
71
69
40
39
Below level 2
59
60
15
12
Level 4 or above
88
86
68
69
Level 2 or 3
86
83
58
61
Below level 2
70
74
22
24
Level 4 or above
97
91
87
87
Level 2 or 3
86
81
55
61
Below level 2
83
77
67
66
Level 4 or above
88
87
82
84
Level 2 or 3
89
83
69
78
Below level 2
79
74
67
75
Women In households with children
In households without children
Men In households with children
In households without children
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on the 2001 Census SARs.
Economic activity
4.3 Economic activity at the local level ■
At the local level, there were striking variations in economic activity rates compared with the national average.
■
A comparison of the highest and lowest economic activity rates for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women across these local authority districts, reveals gaps of 19 and seven percentage points respectively.
■
Pakistani women in Tower Hamlets had an economic activity rate around 80% higher than those in Birmingham.
Table 15 Economic activity rates for women and men in selected local authority districts, England, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
London
73
73
38
27
– Newham
62
71
29
25
– Tower Hamlets
70
68
42
23
Manchester
61
66
30
24
Birmingham
69
72
23
22
Bradford
74
73
24
22
Leeds
73
71
27
25
Leicester
68
69
38
26
Kirklees
75
77
25
–
Slough
79
79
40
–
Tameside
73
77
32
20
London
84
77
71
66
– Newham
76
77
66
68
– Tower Hamlets
81
74
68
62
Manchester
70
66
65
66
Birmingham
79
75
67
65
Bradford
83
76
67
66
Leeds
81
77
70
72
Leicester
78
75
70
71
Kirklees
83
77
68
–
Slough
89
85
73
–
Tameside
76
86
67
70
Women
Men
– Population less than 100. Source: Buckner, L, Yeandle, S and Botcherby, S (2007) Moving on up? Ethnic minority women and work: ethnic minority women and local labour markets. Manchester: EOC; Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
17
Moving on up? Key statistics
5. Unemployment 5.1 Unemployment at the national level ■
The unemployment rates of Black Caribbean women were twice as high as those of white British women, and those of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were around four times as high.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women born in the UK had lower unemployment rates than those born outside the UK, but this pattern did not apply to Black Caribbean women.
■
The unemployment rates for Black Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men were around three times the rate for white British men.
Women’s unemployment rates, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of economically active women
18
20
15
10
5
0
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
5.2 Qualifications and unemployment ■
Unemployment rates for women qualified to degree level (level 4 or above) were highest for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (10%), followed by Black Caribbean women (5%) and white British women (2%).
■
Bangladeshi women qualified below level 2 had the highest unemployment rate at 29%, around six times that of similarly-qualified white British women.
■
Unemployment rates for Black Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men were similar at each qualification level, and 2–3 times those of white British men with equivalent qualifications.
19
Table 16 Unemployment rates by country of birth, England and Wales, 2001 Percentages of economically active of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
4
8
15
17
Born in the UK
4
9
13
13
Born outside the UK
6
7
17
18
Men
5
15
14
16
Born in the UK
5
16
17
16
Born outside the UK
5
14
13
16
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Table 17 Unemployment rates by qualification level, England and Wales, 2001 Percentages of economically active of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
2
5
10
10
Level 2 or 3
3
8
12
12
Below level 2
5
10
24
29
Level 4 or above
3
9
8
9
Level 2 or 3
5
14
13
12
Below level 2
7
18
18
20
Women
Men
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
20
Moving on up? Key statistics
5.3 Jobseekers Allowance claimants ■
Between 2002 and 2006, numbers of women claiming Jobseekers Allowance increased by 37% for Bangladeshi women and by 20% for Black Caribbean and Pakistani women, while the number of white British women claimants went up by only 2%.
■
Black Caribbean and Bangladeshi men claiming Jobseekers Allowance also increased by 11% and 10% respectively, while white British male claimants decreased by 7%.
5.4 Unemployment at the local level ■
At the local level, there were striking variations in unemployment rates.
■
A comparison of the highest and lowest unemployment rates for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women across these local authority districts, revealed gaps of 12 and 11 percentage points respectively.
■
Pakistani women were around twice as likely to be unemployed in Bradford, Birmingham or Tower Hamlets as in Slough.
■
Black Caribbean women were twice as likely to be unemployed in Tameside as in Slough, but the unemployment rates for white British women in both these districts were low.
■
In the districts shown, the highest unemployment rate for Bangladeshi women (25%) was in Leeds and for Bangladeshi men (25%) was in Tower Hamlets.
Table 18 Change in Jobseekers Allowance (JSA) claimants, Great Britain, 2002–2006 JSA claimants, thousands
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
2002
171.7
5.5
4.8
1.8
2006
175.5
6.5
5.8
2.4
2.3
19.6
20.3
36.6
2002
502.2
18.9
14.9
7.2
2006
468.6
20.9
15.0
7.9
–6.7
10.7
0.8
10.0
Women
Percentage change Men
Percentage change
Source: DWP (2007) Jobseekers Allowance caseload, August 2002 and 2006, DWP tabulation tool.
Unemployment
Table 19 Unemployment rates in selected local authority districts, England, 2001 Percentages of economically active of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
London
4
8
12
16
– Newham
7
10
18
18
– Tower Hamlets
6
11
21
20
Manchester
6
10
16
14
Birmingham
5
10
22
22
Bradford
4
6
20
21
Leeds
4
6
15
25
Leicester
6
9
12
17
Kirklees
4
7
17
–
Slough
3
4
10
–
Tameside
4
10
10
24
6
16
11
19
10
18
14
19
9
23
11
25
Manchester
10
23
14
12
Birmingham
9
22
20
22
Bradford
7
17
20
16
Leeds
6
16
12
23
Leicester
9
21
14
14
Kirklees
5
16
13
–
Slough
4
9
11
–
Tameside
6
4
9
18
Women
Men London – Newham – Tower Hamlets
– Population less than 100. Source: Buckner, L, Yeandle, S and Botcherby, S (2007) Moving on up? Ethnic minority women and work: ethnic minority women and local labour markets. Manchester: EOC; Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
21
Moving on up? Key statistics
6. Employment 6.1 Employment rates and qualifications ■
Employment rates were lowest for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women at 22% and 18% respectively, around a third of the employment rate of white British women (66%).
■
Black Caribbean men and women both had an employment rate of 62%. In the other groups a higher percentage of men than women were in employment.
■
At all qualification levels, white British women had higher employment rates than women from other ethnic groups.
■
In each ethnic group, women with level 4 qualifications or above were more likely than those with lower qualifications to be in employment
■
Half of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women qualified to level 4 or above were in employment, and had employment rates between 40 and 45 percentage points higher than Pakistani and Bangladeshi women with no qualifications.
■
Between the early 1990s and early 2000s, women’s employment rates generally increased. The greatest increase of 15 percentage points was for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women with a degree.
Women’s employment rates by qualification level, England and Wales, 2001 100
Percentage of working age women
22
80
60
40
20
0
White British
Black Caribbean
No qualifications
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
23
Table 20 Employment rate by level of qualification, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
66
62
22
18
No qualifications
49
42
8
5
Level 1
69
64
26
21
Level 2
68
60
29
26
Level 3
63
56
29
29
Level 4 or above
82
78
49
49
Men
76
62
55
51
No qualifications
60
46
52
49
Level 1
84
68
55
52
Level 2
77
62
45
41
Level 3
70
58
37
36
Level 4 or above
87
77
72
70
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Table 21 Change in employment levels over time, Great Britain, 1992–5 & 2000–3 Percentage of women aged 22–60, excluding full-time students
White
Black Caribbean#
Pakistani & Bangladeshi
All women
69
64
17
With a degree
84
85
56
Without a degree
65
59
15
All women
73
68
23
With a degree
87
85
71
Without a degree
68
60
16
1992–1995
2000–2003
# includes black other.
Source: Lindley, J K, Dale A and Dex S (2006) Ethnic differences in women’s employment: the changing role of qualifications. Oxford Economic Papers 58: 351–378.
Moving on up? Key statistics
6.2 Qualifications of people in employment ■
Pakistani (35%), Black Caribbean (32%) and Bangladeshi (30%) women in employment were more likely to be qualified to level 4 or above than white British women (24%).
■
In contrast, a higher percentage of employed white British women (17%) had no qualifications than Black Caribbean (10%), Bangladeshi (12%) and Pakistani women (13%).
■
A higher percentage of Black Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in employment were qualified to level 4 or above compared with their male counterparts.
6.3 Parents and employment ■
The majority of Black Caribbean (70%), Pakistani (68%) and Bangladeshi women (65%) in employment were parents with dependent children, compared to half of white British women.
■
Black Caribbean women in employment were over three times as likely as Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British women to be single parents.
■
The majority of Pakistani (76%) and Bangladeshi (61%) men in employment were parents compared to around half of white British and Black Caribbean men.
Mothers in employment, England, 2001 80
Percentage of women in employment
24
60
40
20
0
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Employment
Table 22 Qualifications of people in employment, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of people in employment
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
No qualifications
17
10
13
12
Qualified to level 4+
24
32
35
30
6
4
9
8
19
20
22
17
No qualifications
18
20
30
39
Qualified to level 4+
23
20
31
24
No qualifications
11
10
26
19
Qualified to level 4+
14
12
17
16
Women aged 16–59
Women aged 16–24 No qualifications Qualified to level 4+ Men aged 16–64
Men aged 16–24
Note: Levels 1–3 and other qualifications are not shown. Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census and the 2001 Census SARs.
