Overview of Offshore Wind Energy Technology amazonaws com
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Overview of Offshore Wind Energy Technology
www.middelgrunden.dk
EBC Seminar Series on Offshore Wind Energy September 28, 2007
J. F. Manwell, Professor and Director Renewable Energy Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Univ. of Mass./Amherst, MA
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Overview • • • • • •
History of offshore wind energy Offshore wind overview Design of offshore wind turbines Economics/policy Environmental issues The future: deep water
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Early Offshore Wind Energy (for transportation)
Mural from Akrotiri, Santorini (Greece), c. 1,500 BC
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
First Idea for Offshore Wind Turbines • Hermann Honnef • Germany, 1930’s • Multiple rotors
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Wm Heronemus, UMass •Floating •Spar buoy •For hydrogen
First detailed offshore wind concepts, ~1972 University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
First Offshore Wind Turbines Built • • • •
Vindeby, Denmark,1991 Eleven wind turbines Shallow water, close to shore Protected waters: low waves
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Typical Land Based Wind Turbine Nacelle cover
Rotor
Control Hub
Generator
Drive train
Tower
Main frame/yaw system
Balance of electrical system
Foundation
Hull, MA 2003
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Impetus for Offshore Wind Energy • Land use constraints • Distance of large land based resource areas from load centers • High winds offshore • Limit to size of land based turbines
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Conceptual Design of Typical Conventional Offshore Wind Plant
Wind Turbine Grid Connection
Onshore Staging Area and Control Room
Installation Crane
Maintenance Vessel
Submarine Cable
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
State-of-Art Offshore Wind Turbines • GE Wind – 3.6 MW – 104 m rotor diameter – Shown in Ireland
• Copenhagen Windfarm • Hornsrev Windfarm (Denmark) University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Offshore Wind Turbine Design Considerations
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Wind Turbine Support Structure • Typical offshore wind turbine support structure options • Type used will depend on seabed properties
rotor-nacelle assembly
tower
tower support structure
platform
water level sub-structure
sub-structure
pile
sea floor
seabed
pile
foundation
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Design Drivers • • • • •
Wind Speed/Extremes Waves/Extremes Distance from Shore Depth Standards – International Electrotechnical Commission: IEC 61400-3 – Det Norske Veritas (DNV) – Germanischer Lloyd (GL) University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Illustrations of Wind Variability Typical Hourly Average Windspeed, 1 year
80 60 40 20 8467
7969
7471
6973
6475
5977
5479
4981
4483
3985
3487
2989
2491
1993
1495
997
499
0 1
Windspeed, mph
100
Time. Hrs
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Illustration of Wave Motions
Data: Shoaling Waves Experiment, ONR
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Wave Forces
• Considerations
– Water depth, sea-bed slope, wave period, etc. – Linear/non-linear waves – Breaking/spilling/plunging waves
Photo: D. Quarton
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Extreme Events • High Winds/High Waves • Sources: – Hurricanes – Northeast Storms
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Sources of Extreme Events • Hurricanes – “Extended fetch” ⇒ large wind-waves
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Sources of Extreme Events • Northeast Storms – Extratropical cyclones – Winter, cold core – Larger diameter (> 1000 km) ⇒ large windwaves Significant Wave Height [m]
14 12 10 8
Oct. 1992 Dec. 1992
Jan. 1996 Mar. 1993
Perfect Storm Hurricane Bob
6 4 2 0 Jan90
Jan91
Jan92
Jan93
Date
Jan94
Jan95
Jan96
Jan97
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Economics: Cost of Energy • Total installed costs – Turbines, Foundations, electrical system – Distance from shore, depth, Installation
• Energy produced – Wind resource – Turbine operating characteristics – Turbine spacing
• Operation and Maintenance (O & M) – Scheduled maintenance and repairs
• Financial considerations (interest rates, etc.) University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Offshore Wind Cost Elements • There is much more to the cost than the turbine itself Operation and Maintenance 25%
Electrical Infrastructure Engineering 15% and Managem ent 3%
Turbine 33%
Support Structure 24%
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Cost of Energy • On the order of $0.10/kWh today • Overall, cost of energy still high compared to conventional energy or onshore wind • Policy required to overcome barriers – Financial incentives – Research & development – Facilitate initial siting
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Environmental Issues • Visual impact concern close to shore – Less so farther from shore
• No noise issues • Avian (bird) impacts appear to be minimal • Minimal impact on fisheries – Beneficial to some
• No information on marine mammals in deep water University of Massachusetts
Radar Images of Migrating Birds at Nysted Wind Power Plant - Denmark Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Operation (2003): Bird perceive the presence of wind turbines even in bad visibility Response distance: day = c. 3000m night = c. 1000m
University of Massachusetts Source: W. Musial, NREL
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Future for Offshore Wind Farms • Deeper water – 100’ and deeper
• • • • •
Further from shore Larger turbines High voltage DC cables Floating? Offshore fuel production? – Using hydrogen from electrolysis of sea water University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Impetus for Deep Water Wind • • • •
Far larger resource area Higher winds Out of sight However: – Much more difficult environment – Higher costs – Technology not commercially available University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Deep Water Considerations • Extensive support structures • Moorings; stability; motion for floating supports • Access/operation/maintenance • Distance from Shore • Higher waves • Costs may be high University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Other Deep Water Issues • Environmental Impact – Marine mammals – Fisheries
• Ocean Use Policy – Jurisdiction – Competing uses – Ocean sanctuaries University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Recent Deep Water Wind Concepts
Multiple Floater, Tension Leg
D. Hannevig, Ocean Synergy
Multiple Turbines, Moored Floater (A. Henderson)
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Relevant Experience from Oil & Gas Industry
• Platform, mooring and foundation system concepts • Design procedures & codes • Analytical & experimental modeling tools • Installation strategies • Cost reduction & system optimization techniques University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Technology from Offshore Drilling Industry
Tension leg platform
R. Mercier
Semi-submersible Platform
Floating Production System
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Relevant Example: Deepwater Tripod
Graphic: R. Mercier
Graphic: R. Mercier
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Current Deep Water R&D Efforts
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Beatrice Offshore Wind • Off the coast of Scotland • Largest offshore turbine yet (~420 ft rotor diameter) – REpower 5 MW turbines
• Deepest water (~150 ft)
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Interior of Beatrice Turbine
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Beatrice Offshore Wind • Installation
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Spar Buoy R&D • Norsk Hydro (Norway)
Artist’s concept
Model being tested University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) R&D • Dynamics of TLP supported wind turbine investigated at MIT • Prototype TLP supported wind turbine being built in Italy
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) R&D • Dynamics of TLP supported wind turbine investigated at MIT • Prototype TLP supported wind turbine being built in Italy
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Conclusion • Offshore wind energy has enormous potential • Economic feasibility close in shallow water, more difficult in deeper water • Offshore wind energy has advanced, but new concepts needed for deeper water • Offshore oil/gas experience is relevant but not sufficient • Development of requisite, cost-effective technology will be challenging
University of Massachusetts
Overview of Offshore Wind Energy Technology
www.middelgrunden.dk
EBC Seminar Series on Offshore Wind Energy September 28, 2007
J. F. Manwell, Professor and Director Renewable Energy Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Univ. of Mass./Amherst, MA
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Overview • • • • • •
History of offshore wind energy Offshore wind overview Design of offshore wind turbines Economics/policy Environmental issues The future: deep water
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Early Offshore Wind Energy (for transportation)
Mural from Akrotiri, Santorini (Greece), c. 1,500 BC
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
First Idea for Offshore Wind Turbines • Hermann Honnef • Germany, 1930’s • Multiple rotors
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Wm Heronemus, UMass •Floating •Spar buoy •For hydrogen
First detailed offshore wind concepts, ~1972 University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
First Offshore Wind Turbines Built • • • •
Vindeby, Denmark,1991 Eleven wind turbines Shallow water, close to shore Protected waters: low waves
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Typical Land Based Wind Turbine Nacelle cover
Rotor
Control Hub
Generator
Drive train
Tower
Main frame/yaw system
Balance of electrical system
Foundation
Hull, MA 2003
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Impetus for Offshore Wind Energy • Land use constraints • Distance of large land based resource areas from load centers • High winds offshore • Limit to size of land based turbines
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Conceptual Design of Typical Conventional Offshore Wind Plant
Wind Turbine Grid Connection
Onshore Staging Area and Control Room
Installation Crane
Maintenance Vessel
Submarine Cable
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
State-of-Art Offshore Wind Turbines • GE Wind – 3.6 MW – 104 m rotor diameter – Shown in Ireland
• Copenhagen Windfarm • Hornsrev Windfarm (Denmark) University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Offshore Wind Turbine Design Considerations
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Wind Turbine Support Structure • Typical offshore wind turbine support structure options • Type used will depend on seabed properties
rotor-nacelle assembly
tower
tower support structure
platform
water level sub-structure
sub-structure
pile
sea floor
seabed
pile
foundation
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Design Drivers • • • • •
Wind Speed/Extremes Waves/Extremes Distance from Shore Depth Standards – International Electrotechnical Commission: IEC 61400-3 – Det Norske Veritas (DNV) – Germanischer Lloyd (GL) University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Illustrations of Wind Variability Typical Hourly Average Windspeed, 1 year
80 60 40 20 8467
7969
7471
6973
