Page 1 102 12 71-108 * ** * DOI:10.6166/TJPS.58(71-108) ** E-mail ...
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡Ɵࢱ 71-108
ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈ Զਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ* ᆒσ࢚**
ၡāāࢋ ώ͛ᛚځĂдனѣ߆ޠڱڼវր˭Ăૄٺᅳ˿ଵֽّࣧ நᅳ˿ۋბĂሕᖟඕၹّϬ࠼Ăͷѣͽ࠹၆ᆊࣃܡᘣۋბྋՙ ۞ඕၹड़ᑕĂԯߙֱۋბ͔ˢඕၹّӧဩ̝̚ĄߏٺĂଂඕၹ˯ ᆶෛۋბĂಶҋࢉϠ˞ᇹ˘̰࣎ӣநኢ၆ྖ۞યᗟĈߏӎѣι ͞९ͧϤ͞˘ߙ̚ҫۋბгડՀࠎЪநĉҭߏ˘࣎ંયᗟĂЯ ࠎдனѣវր̚ι͞९̙хдซҖநኢ၆ྖ۞֗ЊĄߏٺĂώ͛ͽ Զਾщଵࠎ̷ˢᕇ̶ֽژᅳ˿ۋბĂుᆸஎˢĂޙϲ˞˘࣎ᅳ˿ࣧ ۞நኢߛၹĂ֭ؠཌྷ˞Ķۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧķĄдЧ͞ࢬ ਕૉ၆˯າࣧซҖ͚ᇣĂͽᕖणனѣ߆ޠڱڼវր۞ଐ˭ڶĂ ˯ંયᗟಶјࠎ˞ৌયᗟĄፋវֽ࠻ĂΒ߁Զਾщଵд̰۞Հкۋ ბྋՙନ߉ѣ˞၁ኹҋ֗۞ૄᖂ۩มćវֽ࠻Ăۋბгડᅳ˿ ̢ܧϋࣧдপؠຍཌྷ˯Ξͽநྋјᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅԛ ёĂऴ̼۞ԛёĂдѩૄᖂ˯ĂͧྵԶਾщଵᄃଵّନ߉Ăιࣇ՟
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DOI:10.6166/TJPS.58 (71-108)Ąү۰ຏᔁٙѣෞᆶώ͛۞ᆶߤˠĂࣇ۞ᚗෳຍ֍ᗛ ྐྵˢ྆Ăѣֱг͞࠹༊ᙯᔣĂώ͛ᒔৈࣥćຏᔁګΔ̂ጯĂү۰֭ܧс۞ጯϠĂҭ ү۰ߏдс۞ဦ३ᐡăྤफ़ވҋ௫̚ވԆј۞ώ͛ćώ͛۞ޝк៍ᕇֽҋ˘ٺቔү ۰ጯ̀ጯ௫ഇมٙᆷ۞ኢ͛ĂຏᔁവҁरోԠځҁरĂࣇග̟֤ቔኢ͛۞ ጱৈ໕ٺώ͛ćԯώ͛ᚥගֱѐдۏኳăჟৠ̈́ι͞ࢬ˯ᑒӄ࿅ү۰۞Тጯڈ ̓Ăтڍ՟ѣֱᑒӄĂ̙ົѣቔኢ͛ĂᔁᔁࣇĄ͛య̪Ϥү۰ҋĄ ** ߆ڼጯᄃᔈԊநኢ۞ҋϤࡁտ۰ĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ101 ѐ 1 ͡ 20 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ102 ѐ 12 ͡ 6 ͟
72ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ѣᅳ˿ࣧ۞˯ώኳϬ࠼Ă݈۰Тᇹߏޢ۰۞˘পঅऴ̼ԛ ё—— ฟᜥ˞ྮशĂᖣѩநྋ֭၁ன˞၆ᙷନ߉̝ม၆ϲ۞አ Ąࢬ͞ពϯώ͛ᙯٺҋ֗ϫᇾ۞ፋវఢထߏĂͽּّ࣎۞ វନ߉͔ጱޙޘטၹĂ֭ͽ̝ޘטទᏭ˧ณࠎវନ߉۞ன၁၁ኹ ೩ֻّޘטଯજĄ ᙯᔣෟĈᅳ˿ۋბăඕၹăԶਾщଵăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧă઼ छᝋ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
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ಥă݈֏ ܕೀѐĞ͍ ߏ2011 ѐğĂܻᘲ͟ώᙯٺĶ˼ݑफཏफƟΔ͞ αफķ۞ᅳ˿ۋბкѨ፬൴၆ϲଐჰĂϒЯ˘ۋბĂॡҌ̫͟ౌ઼Ϗ ᘪࢎπ୧ࡗĄ2012 ѐ 9 ͡౦ᄂĶ઼ѣ̼ķְІ͔ٙ൴۞̚͟มγϹ ၆ԩ˧֎ְâۡᜈזனдĂͷѣດႊດধ̝ၗ๕ĄੵѩĂᔘѣ͟ ᔹ̝มăᔹഈ̝ม۞ᅳ˿યᗟĂֹڌĞΔğֲјࠎ͵ࠧ˯ᅳ˿ۋბะ ۞гડ̝˘Ăͷֱۋბ˘Г፬̼ĂкѨјࠎ͵ࠧሤᕇĄιࣇΪߏֲ߷ ˜Ҍ͵ࠧᅳ˿યᗟ۞˘࣎ᒺᇆĂ̚ڌгડЯᅳ˿યᗟкѨᘕ൴ጼۋĂͷ˘ ۡдాწ̙ᕝ۞ࡎ̚ć˵ֲݑЯᅳ˿યᗟᘕ൴࿅ೀѨ̂ఢሀ۞ְ ࡎĂͽҌனдጼ۞ۋౚᇆ˵ᔘ՟ѣঐεඈඈĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂ઼ᅫΦڱ፟ၹĞΒ߁Чᙷ઼ᅫੰڱЅ፟ၹğ࠹ᚶޙϲĂ ҡᐌ࠹ᙯ઼ᅫڱఢ̝ుՎԆචĂೀȈѐֽצநந˞ధкᅳ˿ۋბĂ тسႬफĞLa PalmasğЅ९ăয়ĞAozouğ९ăϨᒨफĞPedra Brancağ ९ă͐ҘΗफĞBakassi peninsulağ९Ăԛј˞։р۞ۋბந፟טĂ ͷజଳϡ۞ᔌ๕ϒдు႙ΐૻĞSchneider, 2006: 119-129ğĄӈܮтѩĂ ̪ѣΒ߁˯ۋბд̰۞̂ณۋბ١઼ᅫΦڱ፟ၹ̬ˢĞѯګĂ2012Ĉ 43ćѥߋজĂ1998Ĉ72ğĄࠤҌ઼ᅫΦڱ፟ၹ̬ˢ۞ۋბĂ˵ᔘѣ˘ֱ ז ڱԆ Б ྋ ՙ Ă ͧ т ઼ ं ߚ ၂ ࠹ ރ س ۞ ۋआ ъ Ğ Preah Vihear TempleğĂ1962 ѐజ઼ᅫੰڱҿᛳߚं၂ٙѣĂҭҋ 2008 ѐྍъజЕˢ ͵ࠧயЩᐂޢĂᗕ͞ۋბ፬̼Ăдѩгડჸะ̂ณฤĂкѨ൴ϠࡎĂ ᇴȈˠ๋˸ć1977 ѐംӀॲܠԗ̝ม۞ͧॾႬঔदĞCanal Beagleğफ ᑎЅ९̚Ăˬ࣎फᑎҿᕩംӀĂҭॲܠԗ١ତצĂѩޢᗕ͞Ϭ࠼፬̼Ă дᙝࠧะඕฤĂೀͼᘕ൴ጼۋĂ҃ྋՙֶያ۞҃ͅߏᗕ͞۞γϹኘ ҿĄ 1
1
дՀܜ።Ϋॡഇ̚៍၅Ă࣎ன෪ՀࠎࡎĂּтĂ࿅Ν۞˘࣎к͵ࡔ྆Ăдٛ˚࡚ ߷Ϲ;۞ 22 Іᙝࠧᅳ˿ۋბЅ९̚Ăొ̶١ٕԆБ١۞Ѕՙ࿅˘Η Ğ12 ІğĞSimmons, 1999: 5ğĄ
74ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ֱΦڱӧဩ۞ૄώԛёߏĂ̙ߏٙѣۋბ༊઼ְౌਕૉତצĞٕ݂ ᐍତצğĂҋ̎үࠎĞٕΞਕүࠎğΦڱҿՙ̚εӀ˘͞۞ඕڍĄ҃Ă ۋბᓁࢋྋՙĂ༊̚ϲă̳ϒͷѣᝋ઼۞ރᅫΦڱඕၹإͷֹڱ ĶεӀ˘͞ķజତצĂ఼࿅ᗕ͞ౌѣજّҋՙਕજّ۞γϹኘҿĂ ಶՀ̙ΞਕயϠѣεӀ˘͞౼Ӏ˘͞۞ඕ˞ڍĄ ૄٺѩâֱۋბયᗟ՟ѣјࠎۋბӧဩĂٕ˘ֱۋბӧဩͽ ྋՙĂߏЯଵੵ˞ĶεӀ˘͞ķĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĂֶያ۞ߏ˘̝ޠڱγ ۞߆ّڼԶਾщଵĂӈд၆ϲ۞෦ՐมᏴ࣎˘פԶਾ۞πᏊᕇĂͧтܻ̚ ౷̶โሺ̄फྋՙ˞โሺ̄फۋბćࠟӀჯֲ͐ٛеಶΔߤࡊгડ ĞChaco Borealğд઼ᅫአྋĞЅğ˭ٙઇ۞ᅳ˿̶౷ᝋӀщଵćྋ ՙͧॾႬঔदफᑎયᗟ۞࠹̢ԁڼ߆۞םщଵĄᄃѩ࠹ᙯ۞ĂЩ۞ᅳ˿ ڱछ Cukwurah അځቁĈĶԶਾߏᙝࠧۋბ۞рྋՙ͞ڱĂ͍ ߏд˘࣎ѣȈ̶ኑᗔ۞ّኳ۞ᙝٕࠧᅳ˿ۋბ̚ķĞ1967Ĉ205-206ğĄ 2
ϤѩĂಶۡତயϠ˞࣎યᗟĈԶਾщଵߏૄۋٺბྋՙ݈ᅳ˿ި
ᇹ۞߆ޠڱڼனېĂͷۋბྋՙޢᅳ˿˫ԛј˞ިᇹ۞߆ޠڱڼன ၁ĉࢬ၆̪хд۞ѣӧဩ۞ኜкۋბĂԶਾщଵтңᖳಱԆචҋ ֗ĂͽՀᆵᇃ۞߆ޠڱڼෛĂѣ̬ˢ۞̚Հ̂Ξਕĉۡ࣎ତ યᗟߏඊ۰۞યᗟຍᙊٙயϠ۞ૄᖂયᗟĂ႕аඍ̚Їң˘࣎ౌᅮࢋ Հᇃᔮ۞߆ࡦޠڱڼഀĄߏٺĂඊ۰၆˯࣎યᗟซҖஎ̼ᕖणĂ ๗ፋιࣇĂ೩ТॡΒӣιࣇ۞Ωγ˘࣎યᗟĈ༊Զਾщଵјࠎྋՙ˯ Φڱӧဩ۞˘୧ΞֻᏴፄ۞ྮॡĂιѣިᇹ۞߆ૄޠڱڼᖂĉ ώ͛ྏаඍ࣎˘ޢયᗟĂߏٺĂώ͛ԯԶਾщଵٸдՀࠎᇃᔮ۞ ߆ࡦޠڱڼഀ˭Ăͽ˘Հஎ̼Հૄᖂ۞ᗟणฟኢĂࢵАଂඕၹ ۞֎ޘᆶෛ˞ᅳ˿ۋბ۞ӧဩĂԯᚨඕШᅳ˿ࣧώ֗Ă֭ᛚޙځၹّ ᅳ˿ࣧώ̯֗ధซҖГޙၹĄѨĂ̶˞ژԶਾщଵ̝߆ޠڱڼώኳĂ ̈́Ϥѩ၆ᅳ˿ࣧٙซҖ۞ࢦາᆶෛГޙၹĄᐌޢώ͛ᛚځĂдநّ ཌྷ၁ᙋཌྷࢬ͞Ăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧౌѣүࠎޘטซҖޙၹ ۞ࣰጯૄᖂĄޢᓁඕّෞኢ˞ώ͛Чొ̶ม۞ទᏭ࠹ᙯّĂ̈́ፋវ˯۞ 2
႔ᛌ͔ҋഅ൶Ğ2010Ĉ45ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
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෮ăᆶෛᅳ˿ۋბӧဩ드˿ଵّࣧ ˘ăଂඕၹ˯ᆶෛᅳ˿ۋბӧဩ Ķᅳ˿ķߏ˘࣎ࢦࢋᇾᄫĂ͵ࠧ˯ிк۞гந۩มజ˘˞ֽĄ߆ ڼٙԆј۞˘ј˞˘࣎࣎ડાĂ҃၆ֱડાซҖ˘۞ޠڱߏݒĄ тԧࣇٙ࠻۞זĂᔵᅳ˿۞߆ڼႊซߏܜഇኑᗔ۞።Ϋ࿅Ă̙ ТгડĂଐڶΞͽ˼म༱ҾĂҭᅳ˿ݒజᄮؠѣ˘࣎ڱநႊซ۞ВТஅĂ ӈᅳ˿ߏޙϲдҘ൴Ӏֲវր˯Ăᐌϔ઼छ۞Ꮈ̈́ᝋࣧ۞ቁ ϲĂϒёซˢڱநႊซ۞ĄϤ઼छᝋࣧٙΒӣ۞၆ăԆБ̝ᅳ˿ᛳ ّயϠ˞ᅳ˿ଵّࣧĄ༊ᅳ˿۞߆ڼႊซࣄӄڱநྋᛖ҃ࢉϠڱநႊ ซĂ֭ৼˢ઼छ።ΫॡĂڱநૺڱநྋᛖૄٺᅳ˿ଵّࣧĂࢋՐ ڱநႊซͽᅳ˿።ΫԆБ઼̈́छ̝มᙯٺ።Ϋ۞̙ࢦᝑүࠎࣧĄ ΞયᗟߏĂ઼छᅳ˿̝˘ߏّؠޠڱ઼ܕछᅳ˿៍Ăវఢ ҋܕለ߷͛ځĞͳսࡻĂ2011Ĉ31ğĂᐌܕೀѺѐ۞തϔᕖૺ̖ᕖ णҌБ͵ࠧĂ҃ͷഇมѩֱఢ̙ᕝ൴णĂགྷ።˞ኜкႊតĄдధк ͞ࢬ̙Тٺវгડ઼̝ࣧؕ۞ޙދछᅳ˿៍Ă˜Ҍপঅ̼͛็̚۞ ઼छᅳ˿៍Ăଂ̙҃ົݵЪૄٺιࣇ۞઼छ드˿၁ኹĂ͍ܜߏഇ።Ϋ ࿅̚ѣኑᗔ።Ϋႊซ۞ᅳ˿၁ኹĄ 3 ӈ઼ܕٺૄߏܮछᅳ˿៍۞ᅳ ˿၁ኹĂధк˵֭ܧԆБᏲೈޠڱĞ઼ᅫڱğĂ҃дͽᓑЪ઼ጳౢ̈́ѣᙯ ͛Іᘪཌࠎᇾᄫ۞઼ᅫາ৩Ԕ̝ుՎޙϲ݈۞̂ొ̶ॡม྆Ă઼ᅫ֭ڱ ̙ѣ၆ᝋރĂՀ՟ѣ၆۞ޠڱᛳّڱநຍཌྷ——Հ̂ͅ˯ޘ ߍ۞ߏ઼छ̝ม߆̢࠹۞˯ڼᐵݵĂΩγĂд߱ॡഇ྆Ăপঅ̼͛็
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76ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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۞઼छӈߏܮᄮۢ˞ޠڱĞ઼ᅫڱğ઼̈́۞ޢࡦछᅳ˿៍Ă˵̙ҋ ѣତצᏲೈ۞ޠڱཌྷચĂଂ҃၆ٺனдĂ̙ਕҋгᄮࠎΞͽͽֽޠڱ ෞҿă໖༊ॡ۞ְ၁̈́ड़ᑕĄГӈߏܮனѣ઼ᅫޠڱ̝ڱវր˭â ֱᅳ˿၁ኹώ֗ಶѣ̙ԆБܧ၆۞۩ޠڱมĂޠڱٺૄڱซҖԆ Б၆۞ّؠĂтҹ̦ѼႬгડĞKashimirğĄ ˯ኜયᗟಶԯޠڱ˘̝நຐᄃ߆ڼ˘̝ன၁౷ෘ˞ฟֽĈ˘ֱ гડ۞ᅳ˿ႊซ̙֭ߏԆБૄޠڱٺĂٕ۰̙ߏૄٺԆБ۞——ޠڱѩֱ ̙ԆБѣۋბ༊઼ְ۞៍ࣧЯĂт̙ЪڱгតዏĂ˵ѣᙱͽԩ١۞މ ៍ࣧЯĂтޠڱຍᙊгតዏĂྤੈ̙·̶гតዏඈඈĄֱгડ۞ᅳ˿ ֗Њ̶Ҿజк઼࣎छৼˢЧҋ઼छ።Ϋ̚ĂซҖ઼छ߆ڼႊซĄдѩ። Ϋ࿅̚ĂՏ˘͞၆ѩгડ።Ϋ۞ጾѣౌјࠎܧԆБ۞Ă࠹̢̝มߏࢦᝑ ۞ĂӔன̢ܧϋّĄҭϤٺଵّ۞ᅳ˿ᝋࣧĂĶᅳ˿ķᓁᕩࢋѣ ˘࣎ଵّ۞ᕩᛳĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂЧ͞дܧԆБ̢ܧϋ۞።Ϋႊซ̚Ă ౌυืԆБؠۺҋ̎Ăӎؠ၆͞ĂӅ˧ᙋځĞྋᛖğҋ̎ߏፋ࣎гડႊซ ።Ϋ۞ԆБٙѣ۰Ąͷಶޠڱώ֗҃֏Ă͵ࠧቑಛ̰Чгડ۞ᅳ˿።Ϋႊ ซໂኑᗔк̮ĂࠎԯՀкଐԛৼˢޠڱ॰ߛ̰ĂޠڱυืᖳಱԆච ҋ֗Ă൴णఢቑ˞кᅳ˿פሀёఢĂֹᅳ˿۞ᝋӀॲፂӔனк ̮̼۞ТॡĂՀֹវޠڱఢăநهѣ̙ТЪྻϡ۞ዶгĄ ࢬ၆ᅳ˿̙ԆБႊซώ֗ٙѣ۞̙ԆБ۩ޠڱมĂ˯៍ᅮՐ ៍މ୧І۞ඕЪĂֹᅳ˿યᗟҋ҃гಶజ͔ˢזᇹ۞ဩг̝̚Ĉۋბг ડЧ༊઼ְΞͽಶኡАҫѣĂ።ΫߏӎజᖼொΝĂᖼொߏӎЪநăЪڱ ඈ࠹ᙯયᗟĂயϠк࣎ޠڱྋᛖّؠĂଂ҃дѣкइᅳ˿።Ϋޠڱड़ ᑕ۞ТॡĂѣዶгਕૉឰЧ͞ԆБĶؠۺķҋ̎ĂĶӎؠķ၆͞Ą̙Ξᔖ Һ۞Ăኜкᅳ˿Ϭ࠼ͽᜈ̿৺Ă֭ᖼ̼ࠎᅳ˿ۋბĄ ၆ۋٺბ۞ྋՙĂΞͽӀϡᅳ˿۞߆ޠڱڼ॰ߛ̚វࣧఢ ĂಶЧ͞ᝋӀॲፂ̝ڱநྋᛖᄮ࠹࣎˘ؠ၆ЪநّĂயϠᙯٺᅳ˿Ğፋ វğᕩᛳ۞εӀ˘͞౼Ӏ˘͞ĄĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶεӀ˘͞ķүࠎ֗Њ Ğ֎ҒğؠҜ۞ඕၹԛၗĂͷѣ࠹̢ม۞ඕၹᙯܼĂֹந͞ёٙ ࢋࢬᓜ۞યᗟ̚ĂΞਕѣ˘ֱߏͅߍ˯ඕၹপᇈ۞ඕၹયᗟ——Я ֗Њ۞វ̶੨̖யϠ۞ૄ࣎ٺវّ࣎វপᇈ۞វયᗟĄࢋߏ˭
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
77
ࢬ۞ࢬ࣎͞ඕၹયᗟâĂĶεӀ˘͞ķĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķ֗ЊؠҜ۞ඕ ၹયᗟĄវ҃֏Ăд֗Њ̶੨̚Տ˘֗ЊౌΪਕѣ˘࣎Ă࠹̢гֶ Ꮵ၆҃͞хдĂͷౌυхдĂͧтĂѣĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķಶ˘ົؠѣĶεӀ ˘͞ķĂѣĶεӀ˘͞ķ̖ਕѣĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĄ˟ĂĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶε Ӏ˘͞ķ̝ม۞རमĂ၆ᑕЧᆊࣃĞтଐຏгநҜཉ̝ᆊࣃğ۞࠹ ၆ّརमĂயϠ࠹၆ᆊࣃĄ ௐ˘࣎͞ࢬ۞ඕၹયᗟĄޠڱҿՙ̚˘͞ĶεΝķۋბгડĂّኳ˯ ̙Т઼ٺछజܬரޢᅳ˿జܬҫĂӈ઼ܮछ઼ϔ၆ۋბĶᅳ˿ķѣૻ ধ۞ᕩᛳᄮТ̈́ૻർ۞િĄҭયᗟдٺĂޠڱఢҿۋؠბᅳ˿ᕩᛳಶ ຍקߏͽّؠֽޠڱྋᛖ።ΫĂҭ၆̙ٺԆБ۞ᅳ˿ႊซĂώ֗ಶ ѣ̙ԆБ۞ّؠޠڱྋᛖĂ̙ߏԆБͽԆБ۞ޠڱүࠎֶፂֽ̰ϠЧ ઼छड़ᑕ።Ϋड़ᑕ۞Ą҃ͷĂѩҿٺૄߏؠĞ˯ğ࠹၆ЪநّĂ ࠹၆Ъநّώ֗ಶ̙ଵੵЧ͞۞።Ϋѣड़ّ̈́ጾѣۋბгડ̝ЪநّĄՀ ᙯᔣ۞ߏĂड़ᑕ̏གྷயϠĂѣड़ٕड़Ϊߏ˘ܢֽޢΐ۞ّؠޠڱĂ ̙ߏߊјְ၁ώ֗ĄֱຍקĂĞܧԆБğᅳ˿ႊซ۞઼छड़ᑕ።Ϋड़ ᑕٙѣ۞၁វᆊࣃĂౌ̙ߏ఼࿅ّؠޠڱਕૉӎ۞ؠĂۡତጱ۞ߏĂ ઼छ઼ϔ၆ۋბгડ۞Ķᅳ˿ķᄮТĂ̙ߏΞͽಶѩऴ̼ٸୢ۞Ą ߏٺĂЯᅳ˿ଵّࣧεΝ˞Ķᅳ˿ķಶຍקĶεӀ˘͞ķజࣤ ဳ˞ྶٺĶᅳ˿ķ۞ֶٙᏥᄮТ۞ЧᆊࣃĂΒ߁߆۞ڼĂ̼͛۞Ă ۞ି؟Ăགྷᑻ۞ĂඈඈĄ၆ֱߙٺଐڶĂ༊ְ͞၆ۋბгડߙ˘ีĞٕೀ ีğᆊࣃ۞ֶᏥăᄮТໂୂຏૻধĂֹ̙ਕεΝѩۋბгડ—— ࢋ̙дࢋٺΝԩ١ΦڱĞҿՙğ۞ᝋރĂ҃дົ̙ٺග̟Φ̬ڱ ˢ۞፟ົĂ̙ົΝ݂ᐍĂΒ߁̙ତצĞᙯٺѩ͞ࢬ۞ğ઼ᅫΦטૻ۞ڱგ ᔑĂࠤҌтڍΞͽĂົ̙ٚᄮхдᅳ˿ۋᛉĂඈඈĄ࣐ࡶٙѣ༊ְ͞ౌ ѣໂୂຏ۞ֶᏥĂ֤ᆃĂՏ˘͞ౌ̙ົٸୢۋბгડĂࠤҌ̙ົ̬ˢ ЇңΞਕֹεΝۋბгડ۞፟ົ̚ĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ၆ĶεӀ˘͞ķ ВТ۞ڱତצĂԛј˞˘ඕၹّϬ࠼Ăߏ˘̙࣎ਕдඕၹ̰ซҖአ ۞યᗟĂտॲώĂߏඕၹҋ֗۞ĞඕၹğયᗟĄϤѩĂۋბಶົјࠎ யϠ̝ޢҋ۞ؼᜈĂԛјۋბӧဩ——˘ඕၹّӧဩĄ ௐ˟࣎͞ࢬ۞ඕၹયᗟĄࢵАĂĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶεӀ˘͞ķٙពϯ
78ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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۞၆ّĂֹĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķٙؠۺ۞זᄃĶεӀ˘͞ķٙ۞זӎؠ ၆̼Ă၆̼۞ؠۺӎؠдιࣇ̝ม࠹၆ّརम۞͚ᇣ˭âؠ ົ˯ޘүࠎγొ͵ࠧٙᄮۢ۞ĶᙋፂķĂᇆडۋბ࿅̚ᗕ͞۞ҖࠎĂ পҾߏ፬ধҖࠎĂ̶Ҿࠎϒཌྷ۞ᄃܧϒཌྷ۞ĂயϠଐຏརमĄ 4 ѨĂۋ ბгડ۞༊઼ְ˘ਠౌߏдТ˘ડા࠹ዐٕ࠹઼۞ܕछĂдႝ۞ܜ።Ϋ Ϲـ࿅̚Ăιࣇــѣۋბ۞።ΫጸĂ˜Ҍᘕ൴࿅ࡎጼۋĂт ઼̚͟ώĂߚं၂઼Ą͍Ăᅳ˿ۋბયᗟயϠ̝ޢιࣇــЯѩ ࿅ેۋĂ˜ҌࡎጼۋĂ᎕˭ޝкީᇙĂࠤҌᗕ͞дྋՙۋბયᗟ ۞Тॡ̪дᚑࢦᛋଖ˜Ҍ၆ϲଐჰ̝̚ĂтО͐Ă͐ͽĄֱଐຏಶ ົ፬൴Ԯѡᅳ˿εརम̝ม۞ຍཌྷĂயϠࢬ၆̰ొᄮۢ۞পঅଐຏĈ ၆ĶεӀ˘͞ķֽᄲĂۋბгડε۞རमຍקĂ၆͞זĶᅳ˿ķ۞Т ॡ̎͞ݒεΝĶᅳ˿ķĂ˜ҌЯௐ˘͞ࢬ۞ҋԧᄮТĂֹــజ͔Ϧ ࠎĶĺ౷ឰĻ̎͞۞ĺᅳ˿Ļග၆͞ķĂϤѩயϠऺຏć၆Ķ౼Ӏ˘͞ķ ֽᄲĂརमຍקĂ၆͞εΝĶᅳ˿ķ۞Тॡ̎͞זݒĶᅳ˿ķĂ˜ ҌЯௐ˘͞ࢬ۞ҋԧᄮТĂֹــజ͔ϦࠎĶҋ̎ĺጼ౼Ļ˞၆͞Ă ग़˞ᅳ˿ԆፋķĂϤѩயϠၷᚹຏĄ Հࠎன၁۞ߏĂᗕ͞ࡎጼ۞ۋ።ΫጸĂᅳ˿ۋბ۞᎕ީĂ̈́ღ ૺᙯܼĂΐᆐ˞щБᚮۋĂ઼ֹछᙯ࠹ڦ၆ќৈĞrelative gainğ ĞWaltz, 2004: 105ćPowell, 1991: 1303-1320ğĄࡶۋბгડώ֗ѣྤጼரᆊࣃĂ Яۋბгડ۞ᕩᛳĂֱྤጼரᆊࣃಶົЯĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķ۞ᆧৈᄃ ĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞ຫৈ҃ࢉϠ˘࠹၆ќৈĂԛј˞щБརमĄ ϤଐຏщБ̝࠹၆ّٙயϠ۞࠹၆ᆊࣃĂ၆ᅳ˿યᗟྋՙ۞ܡᘣܑ னд࣎ᆸѨ̈́̚มᆸѨ˯ĄҲᆸѨߏĂЧ͞ౌ١ତצ၆͞ᒔ࠹ ၆ᆊࣃĂҺຫ̎͞ٺĂᆸѨߏĂЧ͞ౌՐѩ࠹၆ᆊࣃĂᏖӀ̎ٺ ͞Ą 5 ಶҲᆸѨ҃֏Ă࠹ߏ۞ܑ၆ّ۞ૄώপّĂ༊ᏖՐྋՙᅳ˿ۋ
4
5
ٕؠۺӎؠώ֗ڱᇆडϒཌྷٕܧϒཌྷĂͧт၆ᗕ͞ВТ۞̙֭ؠۺᄲځᗕ͞۞Җࠎ ౌߏϒཌྷ۞ĂΪѣд࠹၆ّརम۞͚ᇣ˭̖ົயϠ࠹ᙯᇆडĄ ̚มᆸѨ۞ߏâ͞Ր࠹၆ᆊࣃĂ҃Ω˘͞١ତצ၆͞ᒔ࠹၆ᆊࣃĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
79
ბॡĂщଵೋ̼˞ĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞ଐຏщБဩĂֹЧ͞ౌᙱͽତ צĶεӀ˘͞ķ̝֗Њ̈́ٙ၆ᑕ۞࠹၆ّК๕Ąཉ͞ёߏͽజЧ ͞١̝ԛёĞүࠎૄώԛёğܡᘣᅳ˿યᗟ۞ྋՙ——ᗕ͞ౌ̙үࠎĶε Ӏ˘͞ķĂߏ̙ਕдඕၹ̰ซҖአ۞ඕၹّϬ࠼——ТᇹĂࢋд ٺĂۋბЧ̙͞ົ̬ˢΞਕֹјࠎĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞፟ົ̚Ă̙ົΝ݂ᐍĄ ಶᆸѨ҃֏Ă˞ੵѣҲᆸѨ۞ૄώপّ̝γĂᔘܑ۞ߏ ˘βϚӧဩ۞ᔈԊݭၗĂӈĶᏖՐᒔ࠹၆ᆊࣃķߏ˘ᐹ๕ඉர Ğdominant strategyğ—— ኢ၆͞ߏӎՐ࠹၆ᆊࣃĂҋ̎Ր࠹၆ᆊ ࣃౌߏᐹඉர——ܑ֭னщБӧဩ۞ώّĞHazard, 1963: 18ćJerves, 1978: 167-214ğĂӈЇң˘͞၆࠹၆ᆊࣃ۞Րౌܳજ˞ЧҋεΝ࠹၆ᆊ ࣃ۞ПᐍĄੵЧ̪̙͞ົ̬ˢΞਕֹјࠎĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞፟ົ̝γĂ ၆ᅳ˿ۋბྋՙ۞ܡᘣᔘдٺâĂ࠹̢ܳજᜈᄦౄღૺԊ ๕Ăೋ̼ᗕᙝᙯܼĂԯۋბ͔ˢՀኑᗔՀᙱͽྋՙ۞ڤಛဩг̝̚Ă˟ ĂĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķΪѣ˘࣎Ă҃Ķ౼Ӏ˘͞ķܑ̈́ٙ۞࠹၆ᆊࣃޙϲ дΩ˘͞үࠎĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞ૄᖂ˯Ăᗕ͞ౌΪᏖՐүࠎĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĂ ߏ˘̙ਕдඕၹ̰ซҖአ۞ඕၹّϬ࠼Ăߏඕၹҋ֗۞Ğඕၹğય ᗟĄ 6 Ķ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶεӀ˘͞ķ̝ม۞ᙯܼүࠎ˘ඕၹᙯܼĂಶຍק ˯Ч͞ࢬ۞࠹၆ّརमߏ˘ඕၹᙯܼĂߏඕၹّхдĂඕၹّརम ٙࢉϠ۞࠹၆ᆊࣃ၆ۋბྋՙ۞ܡᘣүϡĂߏ˘ඕၹड़ᑕĂТᇹߏඕၹ યᗟĄ၆ߙֱгડ҃֏Ăֱ࠹၆ᆊࣃߏͧᅳ˿ώ֗۞ኜкᆊࣃՀࢦࢋ۞ ᇆᜩЯ৵ĄপҾߏᇹᙷଐڶĈᗕ͞።Ϋ᎕ީஎĂۋბҖࠎ፬ধĂ ᙯܼღૺĂֱ࠹၆ّརम——͍ߏଐຏ͞ࢬ—— ̝࠹၆ᆊࣃٙ၆ᑕ ۞ඕၹड़ᑕಶົ̂ĂಶົϤҲᆸѨШᆸѨᖼொćۋბгડྤăጼ ரඈᆊࣃ̂ĂщБ͞ࢬ̝࠹၆ᆊࣃٙ၆ᑕ۞ඕၹड़ᑕಶົ̂Ăಶົ ϤҲᆸѨШᆸѨᖼொĄੵ˞ܑځĂયᗟࢋࢦޝĂ̙ਕజنෛĂՀ ࢋ۞ߏᄲĂۋბயϠયᗟѣ˞າ۞ԛၗĂֱ̈́યᗟ၆ۋბ۞ᇆᜩ˵
6
̚มᆸѨ၆ۋბྋՙ۞ܡᘣĂ˵ົܑனᆸѨ۞পّĂͧтՐ͞˵ົᄦౄ࢝ ֹ၆͞ᄦౄღૺԊ๕Ăͽ̈́ώ̪̰֗ӣඕၹّϬ࠼Ą
80ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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̏གྷѣ˞າ۞ԛёĄдາ۞ԛၗԛё̚Ăۋბгડᅳ˿ଵّࣧ ̰ٙӣ۞ඕၹّརमĂҋ҃гಶԯૄٺѩ͔ࣧٙ൴۞ᅳ˿ۋ ბĂˢ˞˘࣎ՀኑᗔăՀᙱͽྋՙ۞ඕၹّӧဩ̝̚Ąтڍѩ͞ࢬ۞ય ᗟໂᚑࢦĂۋბТᇹົјࠎயϠ̝ޢҋ۞ؼᜈĂԛјۋბӧဩ—— ˘ඕၹّӧဩĄ Ϥ˯ࢬ࣎͞ĂΞͽᇹᄲĂயϠᜈᅳ˿ۋბ֭ซ˘Վԛј۞ ඕၹّۋბӧဩĂؕٺᅳ˿።Ϋႊซ드˿ࣧ۞Ϭ࠼Ăӈ።ΫႊซϤ ࣧޠڱ۞ֽޢఢΝؠณྋᛖĂҭܧ၆ࢦᝑ۞ᅳ˿።Ϋႊซݒ ࢋϤᅳ˿ଵֽّࣧ၁ኹĂѣඕၹّ۞̙םአϬ࠼Ą ֤ᆃĂࡶࢋྋՙֱۋბӧဩĂࢵАٙࢋࢬ၆۞Ҳࢨ۞ޘયᗟಶ̙ ߏߏ۞ܧયᗟ˞Ă҃ߏĶߏķᄃĶܧķؠҜඕၹ۞યᗟĂӈΒӣ ֗Њ࠹ّ̈́ؠᙯఢ۞னѣࣧҋ֗۞યᗟĄಶҋځĂࢦາᆶ ෛ֭Гޙၹᅳ˿ࣧĂߏ˘ଂඕၹॲ˯ࢦາநྋ֭ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბӧ ဩ۞ˢ˾Ą
˟ăᅳ˿ࣧ۞ώኳ̯ధҋ֗జࢦາᆶෛГޙၹ үࠎ˘ҋώਕĂˠ۞ϠхϠயֶ˿ٺܢгĂ˿гѣܲᙋˠϠ хϠய۞ҋຍཌྷĂߏ˿г̝ٙͽਕૉᄃˠᓑᘭд˘۞ۡତؕࣧ જЯĂߏιࣇ̝ม۞͇ᙯܼĂΒ߁д˿г۞ҋপّ̚ĄੵѩĂ၆ˠ ֭ᑕྍٚፉ۞͇ຍཌྷĄˠ၆˿гኬ̟Հк۞ᄮᙊăؠཌྷΑਕౌߏˠ ᙷ៍۞هՀາᄃ൴णĂώኳౌߏޙၹّᄮТĄ дˠᙷ۞ѝഇ።Ϋ྆ĂВТϠ߿д˘۞ˠޙϲ˞পؠԛၗ۞ᖐ ޢĂࣇϠ߿۞˿гಶᄃ࣎ᖐѣ˞ᓑᘭĂజኬ̟˞ᖐΑਕĄ༊ ֱˠዏொΝĂᗓฟ˞ͯ˿гĂι۞পঅΑਕ˵ಶᐌ̝ঐεĄ˵ಶ ߏᄲĂдˠᙷཏវႝ߹۞ܜજዏொ࿅̚ĂՏ˘ͯ˿гᄃౌΪѣΑਕᓑ ᘭ҃՟ѣᕩᛳᓑᘭĂ˿гΪѣΑਕّؠཌྷĂӈˠᙷཏវΪд˿г˯ᒔϠ хٙᅮ۞ྤĂ҃ҫѣᄃٙᛳ۞ᄮТĄ༊ˠࣇѣ˞ۤົຍᙊĂயϠ˞ ۤົّ۞ଂᛳ៍هĂ֭ਕు႙ֽ˭ؠॡĂϠ߿ٙд۞֤ͯ˿гĂͷΪ ߏ֤ͯѣࢨ۞প˿ؠгĂಶүࠎ˞ᛳٺপؠˠٕཏវ۞ֶۏܢĂјࠎ˞ᛳ гĞሀቘ۞Ăܧ၆۞ğĂΞͽ၆யᝋซҖࠧؠĂࠤҌΞͽ၆ซҖϹ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
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ೱᄃ෴Ą 7 ѩॡĂѩֱΑਕ̏གྷ˞˿г۞ҋপّĂјࠎᙯ˿ٺг ۞ۤົఢቑĞޘטğâۤົᄮТĄ༊ะវᕖ̂ă̶̼Ăᖼݭј઼छॡĂ ᛳг—— ѩॡүࠎ઼छ۞ᅳг——۞ؠཌྷТᇹߏሀቘ۞Ăܧ၆۞Ăజෛ ࠎ઼छӖ۞ռѣੑயĞLauterpacht ࣒ࢎĂ1981Ĉ68ćSimpson Ă2008Ĉ 36ğĂՀ઼̂ߏ۞ܑ˯ޘछ၁˧Ă઼҃ܧछώ֗Ą 8 ϒт̙Тгડ۞ ።ΫٙВТពϯ۞Ĉ˿гůᅳгүࠎݡۏĂдႝ۞ܜॡม྆Ăјࠎٕဳۋ Ϲ۞ٽ၆෪Ăᐌ۞઼ޓޙދᎸăតዏ˸҃តೱĄдѩĂĶᅳ˿ķ ᔘΪߏ˘ࣧؕ۞߆ؠڼཌྷĄҘ൴Ӏֲវրؠཌྷ˞னϔ઼छĂֹ֭ ซˢ˞ڱநႊᘯĂ઼छ̰۞˿гүࠎ઼छ۞ۏኳૄᖂĂͽ˘ีૄώࢋ৵۞ ֗Њజৼˢ઼छ۞ؠཌྷ̝̰ĂயϠ˞னؠޠڱཌྷĂѣ˞னޠڱгҜ ܑ̈́ٙ۞ڱந̰உĂ 9 јࠎனຍཌྷ˯ϔ઼छ۞ᅳ˿Ą 10 дώኳ ˯ߏኬ˿гͽனϔ઼छ۞៍هᄃఢቑĂˠࠎనؠ۞ؠཌྷĂ̈́Ϥѩٙޙ ၹ۞ᄮТĂ֭˿ܧг۞ҋপّĄ ˯൴ण።ࣤར˞ᅳ˿۞ҋᛳّĂӔனֽ۞ߏĈᅳ˿ߏ˘࣎ޙ ϲд˿гଂᛳ۞ۤົّᙯܼ̝˯Ăֶܢϔ઼छ҃хд۞߆ڼᄃؠޠڱ ཌྷĂ҃Ķኬ̟Їң˘۩มͽߙຍཌྷ֭ԯ࣎۩มតјᅳ˿۞Ăߏˠ۞ ҖࠎޥຐķĞNogue Ă2009Ĉ42ğĄଂ҃ᅳ˿үࠎˠᙷ۞౹ౄĞJackson and James, 1993: 19ğĂ 11Ķᄃϔ઼छ˘ᇹĂ̙ߏАរ۞хдĂ҃ౌߏ
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၆ѩଐԛĂTocqueville ѣ࿅ϠજೡĈΔ࡚߷ѝഇ۞Оௐщ˿ొརѣপؠгડүࠎ ᛳгĂֳѣٙѣᝋĂд˿г˯ᒔྤפĂҭᅳгᙝࠧߏ̙ځቁ۞Ă҃ͷ˿гΞͽү ࠎٕݡϹೱݡĂೱפੑ̈́ለ߷ˠ͛ݡۏ۞ځĂтͫႀăڇ྅ă੧ăᙡ̄ඈ ĞTocqueville Ă1988Ĉ374-379ğĄ ઼ܑछώ֗۞ߏــڼะဥĂтͳޙދഈ۞Ӗ̈́࠱â࣎ࡎּ̄ߏĂ̚ ઼።ͳഈ̝Ķछ͇˭ķ۞઼छ߆ڼԛၗĄ ҌٺᄲĂԯߙг͞ᄲјߏߙ઼ҋΟͽֽ็ٚ۞ѣᅳ˿Ăߏϡன߆۞ޠڱڼᅳ ˿ࣧ၆።Ϋ۞˘ᄃྚᛖĄ Ҙ൴ӀֲវրТᇹ˵གྷ።˞ႝ۞ܜត̼࿅ĞKrasner Ă2005Ĉ224-253ćSimpson Ă2008: 35ă40ğĂд߱˘ܐॡഇ྆ĂϤ઼ٺछ۞ᝋଂ၁ኳ˯࠻˵ಶߏӖ۞ ᝋĞւָីĂ2003Ĉ37ğĂтٽྮͳ઼઼ڱȈα̪ކᄮĶ५ӈ઼छķ Ğl’etat, c’est moiğĂ ଂ҃ᅳ˿̪ΞෛࠎӖ۞ռѣੑயĂтለ߷઼छΞϤ࠱ވᓑٕפބεΝ˿гĞᅳ ˿ğĄ ᖼ͔ҋᎊࣝцĞ2004Ĉ205ğĄ
82ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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পؠ።Ϋ̼͛ࡦഀ˭۞ۤົޙၹâะវຍШĂ͵઼̼ٕࠧ͛ᅫఢቑĂ ޙၹཌྷ۞៍هĂ̙ᕝซ̼۞࿅ķĞᎊࣝцĂ2004Ĉ7ğĄϒт Charles S. Maier ٙ೩ϯ۞Ĉᅳ˿ᛳّ֭ܧˠᙷۤົϖ˳̝পᇈĄߏ።Ϋ۞˘ய ۏĂ其߆ڼԛё˵ߏ።Ϋّ۞Ăѣฟؕᄃඕ۞ॡ࣏Ğ2000Ĉ808ğĄ ͅߍᅳ˿઼छّ۞ࣧಶߏᅳ˿ᝋࣧĂ઼ߏछᝋࣧдᅳ˿ ޙၹ˯۞វͅߍĂߏ઼छᝋ۞វᆸࢬĂЯ઼छᝋ۞ቁϲ̖јಶĄ ϤѩĂᅳ˿۞ଵّ̖ͽు႙ቁϲĂјࠎ઼छ઼̰ᅫ˯ВТᄮΞ۞ט ّࣧޘĄҭᅳ˿ଵّࣧүࠎ˘ֶٺϔ઼छ̈́ᝋ۞ۤົޙ ၹĂޙၹ۞ᅳ˿៍هăఢቑޘטĂૄ઼ٺछมВТࡗՁ۞ۤົࡗݵĂ֭ ܧᅳ˿۞ᛳّĂՀ˿ܧг۞ᛳّĄ˯ࣤᗓĂֹᅳ˿ࣧਫ਼ᕩ˞זҋϤ۩ มĄιܑځâό͵ࠧົۤᅮࢋࢦາᆶෛГޙၹᅳ˿ࣧĂ֭՟ ѣ˿гᛳّăᅳ˿ᛳّ˯۞ܡᘣĂΪࢋ͵ࠧົۤᙯ˿ٺгᄃ઼छ۞ᄮТ ᄃؠཌྷਕૉ൴णซ̼Ăາ۞៍هăఢቑޘטਕૉซҖۤົޙၹĂາ۞ ࣧಶΞͽߏΩ˘ԛၗ۞ᅳ˿̙ࣧ——გдࣧវր̚ኬ̟ࣧ ިᇹ۞၁ኹгҜĂдώវኢ˯ιࣇߏݒπඈ۞Ą
ણăԶਾщଵ۞ώኳ̈́၆ᅳ˿ࣧ۞Гޙၹ ன၁̚۞˘ֱᅳ˿ۋბયᗟͽྋՙٙଳߏ۞פĂᗕ͞࠹̢ԁ߆۞ם ّڼԶਾщଵĂͽѩঐྋ˜Ҍఢᔖ˞ЧඕၹયᗟĄߏ˘̙ͽ่ٕ̙ ͽனѣޠڱ၆ᅳ˿۞ّؠྋᛖࠎૄᕇĂ̙࠹ᑕٺᅳ˿ଵّࣧ۞ᅳ˿ ନ߉Ąүࠎ˘జજ۞Җࠎְ၁Ăι̙ٚፉˠࣇՀк۞ഇޞĂҭ༊ιݵ Ъ֭జৼˢᇹ˘݈࣎ซ۞͞Ш˯ĂӈĶт఼ڍ࿅።Ϋ̶ژໄژ̶ه ځᝋ઼छᇹ۞ۤົᙷҾΞͽѣ̙Т۞ԛၗĂ֤ᆃĂಶΞͽฟ౹ Ъˠࣇຍᙸ۞߆ڼ፟࿃ķĞWendt Ă2000Ĉ107ğĂᐌӈֽ҃۞ߏĂт ңଧԶਾщଵ۞̰உĂᖣѩјࠎ˘࣎ࢦາᆶෛޙၹ઼छᅳ˿ࣧྮ۞ ᇾĉ
˘ăԶਾщଵ۞߆ޠڱڼώኳ ૄٺனѣ઼ᅫ઼ڱᅫ߆ڼఢĂ၆ۋბгડ˘ਠΞͽүᕩᛳ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
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۞ޠڱҿؠĂຍקĂԶਾ۞ᅳ˿щଵ၆౼෦ֽ͞ᄲĂߏ౷˞˿гĞᝋ ӀğĂ࠹ͅĂୀ෦͞ᒔ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĄΞ၁ᅫᅈܧтѩᖎಏâĂᅳ ˿ۋბ̙ߏୀ෦۰Ш౼෦۰৶ࢋᅳ˿۞߆߿ޠڱڼજĂӈ౼෦۰ᄃୀ෦ ۰֭ܧдۋბᜈ̝ॡಶਕቁؠഇĞѦӀѯĂ2003Ĉ26ğĄՀன၁۞ ߏĂ༊઼ְࠎ˞઼ܲछ઼ϔ၆ۋბгડૻধ۞෦ՐຍᙸĂ˜Ҍពϯૻ ർϲಞĂ၆ጯఙ៍ᕇ۞ᛚᛖૻአĂ̈́д઼̰ซҖ۞ି็ކֈБొߏӀ ̎۞ĂԆБߏдҋ̎۞ϲಞ˯நྋ۞Ăֹᗕ઼͞ϔ၆ۋბгડౌѣЧ ҋሕொᐵ̼̙टཉႷ۞ᕩᛳᄮТĄࠤҌྵࠎ࿆гхд˘࣎ன෪ĂЯ ߆ٕ࣎عˠপঅ۞߆ڼϫ۞Ăᅳ˿ۋბયᗟົــјࠎᖼொ઼̰ෛቢٕ ߆ڼજࣶăခጠࣄӄ۞̍ĞధޜܛĂ2008Ĉ158ğĂ˜Ҍѣໂბཌྷ ้ШĄ˟Ăᅳ˿።Ϋ࿅ٙயϠ۞Чड़ᑕѣ၁វᆊࣃĂͽ̈́ۋბгડ ።Ϋႊซώ֗۞̙ԆБĂֹЧ༊઼ְౌ၆Чҋड़ᑕѣ༊۞ҋԧᕩᛳᄮ ТĄ҃ͷĂֱ၁វᆊࣃᙯܼኜк͞ࢬĂــঘֱ͞ࢬ۞ࢦ̂Ӏ ৈĂۡତૻ̼˞˯ᄮТĂপҾߏ˘ֱୂຏгડĄ ֱଐڶԯԶਾщଵ͔ˢ˞࠻ҬϬ࠼۞ଐԛ̝̚ĈՏ˘͞ౌЧҋᄮ ࠎĂԶਾщଵຍקߏҋ̎౷˞˿гĞᝋӀğĂ၆͞ᒔ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĄ ϒтԶਾщଵώ֗ಶߏϬ࠼۞አĂአώ̙֗ᑕྍ̰ӣϬ࠼ĂٙᏜ ĶϬ࠼ଐԛķᑕྍѣᚶᜈአ۩۞มĄ҃ᅳ˿۞តዏߏͽᝋᖼொֽّؠ ۞Ăᝋ̙֭Ϊߏ˘࣎ໄهĂιᔘѣхд۞វԛёன၁ĂֹĶ౷ķ Ķᒔķυѣপঅ۞߆ޠڱڼຍཌྷĄ͍ڦࣃຍ۞ߏĂᗕ͞Тॡ Чҋᄮࠎҋ̎Ķ౷ķ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĂ၆͞Ķᒔķ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĂ дፋវ˯ĂТॡ۞Ķ౷ķТॡ۞Ķᒔķ˵υΞͽซҖপঅྋ ĂѣՀᖳಱ۞̰உĄ ۋბгડߏــజ˘ٙ͞၁ᅫგᔑĂ֭ૺ၆ጾѣᝋĂТॡ՟ѣ ซҖ၁ᅫგᔑ۞˘͞˵ૺ၆ጾѣᝋĞಶజ̶ડგᔑ۞ۋბгડֽ ᄲĂՏ˘̶ડ˵ΞͽᇹநྋĂтҹ̦ѼႬгડğĄ ˘͞ࢬĂ၆ซҖ၁ᅫგᔑ۞˘͞Ğүࠎѩ͞ğֽᄲĂᝋߏ؝ϲ۞Ă ώኳ˯ߏ˘ऴ̼ăܧ၆ăܧԆБ۞ᝋ——̙გߏӎٚᄮѩгડх дᝋۋᛉĄௐ˘Ă၆͞၆ۋბгડᔵϏ߉ҖᝋგநĂҭѣᝋᄮТĂ ͷ̏யϠ˞ؼᜈЧ઼छड़ᑕĂֱड़ᑕ۞хдώ֗ಶдώវ˯ऴ̼
84ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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˞ѩ͞ᝋĂֹјࠎܧ၆ܧԆБ۞Ąௐ˟Ăᝋ̙ඈٺଠטᝋĂү ࠎ઼ᅫ߆઼ڼᅫ࣎˘۞ڱቑᘞĂ઼ᅫٚᄮߏ˘ีְޠڱڼ߆۞ࢋࢦޝ ચĂֹĶ၆ᝋ۞ᛚᑕྍޙϲдĺ઼छ࠹̢ᓑᘭĻ۞ૄᖂ˯ķĞHoffman Ă2005Ĉ140ğĂϒт Wendt ٙ೩ϯ۞ĈڱநᝋߏֶᏥ۰҃хд۞ ĞWendt Ă2000Ĉ227ă368ğĄ҃Ķ̙ٚᄮČČυืజෛࠎѣ࠹༊ޠڱ ཌྷሕ˧۞ྃӄڠጡĄι˞ͤܡॡड़۞Їңౄڱड़ڍķĞLauterpacht ࣒ࢎĂ1971Ĉ116ğĄ͌˞઼ᅫٚᄮĂᝋಶߏഴऴ۞Ăܧ၆۞Ăܧ ԆБ۞Ąӈߏܮజੵ၆͞ͽγ۞ٙѣ઼छٚᄮĞ˘ਠ҃֏Ăι઼छົ၆ ᅳ˿ᕩᛳ̙ϲಞğĂᝋТᇹтѩĂЯࠎ࠹ᑕٺѩ͞ԆБҫѣॡ၆ٙ͞ ᑕٚፉ۞ཌྷચĂдѩॡ̙ົజ၆ٙٚ͞ፉĂ၆҃͞ͅົӀϡЧ͞ё शֽކϯᕖ̂ҋ̎۞ᝋᄮТĄព҃ߏ۞֍ٽĂ̏གྷͷυᚶᜈĶܬ ϚķĶᗼķଠ؝઼טϲ۞ᝋĄ҃ѣ˘ᕇࠎ၁ᅫĂ઼ᅫ઼ڱᅫ߆ ̚ڼĂд̙࿁ࡦπ۞݈೩˭Ă၆̙͞ѣЧĶܬϚķĶᗼķ۞࿅ εĂͷ̙ົٚፉ࠹ᑕ۞యЇĂТᇹ̏дώវ˯̈́дன၁̚ᚶᜈֹ̎͞ ᝋјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞ĄௐˬĂ̙Т݈ٺᕇ۞ЯڍүϡĂ ࡶߏᅳ˿።Ϋజк઼࣎छٙତৼĂ֤ᆃĂѩᅳ˿ᝋдಏ઼࣎छ̰ಶజ ޙၹјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ăߏ˘ޙၹүϡĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂ၆ٺ՟ѣซҖ၁ᅫგᔑ۞˘͞Ğүࠎѩ͞ğĂᝋߏຐ ည̚۞ᝋĂώኳ˯Тᇹߏ˘ऴ̼ăܧ၆ăܧԆБ۞ᝋĄௐ˘Ă၆ ͞၆ۋბгડ۞ଠטĂ߉Җ˞઼छّ۞ᝋგநĂயϠ˞֭ᜈЧᅳ ˿ड़ᑕĂֱड़ᑕߏ̙Ξਗ਼۞Ăڱঐੵ۞Ăᚑࢦгᗼ˞ѩ͞ᝋĂТ ᇹֹдώវ˯јࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞ĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ઼छ၆ Ķᅳ˿ķϏ၁Җ઼छጳ߆ٙૻ۞טڼგநĂᝋߏຐည۞Ăૺ ۞ĂϏ၁၁ддֳѣ۞Ăώ֗ಶ̙ਕజᄮࠎߏ၆ԆБᝋĄௐ˟Ă၆ ͞Тᇹ̙ٚᄮѩ͞ጾѣᝋĂ̙̈́ٚፉ࠹ᑕٺٚᄮѩ͞ᝋ҃ᑕٚፉ۞ཌྷ ચĂ҃ͷĂ၆ѩ҃͞֏Ă၆͞၆ۋბгડҫѣ۞ώ֗ಶߏ˘ĶܬϚķ ĶᗼķĂҭ၆̙֭͞ົٚፉ࠹ᑕ۞యЇĄТᇹౌдώវ˯ன၁ֹ̚ ѩ͞ຐည۞ᝋјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞ĄௐˬĂ̙Т۞ࢬ݈ٺ ЯڍүϡĂࡶߏᅳ˿።Ϋజк઼࣎छٙତৼĂ֤ᆃѩᅳ˿ᝋдಏ઼࣎छ ̰ಶజޙၹјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ăߏ˘ޙၹүϡĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
85
˯ࢬ͞णϯֽ۞ߏĂЇңۋბ༊ְ͞дۋბгડ۞ᝋౌߏऴ ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ă̙ߏಏ͞ࢬٙਕԼត۞Ăᖎ֏̝Ă̙ߏಏ ˘͞ѣ՟ѣਕ˧۞યᗟĂ҃ߏಏ˘͞ॲώಶ̙ΞਕĄᇹĂયᗟಶត ᖎಏځᒢ˞Ă၆ۋბЧֽ͞ᄲĂЧҋٙކᄮ۞Ķ̎͞ѣᅳ˿ķĞΒ ߁ٙᏜĶ̙хдᅳ˿ۋᛉķğĂ่ߏ˘၆ᅳ˿ԆፋᝋԆБ۞ૺ ෦ՐĂЇңಏ͞ࢬՐ˯ԆፋԆБ۞ҖજĂౌߏۋბ۞វܑனĂߏ дΐᆐۋბĂ̙ߏഴ͌ăঐੵۋბĂᝋऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБֶߏЧ ͞ᝋ۞ᛳّĄ ༊ᏖՐྋՙۋბॡĂ၆ۋֱ˘ٺბгડĂٚྶ͉к۞߆ڼຍཌྷĂ 12
ࣘۋޠڱڼ߆ბ۞পّĂᕩᛳ۞ᄮؠѣޠڱᄃ߆ڼЯ৵۬ᜇ̙
۞ኑᗔଐ๕Ăͽ̈́Я߆ۋّڼბ͞ࢬٙѣ۞ߙĞֱğ̙Ξҿّ Ğ่̙Яࠎޠڱཉ̝ඕ۞ڍયᗟĂ˵Яࠎ͞ޠڱёώ֗۞યᗟğĂֹ ޠڱᏊณநــౄјՀࠎኑᗔ۞߆ڼԛ๕ĞᘲᝌڟĂ2010Ĉ119ć Ԉ྿Ă1983Ĉ542ğĄ˘όޠڱڱҋг̬ˢ̚Ăֹ҃ۋბ༊ְ͞ᙯ ٺཉᝋ۞ҋՙਕજгҜͽܲĂ֤ᆃĂᅳ˿ۋბયᗟಶజˢ˞ᇹ ۞ဩ̝̚Ĉۋბયᗟ۞ྋՙ̈́វྋՙ͞ёăඕڍυᅮЧ༊ְ͞۞ ВᄮĂ҃Їң˘͞ᄮΞ۞யϠĂֽҋٺҋ൴ё۞ણᄃĄдဩ̚Ăࠎ ˞ྋՙયᗟęęĶયᗟ̝ྋՙķ̙ಏ৷ߏ˘ඕڍĂజજّ۞Ăώ֗ಶ Ξͽߏ˘࣎ϲă᎕ໂ۞෦Րϫ۞Ăજّ۞ĂಶຍקĂүࠎࣧય ᗟĂ̙υืߏЧࢋ৵ᆅ౯̝ޢٙВТ๊Ϡ۞ඕڍĂଂ̙҃υืֶᏥ ٺι˘ֱࢋ৵Ăͧтϒ༊ᄃЪநĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂ̙υืߏЧЪநّ Ᏸ̖ޢ̝ځਕӔன۞Ğజજ۞ğېၗĂଂ҃Ъநّүࠎޠڱཉυ ֶᏥ۞ࢋ৵ĂຍקĂޠڱཉ̙ߏ˘υื۞͞ёęęٕߏૄޠڱٺ ˯۞؉Ăٕߏૄٺજّ۞߆ڼ҂ณĂͧтԓ୕ᒉౄߙ༙ঈڤĂԓ ୕ጐԣྋՙۋბĂԓ୕ᔖҺιᝋ̒۞ރঘĞүࠎ༊઼ְ˘ͽర̝۞߆ڼ ࣧğĂඈඈĂ༊ְ͞ಶᑕྍͷΞͽд߆ڼᆸࢬ˯࠻ޞᅳ˿ۋბĂ҂ᇋҋ ՙਕજгҜયᗟĂ࠹̢ࢦكѩ۞ཉᝋ̈́ҋՙਕજгҜĄ҃Ч͞۞ҋՙ
12
ͧтĶݑՒཏफ၆̚රϔ઼҃֏Ăѣჯᘭ̚රϔ઼ᝋЪّڱᄃᖣѩણᄃֲڌгડ ઼ᅫۤົΑਕّķĞౘ̝ڟĂ1999Ĉ32ğĄ
86ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ਕજّౌͽ൴೭үϡಶຍקĂՏ˘͞۞෦Րౌنෛ̙Ăౌ၆ඕڍ ѣᇆᜩүϡĂӈۋბ之ྋՙυืϲ֖ٺЧ͞෦ՐĞۋბ͞۞෦Ր̙υื ֶٺ።Ϋड़ᑕĂ༊Ă።Ϋड़ᑕΞͽ೩ֻՀкЪநّϒ༊ّ——่ ߏЪநّăϒ༊ّ̚۞˘ğĂซҖ࠹̢۞߆ڼԁםĂ၆ֱ෦ՐଳפԶ ਾّщଵ——Զਾщଵώኳ˯ߏ˘߆ّڼନ߉Ă၆ّڼ߆ٺନ߉ĂΪࢋ ༊ְЧ͞ВТᄮΞĂӈΞ;ኜ߉ҖĂଂ҃ĂүࠎࣧયᗟĂૄٺனҖࣧ ఢវր۞Ъநّ̙ߏυᅮ۞ĞᔵЪநّ၆߆ّڼନ߉జତৼ ၁߉ѣ᎕ໂܳซүϡĂ͍д༊Ăιព͍ࠎࢦࢋğĂֹਕૉͽ Ķયᗟ̝ྋՙķࠎॲώՐĂјಶ̙ТٺĞனѣğޠڱٙ॰۞ؠඕڍĄ ̙გԶਾྋՙۋბॡᅳ˿щଵ۞វԛёߏ̦ᆃĂૄ۞̢࠹ٺԁ҃ם ၆ᙯٺԆБă၆ᝋ۞၆ϲ෦ՐٙซҖ۞πᏊĂͽፋ࣎ۋბгડү ࠎّؠ၆෪ĂԶਾщଵ̝ޢՏ˘༊ְ͞۞ᝋౌߏؠऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆ Б۞Ą 13 ຍקĂٙᏜĶ౷˞˿гĞᝋӀğķ̚۞Ķ౷ķĂಶߏٸୢ ၆၆ԆБᝋ۞ૺĂତצώֽಶऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБ۞ன၁Ă ͽѩࠎૄᖂᗕ͞ซҖᅳ˿ཉĂֹЧ͞۞ᝋĞ၆ٺፋ࣎гડğТᇹ ߏऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБ۞Ă࠹̢ٚᄮ۞Ą༊ԯ݈ٙᏜĶϬ࠼ଐԛķཉ ࣎ٺ॰ߛ˭៍၅ॡĂͽԶਾщଵྋՙᅳ˿ۋბಶΞநྋࠎĂՏ˘͞ౌ౷ ˘ొ̶ຐညٕ؝ϲ۞ᝋĂͽѩז၆ٙ͞౷۞ᝋĂӈ˘ᝋ۞ ࠹̢ཉೱĂπҖொજĂଂ҃Ч͞Ğۋბྋՙ݈ğᝋऴ̼ԛёĂౌᖼೱј ĞྋՙޢğΩ˘ᝋऴ̼ԛёĄ֤ᆃĂٙᏜĶ౷ķĶᒔķ۞࿅Ă ၁ኳߏĶཉೱķ࿅ĂԶਾщଵ۞߆ޠڱڼώኳߏĶͽᝋཉೱᝋķĄ
13
д၁ኹ̚ĂԶਾщଵΞͽѣ˘পঅԛёĈ˘͞ᒔĞ෪ᇈ˿г઼̝छؠҜ۞ğᅳ˿ ᝋĂΩ˘͞ᒔপؠԛё۞পঅᝋӀĄଂᝋ֎࠻ֽޘপঅᝋӀĂᔵߏ̙ ᚑॾຍཌྷ˯۞઼छᝋĂܑϯ઼छؠҜĂҭι̙֭ߏĂ၆͞ග̟༊઼ְѩᝋӀ۞ ᝋឰഭĄЯࠎĂଂॡมԔ˯࠻Ăᄃ၆ٙ͞ᒔ۞ᝋߏТՎ၁ன۞ĂТॡன дםᛉ̚ćଂ࠹̢ᙯֽܼ࠻ĂᝋӀͽᒔĂౌߏͽ༊ְٚ͞ᄮ၆͞ᝋӀࠎ݈ ೩۞ĂјࠎЧҋ۞ّኳĂৼˢᛳّ̚Ąଂ҃পঅᝋӀߏ˘ඕၹّᝋӀĂࣤڱ ဳĞੵܧҋ̎ٸୢğĂѣᝋّĂΞᄮࠎߏ˘ᇃཌྷ˯۞ᝋĂऴ̼۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ă ܧ၆۞Ą҃၆၆ֽ͞ᄲĂιٙᒔ۞Ķᅳ˿ᝋķߏ˘ඕၹّࢨצĂᒔ̝ॡ ಶߏऴ̼۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ăܧ၆۞Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
87
˟ăԶਾщଵ၆ᅳ˿ࣧࢦ۞າᆶෛГޙၹ ᔵᄲۋბ༊ְЧ͞۞෦Ր̈́۞ޢࡦҋՙਕજгҜ̙υืֶٺ።Ϋ ड़ᑕĂͷ՟ѣᝋރҋࣤဳۋბ༊ְ͞۞ҋՙਕજгҜĂҭ༊ᏖՐϤԶਾ щଵ̚೩ޘטទᏭॡĂ͍ߏĂ༊ԓ୕ޘטទᏭਕૉᖳಱ߆ڼ ޠڱវրĂ၁னࡎ۞˯ޠڱĂ٤णۡޠڱତ̬ˢᅳ˿ۋბ۞۩มॡĂۋ ბЪநّ̈́۞ޢࡦ።Ϋड़ᑕಶјࠎ˘࣎υ౯۞ࢋ৵——ڶͷன၁ۋბ̚ ۞Ч͞ౌٕкٕ͌ΞͽԱז።ΫॲፂĂਕૉֹ˘ᕇѣ࿆ຍཌྷĄдྋ ՙЧ༊ְ͞ౌѣ።Ϋड़ᑕ̝ᅳ˿ۋბ۞Զਾщଵ̚ĂԶਾّཉೱୢϤ Ğޙၹّğᅳ˿ଵّࣧ॰ؠྋᛖᅳ˿ۋბĂຍקୢ˞ᙯٺᅳ ˿ۋბ۞ޙၹّ॰ؠྋᛖĂᄮΞ֭ࢦᅳ˿ᝋऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБ ̝ன၁Ăԛё˯ߏĂ።Ϋ̈́ड़ᑕۡତயϠ˞߆ޠڱڼड़ᑕĂӈ˘າ ۞ᅳ˿நهĈତৼӈѣड़Ą Ķତৼӈѣड़ķ۞ߏâ࣎ડાజ˘઼߉Җ˞઼छგநٕކϯĂͷ ѩ઼дѩ࿅̚ѣᅳ˿ᄮТĂ֭ాᜈซҖ˞።Ϋ็ٚĂಶຍק઼छ ତৼ˞ᅳ˿۞።ΫĂѩ።Ϋд઼छؠཌྷ̚ಶߏѣड़۞Ąௐ˘Ăତৼߏ˘ ።Ϋड़ᑕĂѣड़ߏ˘߆ؠޠڱڼཌྷĂϤޢ۰ّ݈ؠ۰ߏ߆͞ޠڱڼ ࢬ۞৷ოّүϡĄௐ˟Ă።Ϋႊซд઼छ၆ᅳ˿۞ତৼ̚ซҖĂυืᏲ ೈ˘ࣧڼ߆۞ؠĂᙯᔣયᗟߏĂܧԆБႊซТᇹ˵ຍקᅳ˿۞።Ϋజ ତৼĄͽјϲĂ̙ϲ֖ٺĂᅳ˿үࠎវ઼ֹछјࠎႊซ۞މវĂ ҃ϲ֖ٺĂᅳ˿үࠎމវĂјࠎ઼छĞүࠎវğႊซ۞˘ొ̶Ąႊ ซ።Ϋ៍ᄃனѣᝋؠཌྷ˭۞።Ϋ៍՟ѣώኳ˯۞ࡎĂЯࠎٕ࣎к࣎ ઼छ۞።ΫႊซΞͽߏϲ۞ĂҌ͌ߏдன֭ؼᜈᅳ˿ۋბ࣎ॡഇΞ ͽߏϲ۞Ăଂ҃к࣎ۋბ͞Чҋϲгؠཌྷ˞ۋბгડĂֹ˘ᅳ˿ј ࠎк઼઼छ።Ϋႊซ۞˘ొ̶Ăౌߏజତৼ۞Ăكѩϲ۞ĂЧҋѣड़۞Ą ซ҃Ăۋბгડүࠎк࣎މវ۞ѣड़ّĂјࠎĞүࠎវॡğវҜཉ ˯ҋ֗۞ᛳّĂֹ̖ҋ֗።Ϋႊซ۞к࣎ѣड़ّĂјࠎ̢ܧϋ۞ĄௐˬĂ ߏ၆።Ϋ۞Ăͽ።Ϋ˯ߊ̙ޠڱ۞ؠԆБٕޠڱ၁ኹ̙ԆБࠎૄ ᖂĂྋᛖ።Ϋ۞ࣧĄٙͽĂѩࣧߏྋՙયᗟ۞Ă̙ߏயϠયᗟ۞Ăۡ ତ࿁ࡦனѣ۞ޠڱЇңາ۞ٙᏜĶତৼķĂౌ̙ߏᅳ˿၁ኹ۞̙ԆБĂ˵
88ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ಶߏᄲĂౌ̙ߏৌϒ۞ତৼĂౌߏड़۞ĄௐαĂ˵ߏޙၹّ۞Ăಶߏ тѩޙၹ˞ѩᅳ˿நهĄ ࣎நܑهன۞ߏ˘າ۞পؠᅳ˿።ΫΫ៍—— ৷ოΫ៍—— ι̙ ညனѣ۞ᅳ˿።ΫΫ៍֤ਠĂд઼छᝋࣧ۞॰ߛ̰Ăͽޙၹ۞ᅳ˿። ΫԆБ઼̈́छᙯٺ።Ϋ۞̙ࢦᝑࠎࣧĂޙၹّгྋᛖᄃҿؠ።ΫĂГ ϤޙၹّྋᛖᄃҿؠயϠ߆ޠڱڼड़ᑕĄιٙޙϲֽ۞৷ოّܑ னдĂ።ΫۡତயϠ߆ޠڱڼड़ᑕĂᅮГགྷ࿅ޙၹّ۞Ğனѣ߆ڼ ۞ࣧޠڱğྋᛖĂӈᅳ˿৷ოΫ៍۞ߏĂт઼˘ڍତৼ——̙֭˘ ߏؠԆБତৼ—— ˘ડાĞᅳ˿ğ۞።ΫĂѩ።Ϋಶѣّؠᅳ˿ᕩ ᛳ۞ྤॾĂၹјѩ઼၆ѩᅳ˿ᝋ۞ૺѣЪநّᄃЪ۞ّڱАՙ୧ ІĄ ޙϲдѩ።ΫΫ៍˯۞઼छᅳ˿நኢಶߏĈд˘۞ؠ።Ϋॡഇ྆â ࣎ડાజৼˢ۞઼ߙז።Ϋႊซ̚Ă֭ซҖ็ٚĂ՟ѣԆБᖼொΝĂ ӈѩ઼дؠ˘۞ֽܕ።Ϋॡഇ̰ĂϏٸୢ࿅၆ᅳ˿ᝋ۞ૺĂෛࠎ ၆ѩડાĞᅳ˿ğጾѣЪநЪ۞ڱᝋĄ ซ˘ՎĂޙϲдѩ઼छᅳ˿நኢ˯۞ᅳ˿ࣧΞೡࠎĂт࣎˘ڍ ડાд።Ϋႊซ࿅̚జৼˢזк઼࣎छ۞።Ϋ็ٚ̚Ăͷؠ˘۞ֽܕ ॡഇౌᜈ็ٚĂЇң˘༊઼ְᙯٺѩᅳ˿۞።ΫĂౌߏ̙ԆБ̙ Ԇፋ۞Ăѩᅳ˿۞ᝋߏΞ̶۞Ăк઼࣎छౌѣᝋӀВТ̶ֳᄃҖֹѩડ ા۞ᝋĂдѩડા̰ĂЧ઼ᝋ̝มߏ̢ܧϋ۞Ă࣎ડાјࠎЧ઼۞ ВТّᅳ˿ĄٙͽĂѩࣧޙߏϲдۋბгડ።Ϋ̢ܧϋႊซૄᖂ˯۞Ă পঅ۞ּγ۞Ăᝋ̢ܧϋ۞ᅳ˿ࣧĂჍࠎĶۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ķĄߏԶਾщଵࡦޢүࠎૄޠڱڼ߆ᖂ۞ᅳ˿ࣧĄ ಶۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧૄ۞ώপᇈֽᄲĂௐ˘ĂЯᅳ˿၁ኹ ።Ϋႊซ̙ԆБࡦ۞ޢপࣧؠЯĂͷүࠎιࣇ̙ԆБ۞ܑனĂ።Ϋ۞ؼᜈ ̙֭ࢋՐ።Ϋႊซߏଂ༊઼ְѣᅳ˿၁ኹ۞ܐಶ̙มᕝгؼᜈ˭ֽ ۞ĂΪࢋᅳ˿ૺؼᜈ˞˘ؠ።ΫॡഇĂಶΞၹј።Ϋ۞ؼᜈĄௐ˟Ă ᅳ˿ଵ઼ّࣧͽߏछࠎརཙᕇซҖ۞ّؠĂ۞ߏ˘઼ଵّгጾѣ ᅳ˿Ă҃ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧۋͽߏბгડࠎརཙᕇซҖ۞ّؠĂ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
89
۞ߏĂѩᅳ˿Ğۋბгડğజк઼࣎छ̢ܧϋгጾѣĄ 14 ᔵۋბгડᅳ ˿̢ܧϋܑࣧٙன۞ᝋд༊ְЧ઼̝มߏ̢ܧϋ۞Ăҭϒтፋ࣎ۋბ гડֶߏޙϲдଂᛳᙯܼ̝˯Ăѣռѣੑயᛳّ۞ᅳ˿Ă༊ְЧ઼۞ ВТᝋѣԆБ၆۞ᝋᛳّĂ၆ٺኜ༊઼ְ̝γ۞ٙѣ઼छĂౌ ѣ็ᝋ۞ଵّĄଂ࣎ຍཌྷ˯҃֏ĂΞͽԯۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋ ࣧநྋјᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅԛёĂऴ̼۞ԛёĞ̙ҭߏЯڍ ّ۞ĂϺΞߏޙၹّ۞ğĂӈࣧΞͽซҖপؠຍཌྷ۞ᏉЪĄซ˘ՎĂ ଂ࣎ຍཌྷ˯ͧྵଵّନ߉ԶਾщଵĂιࣇ՟ѣᅳ˿ࣧ۞˯ώኳϬ ࠼ĂТᇹĂޢ۰ߏ݈۰۞পঅऴ̼ԛё——၁ኳ˯ߏĂฟᜥ˞˘୧ྮ शĂᖣѩநྋ֭၁ன˞၆ନ߉̝ม၆ϲ۞አĄௐˬĂ̢ܧϋΪߏ ˘ԛёّؠĂ̙ঘ̈́ᗕ͞Чҋᑕྍጾѣ۞ᝋࢦඈវؠณᙯܼĄௐαĂ ጐგͽԶਾщଵࠎྮᇾޙၹ˞ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧĂҭͽѩࣧૄࠎ ᖂ۞វཉ֭ؠ˘ܧᏲೈ۞ߏԶਾщଵ̝நهĄ ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧࢵАؠཌྷ۞ߏĂۋბྋՙ̝݈۞ᝋԛёĂ ߏޙၹّ۞，ՀߏЯ۞ّڍĄૄٺனֽېྋՙۋბĂӎ˞ؠፋ࣎ۋბ гડଵّᕩᛳ۞၆ϒ༊ّĞϒ༊ّΪߏޙၹّ۞ğĂଂ҃ۡତᓝ ନߏĂ࠹̢ࢦ۞߆ڼԁםĂԶਾ۞щଵ——ߏԶਾщଵд߆ޠڱڼ ˯ۡତ۞ЯֶّڍፂĂιܑځĂԶਾщଵ۞ϒ༊ّੵ˞ߏޙၹّ۞̝γĂ ϺߏЯ۞ّڍĄΩγĂۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧؠ˵ཌྷ۞ߏĂۋბྋՙ̝ ۞ޢᝋԛёĂӈĶۋბгડķјࠎ˘ВТّᅳ˿ĄវԛёΞͽߏ ڼᝋ̢̙ϋĂ̶ҾҖֹߙְֱચĂٕϤЧ༊઼ְВТޙϲᓑЪგந፟ၹĂ ซҖЪүგநĂГٕ۰Ч͞၆ۋბᅳ˿ซҖၔ̶غ౷——ᔵд̶౷ޢЧ ͞၆Чҋгડߏ˘ଵّጾѣĂҭͽፋ࣎гડүࠎវĂͽࠎརཙᕇ ֽّؠĂϺߏ˘̢ܧϋ۞ጾѣâপঅӣཌྷ۞ВТّᅳ˿——ඈඈĄ ̚Ă̶౷үࠎԶਾщଵ۞˘পঅԛёĂܑϯЧ༊઼ְд̶౷۞Ч 14
ۋბгડ̶ᛳٕ࣎к࣎༊઼ְछĂͽ̚Їң˘઼࣎छࠎវّؠፋ࣎гડౌߏ̙ ԆБ۞Ă̙ޫ༊۞ĂຍקĂ̙ᑕྍͽЇң˘઼࣎छࠎརཙᕇّؠᙯۋٺბᅳ˿۞ܧ ଵّĂ҃ͅᑕͽፋ࣎гડࠎརཙᕇّؠᙯ઼ٺछ̝ม۞̢ܧϋّĂಶߏώ͛ͽĶۋ ბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧķĂ҃ܧĶۋბгડᅳ˿ܧଵّࣧķ၆ۋბгડซҖّؠ ۞ࣧЯĄ
90ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ొ̶˯ĂᝋซҖ˞ԆБཉೱĄ၆ፋ࣎гડֽᄲĂߏᅳ˿̢ܧϋ۞ԛёĂ ҭ၆Ч༊઼ְֽᄲĂߏᅳ˿ଵّ۞ԛёĄТᇹᄲߏ۞ځĂϤٺརཙ ᕇ̙ТĂᅳ˿ࣧܧ֭ၟΞ̶۞Ăͽ̈́Ă̶Ҿͽιࣇֽநᅳ˿ۋ ბ۞࿅֭ܧԆБ၆ϲ۞——ߏ˘۰ซҖᏉЪ۞វԛёĄ̶౷۞ ؠณᙯܼĂᅮࢋдՀវ۞ࣧүϡ˭Ăซ˘ՎྋՙĄ҃ొ̶Ķᅳ˿ķజ ˘̶઼౷ΝĂຍקྍ઼̏ԆБ።ΫᖼொΝćొ̶Ķᅳ˿ķజ˘ ̶઼౷ซֽĂຍק።Ϋ̏ԆБజྍ઼ٙତৼĂ֭ซҖԆБ۞።Ϋ็ٚĄ
དྷăޙၹۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣰࣧ۞ጯૄᖂ ͽன၁̚Զਾщଵ۞၁ּᆶෛᅳ˿ࣧĂ֭ซ˘Վޙၹۋბгડᅳ˿ ̢ܧϋࣧĄώኳ˯ߏͽᅳ˿ۋბ۞ྋՙ၁ּֽ͔ጱޙޘטၹĂӈ˘ ઊ൴ّ۞ּ࣎˯̿ޘטזᆸࢬ۞ޘטቁᄮĄಶͽ˘࣎វؠҜĂۡତԯ Ω˘࣎ᆸѨणன˞ֽĈ઼ᅫ߆઼ڼᅫޘט۞ڱវրߏӎ̯ధ઼छ۞ ᝋ࿅Ķ̶౷ķඈԛёֽ၁னĶཉೱķĂͽटৼۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ۞ְّޘט၁ĉ 15 ٕ۰ĂͽՀᇃᔮ۞ෛՀஎ̼۞ᗟֽ࠻Ăۋბгડ ᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧѣިᇹ۞ࣰጯૄᖂֽ͚ᇣҋ֗Ăдࣧఢᆸࢬ˯Ăͽ ֗۞ޘטЊซҖޙၹĉ
˘ăநّཌྷ͞ࢬ۞ࣰጯૄᖂ ៍هăఢቑޙޘטϲдࡊጯ۞ᄃ̙ࡊጯ۞ࣰጯវր˯ĂᙱҺΒӣ˘ ֱҋ֗ᙱͽҹ۞ڇඕၹّౝ——̙გߏӎхдౝĂౌߏ˘࣎ט ޙޘၹॡ̙ਕنர۞ඕၹّયᗟĄᔵߏ၁ᙋّ۞Ăҭ༊ֱયᗟϤט ޘҋ֗۞ۤົᛳّĂٕ۰ᄲҋ֗Җֹ۞ۤົѣड़ّĂ˜Ҍхдώ֗—— ͍ߏдԧࣇග̟ιࣇ᎕ໂϒࢬ۞ഇ୕۞ଐ˭ڶĂϒтιࣇ̝ٙͽజޙ ၹĂٕ۰జ̯ధхд——ֹ࢝ϒ༊ّ̈́ົۤ۞ޢࡦΑਕĂ˜ҌᇇૄᖂĂ јࠎιࣇ۞၁ᅫ̰टॡĂҋநّ̈́ᆊࣃវր۞̬ˢಶߏ༊υࢋ۞Ą дᇹ۞ϲಞ˯Ă̰ӣఢቑّទᏭ۞ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧĂಶΞͽ 15
ඊ۰ຏᔁ˘ҜઠЩᆶߤˠ۞ຍ֍Ăؠཌྷ˞࣎ᆸѨĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
91
ଧѣ۞நّཌྷ̰дপّĂͽ͚ᇣҋ֗үࠎ˘ᑕ۞ޙޘטၹĄ
ᨧ ޘטநّ۞͚ᇣ ঘ઼̈́छؠҜ۞ኜк߆ޘטޠڱڼĂۡତಛᖒ઼छᝋϲᅳ ˿ԆፋซҖޙၹĂ֭ᏖՐԛј˘࣎ፋវ˯ҋࠀ۞វրĄҭ࣎វրдࢬ၆ ѣкᇹ።Ϋႊซ۞ኜкᅳ˿ۋბ，̈́ѣኑᗔ።Ϋႊซ۞វᅳ˿ۋბ ॡĂࠎ˞Тᇹჯ᜕ܲҋࠀّĞͽѩܲᅪҋ֗۞Ъϫ۞ّğĂ̪ͽޙၹ ۞˘۞ᅳ˿ଵֽّࣧநٙѣۋბĂଂ҃ᜁࠗ˞።Ϋ۞кᇹّኑ ᗔّ——Ҍܑ͌˞ځĂͽᅳ˿ࣧఢநᅳ˿ۋბــΩѣ҂ณĂ ̙ԆБߏдಶְኢְĄ̙ߏຍקĂந͞ё̙Ъநă̙ЪዋĂ҃ߏ ຍקĂந͞ё۞Ъநّ̙ߏ၆۞Ăߏѣࢨ۞ޘĂֹ͞ёѣ జ۞ዶгĄੵ˞ЯЪநّ̝ྃ·҃ࠎּγ೩ֻ˞ᆊࣃૄᖂ̝ γĂ˵ߏ˘࣎ទᏭᕇĂӈ۞ޘטᖳಱĂٕ۰ՀវгᄲĂּγޙ۞ޘט ϲĂߏ˘୧ֹޘטҋ֗Հѣ˧ณăՀਕྋՙ၁ᅫયᗟ۞ॲώशĄ ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧΞͽ࠻үߏᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅऴ ̼ԛёĂߏ˘͇࣎۞ܮӀĈιਕૉՀ༊ăՀटٽгүࠎᅳ˿ଵّ ּࣧ۞γּࣧ——γ̙ࣧυืߏ˘ऴ̼۞ԛёĂᄃ̝࠹၆ϲ۞ࣧ ТᇹΞͽүࠎּγࣧͽ——јࠎޢ۰дۋბгડ۞˘࣎ྃ·Ąྃ ·үࠎᅳ˿ޙޘטၹ۞˘࣎ໂᐹ๕۞ྮĂҌ͌វனд˭ࢬࢬ࣎͞Ĉ ˘Ăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧߏ̙д၆ԩĂ҃ߏдᏉˢனѣវր۞ ݈೩˭ĂĶјࠎΦڱΑਕ۞˘࣎ϒ૱υࢋ۞ၹјࢋ৵Ăͽቤྋ۞ޠڱĺࣣ ّĻٕྃޠڱ႒߽ķ Ğഅ൶Ă2010Ĉ45ğ——ఢ˘ͷѣᝋ۞ޢ̝ރ ೀȈѐĂЯгந۩ม۞ѣࢨĂ઼ᅫ߆۞ڼ൴णૄώ˯ֹٙѣ۞ᅳ˿ۋ ბౌӔன˞ֽĂͷனд࠻ֽĂ̪Ϗྋՙ۞ۋბ̂кౌ̏Ӕனۋბӧ ဩ۞পّĂд݈࣎೩˭Ăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ۞ቁϲܧҭ̙Ӹᘣᅳ ˿ଵّࣧநۋბ۞ன၁ѣड़ّĂ҃ͅᑓྃ˞ιдன၁̚۞̙֖—— ͍ߏүࠎ̷Ъ߆ڼăޠڱ၁ᅫ۞ன၁ཌྷአĂࠎঐྋ˜Ҍঐੵඕၹ ّϬ࠼ඕၹड़ᑕ೩ֻ˞ૄޘטᖂĄ˘͞ࢬĂჯ᜕˞̝ޘט˘Ăਕૉ ̂ޘгჯ᜕ޘטड़ਕĂΩ˘͞ࢬĂࠎՀкΞֻᏴፄ۞ନ߉೩ֻ˞ૄᖂĂ χฟ˞ன၁၁ኹ۞̂ܝĂপҾߏᖣӄٙฟᜥ۞ྮशĂநྋ֭၁ன˞၆
92ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ֱନ߉ᄃଵّନ߉̝ม၆ϲ۞አĂଂ҃ਕૉՀ̂ޘгঐྋ߆ۤڼ ົᑅ˧Ăܳજன၁၁ኹĄ ˟Ăᅳ˿ĞᝋğԆፋߏజஎஎᄮТ۞઼छࣧޘטĂҭּ֭ γࣧâό၆ซҖ˞̙ԆБᕩᛳ۞ཉĂಶົዎޠڱזă߆ົۤڼ ຍᙊ۞ԩ١ĂயϠ߆ڼᑅ˧Ă˜Ҍ߆ڼЪّڱП፟Ą 16 ಶຳϯ˞˘࣎߆ ۞˯ޠڱڼᛋӘĂߊ၆۞ᅳ˿̈́ᅳ˿ᝋԆፋ̏གྷజᗼĂְ၁ நኢ˯ౌΞͽజᗼĂᑕྍቁϲᅳ˿ᝋּγࣧĂԯ၆Чયᗟ۞ நৼˢ̚ޘטזĄ҃ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧүࠎ˘ּγ۞ࣧޘטĂ ѣޘטΑਕ۞ТॡĂՀົౄ̷၁۞ᝋᅳ˿៍هĄϒтࢮұĞMax Weberğܑٙ྿۞៍ᕇĈĶ̙֭ߏ៍هĂ҃ߏۏኳໄ۞˯هӀৈۡତ͚੨ ˠࣇ۞ҖࠎĂ҃૱૱ߏ៍هٙԛј۞ĺ͵ࠧᙡညĻĞworld imagesğညĺԳ ̍Ļ˘ᇹՙؠצӀৈજ˧ᜭજ۞ҖજྻҖ۞ķĞ1946Ĉ280ğĂ17 ӈүࠎ Җજ۞АጱĂĶ៍هਕૉԛјᛉĂֱᛉਕஎᅈгౄඕڍķĞGlodstein & Keohane Ă2005Ĉ12ğĄវۋזბᅳ˿̢ܧϋ۞៍هĂҋА˞ؠ ᅳ˿ۋბ۞ᆊࣃᇾĂߏ˘ᙯٺϒ༊ّЪநّ۞АؠᄮТĂд˘࣎າ ۞˯Ăጱăᖐܳજˠࣇࢦາநྋᄮۢᅳ˿ۋბĂࢦາనؠྋ ՙۋბ۞ϫᇾĂ֭ౄۤົВᙊ——পҾߏĂۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧү ࠎᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅऴ̼ԛёĂώ֗ಶߏ˘ΞͽซҖౄ ۞៍هĂߏЯޙّڍၹّ۞Ă҃ѩؠҜֹ˯ۤົүϡՀΐࡎ——ଂ ҃ჸπྋՙۋბ̝˧ณ၁ኹҋ֗۞ТॡĂ˵ۡତሀቘଵϋໂბ៍ هĂঐྋ߆ڼᑅ˧Ą ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧϲּ֖ٺγࣧѩ˘ؠҜĂ̈́ܮӀྋՙ યᗟ̝ᐹ๕Ăүࠎ˘ޘטநّĂಶΞͽ͚ᇣүࠎ˘ᑕ۞ޘטซҖ ޙၹĄ
16
17
ϒтĶරˠۤົ၆˿гኬ̟˞ధкܢΐ۞߆ᝋᆊࣃĄಉεٕߏ٦ୢᅳ˿Ăజᄮࠎߏે ߆۰̙ٙਕٚፉ۞࿅εĂࠤҌП̈́߆ᝋ۞ે߆ЪّڱķĞౘ̝ڟĂ1999Ĉ33ğĄ ႔ᛌ͔ҋ Glodstein & Keohane Ğ2005Ĉ12ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
93
ᨨ ̳ϒᄃ̳π۞͚ᇣ Ϥޙၹّ۞ԆБă၆ᝋّؠྋᛖ˞ᅳ˿યᗟĂ֭дّؠ ྋᛖ̚Ăޙၹ˞ᅳ˿ଵّࣧ࠹̈́ᙯఢ۞னѣវրĄ҃Ăଂώኳ ۞ᆸࢬ˯࠻Ă።Ϋ̙ߏ˘ҿؠᄃྋᛖĂ҃ߏ˘ְ၁Ăᅳ˿።Ϋ۞̙Ԇ Бႊซ̈́ٙயϠ۞Чड़ᑕֹۋბᅳ˿ᕩᛳЇң˘͞ౌѣ˘ؠ۞ޘ ЪநّĂଂ҃னѣវր̚ᅳ˿ଵّᕩᛳ۞၁னĂΪਕ෦ኜ͞˘ߙ̚ٺ ҫ࠹၆ٺΩ˘͞ҫ۞࠹၆ЪநّĄҭࢬ၆ᇹ˘ְ࣎၁——Ω˘͞ ҫߏٙѣΞਕ۞Ᏼፄ̙̚Ъந۞——˯࠹၆Ъநّ่ߏܑ˞ځѩ͞ ҫᄃ̙Ъந۞࠹ͧߏĞ࠹၆ğЪந۞Ą༊дۋბӧဩࢬ݈Ăְ࣎၁̈́ ᇆᜩ̙̏ਕజنෛॡ——ૄٺιࣇֽ۞ঐໂયᗟ̏ᚑࢦז၆ۋბӧ ဩ۞ჯᜈѣ˞ՙّؠүϡĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂ˞Ξटԡቑಛ——υืԆ ፋгᔘࣧ࠹၆Ъநّ۞ώֽࢬϫĈ˯࠹၆ЪநّυืޙϲдΩ˘͞ҫ үࠎણ۞ૄᖂ˯Ăޢ۰ߏ˘ඕၹّ͚ᇣĂӈ˯࠹၆Ъநّ̙֭ߏЪ நّώ֗Ąдᇹ۞ࢬϫ̚Ă࠹၆Ъநّ̙֭ਕ৷ოүࠎϒ༊ᄃϒཌྷ۞ྶ វĂͷҫώ̙֭֗˘ؠಶߏЪͼҋநّ۞Ăֹͽ˯࠹၆Ъநّ үࠎϒ༊ᄃϒཌྷ۞ྶវ˵̙֭˘ߏؠޫ༊۞ĄΩγĂᅳ˿ۋბயϠ֭ ᜈ۞ॲߏ࣎វրĂߏវր̰۞ඕၹّۋბĄд˘ؠຍཌྷ˯֏Ăᅳ˿ۋ ბߏజޙၹ۞Ăᅳ˿યᗟώ֗̈́ኑᗔ˵ѣޙၹّĂϤѩٙԛј۞ۋბ ӧဩ̈́ܳ൴۞ᅳ˿П፟ТᇹѣޙၹّĂֽ࠹˯ٺ၆ЪநّĄٙͽĂ ۋბ۞ྋՙĂΞͽߏͅޥҫ̈́࠹۞ޢࡦ၆ЪநّĂаᕩன၁۞৷ოّĄ ༊ᏖՐྋՙᅳ˿ۋბĂͽ৷ო۞̳ϔ́ඕ̳ڍπүࠎϒ༊ăϒཌྷ̝ྶ វॡĂٙઇ۞щଵυืૄְٺ၁Ăۡତጱ۞ߏĂᅳ˿ᝋ̙ԆБ ܧ၆۞னֹېĶЇң˘͞ౌѣᝋವՐ˘࣎ᝋӀĂČČӀϡԶਾ۞͞ёπ ̶ۋᛉᅳ˿Ă̙֭ߏ࠻ֽ֤ᇹ۞̙Ξຐညķ ĞCukwurah, 1967: 205-206ğĄ 18
ߏ˘࣎ᆊࣃؠཌྷ۞ࢦࢋᕖणĈͽۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋّࣧؠֽፋ࣎
18
႔ᛌ͔ҋഅ൶Ğ2010Ĉ45ğĄЧ̚͞ߙ˘͞ҫ۞࠹၆Ъநّ̈́ҿؠఢޙ۞ၹĂ ࡦޢѣ˘इࣧវրĄӈ࠹˯ͽ̙ܮ၆Ъநّүࠎᅳ˿ཉ۞நֶࣖፂĂ˵՟ѣ ӎؠѩ࠹၆Ъநّइࣧវր۞хдĂ̰̈́ٙӣ۞পؠҋநّĄдۋბгડᅳ ˿̢ܧϋࣧ̚ĂιࣇΞͽͽ࠹၆ѣड़үࠎӔனԛёĂ֭дᅳ˿ᝋࢦ۞̢ܧϋ̶੨̚
94ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
гડĂ֭ቁؠ۞ޢᅳ˿ᕩᛳĂྋՙۋბĂߏૄٺன۞ې৷ოّඕڍĂـ ߏـՀࠎ̳ϒ̳π۞ந͞ёĂΞͽវனϒ༊ϒཌྷĄ 19
19
ѣᇆᜩүϡĄΩγâֱវ۞ன၁҂ณĂт።Ϋड़ᑕ۞̂̈ୂຏޘඈĂ˵ົ ᇆᜩᅳ˿ᝋࢦ۞̶੨ĄౌຍקĂӈ̳ٺૄߏܮϒă̳πซҖԶਾщଵĂ˵֭ؠ˘ܧ ߏ၆ۋბᅳ˿ซҖπӮཉĄ ன၁̚хдԯĞඕڍğ̳πۡତүࠎޠڱΐͽዋϡ۞˘ਠ̳ ——ࣧޠڱπࣧĄҭ ̳πࣧ˘ߏঔ߶ထࠧ̈́ۋბ̚۞ࣧޠڱĞ౮јĂ1992Ĉ134-151ćઉĂ 2005Ĉ82-108ğĂ̙ߏᅳ˿ۋბ̚۞ࣧޠڱĄঔ߶ထࠧۋბᄃ็ᅳ˿ۋბ̝มѣ ॲώડҾĂੵ˞ٙঘ̈́ᝋӀ۞ᛳّ۞ડҾĂՀт Brownlie ٙ೩̈́۞݈೩ĈĶүࠎ ࣧયᗟĂ၆ᙝࠧቢྎҜཉ۞ቁߏؠᄃٙѣᝋયᗟ̙࠹Т۞ķĞBrownlie Ă2003Ĉ 132ğĄ វ҃֏Ăঔ߶ထࠧߏдᅳ˿ᕩᛳ۞ૄᖂ˯ү۞Ăдͽ።ΫЯ৵ྋՙ˞ડાĞ͍ ߏડા̚۞फᑎğᕩᛳયᗟ̝ޢĂࠎҋ֗ঔાထࠧಶߏ˘࣎ࢋԆј۞߆ְޠڱڼ ચ—— ᔵд˘ֱপঅଐ˭ڶĂঔ߶ထࠧ˵Ξдᅳ˿ᕩᛳቁ݈̝ؠซҖĞࡻ˝Ă 1986ćઉĂ2003ğĄֶፂາϠ۞߆ޠڱڼఢĂ͍ߏঔ߶ఢĂ઼छࠎҋ֗ ঔ߶ડાထࠧ—— ѣ̂ౙߛထࠧăᛳགྷᑻડထࠧăᛳႢડထࠧಏ˘ထࠧඈԛ ё—— ፋវ˯ߏາϠ۞ঔ߶ထࠧᙷݭĂ઼ֹछ۞ঔ߶ࠧቢ̂̂ШγᕖणĂϤЧ͞۞В ТШγᕖण҃ԛј˞ధкঔ߶ࢦᝑડાĂ֭ႊ̼ј˞ధкঔ߶ထࠧۋბ—— үࠎன၁ ̚ঔ߶ထࠧۋბ۞ૄώԛёĄЯࠎາݭထࠧፋវ˯ߏາϠְચĂͷထࠧٙࣅ۞̂к ߏჟቁ۞གྷቛޘĂٙͽĂᏖՐထؠវ۞ਕૉ႕֖གྷቛࢋޘՐ۞ჟቁࠧቢॡĂᙯٺ វࠧቢώ֗Ă͌ــ።Ϋڱந࣎ૄᖂЯ৵ĂயϠᝋᝋӀᕩᛳ۞ࢦᝑડાĂӈд ૄώԛё̚Ăထࠧࢦᝑડાͻڱந۞።Ϋᕩᛳ̈́็ٚĂߙຍཌྷ˯֏Ăώ֗ ߏᝋᝋӀϏؠડાĄଂ҃၆ٺထࠧࢦᝑঔાĂ༊ְ͞۞ۋბߏಛᖒထࠧࣧăఢ ̈́វྻϡणฟ۞Ą༊Ч͞ౌڱӎؠ၆͞ఢТᇹѣڱநϒ༊ّॡĞঔ߶ထࠧ ٙѣ۞кထࠧ͞ڱТᇹߏ̙ޠڱԆБ۞˘ܑனğĂঔ߶ထࠧۋბಶߏĂᙯٺາ ᝋᝋӀ̝ତৼ۞Ă̢ܧϋّڱநᙋፂ̝ૄᖂ˯۞̢ܧϋۋݭბĂડҾ็ٺᅳ˿ۋ ბᙯٺٙᏜѣᅳ˿Ğᝋğ۞Ă̢ϋّڱநᙋፂ̝ૄᖂ˯۞̢ϋۋݭბĄ ༊ͽ̳ϒă̳πֽᆶෛᅳ˿ۋბ̚Զਾщଵ۞ன၁၁ּॡĂՀк۞ߏૄ̯̳ٺච։ ۞நهĂߊߏܮЯЅٙ၁ன۞Զਾщଵѣ˞ΦّڱኳĂтΔߤࡊгડĂ˵Ϊߏૄ ̯̳ٺච։ࣧĂ̳҃ܧπࣧĄЯࠎ̳̯ච։ࣧᄃ̳πࣧॲ۞ώડҾĞౘ͵ڼĂ 1995Ĉ57-58ğĂۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹĂχ˞னѣྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞Ğᙯ ٺ።ΫЯ৵۞ğૻّט॰ߛ。ᖣѩ೩ֻ˞ૄᖂĂдྋՙᅳ˿ۋბॡਕૉ͔ˢវன̳ϒ ֭ѣࣧޠڱгҜ۞̳πࣧ ——дኑᗔ۞̙ԆБ።Ϋႊซ̚Ă̙༊ͽѣड़ĶА ҫķүࠎّؠ።Ϋड़ᑕѣड़ăЪֶޠڱ۞ڱፂĂͷ่่̙ͽ።Ϋड़ᑕүࠎّؠᅳ˿ᕩ ᛳ۞ֶޠڱፂĂӈЧ༊઼ְ၆ᅳ˿۞።Ϋड़ᑕ̈́ன၁ᝋᏊĞౌүࠎ࠹ᙯଐڶğඈĂౌ Ξͽѣޠڱड़ᑕĂਕૉّؠᅳ˿ᕩᛳ̢̈́ܧϋᕩᛳ̝˯۞ᝋࢦּٕͧĂ၁னඕ̳ڍ πĄซ˘Վಶ̳πֽࣧᄲĂᔵវନ߉дԛё˯ΞਕܑனࠎԶਾщଵĂҭ۰ ߏ̙Т۞Ă݈۰ࠎّࣧޠڱନ߉Ăϲ֖࠹ٺᙯଐڶĂֶЪநّĂ҃ޢ۰ࠎ߆ڼ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
95
ఢቑទᏭ͚ᇣۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧซҖޙޘטၹĂٙϲ֖۞ ߏ̳ϒ̳πĂҭ၆ܲᅪ̙ߏ˘ҋཌྷચĂϒтঐໂયᗟΞटԡ ቑಛܑٙன۞ტЪ҂ᇋĂ˵ᄲ̳˞ځϒ̳π่ߏ˘̚҂ณЯ৵Ąд ྆Ăхдᇹ˘࣎ᔳᇎĈ̳ϒ̳π̙ߏүࠎޙޘטၹυื̝ણ҂Ăι ۞ΩγྋᛖಶߏĂ༊ͅ၆ֱᆊࣃ̬ˢॡĂ՟ѣЇңᇇᑅ˧——ϒтᅳ ˿ଵّࣧ۞ன၁ޞ࿃Ăֱ̈́ᆊࣃ۞ன၁ዎ࿃——ೱ֏̝Ăֱᆊࣃ ၆ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋ͚ࣧ۞ᇣహऴ˧Ăٕ۰ᄲ՟ѣຍཌྷĄ ҭ༊ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧϲּ֖ٺγࣧ۞гҜॡĂಶᄃ̳ ϒă̳πԛј˞ᇹ˘ؠҜᙯܼĈۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧΪдּγଐ ԛ˭ซҖޙၹॡ̖ವՐιࣇ۞͚ᇣĄᇹĂ̳ϒ̳πಶѣ˞རཙᕇ҃ ਕͽ༊۞ϒ༊ϒཌྷซҖ͚ᇣ——ࣰጯ˯۞ទᏭૄᖂдٺĈּγଐԛ ̚ঐໂᇆᜩ˞ΞटԡቑಛĂࡦޢٙͅߍ۞ৌϒયᗟߏĂଵّᕩᛳ၆ ĶεӀ˘͞ķߙ˘Ğֱğ͞ࢬ۞ຫचᚑࢦ̏זιٙਕٚޘࢨ̝צĂ ᚑࢦߏ۞ߍͅــޘĞҌ͌Ξͽͅߍğ˘ᚑࢦ۞̙̳ϒ̳̙ πĂӈ̳ϒă̳π̝ᆊࣃజᚑࢦᗼ˞Ăֹ̳ϒ̳π̝ᆊࣃдЧЯ৵ ۞ტЪ҂ᇋ̚ĂјࠎѣᐹАّ۞҂ณЯ৵ĂϤѩֹּܳγଐԛ̚ჯ᜕̳ ϒ̳π۞̢ܧϋᕩᛳјࠎ༊Ă֭ᖣϤ̳ϒ̳πώ֗۞ϒ༊ăϒཌྷᛳ ّ҃ѣϒ༊ϒཌྷĄ
ᨩ ˠᝋ͚ࣧ۞ᇣ Ķ઼छᆊࣃķᄃĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķߊ࠹̢၆ϲĂՀ࠹̢ႣĂ۰ม۞ኑ ᗔᙯܼᅮࢋд˘৩Ԕ̚םזአĄ઼ᅫ߆ڼ൴ण۞ซĂߙຍཌྷ˯ಶ ߏᆊࣃ࠹̢ࡎםአ۞࿅Ăٕ۰ଂΩ˘֎ֽޘᄲĂĶ઼छᆊࣃķ үࠎಧ઼ؠᅫ߆ૄ۞ڼϮĂϒߏĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ۞૦Ă̖Լត˞઼ᅫវր ޙၹ۞͞ШĂ֭ଯજ઼ᅫ߆ڼ൴णĄᓑЪ઼۞ޙϲĂΎព֭ቁϲ˞ ઼ᅫវրޙၹ۞ֹĂӈ઼ᅫវրٙࢋՐྏဦܳซ۞Ăߏдπ॰ߛ˭ ՀᇃھăՀஎ۞ג৩ԔĞHenkin Ă2005Ĉ149ğĄ̚ĂЧ઼ͽВТ˘ ۞͞ё၆Ր৩Ԕ۞જ˧ซҖ˞ቁᄮĈĶˠˠѣᝋࢋՐ˘ۤົ۞઼
ّନ߉Ăϲ֖ٺЧ͞෦ՐĂᔵΞͽֶЪநّĂҭЪநّ̙ߏυᅮ۞Ą
96ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ᅫ۞৩ԔĂд৩Ԕ̚Ăώ֏ކٙྶ۞ᝋӀҋϤਕᒔ·̶၁னķĞᓑ Ъ઼̂ົĂ1948Ĉௐ 28 ୧ğĄд྆Ăπజৼˢ˞זᇹ˘࣎ૄώؠ Ҝ̚ĈĶˠĂπ۞८͕ķĞPope Benedict XVI Ă2006ğĄᄃѩТॡĂ ৩Ԕ˵జኬ̟˞Հᖳಱ۞̰உĈˠώ৩ԔĄᇾᄫĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ̏གྷૻ ๕̬ˢ઼ᅫវր۞ၹౄ̚˞Ą д˘൴णซ̚ĂϒтĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ۞ు႙ૻ๕Ă઼ᅫۤົ۞ޙၹ ֶᏥ֭ٺు႙Ύពᇹ˘࣎Ķ۞ࣰጯ˯۞ЪநّķĞSimpson Ă 2008Ĉ36ğĈˠߏˠᙷۤົ۞ώវĂ҃ᅳ˿઼छ̈́ᝋࣧүࠎૄۤٺ ົ઼۞ࡗݵᅫޙޘטၹĂЯۤົ̝ࡗݵώّĂߏͽۤົّ۞ˠᝋᆊࣃࠎ ૄᖂ۞Ąೱ֏̝ĂΒ߁઼छᅳ˿ࣧд̰۞Їң۞ّޘט৩ԔĂౌߏϤˠ ٙޙϲֽ۞Ăᛃӣ˞ᇹ˘ણᄃ۰۞ᝋӀయЇĈણᄃ۰ਕૉͷυ ืቁܲࣇٙޙϲֽ۞৩Ԕ̚ĂˠᝋΞͽᒔ·̶۞၁னĞPogge Ă 1999Ĉ62ğĄ ͅߍĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ۞ˠᝋࣧĂ드˿ࣧ˘ᇹĂౌߏ˘၁វّࣧ Ă۰۞ࡎߏĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķᄃĶ઼छᆊࣃķ̝ࡎ۞វ͞ࢬĂߏι ۞ؼҩĄ҃ͽ˯ࡦഀĶЪநّķֽؠҜˠᝋࣧᅳ˿ࣧĂιࣇ̝ มѣᇹ۞ᙯܼĈˠᝋࣧߏՀลăՀૄᖂ۞ࣧĂѣ઼̒छ ᅳ˿ࣧซҖޙၹ۞·̶ϒ༊ّĂϒтĶ઼ᅫˠᝋ઼˞ߍͅڱᅫវրഴຫ ૄώ۞઼छᆊࣃ̝ٚᏚķĞHenkin Ă2005Ĉ298ğćĶ઼ᅫ۞ڱซՎᄃ ઼ᅫπ۞ჯυืࢋ઼छϹ̶ొ˘ᝋķĞԈ྿Ă1983Ĉ180ğĄ ଂ҃ˠᝋࣧ၆઼छᝋࣧ̈́ᅳ˿ࣧ̒۞ĂߏĶдˠᝋᛉᗟ˯ឰ ഭᝋķĞᛂԈ྿Ă2004Ĉ178ğ۞វܑனĂ̙ҭૄ˘ٺᇇᙯᘃĂ Հૄ˘ٺᑕ۞ᝋӀᝋ˧Ăਕૉৼˢˠώ৩Ԕ̝ၹౄ۞̰ट࿅ ̚Ą ᄃܲᅪ̳ϒ̳π̙ТĂˠᝋѣ۞ໂᆊࣃ̝гҜĂֹܲᅪˠᝋߏ ˘ҋཌྷચćᅳ˿ଵّࣧѣ᜕π̈́Ϥѩܲᅪˠᝋ۞ࢦࢋүϡ ຍཌྷĂͷι၆ˠᝋ۞ຫचΪߏ˘ᙝቡְّ၁Ăӈள૱ּγ۞ଐڶĄ ᕇ۞ඕЪֹˠᝋࣧѣ˞ৌϒϲ֖ᕇĂಶдͷ่дۋბгડᅳ˿ܧ ̢ϋࣧؠҜּٺγࣧॡ၆ޙၹซҖ͚ᇣ——ࣰጯ˯۞ទᏭૄᖂд ٺĈ၆ܧٺԆБ።Ϋႊซ۞ᅳ˿็ٚĂᅳ˿ᝋࣧࢋՐϡԆБଵ۞
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
97
͞ёΝྋՙĂֹன၁̚˘ֱۋბ۞ඕၹّϬ࠼ыዟͷڱአĂϤѩ·ϋ ᇙޤăީެᇲෛඈଐჰĂᔞ឵ᅳ˿П፟ĂࠤҌౄјࡎᄃጼۋĂᚑ ࢦᗼٺྶܢྋᄃπ̝˯۞ˠᝋᆊࣃĂᔵΪߏᙝቡְّ၁Ăҭх д˘ߏݒቁ၁Ąхд۞ቁ၁ಶдܲᅪˠᝋ̝ҋཌྷચ۞үϡ˭Ă༊ г͚ᇣᅳ˿۞̢ܧϋᕩᛳĞүࠎ˘ѣ੫၆ّ۞Ᏼፄğ၆ᅳ˿ࣧซҖ ГޙၹĂ҃хд۞ᙝቡְّ၁̝ώኳಶֹ˯ГޙၹΪਕϲּ֖ٺγ ࣧ۞гҜĄϤѩĂϲּ֖ٺγࣧۋ۞ბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ̝ၹಶ јࠎˠώ৩Ԕ̝ၹ˘۞ޙ୧ྮâ࣎វొ̶Ă֭ѣ۞ࣰጯ˯۞ ЪநّĄ
˟ă၁ᙋཌྷ͞ࢬ۞ࣰጯૄᖂ ޘטâ၁д̝ۏĂˠ̍۞ְ၁Ăߏ၁ᙋّ۞Ğૺ͛ពĂ1995Ĉ77ć MacComick and Weinberger Ă1994Ĉ155ğĄᅳ˿ࣧүࠎ˘ؠ።Ϋ୧І ˭ޙၹ۞ࣧޘטĂ၆ன၁၁ኹ۞ૻአֹԛё˯۞၁ᙋទᏭјࠎυࢋ ۞Ą҃ͽன၁̈́၁ּࠎྮᇾٙವՐۋ۞זბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧĂҋಶ Ξͽ٩۞̚פ၁ᙋཌྷទᏭĂͽ͚ᇣҋ֗үࠎ˘υ၁۞ޙޘט ၹĄ
ᨧ ᅳ˿ᝋ۞።Ϋԛၗ೩ֻ˞ۡତ۞གྷរّᙋፂ ።Ϋ˯ѝಶѣ࿅ᅳ˿ᝋΞ̶۞ВგଐԛĂ 20 тд 1970 ѐͽ݈ĂՒ নгܠٛұТࡊރপăϿٛҹ̝มЧѣ˘Вგᅳ˿ĂѩֱгડјࠎĶ̚ ϲડķć1980 ѐͽ݈Ăࡻڱ၆͉ݑπ߶˯۞ New Hebrides ཏफ߉ҖВგć ઼ᅫ ੰڱ1992 ѐՙĂԈౌٛăᖠႬϞкᄃκΐٛϝѣᖳΙ៉ ĞGolfo de Fonsecağ۞ВТᝋĂˬ઼߉ҖВТგᔑĞ઼ᅫੰڱĂ1992-
20
Įώঔ઼ᅫڱįĂᅳ˿ᝋѣΞ̶ّĄͷซ˘ՎЕ̱ᅳ˿ᝋΞ̶۞ଐ ԛĂҭдᨧ̚ĈĶ၆ࣧ࣎ٺĞᅳ˿ᝋΞ̶Ăඊ۰ොğ۞ௐ˘ٕ࣎ధߏ ˘۞ৌϒּγߏٙᏜВგଐԛķĄιଐԛĂੵௐ̣ีᓑ઼֣छ۞ᅳ˿ଐԛߏᆸ̶۞ ͞ёγĂޙߏــϲд̙πඈЪࡗૄᖂ˯۞Ăѣ۞ߏ˘തϔ߆ඉĂт઼̚߆عд 1898 ѐజૻ࢝ቱэ៉১ගᇇ઼Ăҭѩֱଐԛౌ̏εΝ˞ன၁ّĞLauterpacht ࣒ࢎĂ 1981Ĉ2-7ğĄ
98ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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1996Ĉ18-49ğĂ֭ ٺ2007 ѐĂˬ઼ВТᘪཌ˞Вֳᝋ۞֏ކĄѨĂ ۋბгડᔵםᛉထᕩۋ˘ߙ̚ბ༊ְ͞ĂҭᄃѩТॡ၆͞дםᛉ̚ݒ ТՎᒔ˞ߙপঅ۞ඕၹّᝋӀĂֹѩ͞ᝋඕၹّࢨצĂͧтͧॾႬ ঔदۋბ९ĄΩγĂ၆ۋბгડซҖ̶౷Ăಶፋ࣎ۋბгડ҃֏Ă̶౷ޢ Тᇹᛳ̢ܧٺϋᅳ˿Ăͷૄ̶ٺ౷݈ᅳ˿ᝋ̢ܧϋ۞ன၁Ăͧтܻ̚ม โሺ̄फયᗟ۞ྋՙăࠟӀჯֲ͐ٛеมΔߤࡊયᗟ۞ྋՙĄ дۋბྋՙ݈Ă၆Їң˘࣎ۋბ༊઼ְֽᄲĂд઼઼̰ᅫᆸࢬౌ ކᄮ၆ፋ࣎ۋბгડጾѣԆፋ۞઼छᝋĂВგă̶౷ăᝋඕၹّࢨצ ώ֗ಶߏᗼᅳ˿ᝋԆፋĂ࿁઼ͅछጳ߆ࣧĄҭ̝ٙͽਕૉјҖĂ ࣧЯಶдٺĂᅳ˿ᝋҋቁϲͽֽĂιಶ̙ߏͽώវኢ˯۞၆ّซҖன ၁၁ኹĂд˘۞ؠன၁ࣧૄᖂ˯ĂߏΞ̶۞Ă̢ܧϋ۞Ą҃ͷĂ͞ ё̈́ޢࡦ၆Ԇፋᝋ۞ୢјΑྋՙٕఢᔖ˞ۋბӧဩ̚۞ኜкયᗟĂ གྷរ˯ѣ։рड़ڍĂߏ̷၁ΞҖ۞ĂΞͽдޘטᆸࢬ˯ซҖᖳಱᕖणĂ ԛј߆ߛޘט۞ޠڱڼၹĄֱགྷរְّ၁ࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ۞ޙၹĂ೩ֻ˞ۡତ۞ૻѣ˧۞၁ᙋཌྷ͚Ą
ᨨ ઼छᝋ۞ဩ೩ֻ˞ன၁ણ៍މଯજ ᝋநኢүࠎ˘ົۤؠ୧І۞யۏĂĶΪѣޙၹ̚۞ᝋĂ՟ѣޙၹ Ԇல۞ᝋķĞᎊࣝцĂ2004Ĉ260ğĄ͵ࠧ۞൴णĂБ̼ăБڼநă гડВТវඈඈ઼ࠧᝋ۞઼ᅫ၁ኹ̝எˢ൴णĂҘ൴Ӏֲ۞ϔ ઼छវրዎ࿃݈˞זٙϏѣ۞߄ጼᗼĞૺֲ̚Ă2001ćҥұୁޥĂ1999Ĉ 9ğĂు႙ޙၹϔ઼छ̈́ᝋາ۞ԛၗĄ݈ЇᓑЪ઼৪३ܑౌܜ ྿˞˯࠻ڱĈڻϡ˞ೀ࣎͵ࡔ۞၆ଵёᝋጯᄲ̙̏ГјϲČČ ԧࣇॡ˘࣎ࢦ̂ͷځം۞ࢋՐĂߏࢦາޥ҂ᝋયᗟĂČČٚᄮιΞਕ ѣ̙ͤ˘ԛၗٚፉ̙ͤ˘ΑਕĞBoutros-Ghali, 1992ğć઼छ ᝋĂಶॲώຍཌྷ҃֏ĂϒдజࢦາؠཌྷĂ͍ߏያБ઼̼ᅫЪү۞ ˧ณĞAnnan, 1999ğĄ Б̼၆็ᝋ۞߄ጼĂҌ͌ගۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹ೩ ֻ˞ˬ͞ࢬ۞ᑒӄĄ ௐ˘Ă၆Б̼۞ԛёᇆᜩĂٕਕࣄϡॡইσ۞ᓁඕү˘ໄᜓĈ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
99
ᔵ઼छᅳ˿ໄ̪هхдĂΞБ̼۞к˧ณ႙ѨԛјĂд ֽ̂۞˯ޘᆑฟăࡍٕ۰Ⴃژϔ઼छࠧࢨ۞ᇴགྷᑻᙯ րăۤົᓑඕăϹ߹შඛ˜Ҍ֗ЊଐຏᄮТĂ֭ͷ࠹ᑕг݇ऴ˞ ϔ઼छ۞ᝋރᅳ˿ᝋࣧүࠎ͵ࠧ߆ॲڼώᖐࣧ۞гҜ Ğ2001Ĉ3ğĄ дᇹ۞͵ࠧ̚ĂᝋГ˵̙ົည࿅Ν֤ᇹјࠎ̙Ξۋ۞ૄώᆊࣃĂ ֹĶ̙͌ᅳાᝋ۞Җֹ̏ࡎҫّ҃ѣВֳّķ Ğች٤Ă2007Ĉ37ğĄ ௐ˟ĂБ̼۞͵ࠧயϠ˞˘͟ৈΐஎ۞̰дᓑᘭĞܿΞπĂ2005Ĉ 36ğĂ࠹ֶ̢хֽஎĂ͍ߏዐ઼̝มĄͷБ̼Հֽ˞͵ࠧЧ઼ ̝ม۞፬ধᚮۋĄϤѩĂࡎᄃጼۋٙࢋ;۞ᆊЧ͞ౌᙱͽٚצĂ ಶֹĶଠ઼טᅫࡎѣ˞̷࢝۞ᅮࢋன၁۞ΞਕķĞች٤Ă2007Ĉ114ğĂ Ξͽࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ۞ତצ೩ֻன၁ᑅ˧၁ᅫଯજĄ ௐˬĂБ̼ߏ˘Бາ۞͵ࠧ៍ĂιயϠă൴णు႙јሢ۞࿅Ă ߏ።Ϋࠧ͵ซՎ۞።Ăдѩ̚Ă͵ࠧᇴѨχᖞ៍هăᖞޘטĂθ ֈາ៍هăາޘטĄͽགྷរّซՎ።Ϋ៍៍ࠧ͵ᆶෛᅳ˿ଵّࣧ Ă੫၆Ч͞ࢬ۞ԊࢨĂਕૉͷυົซҖາ۞ޙၹĂ̚ಶΞͽΒ߁ ѣ੫၆ّ۞ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹĄ ࣎ॡ၆็ᝋฯ͕۞߄ጼߏለ༖Ăͽ۞ܑࠎгડВТ វҌ͌ࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹ೩ֻ˞ͽ˭ೀ͞ࢬ۞͚ᇣĄࢵ АĂүࠎᝋΞ̶ឰഭ۞၁ּĞ߸ᇇഢĂ2007Ĉ279ğĂࠎۋბгડᅳ ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹĂ೩ֻ˞ᝋΞ̶ّΞឰഭّ۞၁ᙋཌྷᙋፂĄ ѨĂгડВТវĶ఼࿅ᕖणᝋϔ઼छᙝࠧ۞߆ڼቑಛķĞܿΞπĂ 2005Ĉ13ğĂϒ઼छᅳ˿៍هĂࢦᄮТĂ˜Ҍд˘ؠຍཌྷ˯Ă ಶߏޙϲдᙯ઼ٺछ̝ޙၹ̈́Αਕ̢ܧϋ۞ந۞˯هĄࠎۋბгડ ᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹ೩ֻ˞ந۞˯ه၁ᙋཌྷᙋፂĂ̈́ޙၹώ֗۞୧І ݵ፟ĄѩγĂгડВТវјࠎϏֽડા൴ण۞˘࣎ޝр۞͞ШĄтѩ˘ ֽĂԛјາ۞߆ڼڼநវրĞเઈपĂ2003ćᖡϜߋĂ2005ğĂᅳ˿ώ֗ ۞ࢦࢋّົజ୶̼݇ऴĂഴ͌˞ۋბᅳ˿ᕩᛳֽٙ۞၁ᅫᆊࣃຍ ཌྷĂТॡ˵ΐஎ˞Ч͞۞࠹ֶ̢ᏥĂֹܳ̓рăܫЇᄃπјࠎЧ઼எ̼ ᙯրυ̝ᄮТĂᅳ˿ۋბπྋՙјࠎυ̝ՐĞܛၷĂ2005Ĉ44ă
100ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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46ğĄϤѩĂࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ̝ၹ݇ऴ˞ԩ١˧ณ۞ТॡĂ ˵೩ֻ˞ଯજ˧ณĄ ઼छᝋдЧᆸࢬٙࢬᓜ۞జࢦ۞ன၁୧Іυࢋ̝ᄮТĂౌ݇ऴ ˞ιώ֗۞ԩ١Ăࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ̝ၹ೩ֻ˞၁ᙋ˯۞͚ᇣ ˧ณ˯۞ଯજĄ
Ёăᓁඕّෞኢ дҲᆸѨ˯நྋᅳ˿ۋბâߏϬ࠼Ą၆ٺĞវğϬ࠼۞ நྋՙĂυᅮૄٺϒ༊۞ࣧăఢĂͽѩ೩ֻ˘࣎ᇾநϤֽᄮؠ ࡶ̒͞९——ј˘࣎ะЪ——̚ߙ˘͞९۞࠹၆ЪநّĂͽྋՙϬ ࠼ĄߏྋՙϬ࠼Ğۋბğ۞ទᏭᕇĄ ᅳ˿યᗟࢵАߏ˘࣎ᝋયᗟĂૄٺᝋ۞၆ّଵّĂᅳ˿۞ ᕩᛳಶజࢵА͔ˢ˞זᇹ˘࣎ᄮᙊ۞݈೩̝˭Ĉѩۋბгડдڱந˯Ϊ ߏᛳۋ˘̚ٺბ༊ְ͞۞Ăۋბ۞ྋՙ˵ಶΪߏĂд߆̶˯ޠڱڼᏰ ѩۋბ༊ְ͞Ă֭၁ன၆ۋბгડ۞ԆБጾѣĄдѩ݈೩˭Ăૄٺϒ ༊ϒཌྷĂវޙϲ˞ซҖ˯ᅳ˿ཉ۞ࣧఢវրĄଂ҃༊ԯ͞ ९่ࢨࠎؠĂϤߙ˘͞ҋҫѣྍۋბгડॡĂᅳ˿ۋბયᗟ၁ኳ˯ಶᖼ ̼ࠎᇹ˘࣎યᗟĈϤࣹ˘͞ҫߏ࠹၆Ъந۞ĉ ༊ۋბ༊ְӴ઼́͞ᅫΦڱ፟ၹĂૄٺ၆࣎યᗟ۞аඍֽྋՙᅳ˿ ۋბĂ҃υืૄٺனѣࣧఢវրֽؠཌྷ࠹၆ЪநّĂଂ҃யϠኜк ӧဩॡĂώ͛ԯீᕇٸа֤࣎זទᏭᕇ˯Ă೩˘࣎ᆶෛநྋӧဩ ۞યᗟĈ༊ԧࣇд˘࣎͞९ะЪ̚ᄮ͞ؠ९ม۞࠹၆ЪநّॡĂ࣎͞९ ะЪߏӎЪநĂٕ۰ᄲĂߏӎѣΩγ۞͞९ะЪͧѩ͞९ะЪՀࠎЪநĂ ӈߏӎѣι͞९ͧϤ͞˘ߙ̚ҫۋბгડՀࠎЪநĉߏ˘࣎ͧ˯ ˘યᗟՀลăՀૄᖂ۞યᗟĄ ҭௐ˟࣎યᗟં࣎ߏݒયᗟĂЯࠎд઼ᅫΦ۞ڱෛ̚Ă၁ᙋཌྷ ۞˘ਠপֹّЇңĶЪநᄃӎķ̚۞Ķநķ࠰ߏޠڱڼ߆ٺវրĂߏ дߙ࣎វրֽ̚நྋ٩۞פĂߏ˘វրទᏭĂ၁ᙋّ۞Ă҃னѣវր ΪΒ߁ௐ˘࣎યᗟĂٙਕ٩פֽ۞Ķநķಶߏᙯ͞˘ߙٺҫ۞࠹၆
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ЪநّĄߏٺĂώ͛ਫ਼ᔖ˞˘યᗟĂٺΦ۞ڱ၁ᙋෛĂ෦ኜٺҋ நّĂӀϡநّޙၹཌྷĂଂࢬֽᄮᙊ࣎ลૄᖂયᗟĄಶវ ԛёֽᄲĂώ͛ԯன၁̚ѣ၁ּ۞߆ّڼԶਾщଵүࠎΩ˘࣎͞९ֽᕖ णะЪĂ၆Զਾࡦૄޠڱڼ߆۞ޢᖂซҖၹޙĂ၁ߏᏖՐͽّޘט ְ၁ᕖणனѣ۞߆ޠڱڼវրĄ ಶ˯࿅۞߆ޠڱڼຍཌྷ҃֏ĂԶਾщଵүࠎ˘߆ّڼନ߉Ă ᔵૄࣧٺఢវր۞Ъநّ̙ߏυᅮ۞ĂҭѩЪநّ၆ιజତৼ ၁߉ѣࢦࢋܳซүϡĄٙͽ၆វր̚Ъநّ۞၁ᙋཌྷޙޘטၹâ ͞ࢬΞͽܳซԶਾщଵ̝၁߉రၔĂՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ၁ᙋ˯ѣ˞࠹̢ԁ ۞םЪநّĂޠڱಶਕૉͽѩԛёۡତ᎕ໂг̬ˢᅳ˿ۋბĄ҃ώ͛ ͽԶਾщଵࠎ̷ˢᕇᆶෛᅳ˿ࣧĂГޙၹ˞Ķۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ķĄϤѩâ͞ࢬĂາ۞ᅳ˿ࣧүࠎ·̝ྃޘטᕖण˞னѣ߆ڼ ޠڱវրĂଂ҃ਕૉд̚٩ᘯĶநķĂ၁ᙋّ۞Ăͽ͚ᇣ֤࣎ล ૄᖂયᗟĂֹ̝јࠎ˞ৌયᗟćΩ˘͞ࢬĂͽүࠎԶਾщଵ۞߆ڼ ૄޠڱᖂĂଂ҃аඍ˞݈֏̚۞ˬ࣎યᗟĄ ˯۞ࢬ͞ඕЪĂពϯ˞ώ͛ԯĶ݈֏ķ݈࣎̚યᗟ๗Ъ֭ᕖण ࠎௐˬ࣎યᗟ۞ৌϒϡຍĈࢵАĂͽՀஎ̼۞ᗟซҖኢޙၹĂଂ҃ ਕૉԯޘטቑᘞৼˢ̚Ăฟᜥޙޘטၹ۞۩มĂࠎ߆˧ޠڱڼณՀҋ ᛇՀજг̬ˢᅳ˿ۋბχฟ̂ܝĄѨĂͽԶਾщଵ۞ନ߉ࠎវ၁ ּĂֹ֤࣎ลૄᖂયᗟͽ˘࣎វԛёன——ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბॡĂԶ ਾщଵߏӎͧϤ͞˘ߙ̚ҫᅳ˿ՀࠎЪநĉ҃ώ͛ຍٺಶѩયᗟ Ğ֤࣎ลૄᖂયᗟğග˘࣎˘ਠّඕኢĂٕధώ֗ಶ̙ᑕѣ˘࣎ ˘ਠّඕኢ——ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧүࠎ˘ּγࣧĂΪߏ˘୧ ΞֻᏴፄ۞ྮĄҭώ͛۞ᆊࣃ̏གྷពϯֽĈଂԈ៍˯֏Ăᕖण˞னѣ ߆ޠڱڼវրĂࠎՀк߆ࣧޠڱڼăନ߉Ğт̳πࣧĂԶਾщଵğ ّؠᅳ˿ۋბ೩ֻ˞ૄᖂĂֹ̝ѣՀᖳಱ۞߆ୂޠڱڼຏĂଂ҃ਕૉ ԯՀкᅳ˿ۋბӧဩৼˢ߆۞ޠڱڼ॰ߛ̰Ăͽ߆͞ޠڱڼёπྋ ՙĄଂ៍˯֏Ăԯ֤࣎ลૄᖂયᗟϤ˘࣎ંયᗟតј˘࣎ৌયᗟĂ ֭ವԱ˞זι۞˘࣎វԛёĂ̈́ѩវԛёд៍˯۞ទᏭૄᖂĂଂ҃ ਕૉͽѩវԛёĂдវ۞ᅳ˿ۋბ̚Ă͍ߏдѣពӧဩ۞ᅳ˿
102ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ۋბ̚ĂણᄃՙඉĂјࠎྋՙᅳ˿ۋბॡυื҂ᇋаඍ۞યᗟĄ