Table 23 Parental status of people in employment, England, 2001 Percentage of working age population in employment
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Parents
50
70
68
65
– Dual parent households
41
35
57
55
– Single parent households
9
35
11
10
Parents
50
51
76
61
– Dual parent households
49
50
75
57
– Single parent households
1
1
1
4
Women
Men
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
25
Moving on up? Key statistics
7. Types of employment 7.1 Full-time and part-time work ■
At 74%, Black Caribbean women employees had a higher rate of full-time working, compared with Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British women.
■
Women generally had much higher rates of part-time working than men. The exception was Bangladeshi women and men with similar part-time rates of around two in five.
■
White British, Pakistani and Bangladeshi female employees aged 16–24 were each more likely than older women in their ethnic group to work full-time, with the largest age gap for white British women.
Women working part-time, England and Wales, 2001 50
Percentage of women in employment
26
40
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean
16 – 24
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
25 and over
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
27
7.2 Temporary work ■
Temporary work includes: seasonal work, contract work, agency temping, casual work and other non-permanent work.
■
Around one in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were in temporary work.
■
Approximately twice as many Bangladeshi men employees as white British men employees were in temporary employment.
Table 24 Full-time and part-time employees, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of employees
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All employees – Full-time
59
74
62
62
– Part-time
41
26
38
38
16–24
– Full-time
80
72
68
65
– Part-time
20
28
32
35
25 and over – Full-time
56
74
59
60
– Part-time
44
26
41
40
All employees – Full-time
94
91
82
58
– Part-time
6
9
18
42
Women
Men
16–24
– Full-time
92
78
80
70
– Part-time
8
22
20
30
25 and over – Full-time
95
92
82
56
– Part-time
5
8
18
44
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 25 Employees in temporary work, Great Britain, 2002–2005 Percentage of employees
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
6
7
11
9
Men
4
6
7
9
Source: Platt, L (2006) Unpublished analysis of the Labour Force Survey, 2002–2005.
Moving on up? Key statistics
7.3 Self-employed ■
In 2001, one in ten Pakistani women in work were self-employed, a higher proportion than women in other ethnic groups.
■
There was an eight percentage points decline in Pakistani women’s, and a three percentage points decline in Bangladeshi women’s self-employment rates between 1991 and 2001.
■
Of those in employment, Pakistani women born outside the UK were more likely to be self-employed (15%) than those born in the UK (5%).
■
All groups of men had higher rates of self-employment than their female counterparts in 1991 and 2001.
■
Unlike women of the same ethnicity, the self-employment rates for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men remained high at 27% and 19% respectively.
■
Four times as many Black Caribbean men as women who worked were self-employed.
■
The highest self-employment rate in 2001 was for Pakistani men born outside the UK.
Women’s self-employment rates, Great Britain, 2001 20
Percentage of women in employment
28
15
10
5
0
White British
Black Caribbean
Born in the UK
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Born outside the UK
Source: Clark, K and Drinkwater, S (2006) Changing Patterns of Ethnic Minority Self-Employment in Britain: Evidence from Census Microdata, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2495, December 2006. Bonn: IZA. http://ftp.iza.org/dp2495.pdf and Clark, K (2007) Unpublished analysis.
Types of Employment
Table 26 Self-employment rates, Great Britain, 1991–2001 Percentage of people in employment
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women 1991
6
2
18
9
– Born in the UK
6
2
10
5
– Born outside the UK
8
2
22
10
2001
7
3
10
6
– Born in the UK
7
3
5
5
10
4
15
6
1991
17
9
27
19
– Born in the UK
17
7
15
15
– Born outside the UK
19
10
29
19
2001
17
13
27
19
– Born in the UK
17
11
18
11
– Born outside the UK
19
16
30
21
– Born outside the UK Men
Source: Clark, K and Drinkwater, S (2006) Changing Patterns of Ethnic Minority Self-Employment in Britain: Evidence from Census Microdata, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2495, December 2006. Bonn: IZA. http://ftp.iza.org/dp2495.pdf and Clark, K (2007) Unpublished analysis.
29
Moving on up? Key statistics
8. Occupation and industry 8.1 Occupations ■
A higher percentage of white British women (11%) than Black Caribbean (9%) and Pakistani (9%) women were employed as managers and senior officials. White British women were almost twice as likely as Bangladeshi women (6%) to be employed in this occupational group.
■
Nearly half of Black Caribbean women worked in associate professional and technical jobs or administrative and secretarial jobs.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women had high rates of working in sales and customer service jobs. Around one in five Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were in sales and customer service jobs, compared with one in ten Black Caribbean women.
■
All groups of men were more likely to be in manager and senior official jobs than their female counterparts.
■
Almost a quarter of Bangladeshi men (23%) worked in elementary occupations, for example waiters and kitchen assistants, and a similar proportion (24%) worked in skilled trades.
Women managers and senior officials, England, 2001
12
Percentage of women in employment
30
10 8 6 4 2 0
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
31
Table 27 Employment by occupational group, England, 2001 Percentage of people in employment
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Managers and senior officials
11
9
9
6
Professionals
10
10
13
11
Associate professional and technical
14
20
11
11
Administrative and secretarial
23
27
20
23
2
2
1
2
Personal service
13
14
12
12
Sales and customer service
12
9
19
Process, plant and machine operatives
3
2
6
4
12
8
10
10
Managers and senior officials
19
11
14
14
Professionals
12
9
11
8
Associate professional and technical
14
14
7
5
7
6
6
20
19
9
24
Personal service
2
4
2
1
Sales and customer service
4
6
10
10
Process, plant and machine operatives
13
15
25
8
Elementary occupations
12
15
15
23
Women
Skilled trades
Elementary occupations
22
Men
Administrative and secretarial Skilled trades
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
6
Moving on up? Key statistics
8.2 The most common five occupations for each ethnic group ■
Over one in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were sales assistants.
■
Just under one in ten Black Caribbean women were nurses.
■
Bangladeshi men were the most concentrated of any group in a narrow range of occupations. Over half were in just five types of jobs, with one in five working as cooks and over one in ten in jobs as waiters.
■
24% of white and 29% of Black Caribbean women worked in their five most common occupations, compared with 12% of white men and 13% of Black Caribbean men.
Employment in five most common occupations, England and Wales, 2001
60
Percentage of people in employment
32
50
40
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean Women
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Men
Source: Blackwell, L and Guinea-Martin, D (2005) Occupational segregation by sex and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1991 to 2001. Labour Market Trends, December: 501–16.
Occupation and industry
Table 28 Most common occupations, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of people in employment
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
8% Sales assistants
8% Nurses
12% Sales assistants
15% Sales assistants
5% Clerks
7% Clerks
5% Clerks
6% Clerks
Third
4% Care assistants
6% Care assistants
3% Educational occupations
5% Educational assistants
Fourth
4% Other secretaries
5% Sales assistants
3% Care assistants
3% Retail cashiers
4% Cleaners
4% Other secretaries
3% Financial clerks
3% Financial clerks
24%
29%
26%
32%
Most common
3% Production managers
3% Sales assistants
11% Taxi drivers
21% Cooks
Second
3% Storage occupations
3% Storage occupations
7% Sales assistants
12% Waiters
Third
2% Retail managers
2% Security guards
3% Shopkeepers
7% Restaurant managers
Fourth
2% Sales assistants
2% Postal workers
3% Retail managers
7% Sales assistants
Fifth
2% Metal workers
2% Van drivers
2% Packers
5% Kitchen assistants
12%
13%
26%
53%
Women Most common Second
Fifth Total in these occupations Men
Total in these occupations
Source: Blackwell, L and Guinea-Martin, D (2005) Occupational segregation by sex and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1991 to 2001. Labour Market Trends, December: 501–16.
33
Moving on up? Key statistics
8.3 Public sector ■
Almost half of working Black Caribbean women were employed in the public sector, the highest proportion of any group.
■
White British and Black Caribbean women in employment were around twice as likely to work in the public sector as their male counterparts.
■
Over a third of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in employment worked in the public sector compared with a tenth of Pakistani and Bangladeshi men.
Public sector employment, Great Britain, 2002–05 50
Percentage of people in employment
34
40
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean Women
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Men
Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
8.4 Industry sectors ■
Of those in employment, almost three in ten Black Caribbean women were in health and social work compared with fewer than two in ten women from the other ethnic groups.
■
Around a quarter of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women worked in wholesale and retail.
■
45% of Bangladeshi men worked in hotels and restaurants, the most concentrated of any group.
Occupation and industry
Table 29 Employment in the public sector, Great Britain, 2002–05 Percentage of people in employment of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
34
46
37
36
Men
16
21
10
10
Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
Table 30 Employment by industry sector, England, 2001 Percentage of people in employment of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women Manufacturing
9
5
9
6
Construction
2
1
1
1
18
12
25
26
Hotels & restaurants
6
4
3
7
Transport, storage & communication
4
5
5
3
Banking, real estate & business activities*
18
21
18
16
Public administration & defence
6
9
6
Education
12
10
14
14
Health & social work
19
28
15
17
Manufacturing
21
16
20
8
Construction
12
9
3
2
Wholesale & retail
16
16
24
17
Hotels & restaurants
3
4
8
45
Transport, storage & communication
9
15
18
6
Banking, real estate & business activities*
18
19
16
Public administration & defence
6
6
3
2
Education
4
4
2
3
Health & social work
3
7
4
4
Wholesale & retail
7
Men
11
Note: Not all sectors are included in this table. * Banking, real estate & business activities combines banking, insurance and pension provision with real estate, renting and business activities. Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
35
36
Moving on up? Key statistics
8.4 Occupations within industries ■
Over a third of Black Caribbean women working in the health and social work sector were in associate professional and technical occupations, such as nurses, compared with one in four white British women and one in five Pakistani and Bangladeshi women working in the sector.
■
Three in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women working in education were in professional jobs, compared with four in ten Black Caribbean women and more than four in ten white British women.
■
Only in hotels and restaurants were Pakistani and Bangladeshi women more likely to be managers and senior officials than white British or Black Caribbean women.
■
In the manufacturing sector, almost seven in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were in elementary and operative jobs compared with four in ten white British women.
■
In contrast, six in ten white British women working in hotels and restaurants were in elementary and operative jobs, compared with a third of Bangladeshi women.
Occupation and industry
Table 31 Women’s occupations within industry sectors, England, 2001 Percentage of working age women employed in each industry sector
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Elementary & operative
40
35
69
68
Associate prof. & technical
12
13
5
7
Professional
3
4
3
2
Managers & senior officials
11
9
4
6
Elementary & operative
14
12
18
16
Associate prof. & technical
4
5
2
3
Professional
1
–
2
1
Managers & senior officials
14
9
11
7
Elementary & operative
7
3
5
7
Associate prof. & technical
25
35
19
21
Professional
5
8
16
12
Managers & senior officials
6
7
5
1
Elementary & operative
13
11
19
14
Associate prof. & technical
6
10
6
5
Professional
44
39
29
30
Managers & senior officials
2
1
–
–
Manufacturing
Wholesale & retail
Health & social work
Education
Banking, insurance & pension provision Elementary & operative
2
2
4
–
Associate prof. & technical
15
14
18
19
Professional
3
7
4
4
Managers & senior officials
14
14
11
9
Elementary & operative
61
54
55
35
Associate prof. & technical
2
3
2
–
Professional
–
1
–
–
Managers & senior officials
15
10
17
20
Hotels & restaurants
– Less than 0.5% Notes: Column sub-groups do not add up to 100% as some occupational groups have been omitted. The selected occuptions broadly reflect higher level jobs (managers & senior officials, professional, associate professional & technical) and lower level jobs (elementary & operative, combines process, plant and machine operatives with elementary occupations). Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on the 2001 Census SARs.
37
38
Moving on up? Key statistics
9. Pay and pensions 9.1 Pay ■
The pay gap for Pakistani women who work full-time (28%) is greater than for white British and Black Caribbean women.
■
Bangladeshi men face the widest full-time pay gap at 39%, compared with the full-time pay gaps of Pakistani and Black Caribbean men.
■
The pay gaps for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men working part-time were particularly high.
■
Higher level qualifications reduced the full-time pay gap for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men relative to white British men with the same level of qualifications.
Pay gap compared with white British men working full-time, Great Britain, 2001–2005 Women White British Black Caribbean Pakistani Bangladeshi Men White British Black Caribbean
†
Pakistani Bangladeshi 0
10
20
Part-time pay gap
30
40
Full-time pay gap
† Not shown as based on small sample. Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
50
60
39
Table 32 Pay gap compared with white men working full-time, Great Britain, 2001–2005 Percentage pay gap relative to white British men working full-time
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women full-time
17
9
28
23
part-time
35
34
35
43
full-time, qualified to level 3+
15
10
26
23
full-time
#
11
20
39
part-time
33
–
54
52
#
8
9
13
Men
full-time, qualified to level 3+
# reference group. Both full-time and part-time earnings for women and men are compared with white British men’s average full-time earnings, whilst full-time earnings of employees qualified to level 3 or above are compared with white British men in full-time work and qualified to level 3 or above. Some of these estimates have large standard errors, hence apparently large differences may not be significant, and further details are given in the report. – not shown as based on too small a sample. Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
9.2 Pensions ■
Nearly twice as many Pakistani and Bangladeshi women have no entitlement to a State Pension, compared with white or black women.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are twice as likely as white or black women to be accruing entitlement to just the basic State Pension.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are considerably less likely to be accruing the basic State Pension and State Second Pension.
■
8% of Pakistani or Bangladeshi women were members of an occupational pension scheme, compared with 33% of white women.
■
Just 1% of Pakistani/Bangladeshi women were contributing to a private pension scheme, compared with 9% of white women and 17% of white men.
■
White men were the most likely to have both an occupational pension (35%) or to be contributing to a private pension (17%).
40
Moving on up? Key statistics
Table 33 State pension accrual, Great Britain, 2001/2–2003/4 Percentage of women of working age
White
Black
Not accruing any State Pension
13
12
23
Accruing basic State Pension only*
11
11
22
Accruing basic State Pension and State Second Pension*
76
77
Pakistani/ Bangladeshi
55
* Home Responsibilities Protection included as a basic State Pension accrual. Second State Pension accrued by paid workers, carers for adults and mothers of children aged under six. Source: DWP (2005) Women and pensions: the evidence. London: DWP.
Table 34 Occupational and personal pensions, United Kingdom, 2002–03 Percentage of people aged between 20 years old and state pension age
White
Black
Pakistani/ Bangladeshi
33
28
8
9
4
contributing to an occupational pension
35
25
9
contributing to a personal pension
17
5
4
Women aged 20–59 contributing to an occupational pension contributing to a personal pension
1
Men aged 20–64
Source: DWP (2004) Written answer from Malcolm Wicks to Vera Baird MP, Hansard Column 1128, 26 March 2004.
41
Conclusion One of the key issues identified during this project has been the limited availability of statistical data analysed by gender and ethnicity. The most robust source is currently the 2001 Census. However, with a Census only every ten years it will be at least five years until updated results are published. Census questions are also limited in number and complexity. Change could occur rapidly over the next few years as increasing numbers of young ethnic minority women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in particular, leave education and enter employment. A regular, reliable source of data is essential in measuring their progress in the labour market. Educational statistics disaggregated both by gender and ethnic group will also be very important in monitoring the achievements of girls and boys in different ethnic groups. More regular data collection is therefore needed to track trends between Censuses, as well as to provide information that cannot be collected by a Census. The Labour Force Survey currently provides some information of this type, and the development of its successor, the proposed Integrated Household Survey, provides an opportunity to improve the coverage of the ethnic minority population. Users of statistics are encouraged to investigate the data that are available disaggregated by gender and ethnicity, and to request further analysis where this information is not published. Analysis at this level of detail allows the user to move beyond unhelpful generalisations and begin to recognise the complexity of identity.
42
Moving on up? Key statistics
Other publications from the EOC’s Moving on up? investigation Adams, L. and Carter, K. (2007) Black and Asian women in the workplace: the employer perspective. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Adams, L. and Carter, K. (2007) Black and Asian women in the workplace: The Welsh employers perspective. Cardiff: Equal Opportunities Commission. Bhavnani, R. (2006) Ahead of the Game: the changing aspirations of young ethnic minority women. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Botcherby, S. (2006) Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean women and employment survey: Aspirations, experiences and choices. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Bradley, H., Healy, G., Forson, C. and Kaul, P. (2007) Workplace cultures: what works and what doesn’t. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Buckner, L., Yeandle, S. and Botcherby, S. (2007) Ethnic minority women and local labour markets. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (2006) Moving on up? Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women and work. Early findings from the EOC’s investigation in England. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (2007) Moving on up? The way forward. Manchester: EOC. Equal Opportunities Commission Scotland (EOC) (2005) Review of research on minority ethnic women in Scotland. Glasgow: Equal Opportunities Commission. Equal Opportunities Commission Scotland (EOC) (2006) Moving on up? Visible minority ethnic women at work. Glasgow: Equal Opportunities Commission. Hamdi, S. (2007) Thinking about work – the aspirations of ethnic minority girls in Cardiff and South East Wales. Cardiff: Equal Opportunities Commission. Platt, L. (2006) Pay gaps: the position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Speed, L. (2007) Job seeking behaviour of ethnic minority students. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Sharma, K. (2007) Focus Groups with Muslim women in Nottingham and Derby: Barriers to Employment. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.
43
The Market Specialists and NB Associates (2006) Glass doors not glass ceilings: research into the employment of visible minority ethnic women in Scotland. Glasgow: Equal Opportunities Commission. Thewlis, M. (2007) Moving on up? Ethnic minority women and work in Wales. Cardiff: Equal Opportunities Commission.
Other sources containing statistics on ethnic minority women and men in Scotland and Wales Breitenbach, E and Wasoff, F (2007) A gender audit of statistics: comparing the position of women and men in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. National Assembly for Wales (2004) A statistical focus on ethnicity in Wales. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales. Further information available from: Scottish Executive at www.scotland.gov.uk National Assembly for Wales at www.wales.gov.uk
Moving on up? Key statistics
Equal Opportunities Commission Helpline Free, confidential and impartial advice and information on sex discrimination and equal pay
0845 601 5901
9am – 5pm Monday – Friday Calls from BT landlines are charged at local rates Calls may be monitored for training purposes Interpreting service available through Language Line, when you call our Helpline Typetalk service available on 18001 0845 601 5901 Great Britain Arndale House Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3EQ email: [email protected] Scotland St Stephens House 279 Bath Street Glasgow G2 4JL email: [email protected] Wales Windsor House Windsor Lane Cardiff CF10 3GE email: [email protected] To find out more about us, visit www.eoc.org.uk For specialist legal information, visit www.eoc-law.org.uk (England and Wales) or www.eoc-law-scotland.org.uk (Scotland). This report can be downloaded from our website: www.eoc.org.uk If you require this report in a different format, for example large print, please contact our Helpline
To find more resources on ethnic minority women and work visit www.eoc.org.uk/bme
© EOC March 2007 ISBN 978 1 84206 019 3
Photos courtesy of: www.paulineneild.co.uk www.rahil.co.uk Design and production by Design Projects, Presteigne 01544 262792
46
Key statistics
Moving on up? Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women and work
March 2007
45
About the investigation In October 2005, the Equal Opportunities Commission launched Moving on up? Ethnic minority women at work, a GB-wide investigation into the participation, pay and progression of ethnic minority women in the labour market. The overall aim of the investigation was to understand more about the diverse experiences and aspirations of ethnic minority women in relation to work, including barriers to progress, so that effective action can be taken to improve their labour market prospects. The focus was on women, as there was insufficient labour market evidence available that showed how gender, race and faith intersect in the labour market. The investigation focused particularly, though not exclusively, on Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women. Pakistani and Bangladeshi women because they have the lowest rates of employment of any other ethnic group, and Black Caribbean women because they are underrepresented in senior level jobs, despite being more likely than white women to work full-time. A focus on these three groups meant that resources could be channelled more effectively for in-depth research and analysis, and in order to avoid over-generalisations about ethnic minority women. The EOC has commissioned new research and analysis to support the investigation, including the voices of women at every stage. Moving on up? is a statutory investigation under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. The legislation gives the EOC the power to undertake general formal investigations into deep-seated issues of gender inequality or discrimination, and to make recommendations to those in a position to make changes, including Government. This briefing is a companion volume to Moving on up? the way forward. The Moving on up? investigation was supported by the European Social Fund. All research reports produced for the investigation are available on the EOC’s website at www.eoc.org.uk. Please email [email protected] or phone our Helpline if you require a printed copy of any report. For more information on the investigation visit our website www.eoc.org.uk/bme
Contents
page
Introduction
2
Definitions
3
1. Population
4
2. Families and caring
8
3. Education and qualifications
12
4. Economic activity
14
5. Unemployment
18
6. Employment
22
7. Types of employment
26
8. Occupation and industry
30
9. Pay and pensions
38
Conclusion
41
Other publications
42
Moving on up? Key statistics
Introduction The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) produced the statistical briefing Ethnic minority women and men in Britain in 2004, primarily using published 2001 Census tables. In it the EOC identified the lack of data available on gender and ethnicity, and also raised the importance of considering differences, as well as similarities, both within ethnic minority groups and between women and men from the same or different ethnic backgrounds. Since the 2004 briefing was published, the EOC has collected a wealth of data for the Moving on up? investigation. One of the key recommendations from the interim report for the investigation was the importance of exploring national level data in greater depth and detail, and by gender and ethnicity where possible. This statistics briefing includes a selection of the data that was commissioned to support the investigation, such as secondary analysis of the 2001 Census and the Labour Force Survey. The topics covered are: population, families and caring, education, economic activity, unemployment, employment, types of employment, occupation and industry, pay and pensions. It is intended as a companion volume to Moving on up? the way forward, but can also be used as a resource in its own right. A full list of reports produced for the investigation can be found on page 42. The data in this briefing refer primarily to England and Wales in 2001. They include data relating to the UK, Great Britain or England where necessary and more recent statistics where available. Although 2001 data will not exactly reflect the current position, in many cases they represent the most recent, sufficiently detailed source of statistics available. It is recognised that the lack of more comprehensive data on people from ethnic minority communities in Wales and Scotland also needs to be addressed, and information on reports relating to the ethnic minority women in these countries can be found on page 43. The majority of statistics in this briefing have been derived from the 2001 Census. We would particularly like to thank Lisa Buckner at the University of Leeds for the additional analysis she has provided. This includes analysis based on tables commissioned from the Office for National Statistics and analysis using the 2001 Census SARs. The SARs (a 3% sample of Census returns) were provided through the Centre for Census and Survey Research of the University of Manchester, with the support of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). Almost all the statistics in this briefing are covered by Crown copyright and are reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.
Definitions The following definitions apply throughout the briefing: Economic activity and inactivity The economically active include those in employment, the unemployed and economically active students. All other groups are described as economically inactive. Children Dependent children are those living at home and aged under 16 or aged 16–18 and in full-time education. Other children still living at home and without a partner or children are described as non-dependent. Employment Those in employment are those who had a job during the week prior to the Census: as an employee, self-employed/freelance, on a Government-sponsored training scheme, or in a family business. Family A family is a married or cohabiting couple with or without children, or a lone parent with children. It includes same sex couples. Parents A married or cohabiting couple or lone parent with dependent children who live in the same household. Qualification levels These are based on the National Qualifications Framework, and are defined as follows: Level 4 and above is equivalent to higher education qualifications, including degrees. Level 3 is equivalent to two or more GCE ‘A’ levels. Level 2 is equivalent to five or more GCSE grades A* – C. Level 1 is equivalent to GCSE grades below five or more grades A* – C. Unemployment The unemployed were those without a job in the week prior to the Census who: were actively looking for paid work during the last four weeks, could have started work within two weeks, or were waiting to start a job already obtained. This classification is based on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) definition.
Moving on up? Key statistics
1. Population 1.1 The ethnic minority population of England and Wales ■
The total population of England and Wales in 2001 was 52 million, of which 4.5 million or 8.7% were from ethnic minority groups. Overall, 87.5% of the population were white British, 1.4% Pakistani, 0.5% Bangladeshi and 1.1% Black Caribbean.
■
After adjusting for undercounting in the 1991 Census, the size of the white population changed little between 1991 and 2001, whilst the Black Caribbean population increased by a tenth, the Pakistani population increased by about half and the Bangladeshi population increased by around two-thirds.
■
A higher percentage of the under 16s than older age groups were from ethnic minority groups: 13.0% in total. Overall, 84.9% of this age group were white British, 2.4% Pakistani, 1.0% Bangladeshi and 1.1% Black Caribbean.
■
Only 3.1% of those past state pension age (60 for women and 65 for men) were from ethnic minority groups.
■
Over half the Black Caribbean and Pakistani populations were born in the UK, and just under half of the Bangladeshi population.
Ethnic minority groups by age, England and Wales, 2001 Age group
0 – 15
16 – 59/64
60/65+
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Percentage of age group Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Other ethnic minority
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 1 Population change, England and Wales, 1991–2001 Thousands
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All ethnic minority*
1991
47,877
514
469
167
3,048
2001
47,521
564
715
281
4,521
-1
+10
+52
+69
+48
Percentage change
* All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2006) A guide to comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic group data.
Table 2 Total population by age, England and Wales, 2001 Thousands
White British
Women & girls
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All ethnic minority*
23,359
303
353
139
2,299
0–15
4,338
57
122
53
670
16–59
13,310
200
209
80
1,455
5,711
45
21
6
175
22,175
261
362
142
2,222
0–15
4,565
58
128
55
693
16–64
14,363
173
218
81
1,411
3,247
31
17
6
118
60 and over Men & boys
65 and over
* All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 3 Country of birth, England and Wales, 2001 Column percentage (each gender)
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women Born in the UK Born outside the UK
98
57
55
47
2
43
45
53
98
58
55
46
2
42
45
54
Men Born in the UK Born outside the UK
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Moving on up? Key statistics
1.2 Geographic distribution ■
The regions with the highest percentages of the ethnic minority population in England and Wales were London (46%), West Midlands (13%) and the South East (9%).
■
Three-fifths of the Black Caribbean population lived in London. Another 15% of the Black Caribbean population lived in the West Midlands, including 8% in Birmingham.
■
The majority of the Pakistani population was divided between four regions: the West Midlands (22%), London (20%), Yorkshire and the Humber (20%) and the North West (16%). Birmingham (15%) and Bradford (10%) were the cities with the largest Pakistani populations.
■
More than half (55%) the Bangladeshi population lived in London, particularly in Tower Hamlets (23%). One in ten (11%) lived in the West Midlands, including 7% in Birmingham.
■
Outside of London, the towns or cities with the highest percentages of ethnic minority people in their population were Leicester and Slough, each with 36%, followed by Birmingham (30%) and Luton (28%).
■
Within London the areas with the highest percentages of ethnic minorities relative to their populations were Newham (61%), Brent (55%) and Tower Hamlets (49%).
Population
Table 4 Regional distribution of each ethnic group, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of each ethnic group
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All ethnic minority*
London
9
61
20
55
46
– Tower Hamlets
–
1
–
23
2
West Midlands
10
15
22
11
13
– Birmingham
1
8
15
7
6
South East
16
5
8
5
9
North West
14
4
16
9
8
Yorkshire and the Humber
10
4
20
4
7
1
1
10
2
2
11
5
5
7
6
8
5
4
2
6
10
2
1
2
3
Wales
6
–
1
2
1
North East
5
–
2
2
1
– Bradford East of England East Midlands South West
– less than 0.5%, * All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 5 Ethnic minority populations of selected cities, England, 2001 Thousands
Percentage ethnic minority*
White
All ethnic minority
Birmingham
687
290
30
Bradford
366
102
22
Leeds
657
58
8
Leicester
179
101
36
London
5,103
2,069
29
– Brent
119
144
55
96
148
61
– Tower Hamlets
101
95
49
Luton
133
52
28
Manchester
318
75
19
76
43
36
– Newham
Slough
* All ethnic minority refers to all non-white groups. Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD Supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Moving on up? Key statistics
2. Families and caring 2.1 Families with dependent children ■
A higher percentage of ethnic minority families than white families had dependent children. Four out of five Bangladeshi families had dependent children compared with just over two out of five white families.
■
A higher percentage of Bangladeshi and Pakistani families than white or Black Caribbean families had three or more dependent children.
Families with dependent children, Great Britain, 2001 100
Percentage of families
80 60 40 20 0
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
One dependent child
Two dependent children
Three or more dependent children
No dependent children
Source: ONS (2005) Focus on Families: data tables.
2.2 Births in 2000/1 ■
Over half of Pakistani and Bangladeshi mothers giving birth in 2000/1 were under 27 years old, compared with a third of white and Black Caribbean mothers.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi mothers giving birth in 2000/1 were most likely to be 21–26 years old, whilst white mothers were most likely to be 27–32 years old and Black Caribbean mothers most likely to be aged 33 or over.
■
Only 13% of Bangladeshi and 21% of Pakistani mothers worked during pregnancy, compared with 71% of white and 69% of Black Caribbean mothers.
■
Of those mothers who did not work during pregnancy, 68% of Bangladeshi and 58% of Pakistani mothers had never had a paid job.
Table 6 Families with dependent children, Great Britain, 2001 Percentage of families
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
One dependent child
18
32
22
22
Two dependent children
17
20
21
22
7
10
29
35
58
38
28
21
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Three or more dependent children No dependent children
Source: ONS (2005) Focus on Families: data tables.
Table 7 Mother’s age at birth of child, Great Britain, 2000/1 Percentage of mothers, sweep 1¹
White
Black Caribbean
up to 20 years old
11
13
11
9
21–26 years
21
20
42
47
27–32 years
40
24
32
32
33 years and over
29
44
16
12
Source: Dex, S and Ward, K (2007) Unpublished data from the Millennium Cohort Study.
Table 8 Working during pregnancy, Great Britain, 2000/1 Percentage of mothers, sweep 1¹
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Worked during pregnancy
71
69
21
13
Didn’t work during pregnancy
29
31
79
87
Never had a paid job (percentage of those who didn’t work during pregnancy)
15
24
58
68
Source: Dex, S and Ward, K (2007) Parental care and employment in early childhood. Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) Sweeps 1 and 2. EOC Working Paper Series No.57. Manchester: EOC.
1. The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a nationally representative sample of parents with babies born between September 2000 to December 2001. The GB sample at Sweep 1 when the baby was 9–10 months old contained 16,588 mothers and 11,935 fathers; at Sweep 2 when the child was 3 it contained 14,048 mothers and 9,747 fathers. Visit http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/studies.asp?section=000100020001 for further information about the MCS.
Moving on up? Key statistics
2.2 Informal carers ■
Carers are people looking after or giving help or support to family members, friends neighbours or others, because of long term physical or mental ill-health or disability, or problems related to old age.
■
Overall rates of caring were highest for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women of working age at around one in six.
■
A higher proportion of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women provided 50 or more hours care per week than white British and Black Caribbean women.
■
Rates of caring were mostly slightly lower for women in employment compared with all women of working age, but the main difference was a reduction in hours of care.
Women carers by hours of unpaid care, England, 2001 20
Percentage of women of working age
10
15
10
5
0
White British 50+ hours
Black Caribbean 20 – 49 hours
Pakistani
Bangladeshi 1 – 19 hours
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Families and caring
Table 9 Hours of unpaid care* given per week, England, 2001 Percentage of women of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All women 1–19 hours
10.4
7.7
7.7
7.3
20–49 hours
1.6
1.5
3.3
2.8
50+ hours
2.6
1.6
5.2
5.6
All carers
14.6
10.8
16.2
15.7
11.4
8.5
10.4
10.1
20–49 hours
1.3
1.4
2.7
2.5
50+ hours
1.4
1.1
1.9
1.7
All carers
14.1
11.0
15.0
14.3
Women in employment 1–19 hours
* Carers are people looking after or giving help or support to family members, friends, neighbours or others, because of long term physical or mental ill-health or disability, or problems related to old age. Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
11
Moving on up? Key statistics
3. Education and qualifications 3.1 GCSE results ■
62% of white British and Bangladeshi girls achieved five or more GCSE A*–C grades or equivalent, followed by 58% of Pakistani and 53% of Black Caribbean girls.
■
When English and Maths were included, white British (48%) and Bangladeshi (42%) girls still achieved higher results than Black Caribbean and Pakistani girls.
■
A higher percentage of Bangladeshi (42%) girls achieved five or more A*–C grades, including Maths and English, than white British boys (40%).
■
In each ethnic group, a higher percentage of girls than boys achieved five or more A*–C grades, whether or not Maths and English were included.
GCSE qualifications†, England, 2005/6 50
40
Percentage of pupils
12
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean Girls
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Boys
† Five or more GCSE grades A*– C or equivalent, including Maths & English GCSEs. Source: DfES (2007) National curriculum assessment, GCSE and equivalent attainment and post-16 attainment by pupil characteristics in England 2005/06 (revised). London: DfES.
3.2 Highest qualification ■
A quarter (26%) of Black Caribbean women of working age were qualified to degree level or higher, a higher percentage than other women.
■
One in five (22%) Pakistani men were qualified to degree level or higher, a higher percentage than other men.
■
There were fewer Black Caribbean women with no qualifications (15%) than other women or men of working age.
■
Bangladeshi women were most likely to have no qualifications (48%), followed by Pakistani women (43%) and Bangladeshi men (42%).
13
Table 10 GCSE and equivalent qualifications, England, 2005/6 Percentage of Key Stage 4 pupils
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Girls Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent
62
53
58
Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent, including English and Mathematics GCSEs
48
36
39
42
237,631
4,383
6,594
2,947
Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent
53
37
45
51
Achieving 5 or more A*–Cs or equivalent, including English and Mathematics GCSEs
40
23
31
35
245,975
4,191
7,233
2,847
No. of eligible pupils
62
Boys
No. of eligible pupils
Source: DfES (2007) National curriculum assessment, GCSE and equivalent attainment and post-16 attainment by pupil characteristics in England 2005/06 (revised). London: DfES.
Table 11 Highest qualifications by level, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of the working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
No qualifications
23
15
43
48
Level 1
20
22
12
13
Level 2
24
24
16
16
Level 3
9
9
9
9
19
26
16
11
4
5
3
3
No qualifications
24
27
35
42
Level 1
19
23
14
14
Level 2
20
20
15
14
Level 3
9
7
10
9
19
15
22
17
9
10
4
5
Women
Level 4 or above Other qualifications Men
Level 4 or above Other qualifications
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Moving on up? Key statistics
4. Economic activity 4.1 Economic activity by country of birth ■
White British (72%) and Black Caribbean (73%) women had the highest economic activity rates, whilst the rates for Pakistani (30%) and Bangladeshi (27%) women were much lower.
■
White British (83%) men had the highest economic activity rates, compared with Black Caribbean (77%), Pakistani (69%) and Bangladeshi (68%) men.
■
Economic activity rates were around twice as high for Pakistani (43%) and Bangladeshi (44%) women born in the UK as for their female counterparts born outside the UK.
■
Unlike women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men born in the UK have lower economic activity rates than those born outside the UK.
Women’s economic activity rates, England and Wales, 2001
80 70
Percentage of working age women
14
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
White British
Black Caribbean
Born in the UK
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Born outside the UK
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
15
Table 12 Economic activity rates by country of birth, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
72
73
30
27
Born in the UK
72
74
43
44
Born outside the UK
72
71
23
22
Men
83
77
69
68
Born in the UK
83
82
62
56
Born outside the UK
84
73
73
71
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Table 13 Economic activity rates by qualification level, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
83
84
58
61
Level 2 or 3
74
74
44
46
Below level 2
61
64
17
13
Level 4 or above
91
88
83
82
Level 2 or 3
84
80
61
63
Below level 2
78
71
67
65
Women
Men
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
16
Moving on up? Key statistics
4.2 Economic activity by qualifications and presence of children in the household ■
In each ethnic group, women and men with level 4 qualifications or above had higher economic activity rates than those with lower level qualifications.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women who were qualified below level 2 had the lowest economic activity rates of 17% and 13% respectively.
■
The presence of dependent children in the household also reduced women’s economic activity rates irrespective of level of qualification.
■
For example, both Pakistani and Bangladeshi women qualified to level 4 or above who did not live in households with dependent children had economic activity rates around 20 percentage points higher than those who did.
■
Women qualified to level 4 or above with no children in the household had the highest economic activity rates at 88% of white British, 86% of Black Caribbean, 68% of Pakistani and 69% of Bangladeshi women.
■
The lowest economic activity rates were for those women qualified below level 2 with children in the household at 59% of white British, 60% of Black Caribbean, 15% of Pakistani and 12% of Bangladeshi women.
Table 14 Economic activity rates by qualification level and presence of dependent children in the household, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
81
83
47
50
Level 2 or 3
71
69
40
39
Below level 2
59
60
15
12
Level 4 or above
88
86
68
69
Level 2 or 3
86
83
58
61
Below level 2
70
74
22
24
Level 4 or above
97
91
87
87
Level 2 or 3
86
81
55
61
Below level 2
83
77
67
66
Level 4 or above
88
87
82
84
Level 2 or 3
89
83
69
78
Below level 2
79
74
67
75
Women In households with children
In households without children
Men In households with children
In households without children
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on the 2001 Census SARs.
Economic activity
4.3 Economic activity at the local level ■
At the local level, there were striking variations in economic activity rates compared with the national average.
■
A comparison of the highest and lowest economic activity rates for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women across these local authority districts, reveals gaps of 19 and seven percentage points respectively.
■
Pakistani women in Tower Hamlets had an economic activity rate around 80% higher than those in Birmingham.
Table 15 Economic activity rates for women and men in selected local authority districts, England, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
London
73
73
38
27
– Newham
62
71
29
25
– Tower Hamlets
70
68
42
23
Manchester
61
66
30
24
Birmingham
69
72
23
22
Bradford
74
73
24
22
Leeds
73
71
27
25
Leicester
68
69
38
26
Kirklees
75
77
25
–
Slough
79
79
40
–
Tameside
73
77
32
20
London
84
77
71
66
– Newham
76
77
66
68
– Tower Hamlets
81
74
68
62
Manchester
70
66
65
66
Birmingham
79
75
67
65
Bradford
83
76
67
66
Leeds
81
77
70
72
Leicester
78
75
70
71
Kirklees
83
77
68
–
Slough
89
85
73
–
Tameside
76
86
67
70
Women
Men
– Population less than 100. Source: Buckner, L, Yeandle, S and Botcherby, S (2007) Moving on up? Ethnic minority women and work: ethnic minority women and local labour markets. Manchester: EOC; Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
17
Moving on up? Key statistics
5. Unemployment 5.1 Unemployment at the national level ■
The unemployment rates of Black Caribbean women were twice as high as those of white British women, and those of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were around four times as high.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women born in the UK had lower unemployment rates than those born outside the UK, but this pattern did not apply to Black Caribbean women.
■
The unemployment rates for Black Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men were around three times the rate for white British men.
Women’s unemployment rates, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of economically active women
18
20
15
10
5
0
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
5.2 Qualifications and unemployment ■
Unemployment rates for women qualified to degree level (level 4 or above) were highest for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (10%), followed by Black Caribbean women (5%) and white British women (2%).
■
Bangladeshi women qualified below level 2 had the highest unemployment rate at 29%, around six times that of similarly-qualified white British women.
■
Unemployment rates for Black Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men were similar at each qualification level, and 2–3 times those of white British men with equivalent qualifications.
19
Table 16 Unemployment rates by country of birth, England and Wales, 2001 Percentages of economically active of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
4
8
15
17
Born in the UK
4
9
13
13
Born outside the UK
6
7
17
18
Men
5
15
14
16
Born in the UK
5
16
17
16
Born outside the UK
5
14
13
16
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Table 17 Unemployment rates by qualification level, England and Wales, 2001 Percentages of economically active of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
2
5
10
10
Level 2 or 3
3
8
12
12
Below level 2
5
10
24
29
Level 4 or above
3
9
8
9
Level 2 or 3
5
14
13
12
Below level 2
7
18
18
20
Women
Men
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
20
Moving on up? Key statistics
5.3 Jobseekers Allowance claimants ■
Between 2002 and 2006, numbers of women claiming Jobseekers Allowance increased by 37% for Bangladeshi women and by 20% for Black Caribbean and Pakistani women, while the number of white British women claimants went up by only 2%.
■
Black Caribbean and Bangladeshi men claiming Jobseekers Allowance also increased by 11% and 10% respectively, while white British male claimants decreased by 7%.
5.4 Unemployment at the local level ■
At the local level, there were striking variations in unemployment rates.
■
A comparison of the highest and lowest unemployment rates for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women across these local authority districts, revealed gaps of 12 and 11 percentage points respectively.
■
Pakistani women were around twice as likely to be unemployed in Bradford, Birmingham or Tower Hamlets as in Slough.
■
Black Caribbean women were twice as likely to be unemployed in Tameside as in Slough, but the unemployment rates for white British women in both these districts were low.
■
In the districts shown, the highest unemployment rate for Bangladeshi women (25%) was in Leeds and for Bangladeshi men (25%) was in Tower Hamlets.
Table 18 Change in Jobseekers Allowance (JSA) claimants, Great Britain, 2002–2006 JSA claimants, thousands
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
2002
171.7
5.5
4.8
1.8
2006
175.5
6.5
5.8
2.4
2.3
19.6
20.3
36.6
2002
502.2
18.9
14.9
7.2
2006
468.6
20.9
15.0
7.9
–6.7
10.7
0.8
10.0
Women
Percentage change Men
Percentage change
Source: DWP (2007) Jobseekers Allowance caseload, August 2002 and 2006, DWP tabulation tool.
Unemployment
Table 19 Unemployment rates in selected local authority districts, England, 2001 Percentages of economically active of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
London
4
8
12
16
– Newham
7
10
18
18
– Tower Hamlets
6
11
21
20
Manchester
6
10
16
14
Birmingham
5
10
22
22
Bradford
4
6
20
21
Leeds
4
6
15
25
Leicester
6
9
12
17
Kirklees
4
7
17
–
Slough
3
4
10
–
Tameside
4
10
10
24
6
16
11
19
10
18
14
19
9
23
11
25
Manchester
10
23
14
12
Birmingham
9
22
20
22
Bradford
7
17
20
16
Leeds
6
16
12
23
Leicester
9
21
14
14
Kirklees
5
16
13
–
Slough
4
9
11
–
Tameside
6
4
9
18
Women
Men London – Newham – Tower Hamlets
– Population less than 100. Source: Buckner, L, Yeandle, S and Botcherby, S (2007) Moving on up? Ethnic minority women and work: ethnic minority women and local labour markets. Manchester: EOC; Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
21
Moving on up? Key statistics
6. Employment 6.1 Employment rates and qualifications ■
Employment rates were lowest for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women at 22% and 18% respectively, around a third of the employment rate of white British women (66%).
■
Black Caribbean men and women both had an employment rate of 62%. In the other groups a higher percentage of men than women were in employment.
■
At all qualification levels, white British women had higher employment rates than women from other ethnic groups.
■
In each ethnic group, women with level 4 qualifications or above were more likely than those with lower qualifications to be in employment
■
Half of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women qualified to level 4 or above were in employment, and had employment rates between 40 and 45 percentage points higher than Pakistani and Bangladeshi women with no qualifications.
■
Between the early 1990s and early 2000s, women’s employment rates generally increased. The greatest increase of 15 percentage points was for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women with a degree.
Women’s employment rates by qualification level, England and Wales, 2001 100
Percentage of working age women
22
80
60
40
20
0
White British
Black Caribbean
No qualifications
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Level 4 or above
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
23
Table 20 Employment rate by level of qualification, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of working age population
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
66
62
22
18
No qualifications
49
42
8
5
Level 1
69
64
26
21
Level 2
68
60
29
26
Level 3
63
56
29
29
Level 4 or above
82
78
49
49
Men
76
62
55
51
No qualifications
60
46
52
49
Level 1
84
68
55
52
Level 2
77
62
45
41
Level 3
70
58
37
36
Level 4 or above
87
77
72
70
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Table 21 Change in employment levels over time, Great Britain, 1992–5 & 2000–3 Percentage of women aged 22–60, excluding full-time students
White
Black Caribbean#
Pakistani & Bangladeshi
All women
69
64
17
With a degree
84
85
56
Without a degree
65
59
15
All women
73
68
23
With a degree
87
85
71
Without a degree
68
60
16
1992–1995
2000–2003
# includes black other.
Source: Lindley, J K, Dale A and Dex S (2006) Ethnic differences in women’s employment: the changing role of qualifications. Oxford Economic Papers 58: 351–378.
Moving on up? Key statistics
6.2 Qualifications of people in employment ■
Pakistani (35%), Black Caribbean (32%) and Bangladeshi (30%) women in employment were more likely to be qualified to level 4 or above than white British women (24%).
■
In contrast, a higher percentage of employed white British women (17%) had no qualifications than Black Caribbean (10%), Bangladeshi (12%) and Pakistani women (13%).
■
A higher percentage of Black Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in employment were qualified to level 4 or above compared with their male counterparts.
6.3 Parents and employment ■
The majority of Black Caribbean (70%), Pakistani (68%) and Bangladeshi women (65%) in employment were parents with dependent children, compared to half of white British women.
■
Black Caribbean women in employment were over three times as likely as Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British women to be single parents.
■
The majority of Pakistani (76%) and Bangladeshi (61%) men in employment were parents compared to around half of white British and Black Caribbean men.
Mothers in employment, England, 2001 80
Percentage of women in employment
24
60
40
20
0
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
Employment
Table 22 Qualifications of people in employment, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of people in employment
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
No qualifications
17
10
13
12
Qualified to level 4+
24
32
35
30
6
4
9
8
19
20
22
17
No qualifications
18
20
30
39
Qualified to level 4+
23
20
31
24
No qualifications
11
10
26
19
Qualified to level 4+
14
12
17
16
Women aged 16–59
Women aged 16–24 No qualifications Qualified to level 4+ Men aged 16–64
Men aged 16–24
Note: Levels 1–3 and other qualifications are not shown. Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census and the 2001 Census SARs.
Table 23 Parental status of people in employment, England, 2001 Percentage of working age population in employment
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Parents
50
70
68
65
– Dual parent households
41
35
57
55
– Single parent households
9
35
11
10
Parents
50
51
76
61
– Dual parent households
49
50
75
57
– Single parent households
1
1
1
4
Women
Men
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
25
Moving on up? Key statistics
7. Types of employment 7.1 Full-time and part-time work ■
At 74%, Black Caribbean women employees had a higher rate of full-time working, compared with Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British women.
■
Women generally had much higher rates of part-time working than men. The exception was Bangladeshi women and men with similar part-time rates of around two in five.
■
White British, Pakistani and Bangladeshi female employees aged 16–24 were each more likely than older women in their ethnic group to work full-time, with the largest age gap for white British women.
Women working part-time, England and Wales, 2001 50
Percentage of women in employment
26
40
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean
16 – 24
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
25 and over
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
27
7.2 Temporary work ■
Temporary work includes: seasonal work, contract work, agency temping, casual work and other non-permanent work.
■
Around one in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were in temporary work.
■
Approximately twice as many Bangladeshi men employees as white British men employees were in temporary employment.
Table 24 Full-time and part-time employees, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of employees
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
All employees – Full-time
59
74
62
62
– Part-time
41
26
38
38
16–24
– Full-time
80
72
68
65
– Part-time
20
28
32
35
25 and over – Full-time
56
74
59
60
– Part-time
44
26
41
40
All employees – Full-time
94
91
82
58
– Part-time
6
9
18
42
Women
Men
16–24
– Full-time
92
78
80
70
– Part-time
8
22
20
30
25 and over – Full-time
95
92
82
56
– Part-time
5
8
18
44
Source: ONS (2004) Census 2001: CD supplement to the National report for England and Wales.
Table 25 Employees in temporary work, Great Britain, 2002–2005 Percentage of employees
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
6
7
11
9
Men
4
6
7
9
Source: Platt, L (2006) Unpublished analysis of the Labour Force Survey, 2002–2005.
Moving on up? Key statistics
7.3 Self-employed ■
In 2001, one in ten Pakistani women in work were self-employed, a higher proportion than women in other ethnic groups.
■
There was an eight percentage points decline in Pakistani women’s, and a three percentage points decline in Bangladeshi women’s self-employment rates between 1991 and 2001.
■
Of those in employment, Pakistani women born outside the UK were more likely to be self-employed (15%) than those born in the UK (5%).
■
All groups of men had higher rates of self-employment than their female counterparts in 1991 and 2001.
■
Unlike women of the same ethnicity, the self-employment rates for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men remained high at 27% and 19% respectively.
■
Four times as many Black Caribbean men as women who worked were self-employed.
■
The highest self-employment rate in 2001 was for Pakistani men born outside the UK.
Women’s self-employment rates, Great Britain, 2001 20
Percentage of women in employment
28
15
10
5
0
White British
Black Caribbean
Born in the UK
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Born outside the UK
Source: Clark, K and Drinkwater, S (2006) Changing Patterns of Ethnic Minority Self-Employment in Britain: Evidence from Census Microdata, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2495, December 2006. Bonn: IZA. http://ftp.iza.org/dp2495.pdf and Clark, K (2007) Unpublished analysis.
Types of Employment
Table 26 Self-employment rates, Great Britain, 1991–2001 Percentage of people in employment
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women 1991
6
2
18
9
– Born in the UK
6
2
10
5
– Born outside the UK
8
2
22
10
2001
7
3
10
6
– Born in the UK
7
3
5
5
10
4
15
6
1991
17
9
27
19
– Born in the UK
17
7
15
15
– Born outside the UK
19
10
29
19
2001
17
13
27
19
– Born in the UK
17
11
18
11
– Born outside the UK
19
16
30
21
– Born outside the UK Men
Source: Clark, K and Drinkwater, S (2006) Changing Patterns of Ethnic Minority Self-Employment in Britain: Evidence from Census Microdata, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2495, December 2006. Bonn: IZA. http://ftp.iza.org/dp2495.pdf and Clark, K (2007) Unpublished analysis.
29
Moving on up? Key statistics
8. Occupation and industry 8.1 Occupations ■
A higher percentage of white British women (11%) than Black Caribbean (9%) and Pakistani (9%) women were employed as managers and senior officials. White British women were almost twice as likely as Bangladeshi women (6%) to be employed in this occupational group.
■
Nearly half of Black Caribbean women worked in associate professional and technical jobs or administrative and secretarial jobs.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women had high rates of working in sales and customer service jobs. Around one in five Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were in sales and customer service jobs, compared with one in ten Black Caribbean women.
■
All groups of men were more likely to be in manager and senior official jobs than their female counterparts.
■
Almost a quarter of Bangladeshi men (23%) worked in elementary occupations, for example waiters and kitchen assistants, and a similar proportion (24%) worked in skilled trades.
Women managers and senior officials, England, 2001
12
Percentage of women in employment
30
10 8 6 4 2 0
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
31
Table 27 Employment by occupational group, England, 2001 Percentage of people in employment
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Managers and senior officials
11
9
9
6
Professionals
10
10
13
11
Associate professional and technical
14
20
11
11
Administrative and secretarial
23
27
20
23
2
2
1
2
Personal service
13
14
12
12
Sales and customer service
12
9
19
Process, plant and machine operatives
3
2
6
4
12
8
10
10
Managers and senior officials
19
11
14
14
Professionals
12
9
11
8
Associate professional and technical
14
14
7
5
7
6
6
20
19
9
24
Personal service
2
4
2
1
Sales and customer service
4
6
10
10
Process, plant and machine operatives
13
15
25
8
Elementary occupations
12
15
15
23
Women
Skilled trades
Elementary occupations
22
Men
Administrative and secretarial Skilled trades
Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
6
Moving on up? Key statistics
8.2 The most common five occupations for each ethnic group ■
Over one in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were sales assistants.
■
Just under one in ten Black Caribbean women were nurses.
■
Bangladeshi men were the most concentrated of any group in a narrow range of occupations. Over half were in just five types of jobs, with one in five working as cooks and over one in ten in jobs as waiters.
■
24% of white and 29% of Black Caribbean women worked in their five most common occupations, compared with 12% of white men and 13% of Black Caribbean men.
Employment in five most common occupations, England and Wales, 2001
60
Percentage of people in employment
32
50
40
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean Women
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Men
Source: Blackwell, L and Guinea-Martin, D (2005) Occupational segregation by sex and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1991 to 2001. Labour Market Trends, December: 501–16.
Occupation and industry
Table 28 Most common occupations, England and Wales, 2001 Percentage of people in employment
White
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
8% Sales assistants
8% Nurses
12% Sales assistants
15% Sales assistants
5% Clerks
7% Clerks
5% Clerks
6% Clerks
Third
4% Care assistants
6% Care assistants
3% Educational occupations
5% Educational assistants
Fourth
4% Other secretaries
5% Sales assistants
3% Care assistants
3% Retail cashiers
4% Cleaners
4% Other secretaries
3% Financial clerks
3% Financial clerks
24%
29%
26%
32%
Most common
3% Production managers
3% Sales assistants
11% Taxi drivers
21% Cooks
Second
3% Storage occupations
3% Storage occupations
7% Sales assistants
12% Waiters
Third
2% Retail managers
2% Security guards
3% Shopkeepers
7% Restaurant managers
Fourth
2% Sales assistants
2% Postal workers
3% Retail managers
7% Sales assistants
Fifth
2% Metal workers
2% Van drivers
2% Packers
5% Kitchen assistants
12%
13%
26%
53%
Women Most common Second
Fifth Total in these occupations Men
Total in these occupations
Source: Blackwell, L and Guinea-Martin, D (2005) Occupational segregation by sex and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1991 to 2001. Labour Market Trends, December: 501–16.
33
Moving on up? Key statistics
8.3 Public sector ■
Almost half of working Black Caribbean women were employed in the public sector, the highest proportion of any group.
■
White British and Black Caribbean women in employment were around twice as likely to work in the public sector as their male counterparts.
■
Over a third of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in employment worked in the public sector compared with a tenth of Pakistani and Bangladeshi men.
Public sector employment, Great Britain, 2002–05 50
Percentage of people in employment
34
40
30
20
10
0
White British
Black Caribbean Women
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Men
Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
8.4 Industry sectors ■
Of those in employment, almost three in ten Black Caribbean women were in health and social work compared with fewer than two in ten women from the other ethnic groups.
■
Around a quarter of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women worked in wholesale and retail.
■
45% of Bangladeshi men worked in hotels and restaurants, the most concentrated of any group.
Occupation and industry
Table 29 Employment in the public sector, Great Britain, 2002–05 Percentage of people in employment of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women
34
46
37
36
Men
16
21
10
10
Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
Table 30 Employment by industry sector, England, 2001 Percentage of people in employment of working age
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women Manufacturing
9
5
9
6
Construction
2
1
1
1
18
12
25
26
Hotels & restaurants
6
4
3
7
Transport, storage & communication
4
5
5
3
Banking, real estate & business activities*
18
21
18
16
Public administration & defence
6
9
6
Education
12
10
14
14
Health & social work
19
28
15
17
Manufacturing
21
16
20
8
Construction
12
9
3
2
Wholesale & retail
16
16
24
17
Hotels & restaurants
3
4
8
45
Transport, storage & communication
9
15
18
6
Banking, real estate & business activities*
18
19
16
Public administration & defence
6
6
3
2
Education
4
4
2
3
Health & social work
3
7
4
4
Wholesale & retail
7
Men
11
Note: Not all sectors are included in this table. * Banking, real estate & business activities combines banking, insurance and pension provision with real estate, renting and business activities. Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on tables commissioned from the 2001 Census.
35
36
Moving on up? Key statistics
8.4 Occupations within industries ■
Over a third of Black Caribbean women working in the health and social work sector were in associate professional and technical occupations, such as nurses, compared with one in four white British women and one in five Pakistani and Bangladeshi women working in the sector.
■
Three in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women working in education were in professional jobs, compared with four in ten Black Caribbean women and more than four in ten white British women.
■
Only in hotels and restaurants were Pakistani and Bangladeshi women more likely to be managers and senior officials than white British or Black Caribbean women.
■
In the manufacturing sector, almost seven in ten Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were in elementary and operative jobs compared with four in ten white British women.
■
In contrast, six in ten white British women working in hotels and restaurants were in elementary and operative jobs, compared with a third of Bangladeshi women.
Occupation and industry
Table 31 Women’s occupations within industry sectors, England, 2001 Percentage of working age women employed in each industry sector
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Elementary & operative
40
35
69
68
Associate prof. & technical
12
13
5
7
Professional
3
4
3
2
Managers & senior officials
11
9
4
6
Elementary & operative
14
12
18
16
Associate prof. & technical
4
5
2
3
Professional
1
–
2
1
Managers & senior officials
14
9
11
7
Elementary & operative
7
3
5
7
Associate prof. & technical
25
35
19
21
Professional
5
8
16
12
Managers & senior officials
6
7
5
1
Elementary & operative
13
11
19
14
Associate prof. & technical
6
10
6
5
Professional
44
39
29
30
Managers & senior officials
2
1
–
–
Manufacturing
Wholesale & retail
Health & social work
Education
Banking, insurance & pension provision Elementary & operative
2
2
4
–
Associate prof. & technical
15
14
18
19
Professional
3
7
4
4
Managers & senior officials
14
14
11
9
Elementary & operative
61
54
55
35
Associate prof. & technical
2
3
2
–
Professional
–
1
–
–
Managers & senior officials
15
10
17
20
Hotels & restaurants
– Less than 0.5% Notes: Column sub-groups do not add up to 100% as some occupational groups have been omitted. The selected occuptions broadly reflect higher level jobs (managers & senior officials, professional, associate professional & technical) and lower level jobs (elementary & operative, combines process, plant and machine operatives with elementary occupations). Source: Buckner, L (2007) Unpublished analysis based on the 2001 Census SARs.
37
38
Moving on up? Key statistics
9. Pay and pensions 9.1 Pay ■
The pay gap for Pakistani women who work full-time (28%) is greater than for white British and Black Caribbean women.
■
Bangladeshi men face the widest full-time pay gap at 39%, compared with the full-time pay gaps of Pakistani and Black Caribbean men.
■
The pay gaps for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men working part-time were particularly high.
■
Higher level qualifications reduced the full-time pay gap for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men relative to white British men with the same level of qualifications.
Pay gap compared with white British men working full-time, Great Britain, 2001–2005 Women White British Black Caribbean Pakistani Bangladeshi Men White British Black Caribbean
†
Pakistani Bangladeshi 0
10
20
Part-time pay gap
30
40
Full-time pay gap
† Not shown as based on small sample. Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
50
60
39
Table 32 Pay gap compared with white men working full-time, Great Britain, 2001–2005 Percentage pay gap relative to white British men working full-time
White British
Black Caribbean
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Women full-time
17
9
28
23
part-time
35
34
35
43
full-time, qualified to level 3+
15
10
26
23
full-time
#
11
20
39
part-time
33
–
54
52
#
8
9
13
Men
full-time, qualified to level 3+
# reference group. Both full-time and part-time earnings for women and men are compared with white British men’s average full-time earnings, whilst full-time earnings of employees qualified to level 3 or above are compared with white British men in full-time work and qualified to level 3 or above. Some of these estimates have large standard errors, hence apparently large differences may not be significant, and further details are given in the report. – not shown as based on too small a sample. Source: Platt, L (2006) Pay Gaps: The position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: EOC.
9.2 Pensions ■
Nearly twice as many Pakistani and Bangladeshi women have no entitlement to a State Pension, compared with white or black women.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are twice as likely as white or black women to be accruing entitlement to just the basic State Pension.
■
Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are considerably less likely to be accruing the basic State Pension and State Second Pension.
■
8% of Pakistani or Bangladeshi women were members of an occupational pension scheme, compared with 33% of white women.
■
Just 1% of Pakistani/Bangladeshi women were contributing to a private pension scheme, compared with 9% of white women and 17% of white men.
■
White men were the most likely to have both an occupational pension (35%) or to be contributing to a private pension (17%).
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Moving on up? Key statistics
Table 33 State pension accrual, Great Britain, 2001/2–2003/4 Percentage of women of working age
White
Black
Not accruing any State Pension
13
12
23
Accruing basic State Pension only*
11
11
22
Accruing basic State Pension and State Second Pension*
76
77
Pakistani/ Bangladeshi
55
* Home Responsibilities Protection included as a basic State Pension accrual. Second State Pension accrued by paid workers, carers for adults and mothers of children aged under six. Source: DWP (2005) Women and pensions: the evidence. London: DWP.
Table 34 Occupational and personal pensions, United Kingdom, 2002–03 Percentage of people aged between 20 years old and state pension age
White
Black
Pakistani/ Bangladeshi
33
28
8
9
4
contributing to an occupational pension
35
25
9
contributing to a personal pension
17
5
4
Women aged 20–59 contributing to an occupational pension contributing to a personal pension
1
Men aged 20–64
Source: DWP (2004) Written answer from Malcolm Wicks to Vera Baird MP, Hansard Column 1128, 26 March 2004.
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Conclusion One of the key issues identified during this project has been the limited availability of statistical data analysed by gender and ethnicity. The most robust source is currently the 2001 Census. However, with a Census only every ten years it will be at least five years until updated results are published. Census questions are also limited in number and complexity. Change could occur rapidly over the next few years as increasing numbers of young ethnic minority women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in particular, leave education and enter employment. A regular, reliable source of data is essential in measuring their progress in the labour market. Educational statistics disaggregated both by gender and ethnic group will also be very important in monitoring the achievements of girls and boys in different ethnic groups. More regular data collection is therefore needed to track trends between Censuses, as well as to provide information that cannot be collected by a Census. The Labour Force Survey currently provides some information of this type, and the development of its successor, the proposed Integrated Household Survey, provides an opportunity to improve the coverage of the ethnic minority population. Users of statistics are encouraged to investigate the data that are available disaggregated by gender and ethnicity, and to request further analysis where this information is not published. Analysis at this level of detail allows the user to move beyond unhelpful generalisations and begin to recognise the complexity of identity.
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Moving on up? Key statistics
Other publications from the EOC’s Moving on up? investigation Adams, L. and Carter, K. (2007) Black and Asian women in the workplace: the employer perspective. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Adams, L. and Carter, K. (2007) Black and Asian women in the workplace: The Welsh employers perspective. Cardiff: Equal Opportunities Commission. Bhavnani, R. (2006) Ahead of the Game: the changing aspirations of young ethnic minority women. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Botcherby, S. (2006) Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean women and employment survey: Aspirations, experiences and choices. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Bradley, H., Healy, G., Forson, C. and Kaul, P. (2007) Workplace cultures: what works and what doesn’t. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Buckner, L., Yeandle, S. and Botcherby, S. (2007) Ethnic minority women and local labour markets. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (2006) Moving on up? Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean women and work. Early findings from the EOC’s investigation in England. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (2007) Moving on up? The way forward. Manchester: EOC. Equal Opportunities Commission Scotland (EOC) (2005) Review of research on minority ethnic women in Scotland. Glasgow: Equal Opportunities Commission. Equal Opportunities Commission Scotland (EOC) (2006) Moving on up? Visible minority ethnic women at work. Glasgow: Equal Opportunities Commission. Hamdi, S. (2007) Thinking about work – the aspirations of ethnic minority girls in Cardiff and South East Wales. Cardiff: Equal Opportunities Commission. Platt, L. (2006) Pay gaps: the position of ethnic minority women and men. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Speed, L. (2007) Job seeking behaviour of ethnic minority students. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Sharma, K. (2007) Focus Groups with Muslim women in Nottingham and Derby: Barriers to Employment. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.
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The Market Specialists and NB Associates (2006) Glass doors not glass ceilings: research into the employment of visible minority ethnic women in Scotland. Glasgow: Equal Opportunities Commission. Thewlis, M. (2007) Moving on up? Ethnic minority women and work in Wales. Cardiff: Equal Opportunities Commission.
Other sources containing statistics on ethnic minority women and men in Scotland and Wales Breitenbach, E and Wasoff, F (2007) A gender audit of statistics: comparing the position of women and men in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. National Assembly for Wales (2004) A statistical focus on ethnicity in Wales. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales. Further information available from: Scottish Executive at www.scotland.gov.uk National Assembly for Wales at www.wales.gov.uk
Moving on up? Key statistics
Equal Opportunities Commission Helpline Free, confidential and impartial advice and information on sex discrimination and equal pay
0845 601 5901
9am – 5pm Monday – Friday Calls from BT landlines are charged at local rates Calls may be monitored for training purposes Interpreting service available through Language Line, when you call our Helpline Typetalk service available on 18001 0845 601 5901 Great Britain Arndale House Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3EQ email: [email protected] Scotland St Stephens House 279 Bath Street Glasgow G2 4JL email: [email protected] Wales Windsor House Windsor Lane Cardiff CF10 3GE email: [email protected] To find out more about us, visit www.eoc.org.uk For specialist legal information, visit www.eoc-law.org.uk (England and Wales) or www.eoc-law-scotland.org.uk (Scotland). This report can be downloaded from our website: www.eoc.org.uk If you require this report in a different format, for example large print, please contact our Helpline
To find more resources on ethnic minority women and work visit www.eoc.org.uk/bme
© EOC March 2007 ISBN 978 1 84206 019 3
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