6475
5977
5479
4981
4483
3985
3487
2989
2491
1993
1495
997
499
0 1
Windspeed, mph
100
Time. Hrs
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Illustration of Wave Motions
Data: Shoaling Waves Experiment, ONR
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Wave Forces
• Considerations
– Water depth, sea-bed slope, wave period, etc. – Linear/non-linear waves – Breaking/spilling/plunging waves
Photo: D. Quarton
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Extreme Events • High Winds/High Waves • Sources: – Hurricanes – Northeast Storms
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Sources of Extreme Events • Hurricanes – “Extended fetch” ⇒ large wind-waves
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Sources of Extreme Events • Northeast Storms – Extratropical cyclones – Winter, cold core – Larger diameter (> 1000 km) ⇒ large windwaves Significant Wave Height [m]
14 12 10 8
Oct. 1992 Dec. 1992
Jan. 1996 Mar. 1993
Perfect Storm Hurricane Bob
6 4 2 0 Jan90
Jan91
Jan92
Jan93
Date
Jan94
Jan95
Jan96
Jan97
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Economics: Cost of Energy • Total installed costs – Turbines, Foundations, electrical system – Distance from shore, depth, Installation
• Energy produced – Wind resource – Turbine operating characteristics – Turbine spacing
• Operation and Maintenance (O & M) – Scheduled maintenance and repairs
• Financial considerations (interest rates, etc.) University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Offshore Wind Cost Elements • There is much more to the cost than the turbine itself Operation and Maintenance 25%
Electrical Infrastructure Engineering 15% and Managem ent 3%
Turbine 33%
Support Structure 24%
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Cost of Energy • On the order of $0.10/kWh today • Overall, cost of energy still high compared to conventional energy or onshore wind • Policy required to overcome barriers – Financial incentives – Research & development – Facilitate initial siting
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Environmental Issues • Visual impact concern close to shore – Less so farther from shore
• No noise issues • Avian (bird) impacts appear to be minimal • Minimal impact on fisheries – Beneficial to some
• No information on marine mammals in deep water University of Massachusetts
Radar Images of Migrating Birds at Nysted Wind Power Plant - Denmark Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Operation (2003): Bird perceive the presence of wind turbines even in bad visibility Response distance: day = c. 3000m night = c. 1000m
University of Massachusetts Source: W. Musial, NREL
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Future for Offshore Wind Farms • Deeper water – 100’ and deeper
• • • • •
Further from shore Larger turbines High voltage DC cables Floating? Offshore fuel production? – Using hydrogen from electrolysis of sea water University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Impetus for Deep Water Wind • • • •
Far larger resource area Higher winds Out of sight However: – Much more difficult environment – Higher costs – Technology not commercially available University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Deep Water Considerations • Extensive support structures • Moorings; stability; motion for floating supports • Access/operation/maintenance • Distance from Shore • Higher waves • Costs may be high University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Other Deep Water Issues • Environmental Impact – Marine mammals – Fisheries
• Ocean Use Policy – Jurisdiction – Competing uses – Ocean sanctuaries University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Recent Deep Water Wind Concepts
Multiple Floater, Tension Leg
D. Hannevig, Ocean Synergy
Multiple Turbines, Moored Floater (A. Henderson)
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Relevant Experience from Oil & Gas Industry
• Platform, mooring and foundation system concepts • Design procedures & codes • Analytical & experimental modeling tools • Installation strategies • Cost reduction & system optimization techniques University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Technology from Offshore Drilling Industry
Tension leg platform
R. Mercier
Semi-submersible Platform
Floating Production System
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Relevant Example: Deepwater Tripod
Graphic: R. Mercier
Graphic: R. Mercier
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Current Deep Water R&D Efforts
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Beatrice Offshore Wind • Off the coast of Scotland • Largest offshore turbine yet (~420 ft rotor diameter) – REpower 5 MW turbines
• Deepest water (~150 ft)
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Interior of Beatrice Turbine
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Beatrice Offshore Wind • Installation
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Spar Buoy R&D • Norsk Hydro (Norway)
Artist’s concept
Model being tested University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) R&D • Dynamics of TLP supported wind turbine investigated at MIT • Prototype TLP supported wind turbine being built in Italy
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) R&D • Dynamics of TLP supported wind turbine investigated at MIT • Prototype TLP supported wind turbine being built in Italy
University of Massachusetts
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
Conclusion • Offshore wind energy has enormous potential • Economic feasibility close in shallow water, more difficult in deeper water • Offshore wind energy has advanced, but new concepts needed for deeper water • Offshore oil/gas experience is relevant but not sufficient • Development of requisite, cost-effective technology will be challenging
University of Massachusetts