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38(7): 23-42Ą ౘ͵ڼĂ1995ĂĮ઼ᅫڱįĂέΔĈέ៉થચО३ᐡĄ ઼ᅫੰڱĂ1992-1996Ă IJ઼ᅫੰڱҿՙ३ăᏙྙຍ֍΄ၡࢋ 1992-1996ijĂ ઼ ᅫ ͞ ء ੰ ڱშ ࢱ Ă http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/ch/files/sum_19921996.pdfĂ2013/11/30Ą ૺ͛ពĂ1995ĂIJޠڱ၁ᙋཌྷҋڱநኢ—— ڱޘטநጯ۞ᄮᙊů ͞ڱኢώវኢijĂĮͧྵࡁڱտįĂ1: 74-88Ą ૺֲ̚Ă2001ĂIJБڼநĈវᄃᝋ˧۞ྋژijĂĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ40(4): 1-24Ą അā൶Ă2010ĂIJኢᅳ˿۞ڱາ൴ण—— ͽ઼ᅫΦڱҿּࠎෛ֎ijĂĮശሔ ̂ጯጯಡĞࣰጯۤົࡊጯۍğįĂ34(3): 44-48Ą เઈपĂ2003ĂIJ࣠ژለ߷ᓑ༖ϒдјڼ۞ݭநវրijĂĮለ࡚ࡁտįĂ33(2): 291-344Ą ౮јĂ1992ĂĮ઼ᅫঔ߶ ——ڱᏊπထࠧኢįĂέΔĈˬϔ३ԊĄ ችā٤Ă2007ĂĮБ̼ᄃ߆۞ڼᖼݭįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĄ ᎊࣝцĂ2004ĂĮኢҽጼ߄ޢጼ઼छᝋ۞நኢޥሗįĂΔִĈ઼ۤ̚ົࡊ ጯۤۍĄ ᓑЪ઼̂ົĂ1948ĂIJ͵ࠧˠᝋ֏ކijĂᓑЪ઼͞ءშࢱĂhttp://www.un.org/ zh/documents/udhr/Ă2013/11/30Ą ᖡϜߋĂ2005ĂIJለ༖кᆸѨڼநĈኢᕇᄃன෪ijĂĮ߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍįĂ24: 49-76Ą ᛂԈ྿Ă2004ĂIJଂޘטཌྷྋژለ߷ᓑ༖ጳڱ୧ࡗਨ९ijĂĮ߆ࡊڼጯኢ ᕍįĂ20: 167-208Ą ᘲᝌڟĂ2010ĂIJ઼ᅫੰڱдྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ̚۞ԊࢨّijĂĮ˯ঔ߆ڱጯੰ ጯಡĞڼڱኢᕍğįĂ25(1): 114-120Ą
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One Way to Resolve Territorial Disputes: Compromise Arrangements and the Construction of their Underlying Territorial Principles* Hong-di Liou **
Abstract This article argues that under the existing political and legal system, the application of the principle of territorial exclusivity to deal with territorial disputes leads to hidden structural contradictions. In addition, the same values hinder the resolution of disputes. meaning that many disputes end up in structural quagmires. Therefore, when we look at disputes from a structural perspective, an important question naturally arises: are there any solutions that are more reasonable than either side simply occupying the disputed territory? However, this is only a theoretical question, as under the current international system, other proposals are not represented in the dialogue. Therefore, this paper uses compromise arrangements as a starting point to analyze territorial disputes, and on this basis, puts forward a theoretical framework for the territorial principle, establishing the “principle that territorial disputes are non-exclusive.” When each side supports the above principle and the expansion of existing political and legal systems, the theoretical question above becomes a real question. Overall, space is created for alternative dispute resolution proposals, including compromise arrangements. Specifically, the non-exclusivity principle for disputed territory can be understood as a special or weakened form of the principle of territorial exclusivity. On this basis, there is no essential contradiction between compromise arrangements and exclusivity. The former is simply a * DOI:10.6166/TJPS.58 (71-108) ** Independent scholar working on political science and game theory. E-mail: [email protected]
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special and weakened version of the latter. From this perspective, we can understand how these two conflicting approaches are reconciled. These two approaches reveal the overall goal of this article to use specific measures to guide the construction of the system, and apply the power and logical of the current system to promote concrete practice. Keywords: Territorial Disputes, Structure, Compromise Arrangement, The Principle of Non-exclusivity in Territorial Disputes, National Sovereignty
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ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈ Զਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ* ᆒσ࢚**
ၡāāࢋ ώ͛ᛚځĂдனѣ߆ޠڱڼវր˭Ăૄٺᅳ˿ଵֽّࣧ நᅳ˿ۋბĂሕᖟඕၹّϬ࠼Ăͷѣͽ࠹၆ᆊࣃܡᘣۋბྋՙ ۞ඕၹड़ᑕĂԯߙֱۋბ͔ˢඕၹّӧဩ̝̚ĄߏٺĂଂඕၹ˯ ᆶෛۋბĂಶҋࢉϠ˞ᇹ˘̰࣎ӣநኢ၆ྖ۞યᗟĈߏӎѣι ͞९ͧϤ͞˘ߙ̚ҫۋბгડՀࠎЪநĉҭߏ˘࣎ંયᗟĂЯ ࠎдனѣវր̚ι͞९̙хдซҖநኢ၆ྖ۞֗ЊĄߏٺĂώ͛ͽ Զਾщଵࠎ̷ˢᕇ̶ֽژᅳ˿ۋბĂుᆸஎˢĂޙϲ˞˘࣎ᅳ˿ࣧ ۞நኢߛၹĂ֭ؠཌྷ˞Ķۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧķĄдЧ͞ࢬ ਕૉ၆˯າࣧซҖ͚ᇣĂͽᕖणனѣ߆ޠڱڼវր۞ଐ˭ڶĂ ˯ંયᗟಶјࠎ˞ৌયᗟĄፋវֽ࠻ĂΒ߁Զਾщଵд̰۞Հкۋ ბྋՙନ߉ѣ˞၁ኹҋ֗۞ૄᖂ۩มćវֽ࠻Ăۋბгડᅳ˿ ̢ܧϋࣧдপؠຍཌྷ˯Ξͽநྋјᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅԛ ёĂऴ̼۞ԛёĂдѩૄᖂ˯ĂͧྵԶਾщଵᄃଵّନ߉Ăιࣇ՟
*
DOI:10.6166/TJPS.58 (71-108)Ąү۰ຏᔁٙѣෞᆶώ͛۞ᆶߤˠĂࣇ۞ᚗෳຍ֍ᗛ ྐྵˢ྆Ăѣֱг͞࠹༊ᙯᔣĂώ͛ᒔৈࣥćຏᔁګΔ̂ጯĂү۰֭ܧс۞ጯϠĂҭ ү۰ߏдс۞ဦ३ᐡăྤफ़ވҋ௫̚ވԆј۞ώ͛ćώ͛۞ޝк៍ᕇֽҋ˘ٺቔү ۰ጯ̀ጯ௫ഇมٙᆷ۞ኢ͛ĂຏᔁവҁरోԠځҁरĂࣇග̟֤ቔኢ͛۞ ጱৈ໕ٺώ͛ćԯώ͛ᚥගֱѐдۏኳăჟৠ̈́ι͞ࢬ˯ᑒӄ࿅ү۰۞Тጯڈ ̓Ăтڍ՟ѣֱᑒӄĂ̙ົѣቔኢ͛ĂᔁᔁࣇĄ͛య̪Ϥү۰ҋĄ ** ߆ڼጯᄃᔈԊநኢ۞ҋϤࡁտ۰ĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ101 ѐ 1 ͡ 20 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ102 ѐ 12 ͡ 6 ͟
72ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ѣᅳ˿ࣧ۞˯ώኳϬ࠼Ă݈۰Тᇹߏޢ۰۞˘পঅऴ̼ԛ ё—— ฟᜥ˞ྮशĂᖣѩநྋ֭၁ன˞၆ᙷନ߉̝ม၆ϲ۞አ Ąࢬ͞ពϯώ͛ᙯٺҋ֗ϫᇾ۞ፋវఢထߏĂͽּّ࣎۞ វନ߉͔ጱޙޘטၹĂ֭ͽ̝ޘטទᏭ˧ณࠎវନ߉۞ன၁၁ኹ ೩ֻّޘטଯજĄ ᙯᔣෟĈᅳ˿ۋბăඕၹăԶਾщଵăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧă઼ छᝋ
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ಥă݈֏ ܕೀѐĞ͍ ߏ2011 ѐğĂܻᘲ͟ώᙯٺĶ˼ݑफཏफƟΔ͞ αफķ۞ᅳ˿ۋბкѨ፬൴၆ϲଐჰĂϒЯ˘ۋბĂॡҌ̫͟ౌ઼Ϗ ᘪࢎπ୧ࡗĄ2012 ѐ 9 ͡౦ᄂĶ઼ѣ̼ķְІ͔ٙ൴۞̚͟มγϹ ၆ԩ˧֎ְâۡᜈזனдĂͷѣດႊດধ̝ၗ๕ĄੵѩĂᔘѣ͟ ᔹ̝มăᔹഈ̝ม۞ᅳ˿યᗟĂֹڌĞΔğֲјࠎ͵ࠧ˯ᅳ˿ۋბะ ۞гડ̝˘Ăͷֱۋბ˘Г፬̼ĂкѨјࠎ͵ࠧሤᕇĄιࣇΪߏֲ߷ ˜Ҍ͵ࠧᅳ˿યᗟ۞˘࣎ᒺᇆĂ̚ڌгડЯᅳ˿યᗟкѨᘕ൴ጼۋĂͷ˘ ۡдాწ̙ᕝ۞ࡎ̚ć˵ֲݑЯᅳ˿યᗟᘕ൴࿅ೀѨ̂ఢሀ۞ְ ࡎĂͽҌனдጼ۞ۋౚᇆ˵ᔘ՟ѣঐεඈඈĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂ઼ᅫΦڱ፟ၹĞΒ߁Чᙷ઼ᅫੰڱЅ፟ၹğ࠹ᚶޙϲĂ ҡᐌ࠹ᙯ઼ᅫڱఢ̝ుՎԆචĂೀȈѐֽצநந˞ధкᅳ˿ۋბĂ тسႬफĞLa PalmasğЅ९ăয়ĞAozouğ९ăϨᒨफĞPedra Brancağ ९ă͐ҘΗफĞBakassi peninsulağ९Ăԛј˞։р۞ۋბந፟טĂ ͷజଳϡ۞ᔌ๕ϒдు႙ΐૻĞSchneider, 2006: 119-129ğĄӈܮтѩĂ ̪ѣΒ߁˯ۋბд̰۞̂ณۋბ١઼ᅫΦڱ፟ၹ̬ˢĞѯګĂ2012Ĉ 43ćѥߋজĂ1998Ĉ72ğĄࠤҌ઼ᅫΦڱ፟ၹ̬ˢ۞ۋბĂ˵ᔘѣ˘ֱ ז ڱԆ Б ྋ ՙ Ă ͧ т ઼ ं ߚ ၂ ࠹ ރ س ۞ ۋआ ъ Ğ Preah Vihear TempleğĂ1962 ѐజ઼ᅫੰڱҿᛳߚं၂ٙѣĂҭҋ 2008 ѐྍъజЕˢ ͵ࠧயЩᐂޢĂᗕ͞ۋბ፬̼Ăдѩгડჸะ̂ณฤĂкѨ൴ϠࡎĂ ᇴȈˠ๋˸ć1977 ѐംӀॲܠԗ̝ม۞ͧॾႬঔदĞCanal Beagleğफ ᑎЅ९̚Ăˬ࣎फᑎҿᕩംӀĂҭॲܠԗ١ତצĂѩޢᗕ͞Ϭ࠼፬̼Ă дᙝࠧะඕฤĂೀͼᘕ൴ጼۋĂ҃ྋՙֶያ۞҃ͅߏᗕ͞۞γϹኘ ҿĄ 1
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дՀܜ።Ϋॡഇ̚៍၅Ă࣎ன෪ՀࠎࡎĂּтĂ࿅Ν۞˘࣎к͵ࡔ྆Ăдٛ˚࡚ ߷Ϲ;۞ 22 Іᙝࠧᅳ˿ۋბЅ९̚Ăొ̶١ٕԆБ١۞Ѕՙ࿅˘Η Ğ12 ІğĞSimmons, 1999: 5ğĄ
74ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ֱΦڱӧဩ۞ૄώԛёߏĂ̙ߏٙѣۋბ༊઼ְౌਕૉତצĞٕ݂ ᐍତצğĂҋ̎үࠎĞٕΞਕүࠎğΦڱҿՙ̚εӀ˘͞۞ඕڍĄ҃Ă ۋბᓁࢋྋՙĂ༊̚ϲă̳ϒͷѣᝋ઼۞ރᅫΦڱඕၹإͷֹڱ ĶεӀ˘͞ķజତצĂ఼࿅ᗕ͞ౌѣજّҋՙਕજّ۞γϹኘҿĂ ಶՀ̙ΞਕயϠѣεӀ˘͞౼Ӏ˘͞۞ඕ˞ڍĄ ૄٺѩâֱۋბયᗟ՟ѣјࠎۋბӧဩĂٕ˘ֱۋბӧဩͽ ྋՙĂߏЯଵੵ˞ĶεӀ˘͞ķĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĂֶያ۞ߏ˘̝ޠڱγ ۞߆ّڼԶਾщଵĂӈд၆ϲ۞෦ՐมᏴ࣎˘פԶਾ۞πᏊᕇĂͧтܻ̚ ౷̶โሺ̄फྋՙ˞โሺ̄फۋბćࠟӀჯֲ͐ٛеಶΔߤࡊгડ ĞChaco Borealğд઼ᅫአྋĞЅğ˭ٙઇ۞ᅳ˿̶౷ᝋӀщଵćྋ ՙͧॾႬঔदफᑎયᗟ۞࠹̢ԁڼ߆۞םщଵĄᄃѩ࠹ᙯ۞ĂЩ۞ᅳ˿ ڱछ Cukwurah അځቁĈĶԶਾߏᙝࠧۋბ۞рྋՙ͞ڱĂ͍ ߏд˘࣎ѣȈ̶ኑᗔ۞ّኳ۞ᙝٕࠧᅳ˿ۋბ̚ķĞ1967Ĉ205-206ğĄ 2
ϤѩĂಶۡତயϠ˞࣎યᗟĈԶਾщଵߏૄۋٺბྋՙ݈ᅳ˿ި
ᇹ۞߆ޠڱڼனېĂͷۋბྋՙޢᅳ˿˫ԛј˞ިᇹ۞߆ޠڱڼன ၁ĉࢬ၆̪хд۞ѣӧဩ۞ኜкۋბĂԶਾщଵтңᖳಱԆචҋ ֗ĂͽՀᆵᇃ۞߆ޠڱڼෛĂѣ̬ˢ۞̚Հ̂Ξਕĉۡ࣎ତ યᗟߏඊ۰۞યᗟຍᙊٙயϠ۞ૄᖂયᗟĂ႕аඍ̚Їң˘࣎ౌᅮࢋ Հᇃᔮ۞߆ࡦޠڱڼഀĄߏٺĂඊ۰၆˯࣎યᗟซҖஎ̼ᕖणĂ ๗ፋιࣇĂ೩ТॡΒӣιࣇ۞Ωγ˘࣎યᗟĈ༊Զਾщଵјࠎྋՙ˯ Φڱӧဩ۞˘୧ΞֻᏴፄ۞ྮॡĂιѣިᇹ۞߆ૄޠڱڼᖂĉ ώ͛ྏаඍ࣎˘ޢયᗟĂߏٺĂώ͛ԯԶਾщଵٸдՀࠎᇃᔮ۞ ߆ࡦޠڱڼഀ˭Ăͽ˘Հஎ̼Հૄᖂ۞ᗟणฟኢĂࢵАଂඕၹ ۞֎ޘᆶෛ˞ᅳ˿ۋბ۞ӧဩĂԯᚨඕШᅳ˿ࣧώ֗Ă֭ᛚޙځၹّ ᅳ˿ࣧώ̯֗ధซҖГޙၹĄѨĂ̶˞ژԶਾщଵ̝߆ޠڱڼώኳĂ ̈́Ϥѩ၆ᅳ˿ࣧٙซҖ۞ࢦາᆶෛГޙၹĄᐌޢώ͛ᛚځĂдநّ ཌྷ၁ᙋཌྷࢬ͞Ăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧౌѣүࠎޘטซҖޙၹ ۞ࣰጯૄᖂĄޢᓁඕّෞኢ˞ώ͛Чొ̶ม۞ទᏭ࠹ᙯّĂ̈́ፋវ˯۞ 2
႔ᛌ͔ҋഅ൶Ğ2010Ĉ45ğĄ
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ទᏭຍཌྷĄ
෮ăᆶෛᅳ˿ۋბӧဩ드˿ଵّࣧ ˘ăଂඕၹ˯ᆶෛᅳ˿ۋბӧဩ Ķᅳ˿ķߏ˘࣎ࢦࢋᇾᄫĂ͵ࠧ˯ிк۞гந۩มజ˘˞ֽĄ߆ ڼٙԆј۞˘ј˞˘࣎࣎ડાĂ҃၆ֱડાซҖ˘۞ޠڱߏݒĄ тԧࣇٙ࠻۞זĂᔵᅳ˿۞߆ڼႊซߏܜഇኑᗔ۞።Ϋ࿅Ă̙ ТгડĂଐڶΞͽ˼म༱ҾĂҭᅳ˿ݒజᄮؠѣ˘࣎ڱநႊซ۞ВТஅĂ ӈᅳ˿ߏޙϲдҘ൴Ӏֲវր˯Ăᐌϔ઼छ۞Ꮈ̈́ᝋࣧ۞ቁ ϲĂϒёซˢڱநႊซ۞ĄϤ઼छᝋࣧٙΒӣ۞၆ăԆБ̝ᅳ˿ᛳ ّயϠ˞ᅳ˿ଵّࣧĄ༊ᅳ˿۞߆ڼႊซࣄӄڱநྋᛖ҃ࢉϠڱநႊ ซĂ֭ৼˢ઼छ።ΫॡĂڱநૺڱநྋᛖૄٺᅳ˿ଵّࣧĂࢋՐ ڱநႊซͽᅳ˿።ΫԆБ઼̈́छ̝มᙯٺ።Ϋ۞̙ࢦᝑүࠎࣧĄ ΞયᗟߏĂ઼छᅳ˿̝˘ߏّؠޠڱ઼ܕछᅳ˿៍Ăវఢ ҋܕለ߷͛ځĞͳսࡻĂ2011Ĉ31ğĂᐌܕೀѺѐ۞തϔᕖૺ̖ᕖ णҌБ͵ࠧĂ҃ͷഇมѩֱఢ̙ᕝ൴णĂགྷ።˞ኜкႊតĄдధк ͞ࢬ̙Тٺវгડ઼̝ࣧؕ۞ޙދछᅳ˿៍Ă˜Ҍপঅ̼͛็̚۞ ઼छᅳ˿៍Ăଂ̙҃ົݵЪૄٺιࣇ۞઼छ드˿၁ኹĂ͍ܜߏഇ።Ϋ ࿅̚ѣኑᗔ።Ϋႊซ۞ᅳ˿၁ኹĄ 3 ӈ઼ܕٺૄߏܮछᅳ˿៍۞ᅳ ˿၁ኹĂధк˵֭ܧԆБᏲೈޠڱĞ઼ᅫڱğĂ҃дͽᓑЪ઼ጳౢ̈́ѣᙯ ͛Іᘪཌࠎᇾᄫ۞઼ᅫາ৩Ԕ̝ుՎޙϲ݈۞̂ొ̶ॡม྆Ă઼ᅫ֭ڱ ̙ѣ၆ᝋރĂՀ՟ѣ၆۞ޠڱᛳّڱநຍཌྷ——Հ̂ͅ˯ޘ ߍ۞ߏ઼छ̝ม߆̢࠹۞˯ڼᐵݵĂΩγĂд߱ॡഇ྆Ăপঅ̼͛็
3
тĶΟ઼ޓᘟࠧѣॡ̙֤ᆃځķĞWendt Ă2000Ĉ269ğĂــѣᘟࠧĄГͧ тĂĶд႔̼͛̚˘઼ᅳ˿ࢬ᎕۞̂̈ăᝋ۞ᕩᛳ̙ߏϤ۞ؠֽࠧޠڱĂ҃ߏۤ ົᖐă።ΫҊϔड़۞مඕڍķĞӓ̀хĂ2010Ĉ10ğć၆дϿᜋି็̚јܜ ֽ۞ˠֽᄲĂҘ͞ᙯٺᅳ˿ᝋ۞ޥຐߏࢪϠ۞Ăࣇٙሢଉ۞ᙯٺᅳ˿۞ૺᄃ ༊̳ᄮ۞઼ᅫܧߏڱ૱̙Т۞ĞPermanent Court of Arbitration, 1998: 146ğĄ
76ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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۞઼छӈߏܮᄮۢ˞ޠڱĞ઼ᅫڱğ઼̈́۞ޢࡦछᅳ˿៍Ă˵̙ҋ ѣତצᏲೈ۞ޠڱཌྷચĂଂ҃၆ٺனдĂ̙ਕҋгᄮࠎΞͽͽֽޠڱ ෞҿă໖༊ॡ۞ְ၁̈́ड़ᑕĄГӈߏܮனѣ઼ᅫޠڱ̝ڱវր˭â ֱᅳ˿၁ኹώ֗ಶѣ̙ԆБܧ၆۞۩ޠڱมĂޠڱٺૄڱซҖԆ Б၆۞ّؠĂтҹ̦ѼႬгડĞKashimirğĄ ˯ኜયᗟಶԯޠڱ˘̝நຐᄃ߆ڼ˘̝ன၁౷ෘ˞ฟֽĈ˘ֱ гડ۞ᅳ˿ႊซ̙֭ߏԆБૄޠڱٺĂٕ۰̙ߏૄٺԆБ۞——ޠڱѩֱ ̙ԆБѣۋბ༊઼ְ۞៍ࣧЯĂт̙ЪڱгតዏĂ˵ѣᙱͽԩ١۞މ ៍ࣧЯĂтޠڱຍᙊгតዏĂྤੈ̙·̶гតዏඈඈĄֱгડ۞ᅳ˿ ֗Њ̶Ҿజк઼࣎छৼˢЧҋ઼छ።Ϋ̚ĂซҖ઼छ߆ڼႊซĄдѩ። Ϋ࿅̚ĂՏ˘͞၆ѩгડ።Ϋ۞ጾѣౌјࠎܧԆБ۞Ă࠹̢̝มߏࢦᝑ ۞ĂӔன̢ܧϋّĄҭϤٺଵّ۞ᅳ˿ᝋࣧĂĶᅳ˿ķᓁᕩࢋѣ ˘࣎ଵّ۞ᕩᛳĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂЧ͞дܧԆБ̢ܧϋ۞።Ϋႊซ̚Ă ౌυืԆБؠۺҋ̎Ăӎؠ၆͞ĂӅ˧ᙋځĞྋᛖğҋ̎ߏፋ࣎гડႊซ ።Ϋ۞ԆБٙѣ۰Ąͷಶޠڱώ֗҃֏Ă͵ࠧቑಛ̰Чгડ۞ᅳ˿።Ϋႊ ซໂኑᗔк̮ĂࠎԯՀкଐԛৼˢޠڱ॰ߛ̰ĂޠڱυืᖳಱԆච ҋ֗Ă൴णఢቑ˞кᅳ˿פሀёఢĂֹᅳ˿۞ᝋӀॲፂӔனк ̮̼۞ТॡĂՀֹវޠڱఢăநهѣ̙ТЪྻϡ۞ዶгĄ ࢬ၆ᅳ˿̙ԆБႊซώ֗ٙѣ۞̙ԆБ۩ޠڱมĂ˯៍ᅮՐ ៍މ୧І۞ඕЪĂֹᅳ˿યᗟҋ҃гಶజ͔ˢזᇹ۞ဩг̝̚Ĉۋბг ડЧ༊઼ְΞͽಶኡАҫѣĂ።ΫߏӎజᖼொΝĂᖼொߏӎЪநăЪڱ ඈ࠹ᙯયᗟĂயϠк࣎ޠڱྋᛖّؠĂଂ҃дѣкइᅳ˿።Ϋޠڱड़ ᑕ۞ТॡĂѣዶгਕૉឰЧ͞ԆБĶؠۺķҋ̎ĂĶӎؠķ၆͞Ą̙Ξᔖ Һ۞Ăኜкᅳ˿Ϭ࠼ͽᜈ̿৺Ă֭ᖼ̼ࠎᅳ˿ۋბĄ ၆ۋٺბ۞ྋՙĂΞͽӀϡᅳ˿۞߆ޠڱڼ॰ߛ̚វࣧఢ ĂಶЧ͞ᝋӀॲፂ̝ڱநྋᛖᄮ࠹࣎˘ؠ၆ЪநّĂயϠᙯٺᅳ˿Ğፋ វğᕩᛳ۞εӀ˘͞౼Ӏ˘͞ĄĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶεӀ˘͞ķүࠎ֗Њ Ğ֎ҒğؠҜ۞ඕၹԛၗĂͷѣ࠹̢ม۞ඕၹᙯܼĂֹந͞ёٙ ࢋࢬᓜ۞યᗟ̚ĂΞਕѣ˘ֱߏͅߍ˯ඕၹপᇈ۞ඕၹયᗟ——Я ֗Њ۞វ̶੨̖யϠ۞ૄ࣎ٺវّ࣎វপᇈ۞វયᗟĄࢋߏ˭
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
77
ࢬ۞ࢬ࣎͞ඕၹયᗟâĂĶεӀ˘͞ķĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķ֗ЊؠҜ۞ඕ ၹયᗟĄវ҃֏Ăд֗Њ̶੨̚Տ˘֗ЊౌΪਕѣ˘࣎Ă࠹̢гֶ Ꮵ၆҃͞хдĂͷౌυхдĂͧтĂѣĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķಶ˘ົؠѣĶεӀ ˘͞ķĂѣĶεӀ˘͞ķ̖ਕѣĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĄ˟ĂĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶε Ӏ˘͞ķ̝ม۞རमĂ၆ᑕЧᆊࣃĞтଐຏгநҜཉ̝ᆊࣃğ۞࠹ ၆ّརमĂயϠ࠹၆ᆊࣃĄ ௐ˘࣎͞ࢬ۞ඕၹયᗟĄޠڱҿՙ̚˘͞ĶεΝķۋბгડĂّኳ˯ ̙Т઼ٺछజܬரޢᅳ˿జܬҫĂӈ઼ܮछ઼ϔ၆ۋბĶᅳ˿ķѣૻ ধ۞ᕩᛳᄮТ̈́ૻർ۞િĄҭયᗟдٺĂޠڱఢҿۋؠბᅳ˿ᕩᛳಶ ຍקߏͽّؠֽޠڱྋᛖ።ΫĂҭ၆̙ٺԆБ۞ᅳ˿ႊซĂώ֗ಶ ѣ̙ԆБ۞ّؠޠڱྋᛖĂ̙ߏԆБͽԆБ۞ޠڱүࠎֶፂֽ̰ϠЧ ઼छड़ᑕ።Ϋड़ᑕ۞Ą҃ͷĂѩҿٺૄߏؠĞ˯ğ࠹၆ЪநّĂ ࠹၆Ъநّώ֗ಶ̙ଵੵЧ͞۞።Ϋѣड़ّ̈́ጾѣۋბгડ̝ЪநّĄՀ ᙯᔣ۞ߏĂड़ᑕ̏གྷயϠĂѣड़ٕड़Ϊߏ˘ܢֽޢΐ۞ّؠޠڱĂ ̙ߏߊјְ၁ώ֗ĄֱຍקĂĞܧԆБğᅳ˿ႊซ۞઼छड़ᑕ።Ϋड़ ᑕٙѣ۞၁វᆊࣃĂౌ̙ߏ఼࿅ّؠޠڱਕૉӎ۞ؠĂۡତጱ۞ߏĂ ઼छ઼ϔ၆ۋბгડ۞Ķᅳ˿ķᄮТĂ̙ߏΞͽಶѩऴ̼ٸୢ۞Ą ߏٺĂЯᅳ˿ଵّࣧεΝ˞Ķᅳ˿ķಶຍקĶεӀ˘͞ķజࣤ ဳ˞ྶٺĶᅳ˿ķ۞ֶٙᏥᄮТ۞ЧᆊࣃĂΒ߁߆۞ڼĂ̼͛۞Ă ۞ି؟Ăགྷᑻ۞ĂඈඈĄ၆ֱߙٺଐڶĂ༊ְ͞၆ۋბгડߙ˘ีĞٕೀ ีğᆊࣃ۞ֶᏥăᄮТໂୂຏૻধĂֹ̙ਕεΝѩۋბгડ—— ࢋ̙дࢋٺΝԩ١ΦڱĞҿՙğ۞ᝋރĂ҃дົ̙ٺග̟Φ̬ڱ ˢ۞፟ົĂ̙ົΝ݂ᐍĂΒ߁̙ତצĞᙯٺѩ͞ࢬ۞ğ઼ᅫΦטૻ۞ڱგ ᔑĂࠤҌтڍΞͽĂົ̙ٚᄮхдᅳ˿ۋᛉĂඈඈĄ࣐ࡶٙѣ༊ְ͞ౌ ѣໂୂຏ۞ֶᏥĂ֤ᆃĂՏ˘͞ౌ̙ົٸୢۋბгડĂࠤҌ̙ົ̬ˢ ЇңΞਕֹεΝۋბгડ۞፟ົ̚ĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ၆ĶεӀ˘͞ķ ВТ۞ڱତצĂԛј˞˘ඕၹّϬ࠼Ăߏ˘̙࣎ਕдඕၹ̰ซҖአ ۞યᗟĂտॲώĂߏඕၹҋ֗۞ĞඕၹğયᗟĄϤѩĂۋბಶົјࠎ யϠ̝ޢҋ۞ؼᜈĂԛјۋბӧဩ——˘ඕၹّӧဩĄ ௐ˟࣎͞ࢬ۞ඕၹયᗟĄࢵАĂĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶεӀ˘͞ķٙពϯ
78ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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۞၆ّĂֹĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķٙؠۺ۞זᄃĶεӀ˘͞ķٙ۞זӎؠ ၆̼Ă၆̼۞ؠۺӎؠдιࣇ̝ม࠹၆ّརम۞͚ᇣ˭âؠ ົ˯ޘүࠎγొ͵ࠧٙᄮۢ۞ĶᙋፂķĂᇆडۋბ࿅̚ᗕ͞۞ҖࠎĂ পҾߏ፬ধҖࠎĂ̶Ҿࠎϒཌྷ۞ᄃܧϒཌྷ۞ĂயϠଐຏརमĄ 4 ѨĂۋ ბгડ۞༊઼ְ˘ਠౌߏдТ˘ડા࠹ዐٕ࠹઼۞ܕछĂдႝ۞ܜ።Ϋ Ϲـ࿅̚Ăιࣇــѣۋბ۞።ΫጸĂ˜Ҍᘕ൴࿅ࡎጼۋĂт ઼̚͟ώĂߚं၂઼Ą͍Ăᅳ˿ۋბયᗟயϠ̝ޢιࣇــЯѩ ࿅ેۋĂ˜ҌࡎጼۋĂ᎕˭ޝкީᇙĂࠤҌᗕ͞дྋՙۋბયᗟ ۞Тॡ̪дᚑࢦᛋଖ˜Ҍ၆ϲଐჰ̝̚ĂтО͐Ă͐ͽĄֱଐຏಶ ົ፬൴Ԯѡᅳ˿εརम̝ม۞ຍཌྷĂயϠࢬ၆̰ొᄮۢ۞পঅଐຏĈ ၆ĶεӀ˘͞ķֽᄲĂۋბгડε۞རमຍקĂ၆͞זĶᅳ˿ķ۞Т ॡ̎͞ݒεΝĶᅳ˿ķĂ˜ҌЯௐ˘͞ࢬ۞ҋԧᄮТĂֹــజ͔Ϧ ࠎĶĺ౷ឰĻ̎͞۞ĺᅳ˿Ļග၆͞ķĂϤѩயϠऺຏć၆Ķ౼Ӏ˘͞ķ ֽᄲĂརमຍקĂ၆͞εΝĶᅳ˿ķ۞Тॡ̎͞זݒĶᅳ˿ķĂ˜ ҌЯௐ˘͞ࢬ۞ҋԧᄮТĂֹــజ͔ϦࠎĶҋ̎ĺጼ౼Ļ˞၆͞Ă ग़˞ᅳ˿ԆፋķĂϤѩயϠၷᚹຏĄ Հࠎன၁۞ߏĂᗕ͞ࡎጼ۞ۋ።ΫጸĂᅳ˿ۋბ۞᎕ީĂ̈́ღ ૺᙯܼĂΐᆐ˞щБᚮۋĂ઼ֹछᙯ࠹ڦ၆ќৈĞrelative gainğ ĞWaltz, 2004: 105ćPowell, 1991: 1303-1320ğĄࡶۋბгડώ֗ѣྤጼரᆊࣃĂ Яۋბгડ۞ᕩᛳĂֱྤጼரᆊࣃಶົЯĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķ۞ᆧৈᄃ ĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞ຫৈ҃ࢉϠ˘࠹၆ќৈĂԛј˞щБརमĄ ϤଐຏщБ̝࠹၆ّٙயϠ۞࠹၆ᆊࣃĂ၆ᅳ˿યᗟྋՙ۞ܡᘣܑ னд࣎ᆸѨ̈́̚มᆸѨ˯ĄҲᆸѨߏĂЧ͞ౌ١ତצ၆͞ᒔ࠹ ၆ᆊࣃĂҺຫ̎͞ٺĂᆸѨߏĂЧ͞ౌՐѩ࠹၆ᆊࣃĂᏖӀ̎ٺ ͞Ą 5 ಶҲᆸѨ҃֏Ă࠹ߏ۞ܑ၆ّ۞ૄώপّĂ༊ᏖՐྋՙᅳ˿ۋ
4
5
ٕؠۺӎؠώ֗ڱᇆडϒཌྷٕܧϒཌྷĂͧт၆ᗕ͞ВТ۞̙֭ؠۺᄲځᗕ͞۞Җࠎ ౌߏϒཌྷ۞ĂΪѣд࠹၆ّརम۞͚ᇣ˭̖ົயϠ࠹ᙯᇆडĄ ̚มᆸѨ۞ߏâ͞Ր࠹၆ᆊࣃĂ҃Ω˘͞١ତצ၆͞ᒔ࠹၆ᆊࣃĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
79
ბॡĂщଵೋ̼˞ĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞ଐຏщБဩĂֹЧ͞ౌᙱͽତ צĶεӀ˘͞ķ̝֗Њ̈́ٙ၆ᑕ۞࠹၆ّК๕Ąཉ͞ёߏͽజЧ ͞١̝ԛёĞүࠎૄώԛёğܡᘣᅳ˿યᗟ۞ྋՙ——ᗕ͞ౌ̙үࠎĶε Ӏ˘͞ķĂߏ̙ਕдඕၹ̰ซҖአ۞ඕၹّϬ࠼——ТᇹĂࢋд ٺĂۋბЧ̙͞ົ̬ˢΞਕֹјࠎĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞፟ົ̚Ă̙ົΝ݂ᐍĄ ಶᆸѨ҃֏Ă˞ੵѣҲᆸѨ۞ૄώপّ̝γĂᔘܑ۞ߏ ˘βϚӧဩ۞ᔈԊݭၗĂӈĶᏖՐᒔ࠹၆ᆊࣃķߏ˘ᐹ๕ඉர Ğdominant strategyğ—— ኢ၆͞ߏӎՐ࠹၆ᆊࣃĂҋ̎Ր࠹၆ᆊ ࣃౌߏᐹඉர——ܑ֭னщБӧဩ۞ώّĞHazard, 1963: 18ćJerves, 1978: 167-214ğĂӈЇң˘͞၆࠹၆ᆊࣃ۞Րౌܳજ˞ЧҋεΝ࠹၆ᆊ ࣃ۞ПᐍĄੵЧ̪̙͞ົ̬ˢΞਕֹјࠎĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞፟ົ̝γĂ ၆ᅳ˿ۋბྋՙ۞ܡᘣᔘдٺâĂ࠹̢ܳજᜈᄦౄღૺԊ ๕Ăೋ̼ᗕᙝᙯܼĂԯۋბ͔ˢՀኑᗔՀᙱͽྋՙ۞ڤಛဩг̝̚Ă˟ ĂĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķΪѣ˘࣎Ă҃Ķ౼Ӏ˘͞ķܑ̈́ٙ۞࠹၆ᆊࣃޙϲ дΩ˘͞үࠎĶεӀ˘͞ķ۞ૄᖂ˯Ăᗕ͞ౌΪᏖՐүࠎĶ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĂ ߏ˘̙ਕдඕၹ̰ซҖአ۞ඕၹّϬ࠼Ăߏඕၹҋ֗۞Ğඕၹğય ᗟĄ 6 Ķ౼Ӏ˘͞ķĶεӀ˘͞ķ̝ม۞ᙯܼүࠎ˘ඕၹᙯܼĂಶຍק ˯Ч͞ࢬ۞࠹၆ّརमߏ˘ඕၹᙯܼĂߏඕၹّхдĂඕၹّརम ٙࢉϠ۞࠹၆ᆊࣃ၆ۋბྋՙ۞ܡᘣүϡĂߏ˘ඕၹड़ᑕĂТᇹߏඕၹ યᗟĄ၆ߙֱгડ҃֏Ăֱ࠹၆ᆊࣃߏͧᅳ˿ώ֗۞ኜкᆊࣃՀࢦࢋ۞ ᇆᜩЯ৵ĄপҾߏᇹᙷଐڶĈᗕ͞።Ϋ᎕ީஎĂۋბҖࠎ፬ধĂ ᙯܼღૺĂֱ࠹၆ّརम——͍ߏଐຏ͞ࢬ—— ̝࠹၆ᆊࣃٙ၆ᑕ ۞ඕၹड़ᑕಶົ̂ĂಶົϤҲᆸѨШᆸѨᖼொćۋბгડྤăጼ ரඈᆊࣃ̂ĂщБ͞ࢬ̝࠹၆ᆊࣃٙ၆ᑕ۞ඕၹड़ᑕಶົ̂Ăಶົ ϤҲᆸѨШᆸѨᖼொĄੵ˞ܑځĂયᗟࢋࢦޝĂ̙ਕజنෛĂՀ ࢋ۞ߏᄲĂۋბயϠયᗟѣ˞າ۞ԛၗĂֱ̈́યᗟ၆ۋბ۞ᇆᜩ˵
6
̚มᆸѨ၆ۋბྋՙ۞ܡᘣĂ˵ົܑனᆸѨ۞পّĂͧтՐ͞˵ົᄦౄ࢝ ֹ၆͞ᄦౄღૺԊ๕Ăͽ̈́ώ̪̰֗ӣඕၹّϬ࠼Ą
80ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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̏གྷѣ˞າ۞ԛёĄдາ۞ԛၗԛё̚Ăۋბгડᅳ˿ଵّࣧ ̰ٙӣ۞ඕၹّརमĂҋ҃гಶԯૄٺѩ͔ࣧٙ൴۞ᅳ˿ۋ ბĂˢ˞˘࣎ՀኑᗔăՀᙱͽྋՙ۞ඕၹّӧဩ̝̚Ąтڍѩ͞ࢬ۞ય ᗟໂᚑࢦĂۋბТᇹົјࠎயϠ̝ޢҋ۞ؼᜈĂԛјۋბӧဩ—— ˘ඕၹّӧဩĄ Ϥ˯ࢬ࣎͞ĂΞͽᇹᄲĂயϠᜈᅳ˿ۋბ֭ซ˘Վԛј۞ ඕၹّۋბӧဩĂؕٺᅳ˿።Ϋႊซ드˿ࣧ۞Ϭ࠼Ăӈ።ΫႊซϤ ࣧޠڱ۞ֽޢఢΝؠณྋᛖĂҭܧ၆ࢦᝑ۞ᅳ˿።Ϋႊซݒ ࢋϤᅳ˿ଵֽّࣧ၁ኹĂѣඕၹّ۞̙םአϬ࠼Ą ֤ᆃĂࡶࢋྋՙֱۋბӧဩĂࢵАٙࢋࢬ၆۞Ҳࢨ۞ޘયᗟಶ̙ ߏߏ۞ܧયᗟ˞Ă҃ߏĶߏķᄃĶܧķؠҜඕၹ۞યᗟĂӈΒӣ ֗Њ࠹ّ̈́ؠᙯఢ۞னѣࣧҋ֗۞યᗟĄಶҋځĂࢦາᆶ ෛ֭Гޙၹᅳ˿ࣧĂߏ˘ଂඕၹॲ˯ࢦາநྋ֭ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბӧ ဩ۞ˢ˾Ą
˟ăᅳ˿ࣧ۞ώኳ̯ధҋ֗జࢦາᆶෛГޙၹ үࠎ˘ҋώਕĂˠ۞ϠхϠயֶ˿ٺܢгĂ˿гѣܲᙋˠϠ хϠய۞ҋຍཌྷĂߏ˿г̝ٙͽਕૉᄃˠᓑᘭд˘۞ۡତؕࣧ જЯĂߏιࣇ̝ม۞͇ᙯܼĂΒ߁д˿г۞ҋপّ̚ĄੵѩĂ၆ˠ ֭ᑕྍٚፉ۞͇ຍཌྷĄˠ၆˿гኬ̟Հк۞ᄮᙊăؠཌྷΑਕౌߏˠ ᙷ៍۞هՀາᄃ൴णĂώኳౌߏޙၹّᄮТĄ дˠᙷ۞ѝഇ።Ϋ྆ĂВТϠ߿д˘۞ˠޙϲ˞পؠԛၗ۞ᖐ ޢĂࣇϠ߿۞˿гಶᄃ࣎ᖐѣ˞ᓑᘭĂజኬ̟˞ᖐΑਕĄ༊ ֱˠዏொΝĂᗓฟ˞ͯ˿гĂι۞পঅΑਕ˵ಶᐌ̝ঐεĄ˵ಶ ߏᄲĂдˠᙷཏវႝ߹۞ܜજዏொ࿅̚ĂՏ˘ͯ˿гᄃౌΪѣΑਕᓑ ᘭ҃՟ѣᕩᛳᓑᘭĂ˿гΪѣΑਕّؠཌྷĂӈˠᙷཏវΪд˿г˯ᒔϠ хٙᅮ۞ྤĂ҃ҫѣᄃٙᛳ۞ᄮТĄ༊ˠࣇѣ˞ۤົຍᙊĂயϠ˞ ۤົّ۞ଂᛳ៍هĂ֭ਕు႙ֽ˭ؠॡĂϠ߿ٙд۞֤ͯ˿гĂͷΪ ߏ֤ͯѣࢨ۞প˿ؠгĂಶүࠎ˞ᛳٺপؠˠٕཏវ۞ֶۏܢĂјࠎ˞ᛳ гĞሀቘ۞Ăܧ၆۞ğĂΞͽ၆யᝋซҖࠧؠĂࠤҌΞͽ၆ซҖϹ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
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ೱᄃ෴Ą 7 ѩॡĂѩֱΑਕ̏གྷ˞˿г۞ҋপّĂјࠎᙯ˿ٺг ۞ۤົఢቑĞޘטğâۤົᄮТĄ༊ะវᕖ̂ă̶̼Ăᖼݭј઼छॡĂ ᛳг—— ѩॡүࠎ઼छ۞ᅳг——۞ؠཌྷТᇹߏሀቘ۞Ăܧ၆۞Ăజෛ ࠎ઼छӖ۞ռѣੑயĞLauterpacht ࣒ࢎĂ1981Ĉ68ćSimpson Ă2008Ĉ 36ğĂՀ઼̂ߏ۞ܑ˯ޘछ၁˧Ă઼҃ܧछώ֗Ą 8 ϒт̙Тгડ۞ ።ΫٙВТពϯ۞Ĉ˿гůᅳгүࠎݡۏĂдႝ۞ܜॡม྆Ăјࠎٕဳۋ Ϲ۞ٽ၆෪Ăᐌ۞઼ޓޙދᎸăតዏ˸҃តೱĄдѩĂĶᅳ˿ķ ᔘΪߏ˘ࣧؕ۞߆ؠڼཌྷĄҘ൴Ӏֲវրؠཌྷ˞னϔ઼छĂֹ֭ ซˢ˞ڱநႊᘯĂ઼छ̰۞˿гүࠎ઼छ۞ۏኳૄᖂĂͽ˘ีૄώࢋ৵۞ ֗Њజৼˢ઼छ۞ؠཌྷ̝̰ĂயϠ˞னؠޠڱཌྷĂѣ˞னޠڱгҜ ܑ̈́ٙ۞ڱந̰உĂ 9 јࠎனຍཌྷ˯ϔ઼छ۞ᅳ˿Ą 10 дώኳ ˯ߏኬ˿гͽனϔ઼छ۞៍هᄃఢቑĂˠࠎనؠ۞ؠཌྷĂ̈́Ϥѩٙޙ ၹ۞ᄮТĂ֭˿ܧг۞ҋপّĄ ˯൴ण።ࣤར˞ᅳ˿۞ҋᛳّĂӔனֽ۞ߏĈᅳ˿ߏ˘࣎ޙ ϲд˿гଂᛳ۞ۤົّᙯܼ̝˯Ăֶܢϔ઼छ҃хд۞߆ڼᄃؠޠڱ ཌྷĂ҃Ķኬ̟Їң˘۩มͽߙຍཌྷ֭ԯ࣎۩มតјᅳ˿۞Ăߏˠ۞ ҖࠎޥຐķĞNogue Ă2009Ĉ42ğĄଂ҃ᅳ˿үࠎˠᙷ۞౹ౄĞJackson and James, 1993: 19ğĂ 11Ķᄃϔ઼छ˘ᇹĂ̙ߏАរ۞хдĂ҃ౌߏ
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၆ѩଐԛĂTocqueville ѣ࿅ϠજೡĈΔ࡚߷ѝഇ۞Оௐщ˿ొརѣপؠгડүࠎ ᛳгĂֳѣٙѣᝋĂд˿г˯ᒔྤפĂҭᅳгᙝࠧߏ̙ځቁ۞Ă҃ͷ˿гΞͽү ࠎٕݡϹೱݡĂೱפੑ̈́ለ߷ˠ͛ݡۏ۞ځĂтͫႀăڇ྅ă੧ăᙡ̄ඈ ĞTocqueville Ă1988Ĉ374-379ğĄ ઼ܑछώ֗۞ߏــڼะဥĂтͳޙދഈ۞Ӗ̈́࠱â࣎ࡎּ̄ߏĂ̚ ઼።ͳഈ̝Ķछ͇˭ķ۞઼छ߆ڼԛၗĄ ҌٺᄲĂԯߙг͞ᄲјߏߙ઼ҋΟͽֽ็ٚ۞ѣᅳ˿Ăߏϡன߆۞ޠڱڼᅳ ˿ࣧ၆።Ϋ۞˘ᄃྚᛖĄ Ҙ൴ӀֲវրТᇹ˵གྷ።˞ႝ۞ܜត̼࿅ĞKrasner Ă2005Ĉ224-253ćSimpson Ă2008: 35ă40ğĂд߱˘ܐॡഇ྆ĂϤ઼ٺछ۞ᝋଂ၁ኳ˯࠻˵ಶߏӖ۞ ᝋĞւָីĂ2003Ĉ37ğĂтٽྮͳ઼઼ڱȈα̪ކᄮĶ५ӈ઼छķ Ğl’etat, c’est moiğĂ ଂ҃ᅳ˿̪ΞෛࠎӖ۞ռѣੑயĂтለ߷઼छΞϤ࠱ވᓑٕפބεΝ˿гĞᅳ ˿ğĄ ᖼ͔ҋᎊࣝцĞ2004Ĉ205ğĄ
82ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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পؠ።Ϋ̼͛ࡦഀ˭۞ۤົޙၹâะវຍШĂ͵઼̼ٕࠧ͛ᅫఢቑĂ ޙၹཌྷ۞៍هĂ̙ᕝซ̼۞࿅ķĞᎊࣝцĂ2004Ĉ7ğĄϒт Charles S. Maier ٙ೩ϯ۞Ĉᅳ˿ᛳّ֭ܧˠᙷۤົϖ˳̝পᇈĄߏ።Ϋ۞˘ய ۏĂ其߆ڼԛё˵ߏ።Ϋّ۞Ăѣฟؕᄃඕ۞ॡ࣏Ğ2000Ĉ808ğĄ ͅߍᅳ˿઼छّ۞ࣧಶߏᅳ˿ᝋࣧĂ઼ߏछᝋࣧдᅳ˿ ޙၹ˯۞វͅߍĂߏ઼छᝋ۞វᆸࢬĂЯ઼छᝋ۞ቁϲ̖јಶĄ ϤѩĂᅳ˿۞ଵّ̖ͽు႙ቁϲĂјࠎ઼छ઼̰ᅫ˯ВТᄮΞ۞ט ّࣧޘĄҭᅳ˿ଵّࣧүࠎ˘ֶٺϔ઼छ̈́ᝋ۞ۤົޙ ၹĂޙၹ۞ᅳ˿៍هăఢቑޘטĂૄ઼ٺछมВТࡗՁ۞ۤົࡗݵĂ֭ ܧᅳ˿۞ᛳّĂՀ˿ܧг۞ᛳّĄ˯ࣤᗓĂֹᅳ˿ࣧਫ਼ᕩ˞זҋϤ۩ มĄιܑځâό͵ࠧົۤᅮࢋࢦາᆶෛГޙၹᅳ˿ࣧĂ֭՟ ѣ˿гᛳّăᅳ˿ᛳّ˯۞ܡᘣĂΪࢋ͵ࠧົۤᙯ˿ٺгᄃ઼छ۞ᄮТ ᄃؠཌྷਕૉ൴णซ̼Ăາ۞៍هăఢቑޘטਕૉซҖۤົޙၹĂາ۞ ࣧಶΞͽߏΩ˘ԛၗ۞ᅳ˿̙ࣧ——გдࣧវր̚ኬ̟ࣧ ިᇹ۞၁ኹгҜĂдώវኢ˯ιࣇߏݒπඈ۞Ą
ણăԶਾщଵ۞ώኳ̈́၆ᅳ˿ࣧ۞Гޙၹ ன၁̚۞˘ֱᅳ˿ۋბયᗟͽྋՙٙଳߏ۞פĂᗕ͞࠹̢ԁ߆۞ם ّڼԶਾщଵĂͽѩঐྋ˜Ҍఢᔖ˞ЧඕၹયᗟĄߏ˘̙ͽ่ٕ̙ ͽனѣޠڱ၆ᅳ˿۞ّؠྋᛖࠎૄᕇĂ̙࠹ᑕٺᅳ˿ଵّࣧ۞ᅳ˿ ନ߉Ąүࠎ˘జજ۞Җࠎְ၁Ăι̙ٚፉˠࣇՀк۞ഇޞĂҭ༊ιݵ Ъ֭జৼˢᇹ˘݈࣎ซ۞͞Ш˯ĂӈĶт఼ڍ࿅።Ϋ̶ژໄژ̶ه ځᝋ઼छᇹ۞ۤົᙷҾΞͽѣ̙Т۞ԛၗĂ֤ᆃĂಶΞͽฟ౹ Ъˠࣇຍᙸ۞߆ڼ፟࿃ķĞWendt Ă2000Ĉ107ğĂᐌӈֽ҃۞ߏĂт ңଧԶਾщଵ۞̰உĂᖣѩјࠎ˘࣎ࢦາᆶෛޙၹ઼छᅳ˿ࣧྮ۞ ᇾĉ
˘ăԶਾщଵ۞߆ޠڱڼώኳ ૄٺனѣ઼ᅫ઼ڱᅫ߆ڼఢĂ၆ۋბгડ˘ਠΞͽүᕩᛳ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
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۞ޠڱҿؠĂຍקĂԶਾ۞ᅳ˿щଵ၆౼෦ֽ͞ᄲĂߏ౷˞˿гĞᝋ ӀğĂ࠹ͅĂୀ෦͞ᒔ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĄΞ၁ᅫᅈܧтѩᖎಏâĂᅳ ˿ۋბ̙ߏୀ෦۰Ш౼෦۰৶ࢋᅳ˿۞߆߿ޠڱڼજĂӈ౼෦۰ᄃୀ෦ ۰֭ܧдۋბᜈ̝ॡಶਕቁؠഇĞѦӀѯĂ2003Ĉ26ğĄՀன၁۞ ߏĂ༊઼ְࠎ˞઼ܲछ઼ϔ၆ۋბгડૻধ۞෦ՐຍᙸĂ˜Ҍពϯૻ ർϲಞĂ၆ጯఙ៍ᕇ۞ᛚᛖૻአĂ̈́д઼̰ซҖ۞ି็ކֈБొߏӀ ̎۞ĂԆБߏдҋ̎۞ϲಞ˯நྋ۞Ăֹᗕ઼͞ϔ၆ۋბгડౌѣЧ ҋሕொᐵ̼̙टཉႷ۞ᕩᛳᄮТĄࠤҌྵࠎ࿆гхд˘࣎ன෪ĂЯ ߆ٕ࣎عˠপঅ۞߆ڼϫ۞Ăᅳ˿ۋბયᗟົــјࠎᖼொ઼̰ෛቢٕ ߆ڼજࣶăခጠࣄӄ۞̍ĞధޜܛĂ2008Ĉ158ğĂ˜Ҍѣໂბཌྷ ้ШĄ˟Ăᅳ˿።Ϋ࿅ٙயϠ۞Чड़ᑕѣ၁វᆊࣃĂͽ̈́ۋბгડ ።Ϋႊซώ֗۞̙ԆБĂֹЧ༊઼ְౌ၆Чҋड़ᑕѣ༊۞ҋԧᕩᛳᄮ ТĄ҃ͷĂֱ၁វᆊࣃᙯܼኜк͞ࢬĂــঘֱ͞ࢬ۞ࢦ̂Ӏ ৈĂۡତૻ̼˞˯ᄮТĂপҾߏ˘ֱୂຏгડĄ ֱଐڶԯԶਾщଵ͔ˢ˞࠻ҬϬ࠼۞ଐԛ̝̚ĈՏ˘͞ౌЧҋᄮ ࠎĂԶਾщଵຍקߏҋ̎౷˞˿гĞᝋӀğĂ၆͞ᒔ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĄ ϒтԶਾщଵώ֗ಶߏϬ࠼۞አĂአώ̙֗ᑕྍ̰ӣϬ࠼ĂٙᏜ ĶϬ࠼ଐԛķᑕྍѣᚶᜈአ۩۞มĄ҃ᅳ˿۞តዏߏͽᝋᖼொֽّؠ ۞Ăᝋ̙֭Ϊߏ˘࣎ໄهĂιᔘѣхд۞វԛёன၁ĂֹĶ౷ķ Ķᒔķυѣপঅ۞߆ޠڱڼຍཌྷĄ͍ڦࣃຍ۞ߏĂᗕ͞Тॡ Чҋᄮࠎҋ̎Ķ౷ķ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĂ၆͞Ķᒔķ˞˿гĞᝋӀğĂ дፋវ˯ĂТॡ۞Ķ౷ķТॡ۞Ķᒔķ˵υΞͽซҖপঅྋ ĂѣՀᖳಱ۞̰உĄ ۋბгડߏــజ˘ٙ͞၁ᅫგᔑĂ֭ૺ၆ጾѣᝋĂТॡ՟ѣ ซҖ၁ᅫგᔑ۞˘͞˵ૺ၆ጾѣᝋĞಶజ̶ડგᔑ۞ۋბгડֽ ᄲĂՏ˘̶ડ˵ΞͽᇹநྋĂтҹ̦ѼႬгડğĄ ˘͞ࢬĂ၆ซҖ၁ᅫგᔑ۞˘͞Ğүࠎѩ͞ğֽᄲĂᝋߏ؝ϲ۞Ă ώኳ˯ߏ˘ऴ̼ăܧ၆ăܧԆБ۞ᝋ——̙გߏӎٚᄮѩгડх дᝋۋᛉĄௐ˘Ă၆͞၆ۋბгડᔵϏ߉ҖᝋგநĂҭѣᝋᄮТĂ ͷ̏யϠ˞ؼᜈЧ઼छड़ᑕĂֱड़ᑕ۞хдώ֗ಶдώវ˯ऴ̼
84ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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˞ѩ͞ᝋĂֹјࠎܧ၆ܧԆБ۞Ąௐ˟Ăᝋ̙ඈٺଠטᝋĂү ࠎ઼ᅫ߆઼ڼᅫ࣎˘۞ڱቑᘞĂ઼ᅫٚᄮߏ˘ีְޠڱڼ߆۞ࢋࢦޝ ચĂֹĶ၆ᝋ۞ᛚᑕྍޙϲдĺ઼छ࠹̢ᓑᘭĻ۞ૄᖂ˯ķĞHoffman Ă2005Ĉ140ğĂϒт Wendt ٙ೩ϯ۞ĈڱநᝋߏֶᏥ۰҃хд۞ ĞWendt Ă2000Ĉ227ă368ğĄ҃Ķ̙ٚᄮČČυืజෛࠎѣ࠹༊ޠڱ ཌྷሕ˧۞ྃӄڠጡĄι˞ͤܡॡड़۞Їңౄڱड़ڍķĞLauterpacht ࣒ࢎĂ1971Ĉ116ğĄ͌˞઼ᅫٚᄮĂᝋಶߏഴऴ۞Ăܧ၆۞Ăܧ ԆБ۞Ąӈߏܮజੵ၆͞ͽγ۞ٙѣ઼छٚᄮĞ˘ਠ҃֏Ăι઼छົ၆ ᅳ˿ᕩᛳ̙ϲಞğĂᝋТᇹтѩĂЯࠎ࠹ᑕٺѩ͞ԆБҫѣॡ၆ٙ͞ ᑕٚፉ۞ཌྷચĂдѩॡ̙ົజ၆ٙٚ͞ፉĂ၆҃͞ͅົӀϡЧ͞ё शֽކϯᕖ̂ҋ̎۞ᝋᄮТĄព҃ߏ۞֍ٽĂ̏གྷͷυᚶᜈĶܬ ϚķĶᗼķଠ؝઼טϲ۞ᝋĄ҃ѣ˘ᕇࠎ၁ᅫĂ઼ᅫ઼ڱᅫ߆ ̚ڼĂд̙࿁ࡦπ۞݈೩˭Ă၆̙͞ѣЧĶܬϚķĶᗼķ۞࿅ εĂͷ̙ົٚፉ࠹ᑕ۞యЇĂТᇹ̏дώវ˯̈́дன၁̚ᚶᜈֹ̎͞ ᝋјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞ĄௐˬĂ̙Т݈ٺᕇ۞ЯڍүϡĂ ࡶߏᅳ˿።Ϋజк઼࣎छٙତৼĂ֤ᆃĂѩᅳ˿ᝋдಏ઼࣎छ̰ಶజ ޙၹјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ăߏ˘ޙၹүϡĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂ၆ٺ՟ѣซҖ၁ᅫგᔑ۞˘͞Ğүࠎѩ͞ğĂᝋߏຐ ည̚۞ᝋĂώኳ˯Тᇹߏ˘ऴ̼ăܧ၆ăܧԆБ۞ᝋĄௐ˘Ă၆ ͞၆ۋბгડ۞ଠטĂ߉Җ˞઼छّ۞ᝋგநĂயϠ˞֭ᜈЧᅳ ˿ड़ᑕĂֱड़ᑕߏ̙Ξਗ਼۞Ăڱঐੵ۞Ăᚑࢦгᗼ˞ѩ͞ᝋĂТ ᇹֹдώវ˯јࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞ĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ઼छ၆ Ķᅳ˿ķϏ၁Җ઼छጳ߆ٙૻ۞טڼგநĂᝋߏຐည۞Ăૺ ۞ĂϏ၁၁ддֳѣ۞Ăώ֗ಶ̙ਕజᄮࠎߏ၆ԆБᝋĄௐ˟Ă၆ ͞Тᇹ̙ٚᄮѩ͞ጾѣᝋĂ̙̈́ٚፉ࠹ᑕٺٚᄮѩ͞ᝋ҃ᑕٚፉ۞ཌྷ ચĂ҃ͷĂ၆ѩ҃͞֏Ă၆͞၆ۋბгડҫѣ۞ώ֗ಶߏ˘ĶܬϚķ ĶᗼķĂҭ၆̙֭͞ົٚፉ࠹ᑕ۞యЇĄТᇹౌдώវ˯ன၁ֹ̚ ѩ͞ຐည۞ᝋјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞ĄௐˬĂ̙Т۞ࢬ݈ٺ ЯڍүϡĂࡶߏᅳ˿።Ϋజк઼࣎छٙତৼĂ֤ᆃѩᅳ˿ᝋдಏ઼࣎छ ̰ಶజޙၹјࠎऴ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ăߏ˘ޙၹүϡĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
85
˯ࢬ͞णϯֽ۞ߏĂЇңۋბ༊ְ͞дۋბгડ۞ᝋౌߏऴ ̼۞Ăܧ၆۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ă̙ߏಏ͞ࢬٙਕԼត۞Ăᖎ֏̝Ă̙ߏಏ ˘͞ѣ՟ѣਕ˧۞યᗟĂ҃ߏಏ˘͞ॲώಶ̙ΞਕĄᇹĂયᗟಶត ᖎಏځᒢ˞Ă၆ۋბЧֽ͞ᄲĂЧҋٙކᄮ۞Ķ̎͞ѣᅳ˿ķĞΒ ߁ٙᏜĶ̙хдᅳ˿ۋᛉķğĂ่ߏ˘၆ᅳ˿ԆፋᝋԆБ۞ૺ ෦ՐĂЇңಏ͞ࢬՐ˯ԆፋԆБ۞ҖજĂౌߏۋბ۞វܑனĂߏ дΐᆐۋბĂ̙ߏഴ͌ăঐੵۋბĂᝋऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБֶߏЧ ͞ᝋ۞ᛳّĄ ༊ᏖՐྋՙۋბॡĂ၆ۋֱ˘ٺბгડĂٚྶ͉к۞߆ڼຍཌྷĂ 12
ࣘۋޠڱڼ߆ბ۞পّĂᕩᛳ۞ᄮؠѣޠڱᄃ߆ڼЯ৵۬ᜇ̙
۞ኑᗔଐ๕Ăͽ̈́Я߆ۋّڼბ͞ࢬٙѣ۞ߙĞֱğ̙Ξҿّ Ğ่̙Яࠎޠڱཉ̝ඕ۞ڍયᗟĂ˵Яࠎ͞ޠڱёώ֗۞યᗟğĂֹ ޠڱᏊณநــౄјՀࠎኑᗔ۞߆ڼԛ๕ĞᘲᝌڟĂ2010Ĉ119ć Ԉ྿Ă1983Ĉ542ğĄ˘όޠڱڱҋг̬ˢ̚Ăֹ҃ۋბ༊ְ͞ᙯ ٺཉᝋ۞ҋՙਕજгҜͽܲĂ֤ᆃĂᅳ˿ۋბયᗟಶజˢ˞ᇹ ۞ဩ̝̚Ĉۋბયᗟ۞ྋՙ̈́វྋՙ͞ёăඕڍυᅮЧ༊ְ͞۞ ВᄮĂ҃Їң˘͞ᄮΞ۞யϠĂֽҋٺҋ൴ё۞ણᄃĄдဩ̚Ăࠎ ˞ྋՙયᗟęęĶયᗟ̝ྋՙķ̙ಏ৷ߏ˘ඕڍĂజજّ۞Ăώ֗ಶ Ξͽߏ˘࣎ϲă᎕ໂ۞෦Րϫ۞Ăજّ۞ĂಶຍקĂүࠎࣧય ᗟĂ̙υืߏЧࢋ৵ᆅ౯̝ޢٙВТ๊Ϡ۞ඕڍĂଂ̙҃υืֶᏥ ٺι˘ֱࢋ৵Ăͧтϒ༊ᄃЪநĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂ̙υืߏЧЪநّ Ᏸ̖ޢ̝ځਕӔன۞Ğజજ۞ğېၗĂଂ҃Ъநّүࠎޠڱཉυ ֶᏥ۞ࢋ৵ĂຍקĂޠڱཉ̙ߏ˘υื۞͞ёęęٕߏૄޠڱٺ ˯۞؉Ăٕߏૄٺજّ۞߆ڼ҂ณĂͧтԓ୕ᒉౄߙ༙ঈڤĂԓ ୕ጐԣྋՙۋბĂԓ୕ᔖҺιᝋ̒۞ރঘĞүࠎ༊઼ְ˘ͽర̝۞߆ڼ ࣧğĂඈඈĂ༊ְ͞ಶᑕྍͷΞͽд߆ڼᆸࢬ˯࠻ޞᅳ˿ۋბĂ҂ᇋҋ ՙਕજгҜયᗟĂ࠹̢ࢦكѩ۞ཉᝋ̈́ҋՙਕજгҜĄ҃Ч͞۞ҋՙ
12
ͧтĶݑՒཏफ၆̚රϔ઼҃֏Ăѣჯᘭ̚රϔ઼ᝋЪّڱᄃᖣѩણᄃֲڌгડ ઼ᅫۤົΑਕّķĞౘ̝ڟĂ1999Ĉ32ğĄ
86ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ਕજّౌͽ൴೭үϡಶຍקĂՏ˘͞۞෦Րౌنෛ̙Ăౌ၆ඕڍ ѣᇆᜩүϡĂӈۋბ之ྋՙυืϲ֖ٺЧ͞෦ՐĞۋბ͞۞෦Ր̙υื ֶٺ።Ϋड़ᑕĂ༊Ă።Ϋड़ᑕΞͽ೩ֻՀкЪநّϒ༊ّ——่ ߏЪநّăϒ༊ّ̚۞˘ğĂซҖ࠹̢۞߆ڼԁםĂ၆ֱ෦ՐଳפԶ ਾّщଵ——Զਾщଵώኳ˯ߏ˘߆ّڼନ߉Ă၆ّڼ߆ٺନ߉ĂΪࢋ ༊ְЧ͞ВТᄮΞĂӈΞ;ኜ߉ҖĂଂ҃ĂүࠎࣧયᗟĂૄٺனҖࣧ ఢវր۞Ъநّ̙ߏυᅮ۞ĞᔵЪநّ၆߆ّڼନ߉జତৼ ၁߉ѣ᎕ໂܳซүϡĂ͍д༊Ăιព͍ࠎࢦࢋğĂֹਕૉͽ Ķયᗟ̝ྋՙķࠎॲώՐĂјಶ̙ТٺĞனѣğޠڱٙ॰۞ؠඕڍĄ ̙გԶਾྋՙۋბॡᅳ˿щଵ۞វԛёߏ̦ᆃĂૄ۞̢࠹ٺԁ҃ם ၆ᙯٺԆБă၆ᝋ۞၆ϲ෦ՐٙซҖ۞πᏊĂͽፋ࣎ۋბгડү ࠎّؠ၆෪ĂԶਾщଵ̝ޢՏ˘༊ְ͞۞ᝋౌߏؠऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆ Б۞Ą 13 ຍקĂٙᏜĶ౷˞˿гĞᝋӀğķ̚۞Ķ౷ķĂಶߏٸୢ ၆၆ԆБᝋ۞ૺĂତצώֽಶऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБ۞ன၁Ă ͽѩࠎૄᖂᗕ͞ซҖᅳ˿ཉĂֹЧ͞۞ᝋĞ၆ٺፋ࣎гડğТᇹ ߏऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБ۞Ă࠹̢ٚᄮ۞Ą༊ԯ݈ٙᏜĶϬ࠼ଐԛķཉ ࣎ٺ॰ߛ˭៍၅ॡĂͽԶਾщଵྋՙᅳ˿ۋბಶΞநྋࠎĂՏ˘͞ౌ౷ ˘ొ̶ຐညٕ؝ϲ۞ᝋĂͽѩז၆ٙ͞౷۞ᝋĂӈ˘ᝋ۞ ࠹̢ཉೱĂπҖொજĂଂ҃Ч͞Ğۋბྋՙ݈ğᝋऴ̼ԛёĂౌᖼೱј ĞྋՙޢğΩ˘ᝋऴ̼ԛёĄ֤ᆃĂٙᏜĶ౷ķĶᒔķ۞࿅Ă ၁ኳߏĶཉೱķ࿅ĂԶਾщଵ۞߆ޠڱڼώኳߏĶͽᝋཉೱᝋķĄ
13
д၁ኹ̚ĂԶਾщଵΞͽѣ˘পঅԛёĈ˘͞ᒔĞ෪ᇈ˿г઼̝छؠҜ۞ğᅳ˿ ᝋĂΩ˘͞ᒔপؠԛё۞পঅᝋӀĄଂᝋ֎࠻ֽޘপঅᝋӀĂᔵߏ̙ ᚑॾຍཌྷ˯۞઼छᝋĂܑϯ઼छؠҜĂҭι̙֭ߏĂ၆͞ග̟༊઼ְѩᝋӀ۞ ᝋឰഭĄЯࠎĂଂॡมԔ˯࠻Ăᄃ၆ٙ͞ᒔ۞ᝋߏТՎ၁ன۞ĂТॡன дםᛉ̚ćଂ࠹̢ᙯֽܼ࠻ĂᝋӀͽᒔĂౌߏͽ༊ְٚ͞ᄮ၆͞ᝋӀࠎ݈ ೩۞ĂјࠎЧҋ۞ّኳĂৼˢᛳّ̚Ąଂ҃পঅᝋӀߏ˘ඕၹّᝋӀĂࣤڱ ဳĞੵܧҋ̎ٸୢğĂѣᝋّĂΞᄮࠎߏ˘ᇃཌྷ˯۞ᝋĂऴ̼۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ă ܧ၆۞Ą҃၆၆ֽ͞ᄲĂιٙᒔ۞Ķᅳ˿ᝋķߏ˘ඕၹّࢨצĂᒔ̝ॡ ಶߏऴ̼۞ĂܧԆБ۞Ăܧ၆۞Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
87
˟ăԶਾщଵ၆ᅳ˿ࣧࢦ۞າᆶෛГޙၹ ᔵᄲۋბ༊ְЧ͞۞෦Ր̈́۞ޢࡦҋՙਕજгҜ̙υืֶٺ።Ϋ ड़ᑕĂͷ՟ѣᝋރҋࣤဳۋბ༊ְ͞۞ҋՙਕજгҜĂҭ༊ᏖՐϤԶਾ щଵ̚೩ޘטទᏭॡĂ͍ߏĂ༊ԓ୕ޘטទᏭਕૉᖳಱ߆ڼ ޠڱវրĂ၁னࡎ۞˯ޠڱĂ٤णۡޠڱତ̬ˢᅳ˿ۋბ۞۩มॡĂۋ ბЪநّ̈́۞ޢࡦ።Ϋड़ᑕಶјࠎ˘࣎υ౯۞ࢋ৵——ڶͷன၁ۋბ̚ ۞Ч͞ౌٕкٕ͌ΞͽԱז።ΫॲፂĂਕૉֹ˘ᕇѣ࿆ຍཌྷĄдྋ ՙЧ༊ְ͞ౌѣ።Ϋड़ᑕ̝ᅳ˿ۋბ۞Զਾщଵ̚ĂԶਾّཉೱୢϤ Ğޙၹّğᅳ˿ଵّࣧ॰ؠྋᛖᅳ˿ۋბĂຍקୢ˞ᙯٺᅳ ˿ۋბ۞ޙၹّ॰ؠྋᛖĂᄮΞ֭ࢦᅳ˿ᝋऴ̼ăܧ၆ܧԆБ ̝ன၁Ăԛё˯ߏĂ።Ϋ̈́ड़ᑕۡତயϠ˞߆ޠڱڼड़ᑕĂӈ˘າ ۞ᅳ˿நهĈତৼӈѣड़Ą Ķତৼӈѣड़ķ۞ߏâ࣎ડાజ˘઼߉Җ˞઼छგநٕކϯĂͷ ѩ઼дѩ࿅̚ѣᅳ˿ᄮТĂ֭ాᜈซҖ˞።Ϋ็ٚĂಶຍק઼छ ତৼ˞ᅳ˿۞።ΫĂѩ።Ϋд઼छؠཌྷ̚ಶߏѣड़۞Ąௐ˘Ăତৼߏ˘ ።Ϋड़ᑕĂѣड़ߏ˘߆ؠޠڱڼཌྷĂϤޢ۰ّ݈ؠ۰ߏ߆͞ޠڱڼ ࢬ۞৷ოّүϡĄௐ˟Ă።Ϋႊซд઼छ၆ᅳ˿۞ତৼ̚ซҖĂυืᏲ ೈ˘ࣧڼ߆۞ؠĂᙯᔣયᗟߏĂܧԆБႊซТᇹ˵ຍקᅳ˿۞።Ϋజ ତৼĄͽјϲĂ̙ϲ֖ٺĂᅳ˿үࠎវ઼ֹछјࠎႊซ۞މវĂ ҃ϲ֖ٺĂᅳ˿үࠎމវĂјࠎ઼छĞүࠎវğႊซ۞˘ొ̶Ąