NO Heart Whole Heart Half Heart Lost Heart
Survey of the Old Testament Adam through Jacob: Abraham: _________B.C. 2000
OT over-view Moses through Post-Exilic: 1000 David: _________B.C. Divided Kingdom: 922 _________B.C.
Sessions 4&5 – United & Divided Kingdom
Israel destroyed: _________B.C. 722 Judah destroyed: 586 _________B.C.
Saul – David – Solomon – Kings of North & South 2
NO Heart Whole Heart Half Heart
Placement of the Psalms within the Cannon of the Bible
Lost Heart 3
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United Kingdom Divided Kingdom 12 Tribes
God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 1
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Time of Judges coming to an end
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Samuel – Review … Problems & Resolutions that drives the plot of I/II Samuel
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Samuel anoints Saul, I Sam. 9-10
Saul lacks integrity, I Sam. 13
Under pressure he bends the rules. (1-9) Under scrutiny he blames others and justifies himself. (10-12) Under judgment he turns to his own strength. (13-15) Saul’s time has come to an end, as a “man after God’s own heart” (14) has been chosen: – Acts 13:22 names this man – David. – This does NOT state that [David] was godly or was chosen because of his goodness! However, states that God’s heart was upon this man!
Saul is a Benjamite, an impressive man without equal, a head taller than others. Becomes 1st king of Israel 9
Saul practices partial obedience, I Sam. 15 • Saul is commanded to attack the Amalekites & destroy everything. (1-8) • Saul obeys only partially. (9-31) – He substitutes reason for submission. (9) – He substitutes pride for humility. (12, 17, 23) – He substitutes charisma for character. (13) – He substitutes excuses for confession. (15, 20, 21) – He substitutes greed for gratitude. (19) – He substitutes ritual for reality. (22) – He substitutes fear of people for fear of the Lord. (24) – He substitutes verbal repentance for true repentance. (25, 30) • Saul is abandoned by Samuel and the Lord regrets having made him king. (32-35)
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Samuel anoints David long before he actually becomes king, I Sam.16 • Samuel is sent by the Lord to Bethlehem to anoint one of Jesse’s sons. (1-11) • Samuel’s assumptions are rebuked: “Man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.” (7)
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David & Goliath & Saul, I Sam.17
Jealousy: Fatal flaw of a leader, I Sam.18
Facing Goliath (Facing the Giants) is our quick life-application we dig out of this chapter. However, the author is showing us the contrast between David and Saul through their common adversary … the victory over Goliath is a smaller redemptive story about David’s defeat of Goliath!
• Saul becomes jealous of David’s success. • Jealousy produces a spirit of fear and insecurity.
• Jealousy leads to revenge and even murder. Saul tries multiple times to kill David himself, to get others to kill him, & even murders 85 priests who unwittingly helped David.
• Jealousy drives David’s Journey to be Israel’s next king begins here…
Saul to completely neglect the nation’s economy, security and spiritual health in his obsession over David.
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Every leader needs a friend, 18-20
David in the wilderness, 21-23 Writing of Psalms & Leadership development* • David at Nob:
• David and Jonathan exhibit many of the characteristics of great friendship. – Mutual attraction based upon common interests. – Spiritual connection. (18:1) – Acceptance despite differences (18:23) – Commitment leading to unfailing loyalty (18:3) – Generosity of time and availability – Transparency and unfailing honesty (20:9) – Vulnerability (20:41)
Few of us will ever be a David, but each of us can be a Jonathan.
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– The wilderness of physical deprivation (21:1-9, Psalm 23)
• David at Gath: – The wilderness of fear and shame (21:10-15, Psalm 56)
• David at Adullam: – The wilderness of difficult relationships (22:1-2, Psalm 57)
• David at Mizpah: – The wilderness of family responsibility (22:3-5, Psalm 63)
• David in the forest of Hereth: – The wilderness of false guilt (22:5-23, Psalm 52)
• David at Keilah and Horesh: 15
– The wilderness of betrayal (23:1-29, Psalm 54-55) *3 Greatest Leaders within the Scriptures?
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David twice spares Saul’s life, leaving vengeance with God, I Sam. 24, 26 • David believed taking revenge was a usurpation of God’s prerogative of judgment. • David believed taking revenge would cause him to stoop to the level of his enemies and place a staggering burden on his conscience. • David believed taking revenge was a violation of his responsibility to honor those in authority over him. • David believed taking revenge was a denial that God is the sovereign giver of all good things. Taking revenge prevents us from seeing what God can do when we leave it to Him. (Rom. 12:19-20) 17
Saul and the witch of Endor, I Sam. 28 • With Samuel dead and no longer available to consult, Saul inquires of the Lord, but the Lord does not answer him. (1-6) • Saul violates God’s law by consulting a medium. He asks her to contact Samuel. (7-11) • The medium is shocked that Samuel actually appears, condemning Saul and predicting that the next day Saul and his sons would die and Israel would be defeated. (12-19) • Saul commits suicide and his three sons are killed in battle the next day. Saul’s body is hung on the wall of Beth Shan by the Philistines. (31:1-13) 18
God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 2
2 Samuel: Outline • David learns of Saul’s death and laments for Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam 1) • David is anointed king, consolidates power in Jerusalem, brings Ark to Jerusalem. (2-7) • David’s successes (8-10). See 8:14. • David’s failures (2 Sam 11-24) – – – – – – 19
Bathsheba (11-12) Amnon and Tamar (13) Absalom (14-19) The rebellion of Sheba (20) The Gibeonites revenged (21) David counts his fighting men, suffers consequences (24) 20
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David succeeds Saul, 1:1-5:5
David consolidates power (5:6-6:23)
• David executes the enterprising Amalekite for claiming to have slain his enemy Saul. (1-16) • David laments for Saul and Jonathan. (17-27) • David is officially anointed king over Judah. (2:1-7) • Civil war breaks out between the descendants of Saul and David, lasting seven years. (2:8-3:21) • David strongly rebukes Joab for taking revenge on Abner, Saul’s commander. (3:22-35) • David executes Baanah and Recab for beheading IshBosheth, son of Saul. (4:1-12) • David, at age 30, is anointed king over all Israel. (5:1-5)
• David conquers Jerusalem, establishes the City of David as the capital of Israel, builds a palace, and proliferates wives. (5:6-14) • David defeats Israel’s traditional enemy, the Philistines. (5:17-25) • David brings the ark of the covenant to Jerusalem but violates God’s instructions. God judges Uzzah and David gets angry. (6:1-11) • Finally the ark arrives in the City of David and David dances before the Lord. (6:12-23)
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2 Sam. 7 Davidic Covenant
Denial and Promise, 7 • David expresses his desire to build a temple to the Lord. (1,2) • God denies David’s request because:
What meta-narrative words/themes do you see?
– He doesn’t need a house (4-7) – He wants to build a house for David. (7:11)
• But God also makes a covenant with David to establish his throne forever. (7:8-17) • David responds to God’s “no” wisely. (7:18-29 23
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David and Bathsheba, 11-12
David and Mephibosheth: Loyal love, 9 • Mephibosheth, once heir to the throne, experienced near total collapse of his world. (2:4, 9:4, 9:7) • David remembers his commitments, though made years before and under emotional stress. (1 Sam 20) • Mephibosheth is brought back from exile, given his inheritance, and invited to eat at the king’s table. (9:7, 13) • Later Mephibosheth is betrayed but remains loyal to David. (16:1-4, 19:24-30) • David spares Mephibosheth’s life. (21:7) This story is an incredible picture of God’s loyal love to us. 25
• • • • • •
David shirks his duty as commander. His dereliction leads to lust and adultery. He tries to cover up, which leads to murder. He pleads for pardon and restoration. (Ps 51:1-5) He prays for those affected by his sin. (Ps 51:18-19) God’s law of the harvest kicks in. – Perpetual war plagues his reign. – Public calamity affects his family. – Bathsheba’s child dies • God’s law of the harvest is softened by grace. (13-25) 26
Neglectful father, rebellious son, 13-19 • David’s failures as a father were multiple and profound. – Inadequate discipline (1 Kings 1:6) – Incomplete forgiveness (14) – Unexpressed love (13:39, 18:4-33) • Absalom’s failures as a son were explainable but inexcusable. – Hatred (13:22) – Murder (13:28-29) – Conspiracy (15:1-5) – Rebellion (15) • Absalom dies and David mourns. (18:1-19:8)
David’s greatest sin, 24 • Causes of a foolish decision (1-9) – – – – – –
God (1) Satan (1 Chron 21:1) Pride and self-reliance Success Spiritual apathy Lack of accountability
• A tragic consequence (10-17) David is given 3 bad options. • A gracious intervention (16) • A costly offering (18-25) 27
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God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 3
1 Kings: Outline Theme: Solomon succeeds David but Solomon sins and the consequences result in divided and troubled kingdoms. • Solomon succeeds David upon his death (1-2) • Solomon’s reign, accomplishments, and failures (3-11) – Solomon’s wisdom (3-4) – Building of the temple and his palace (5-9) – Queen of Sheba and Solomon’s splendor (10) – Solomon’s wives, adversaries, and death (11)
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Solomon asks for and demonstrates wisdom, 3-4
The passing of the torch, 1-2 • Adonijah, one of David’s sons, tries to seize the throne as David lies dying. • Bathsheba intervenes in behalf of her son Solomon. • David declares Solomon king and charges him to walk in the Lord’s ways. • Solomon consolidates his power. 31
• The Lord offers Solomon any request he desires, and he asks for a discerning heart. (3:1-15) • He resolves a dispute between two prostitutes over a baby and generates awe. (3:16-28) • God gives him wealth in addition to wisdom. (4:20-34) 32
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Solomon builds the temple and then his palace, 5-7
Solomon’s Temple
• Solomon solicits materials from Hiram, King of Tyre, and conscripts over 200,000 laborers. (5) • The 7-year building process, architecture, and furnishings are described. (6, 7:13ff) • In comparison Solomon took 13 years to build his palace. (7:1-12)
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Solomon dedicates the temple, 8-9 • The glory of the Lord fills the temple as the ark of the covenant is installed. (8:1-21) • Solomon offers an amazing prayer of dedication, then blesses the people. (8:22-61) • An offering of 142,000 animals is made and the people celebrate for 14 days. (8:62-66) • The Lord appears to Solomon with promises and warnings. (9:1-9)
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Second half of Solomon’s reign, 9-11 • • • • • • •
Symbols of his power (9:10-28) Visit of the Queen of Sheba (10:1-13) Symbols of his wealth (10:14-29) Solomon’s wives (11:1-13) Solomon’s adversaries (11:14-25) Jereboam’s rebellion and exile (11:26-40) Solomon’s death after a reign of 40 years (11:41-43) 36
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Epitaphs of Kings of United Monarchy
Divided Kingdom
• Saul: “Why did you not obey the Lord? Why did you pounce on the plunder and do evil in the eyes of the Lord?” (1 Samuel 15:19) • David: “David had done what was right in the eyes of the Lord and had not failed to keep any of the LORD’s commands all the days of his life—except in the case of Uriah the Hittite.” 1 Kings 15:5 “He died at a good old age, having enjoyed long life, wealth and honor.” (1 Chron. 29:28) • Solomon: “King Solomon was greater in riches and wisdom than all the other kings of the earth.” 1 Kings 10:23 “As Solomon grew old, his wives turned his heart after other gods, and his heart was not fully devoted to the Lord his God.” (1 Kings 11:4) 37
1 Kings 12-22: Content
1 Kings 12-22: Content (cont)
• Rehoboam, Solomon’s son, succeeds him at death. (11:41-43) • Jeroboam, an official exiled to Egypt by Solomon, returns and pleads with Rehoboam to ease the heavy burden on the people. (11:40-12:4) • Rehoboam rejects the advice of the elders and promises to increase the burden. (12:5-15) • Jeroboam is crowned king by the ten northern tribes. Civil war is only averted by the prophet Shemaiah. (12:16-24) • Jeroboam sets up two golden calves in Bethel and Dan to keep the people from reconnecting with their brothers in Jerusalem. (12:2533) • A man of God from Judah predicts judgment on Jeroboam, but an old prophet lies to him, which leads to his death. (13) • Ahijah the prophet pronounces judgment on Jeroboam through Jeroboam’s wife. (14) 39 • Jeroboam dies after reigning for 22 years. (14:19-20)
The Southern Kingdom of Judah • Rehoboam reigns for 17 years over Judah and Benjamin. He promotes idolatry and under him Egypt carries off all the treasures of the temple and the royal palace. (14:21-31) • Rehoboam is succeeded by Abijah, who commits all the sins of his father. (15:1-8) • Abijah is succeeded by Asa, a good king who reigns for 41 years. He is known for deposing his own grandmother as queen mother because of her idolatry. Asa’s heart was “fully committed to the Lord all his life.” (15:9-24) • Asa is succeeded by Jehoshaphat, who reigns for 25 years. He, too, was a good king. “In everything he walked in the ways of his father Asa . . . He did what was right in the eyes of the Lord.” (22:41-50) 40
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1 Kings 12-22: Content (cont)
Elijah the Prophet of God, 17-22
The Northern Kingdom of Israel after Jeroboam: •Jeroboam is succeeded by his son Nadab, who reigns only two years and walks in the ways of his father. (15:25-32) •Baasha kills Nadab and Jeroboam’s whole family, in keeping with the prophecy of Ahijah. (15:33-16:7) •Baasha is followed by his son Elah, who is murdered by Zimri, who kills Baasha’s whole family. He was king for only 7 days. (16:8-20) •Omri becomes king and sins more than all those before him. He reigns 12 years. (16:21-28) •Ahab, Omri’s son, becomes king and reigns for 22 years. “He not only considered it trivial to commit the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, but he also married Jezebel.” (16:29-22:50) •Ahab’s son Ahaziah follows him and reigns two years. (22:51-53)
– Predicts drought against Ahab, fed by ravens, widow of Zarephath (17) – Obadiah and the prophets; priests of Baal on Mt. Carmel (18) – Elijah flees to Horeb (Sinai) (19) – Elijah calls Elisha to be his follower. (19:19-21) – Ben-Hadad and Ahab trash talk one another. Ahab defeats Ben-Hadad’s army but lets him go. (20:1-34) – The masochistic prophet condemns Ahab. (20:35-43) – Naboth’s vineyard is seized by Ahab and Jezebel has him killed. Elijah confronts Ahab and announces that dogs will eat him and Jezebel. Ahab repents temporarily but the prophecy comes true. (21-22) 42
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The Man of God from Judah, 13 Theme: Nothing Trumps the Word of the Lord. • When God has spoken clearly, absolutely nothing superceeds it. – What He prophesies will come to pass. – What He commands must be obeyed. (9, 16-17) • No relationship justifies disobedience. • No claims of authority justify disobedience. • No reason, intuition or emotions justify disobedience. • No religious instincts justify disobedience. • When God has spoken, disobedience is taken seriously by God. (24)43
The Masochistic Prophet, 20 • Theme: Obedience is better than religious instincts. • Ahab tries to achieve victory on his own and fails: – Appeasement (1-4) – Strength against strength (5-12)
• Ahab tries obedience and succeeds. (13-30) • Ahab employs reason in place of obedience. (31-34) • God sends a strange prophet to confront Ahab. (35-43) – – – –
He orders a companion to strike him; he refuses; he dies. He orders another man to strike him; he does. He employs his wound to communicate a parable to Ahab. Ahab is condemned. 44
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Micaiah, the Lying Prophet Famous for his honesty, 22
God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 4
• Historical background (1-7) – An unwise political alliance – An unholy religious alliance – An unappreciated afterthought • The prophet Micaiah has a reputation for honesty and integrity but “lies” to Ahab and Jehoshaphat. (8-16) • Micaiah finally delivers on his reputation for honesty and integrity. (17-23) • Micaiah pays the consequences for his honesty and integrity. (24-28) 46
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2 Kings: Content
2 Kings: Content (cont)
Theme: After generations of warnings, God destroys both Israel and Judah because of their evil and disobedience. Elijah and Elisha • Elijah condemns Ahaziah and he dies. (1) • Elijah is taken to heaven in a chariot of fire (2) • Elisha inherits the mantle and a double portion of Elijah’s spirit, as evidenced by many miracles. (2) • Elisha is jeered as a baldy and calls down a curse on the youths. Forty two of them are mauled. (2) • Elisha performs the miracles of the widow’s oil, the Shammite’s son, and the healing of Naaman. (4-7) 47
Deterioration and collapse of Northern Kingdom (9-17) •Joram follows Ahaziah as king. •Jehu is anointd by Elisha and commissioned to exterminate the house of Ahab. •Jezebel is thrown out the window and dogs eat her just as Elijah had said 20 years earlier. •Ahab’s family is killed, as are all the priests of Baal. •Jehu’s son Jehoahaz succeeds him, then Jeroboam II, then Zechariah, all of them wicked. •Shallum assassinates Zechariah but reigns only one month before Menahem assassinates him. •Pekahiah, Pekah and Hoshea are the last 3 kings of Israel. (A series of wicked kings, concluding with Hoshea, bring about Israel’s exile and resettlement in Samaria).
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2 Kings: Content (cont)
2 Kings: Content (cont) The last days of Israel (17)
• Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, invades Israel, imprisons the king, captures Samaria and deports the Israelites. • Israel is exiled because of their sin. (17:7-23) “All this took place because the Israelites sinned against the Lord their God.” (7) • Samaria is resettled with aliens from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, hamath and Sepharvalim.
The southern kingdom after Jehoshaphat •Jehoram succeeds his father but walks in the ways of the kings of Israel, even marries Ahab’s daughter, Athaliah. (8:16-24) •Ahaziah, the son of Jehoram and Athalia, succeeds to the throne, but is killed by Jehu, king of Israel, in his effort to exterminate Ahab’s family. (8:25-10:35) •Athaliah seizes the throne and tries to exterminate the royal family, but Joash is hidden in the temple for 6 years by Jehosheba. (11:1-3) •Jehoiada the priest crowns young Joash; Athaliah killed. (11:4-21)
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2 Kings: Content (cont.)
2 Kings: Content (cont) • Joash reigns for 40 years, repairs the temple with money collected in a chest. “Joash did what was right in the eyes of the Lord all the years Jehoiada the priest instructed him.” (12) • Joash is assassinated and his son Amaziah succeeds him. “He did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, but not as his father David had done.” (14) • Azariah (Uzziah) succeeds Amaziah and reigns for 52 years. He is a good king but contracts leprosy and has to share the throne with his son Jotham. (15:1-7) • Jotham does what is right in the eyes of the Lord but does not remove the high places. (15:32-38) 51
• Ahaz follows Jotham but does not do what is right in the eyes of the Lord. He even sacrifices his son in the fire. (16) • Hezekiah follows Ahaz and is king of Judah during the fall of the northern kingdom. (18) • Hezekiah faces threat from Sennacharib; he prays; Isaiah comes to the rescue. (18-19) • Hezekiah’s illness, his foolishness, his death. (20) • Manasseh, Hezekiah’s son, is the worst of the kings of Judah. He reigns for 55 years. (21:1-18) • Amon follows Manasseh but is assassinated after 2 years. (21:19-26) 52
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Jeroboam & Rehoboam 2 Kings: Content (cont.) • Josiah, Amon’s son, is 8 years old when he becomes king and reigns for 31 years. (22) • Joshiah finds book of the Law in the temple, renews the covenant (22-23) • With Jehoahaz things begin to go downhill fast. He reigns only 3 months (23:31-35) • Nebuchadnezzar marches against the last three kings of Judah—Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, and Zedekiah—finally destroying Jerusalem in 586 B.C. (24-25) • Read account of Jerusalem’s fall in 25:8-12.
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Purpose of Chronicles • Addressed to exilic community, explaining why Israel’s/Judah’s monarchy failed, but also indicating God still has purpose for them. • Opens with the most extensive genealogy in Scripture, beginning with Adam, 1-9. This shows how important individuals are to God. • Focuses largely on Judah, starting with contributions of David and Solomon. • Assumes need for repentance but especially encourages the faithful to make new start. 55
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2 Chronicles Content
1 Chronicles Content Theme: God promises David an eternal throne; establishes true center of worship in Jerusalem. • Reviews founding of Israel as God’s plan for blessing humankind. (1-9) • Describes David’s rule as glorious because of David’s heart for God. (10-20) • Describes David’s preparation for temple and for temple staff. (21-29)
Theme: God “dwells” in His Temple (7:12) and shows His faithful love but also His judgment. • Solomon completes and dedicates the Temple.
• Spiritual life of Judah under succession of kings, with emphasis on reformers Asa, Jehoshaphat, Joash, Hezekiah, and Josiah, until captivity. (10-36)
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Kings of Israel (northern tribes) • • • • • • • • • •
(1-9)
Kings of Israel (northern) cont.
Jeroboam 927-906 Nadab 905-904 Baasha 903-882 Elah 881-880 Zimri 7 days Omri 879-869 Ahab 868-854 Ahaziah 853-852 Jehoram (Joram) 851-840 Jehu 839-822
• • • • • • • • • • 59
Jehoahaz 821-805 Jehoash (Joash) 804-789 Jeoboam II 788-748 Zechariah 6 months Shallum 1 month Menahem 746-737 Pekahiah 736-735 Pekah 734-731 Hoshea 730-722 Assyria wipes northern kingdom off the map, and Israel becomes “the ten lost tribes.” 722 B.C. 60
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Kings of Judah (southern) • • • • • • • • • • •
Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Joash (Jehoash) Amaziah Azariah (Uzziah) Jotham
Kings of Judah (southern) cont.
926-910 909-907 906-878 (866) 877-853 852-841 840 839-833 832-803 (793) 802-786 (774) 785-760 (734) 759-744
• • • • • • • • •
Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jehoiachin(Coniah) Zedekiah
743-728 727-699 698-644 643-642 641-610 3 months 608-598 3 months 596-586
– Nebuchadnezzar wipes Jerusalem off the map and Judah goes into captivity in Babylon for 70 years. 586 B.C. 61
Divided Kingship “Scorecard”
Kings of Judah (southern) • • • • • • • • • • •
Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Joash (Jehoash) Amaziah Azariah (Uzziah) Jotham
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926-910 909-907 906-878 (866) 877-853 852-841 840 839-833 832-803 (793) 802-786 (774) 785-760 (734) 759-744
• Israel
Judah
– 20 kings – 9 ruling dynasties – 7 assassinations – 1 suicide – 1 “stricken by God” – All judged “evil”
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19 kings, 1 queen 2 ruling dynasties 5 assassinations 3 exiled to foreign lands 2 “stricken by God” 8 judged “good”
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Epitaphs of Kings of Israel and Judah
Epitaphs (cont) • Ahaz: In his time of trouble he became even more unfaithful. 2 Chron. 28:22 • Hezekiah: He sought his God and worked wholeheartedly. And so he prospered. 2 Chron. 31:21 • Joash: Joash did what was right in the eyes of the Lord all the days Jehoiada the priest instructed him. 2 Kings 12:2. • Nation of Israel: They would not listen, so the Lord removed them from his presence. 1 Kings 17:14, 18 • Nation of Judah: They mocked, despised, and scoffed until there was no remedy. 2 Chron. 36:16
• Rehoboam: He rejected the advice the elders gave. 1 Kings 12:8 • Asa: He did not seek help from the Lord, but only from the physicians. 2 Chron. 16:12 • Ahab: There was never a man like Ahab, who sold himself to do evil in the eyes of the Lord, urged on by Jezebel his wife. 1 Kings 21:25 • Jehoshaphat: The battle is not yours but God’s. 2 Chron. 20:15 • Uzziah: He was greatly helped until he became powerful. Pride led to his downfall. 2 Chron. 26:15-16 65
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OT over-view Moses through Post-Exilic: 1000 David: _________B.C. Divided Kingdom: 922 _________B.C.
Sessions 4&5 – United & Divided Kingdom
Israel destroyed: _________B.C. 722 Judah destroyed: 586 _________B.C.
Saul – David – Solomon – Kings of North & South 2
NO Heart Whole Heart Half Heart
Placement of the Psalms within the Cannon of the Bible
Lost Heart 3
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United Kingdom Divided Kingdom 12 Tribes
God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 1
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Time of Judges coming to an end
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Samuel – Review … Problems & Resolutions that drives the plot of I/II Samuel
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Samuel anoints Saul, I Sam. 9-10
Saul lacks integrity, I Sam. 13
Under pressure he bends the rules. (1-9) Under scrutiny he blames others and justifies himself. (10-12) Under judgment he turns to his own strength. (13-15) Saul’s time has come to an end, as a “man after God’s own heart” (14) has been chosen: – Acts 13:22 names this man – David. – This does NOT state that [David] was godly or was chosen because of his goodness! However, states that God’s heart was upon this man!
Saul is a Benjamite, an impressive man without equal, a head taller than others. Becomes 1st king of Israel 9
Saul practices partial obedience, I Sam. 15 • Saul is commanded to attack the Amalekites & destroy everything. (1-8) • Saul obeys only partially. (9-31) – He substitutes reason for submission. (9) – He substitutes pride for humility. (12, 17, 23) – He substitutes charisma for character. (13) – He substitutes excuses for confession. (15, 20, 21) – He substitutes greed for gratitude. (19) – He substitutes ritual for reality. (22) – He substitutes fear of people for fear of the Lord. (24) – He substitutes verbal repentance for true repentance. (25, 30) • Saul is abandoned by Samuel and the Lord regrets having made him king. (32-35)
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Samuel anoints David long before he actually becomes king, I Sam.16 • Samuel is sent by the Lord to Bethlehem to anoint one of Jesse’s sons. (1-11) • Samuel’s assumptions are rebuked: “Man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.” (7)
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David & Goliath & Saul, I Sam.17
Jealousy: Fatal flaw of a leader, I Sam.18
Facing Goliath (Facing the Giants) is our quick life-application we dig out of this chapter. However, the author is showing us the contrast between David and Saul through their common adversary … the victory over Goliath is a smaller redemptive story about David’s defeat of Goliath!
• Saul becomes jealous of David’s success. • Jealousy produces a spirit of fear and insecurity.
• Jealousy leads to revenge and even murder. Saul tries multiple times to kill David himself, to get others to kill him, & even murders 85 priests who unwittingly helped David.
• Jealousy drives David’s Journey to be Israel’s next king begins here…
Saul to completely neglect the nation’s economy, security and spiritual health in his obsession over David.
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Every leader needs a friend, 18-20
David in the wilderness, 21-23 Writing of Psalms & Leadership development* • David at Nob:
• David and Jonathan exhibit many of the characteristics of great friendship. – Mutual attraction based upon common interests. – Spiritual connection. (18:1) – Acceptance despite differences (18:23) – Commitment leading to unfailing loyalty (18:3) – Generosity of time and availability – Transparency and unfailing honesty (20:9) – Vulnerability (20:41)
Few of us will ever be a David, but each of us can be a Jonathan.
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– The wilderness of physical deprivation (21:1-9, Psalm 23)
• David at Gath: – The wilderness of fear and shame (21:10-15, Psalm 56)
• David at Adullam: – The wilderness of difficult relationships (22:1-2, Psalm 57)
• David at Mizpah: – The wilderness of family responsibility (22:3-5, Psalm 63)
• David in the forest of Hereth: – The wilderness of false guilt (22:5-23, Psalm 52)
• David at Keilah and Horesh: 15
– The wilderness of betrayal (23:1-29, Psalm 54-55) *3 Greatest Leaders within the Scriptures?
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David twice spares Saul’s life, leaving vengeance with God, I Sam. 24, 26 • David believed taking revenge was a usurpation of God’s prerogative of judgment. • David believed taking revenge would cause him to stoop to the level of his enemies and place a staggering burden on his conscience. • David believed taking revenge was a violation of his responsibility to honor those in authority over him. • David believed taking revenge was a denial that God is the sovereign giver of all good things. Taking revenge prevents us from seeing what God can do when we leave it to Him. (Rom. 12:19-20) 17
Saul and the witch of Endor, I Sam. 28 • With Samuel dead and no longer available to consult, Saul inquires of the Lord, but the Lord does not answer him. (1-6) • Saul violates God’s law by consulting a medium. He asks her to contact Samuel. (7-11) • The medium is shocked that Samuel actually appears, condemning Saul and predicting that the next day Saul and his sons would die and Israel would be defeated. (12-19) • Saul commits suicide and his three sons are killed in battle the next day. Saul’s body is hung on the wall of Beth Shan by the Philistines. (31:1-13) 18
God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 2
2 Samuel: Outline • David learns of Saul’s death and laments for Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam 1) • David is anointed king, consolidates power in Jerusalem, brings Ark to Jerusalem. (2-7) • David’s successes (8-10). See 8:14. • David’s failures (2 Sam 11-24) – – – – – – 19
Bathsheba (11-12) Amnon and Tamar (13) Absalom (14-19) The rebellion of Sheba (20) The Gibeonites revenged (21) David counts his fighting men, suffers consequences (24) 20
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David succeeds Saul, 1:1-5:5
David consolidates power (5:6-6:23)
• David executes the enterprising Amalekite for claiming to have slain his enemy Saul. (1-16) • David laments for Saul and Jonathan. (17-27) • David is officially anointed king over Judah. (2:1-7) • Civil war breaks out between the descendants of Saul and David, lasting seven years. (2:8-3:21) • David strongly rebukes Joab for taking revenge on Abner, Saul’s commander. (3:22-35) • David executes Baanah and Recab for beheading IshBosheth, son of Saul. (4:1-12) • David, at age 30, is anointed king over all Israel. (5:1-5)
• David conquers Jerusalem, establishes the City of David as the capital of Israel, builds a palace, and proliferates wives. (5:6-14) • David defeats Israel’s traditional enemy, the Philistines. (5:17-25) • David brings the ark of the covenant to Jerusalem but violates God’s instructions. God judges Uzzah and David gets angry. (6:1-11) • Finally the ark arrives in the City of David and David dances before the Lord. (6:12-23)
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2 Sam. 7 Davidic Covenant
Denial and Promise, 7 • David expresses his desire to build a temple to the Lord. (1,2) • God denies David’s request because:
What meta-narrative words/themes do you see?
– He doesn’t need a house (4-7) – He wants to build a house for David. (7:11)
• But God also makes a covenant with David to establish his throne forever. (7:8-17) • David responds to God’s “no” wisely. (7:18-29 23
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David and Bathsheba, 11-12
David and Mephibosheth: Loyal love, 9 • Mephibosheth, once heir to the throne, experienced near total collapse of his world. (2:4, 9:4, 9:7) • David remembers his commitments, though made years before and under emotional stress. (1 Sam 20) • Mephibosheth is brought back from exile, given his inheritance, and invited to eat at the king’s table. (9:7, 13) • Later Mephibosheth is betrayed but remains loyal to David. (16:1-4, 19:24-30) • David spares Mephibosheth’s life. (21:7) This story is an incredible picture of God’s loyal love to us. 25
• • • • • •
David shirks his duty as commander. His dereliction leads to lust and adultery. He tries to cover up, which leads to murder. He pleads for pardon and restoration. (Ps 51:1-5) He prays for those affected by his sin. (Ps 51:18-19) God’s law of the harvest kicks in. – Perpetual war plagues his reign. – Public calamity affects his family. – Bathsheba’s child dies • God’s law of the harvest is softened by grace. (13-25) 26
Neglectful father, rebellious son, 13-19 • David’s failures as a father were multiple and profound. – Inadequate discipline (1 Kings 1:6) – Incomplete forgiveness (14) – Unexpressed love (13:39, 18:4-33) • Absalom’s failures as a son were explainable but inexcusable. – Hatred (13:22) – Murder (13:28-29) – Conspiracy (15:1-5) – Rebellion (15) • Absalom dies and David mourns. (18:1-19:8)
David’s greatest sin, 24 • Causes of a foolish decision (1-9) – – – – – –
God (1) Satan (1 Chron 21:1) Pride and self-reliance Success Spiritual apathy Lack of accountability
• A tragic consequence (10-17) David is given 3 bad options. • A gracious intervention (16) • A costly offering (18-25) 27
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God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 3
1 Kings: Outline Theme: Solomon succeeds David but Solomon sins and the consequences result in divided and troubled kingdoms. • Solomon succeeds David upon his death (1-2) • Solomon’s reign, accomplishments, and failures (3-11) – Solomon’s wisdom (3-4) – Building of the temple and his palace (5-9) – Queen of Sheba and Solomon’s splendor (10) – Solomon’s wives, adversaries, and death (11)
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Solomon asks for and demonstrates wisdom, 3-4
The passing of the torch, 1-2 • Adonijah, one of David’s sons, tries to seize the throne as David lies dying. • Bathsheba intervenes in behalf of her son Solomon. • David declares Solomon king and charges him to walk in the Lord’s ways. • Solomon consolidates his power. 31
• The Lord offers Solomon any request he desires, and he asks for a discerning heart. (3:1-15) • He resolves a dispute between two prostitutes over a baby and generates awe. (3:16-28) • God gives him wealth in addition to wisdom. (4:20-34) 32
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Solomon builds the temple and then his palace, 5-7
Solomon’s Temple
• Solomon solicits materials from Hiram, King of Tyre, and conscripts over 200,000 laborers. (5) • The 7-year building process, architecture, and furnishings are described. (6, 7:13ff) • In comparison Solomon took 13 years to build his palace. (7:1-12)
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Solomon dedicates the temple, 8-9 • The glory of the Lord fills the temple as the ark of the covenant is installed. (8:1-21) • Solomon offers an amazing prayer of dedication, then blesses the people. (8:22-61) • An offering of 142,000 animals is made and the people celebrate for 14 days. (8:62-66) • The Lord appears to Solomon with promises and warnings. (9:1-9)
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Second half of Solomon’s reign, 9-11 • • • • • • •
Symbols of his power (9:10-28) Visit of the Queen of Sheba (10:1-13) Symbols of his wealth (10:14-29) Solomon’s wives (11:1-13) Solomon’s adversaries (11:14-25) Jereboam’s rebellion and exile (11:26-40) Solomon’s death after a reign of 40 years (11:41-43) 36
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Epitaphs of Kings of United Monarchy
Divided Kingdom
• Saul: “Why did you not obey the Lord? Why did you pounce on the plunder and do evil in the eyes of the Lord?” (1 Samuel 15:19) • David: “David had done what was right in the eyes of the Lord and had not failed to keep any of the LORD’s commands all the days of his life—except in the case of Uriah the Hittite.” 1 Kings 15:5 “He died at a good old age, having enjoyed long life, wealth and honor.” (1 Chron. 29:28) • Solomon: “King Solomon was greater in riches and wisdom than all the other kings of the earth.” 1 Kings 10:23 “As Solomon grew old, his wives turned his heart after other gods, and his heart was not fully devoted to the Lord his God.” (1 Kings 11:4) 37
1 Kings 12-22: Content
1 Kings 12-22: Content (cont)
• Rehoboam, Solomon’s son, succeeds him at death. (11:41-43) • Jeroboam, an official exiled to Egypt by Solomon, returns and pleads with Rehoboam to ease the heavy burden on the people. (11:40-12:4) • Rehoboam rejects the advice of the elders and promises to increase the burden. (12:5-15) • Jeroboam is crowned king by the ten northern tribes. Civil war is only averted by the prophet Shemaiah. (12:16-24) • Jeroboam sets up two golden calves in Bethel and Dan to keep the people from reconnecting with their brothers in Jerusalem. (12:2533) • A man of God from Judah predicts judgment on Jeroboam, but an old prophet lies to him, which leads to his death. (13) • Ahijah the prophet pronounces judgment on Jeroboam through Jeroboam’s wife. (14) 39 • Jeroboam dies after reigning for 22 years. (14:19-20)
The Southern Kingdom of Judah • Rehoboam reigns for 17 years over Judah and Benjamin. He promotes idolatry and under him Egypt carries off all the treasures of the temple and the royal palace. (14:21-31) • Rehoboam is succeeded by Abijah, who commits all the sins of his father. (15:1-8) • Abijah is succeeded by Asa, a good king who reigns for 41 years. He is known for deposing his own grandmother as queen mother because of her idolatry. Asa’s heart was “fully committed to the Lord all his life.” (15:9-24) • Asa is succeeded by Jehoshaphat, who reigns for 25 years. He, too, was a good king. “In everything he walked in the ways of his father Asa . . . He did what was right in the eyes of the Lord.” (22:41-50) 40
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1 Kings 12-22: Content (cont)
Elijah the Prophet of God, 17-22
The Northern Kingdom of Israel after Jeroboam: •Jeroboam is succeeded by his son Nadab, who reigns only two years and walks in the ways of his father. (15:25-32) •Baasha kills Nadab and Jeroboam’s whole family, in keeping with the prophecy of Ahijah. (15:33-16:7) •Baasha is followed by his son Elah, who is murdered by Zimri, who kills Baasha’s whole family. He was king for only 7 days. (16:8-20) •Omri becomes king and sins more than all those before him. He reigns 12 years. (16:21-28) •Ahab, Omri’s son, becomes king and reigns for 22 years. “He not only considered it trivial to commit the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, but he also married Jezebel.” (16:29-22:50) •Ahab’s son Ahaziah follows him and reigns two years. (22:51-53)
– Predicts drought against Ahab, fed by ravens, widow of Zarephath (17) – Obadiah and the prophets; priests of Baal on Mt. Carmel (18) – Elijah flees to Horeb (Sinai) (19) – Elijah calls Elisha to be his follower. (19:19-21) – Ben-Hadad and Ahab trash talk one another. Ahab defeats Ben-Hadad’s army but lets him go. (20:1-34) – The masochistic prophet condemns Ahab. (20:35-43) – Naboth’s vineyard is seized by Ahab and Jezebel has him killed. Elijah confronts Ahab and announces that dogs will eat him and Jezebel. Ahab repents temporarily but the prophecy comes true. (21-22) 42
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The Man of God from Judah, 13 Theme: Nothing Trumps the Word of the Lord. • When God has spoken clearly, absolutely nothing superceeds it. – What He prophesies will come to pass. – What He commands must be obeyed. (9, 16-17) • No relationship justifies disobedience. • No claims of authority justify disobedience. • No reason, intuition or emotions justify disobedience. • No religious instincts justify disobedience. • When God has spoken, disobedience is taken seriously by God. (24)43
The Masochistic Prophet, 20 • Theme: Obedience is better than religious instincts. • Ahab tries to achieve victory on his own and fails: – Appeasement (1-4) – Strength against strength (5-12)
• Ahab tries obedience and succeeds. (13-30) • Ahab employs reason in place of obedience. (31-34) • God sends a strange prophet to confront Ahab. (35-43) – – – –
He orders a companion to strike him; he refuses; he dies. He orders another man to strike him; he does. He employs his wound to communicate a parable to Ahab. Ahab is condemned. 44
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Micaiah, the Lying Prophet Famous for his honesty, 22
God establishes a human monarchy in Israel but retains ultimate authority. Part 4
• Historical background (1-7) – An unwise political alliance – An unholy religious alliance – An unappreciated afterthought • The prophet Micaiah has a reputation for honesty and integrity but “lies” to Ahab and Jehoshaphat. (8-16) • Micaiah finally delivers on his reputation for honesty and integrity. (17-23) • Micaiah pays the consequences for his honesty and integrity. (24-28) 46
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2 Kings: Content
2 Kings: Content (cont)
Theme: After generations of warnings, God destroys both Israel and Judah because of their evil and disobedience. Elijah and Elisha • Elijah condemns Ahaziah and he dies. (1) • Elijah is taken to heaven in a chariot of fire (2) • Elisha inherits the mantle and a double portion of Elijah’s spirit, as evidenced by many miracles. (2) • Elisha is jeered as a baldy and calls down a curse on the youths. Forty two of them are mauled. (2) • Elisha performs the miracles of the widow’s oil, the Shammite’s son, and the healing of Naaman. (4-7) 47
Deterioration and collapse of Northern Kingdom (9-17) •Joram follows Ahaziah as king. •Jehu is anointd by Elisha and commissioned to exterminate the house of Ahab. •Jezebel is thrown out the window and dogs eat her just as Elijah had said 20 years earlier. •Ahab’s family is killed, as are all the priests of Baal. •Jehu’s son Jehoahaz succeeds him, then Jeroboam II, then Zechariah, all of them wicked. •Shallum assassinates Zechariah but reigns only one month before Menahem assassinates him. •Pekahiah, Pekah and Hoshea are the last 3 kings of Israel. (A series of wicked kings, concluding with Hoshea, bring about Israel’s exile and resettlement in Samaria).
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2 Kings: Content (cont)
2 Kings: Content (cont) The last days of Israel (17)
• Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, invades Israel, imprisons the king, captures Samaria and deports the Israelites. • Israel is exiled because of their sin. (17:7-23) “All this took place because the Israelites sinned against the Lord their God.” (7) • Samaria is resettled with aliens from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, hamath and Sepharvalim.
The southern kingdom after Jehoshaphat •Jehoram succeeds his father but walks in the ways of the kings of Israel, even marries Ahab’s daughter, Athaliah. (8:16-24) •Ahaziah, the son of Jehoram and Athalia, succeeds to the throne, but is killed by Jehu, king of Israel, in his effort to exterminate Ahab’s family. (8:25-10:35) •Athaliah seizes the throne and tries to exterminate the royal family, but Joash is hidden in the temple for 6 years by Jehosheba. (11:1-3) •Jehoiada the priest crowns young Joash; Athaliah killed. (11:4-21)
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2 Kings: Content (cont.)
2 Kings: Content (cont) • Joash reigns for 40 years, repairs the temple with money collected in a chest. “Joash did what was right in the eyes of the Lord all the years Jehoiada the priest instructed him.” (12) • Joash is assassinated and his son Amaziah succeeds him. “He did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, but not as his father David had done.” (14) • Azariah (Uzziah) succeeds Amaziah and reigns for 52 years. He is a good king but contracts leprosy and has to share the throne with his son Jotham. (15:1-7) • Jotham does what is right in the eyes of the Lord but does not remove the high places. (15:32-38) 51
• Ahaz follows Jotham but does not do what is right in the eyes of the Lord. He even sacrifices his son in the fire. (16) • Hezekiah follows Ahaz and is king of Judah during the fall of the northern kingdom. (18) • Hezekiah faces threat from Sennacharib; he prays; Isaiah comes to the rescue. (18-19) • Hezekiah’s illness, his foolishness, his death. (20) • Manasseh, Hezekiah’s son, is the worst of the kings of Judah. He reigns for 55 years. (21:1-18) • Amon follows Manasseh but is assassinated after 2 years. (21:19-26) 52
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Jeroboam & Rehoboam 2 Kings: Content (cont.) • Josiah, Amon’s son, is 8 years old when he becomes king and reigns for 31 years. (22) • Joshiah finds book of the Law in the temple, renews the covenant (22-23) • With Jehoahaz things begin to go downhill fast. He reigns only 3 months (23:31-35) • Nebuchadnezzar marches against the last three kings of Judah—Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, and Zedekiah—finally destroying Jerusalem in 586 B.C. (24-25) • Read account of Jerusalem’s fall in 25:8-12.
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Purpose of Chronicles • Addressed to exilic community, explaining why Israel’s/Judah’s monarchy failed, but also indicating God still has purpose for them. • Opens with the most extensive genealogy in Scripture, beginning with Adam, 1-9. This shows how important individuals are to God. • Focuses largely on Judah, starting with contributions of David and Solomon. • Assumes need for repentance but especially encourages the faithful to make new start. 55
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2 Chronicles Content
1 Chronicles Content Theme: God promises David an eternal throne; establishes true center of worship in Jerusalem. • Reviews founding of Israel as God’s plan for blessing humankind. (1-9) • Describes David’s rule as glorious because of David’s heart for God. (10-20) • Describes David’s preparation for temple and for temple staff. (21-29)
Theme: God “dwells” in His Temple (7:12) and shows His faithful love but also His judgment. • Solomon completes and dedicates the Temple.
• Spiritual life of Judah under succession of kings, with emphasis on reformers Asa, Jehoshaphat, Joash, Hezekiah, and Josiah, until captivity. (10-36)
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Kings of Israel (northern tribes) • • • • • • • • • •
(1-9)
Kings of Israel (northern) cont.
Jeroboam 927-906 Nadab 905-904 Baasha 903-882 Elah 881-880 Zimri 7 days Omri 879-869 Ahab 868-854 Ahaziah 853-852 Jehoram (Joram) 851-840 Jehu 839-822
• • • • • • • • • • 59
Jehoahaz 821-805 Jehoash (Joash) 804-789 Jeoboam II 788-748 Zechariah 6 months Shallum 1 month Menahem 746-737 Pekahiah 736-735 Pekah 734-731 Hoshea 730-722 Assyria wipes northern kingdom off the map, and Israel becomes “the ten lost tribes.” 722 B.C. 60
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Kings of Judah (southern) • • • • • • • • • • •
Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Joash (Jehoash) Amaziah Azariah (Uzziah) Jotham
Kings of Judah (southern) cont.
926-910 909-907 906-878 (866) 877-853 852-841 840 839-833 832-803 (793) 802-786 (774) 785-760 (734) 759-744
• • • • • • • • •
Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jehoiachin(Coniah) Zedekiah
743-728 727-699 698-644 643-642 641-610 3 months 608-598 3 months 596-586
– Nebuchadnezzar wipes Jerusalem off the map and Judah goes into captivity in Babylon for 70 years. 586 B.C. 61
Divided Kingship “Scorecard”
Kings of Judah (southern) • • • • • • • • • • •
Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Joash (Jehoash) Amaziah Azariah (Uzziah) Jotham
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926-910 909-907 906-878 (866) 877-853 852-841 840 839-833 832-803 (793) 802-786 (774) 785-760 (734) 759-744
• Israel
Judah
– 20 kings – 9 ruling dynasties – 7 assassinations – 1 suicide – 1 “stricken by God” – All judged “evil”
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19 kings, 1 queen 2 ruling dynasties 5 assassinations 3 exiled to foreign lands 2 “stricken by God” 8 judged “good”
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Epitaphs of Kings of Israel and Judah
Epitaphs (cont) • Ahaz: In his time of trouble he became even more unfaithful. 2 Chron. 28:22 • Hezekiah: He sought his God and worked wholeheartedly. And so he prospered. 2 Chron. 31:21 • Joash: Joash did what was right in the eyes of the Lord all the days Jehoiada the priest instructed him. 2 Kings 12:2. • Nation of Israel: They would not listen, so the Lord removed them from his presence. 1 Kings 17:14, 18 • Nation of Judah: They mocked, despised, and scoffed until there was no remedy. 2 Chron. 36:16
• Rehoboam: He rejected the advice the elders gave. 1 Kings 12:8 • Asa: He did not seek help from the Lord, but only from the physicians. 2 Chron. 16:12 • Ahab: There was never a man like Ahab, who sold himself to do evil in the eyes of the Lord, urged on by Jezebel his wife. 1 Kings 21:25 • Jehoshaphat: The battle is not yours but God’s. 2 Chron. 20:15 • Uzziah: He was greatly helped until he became powerful. Pride led to his downfall. 2 Chron. 26:15-16 65
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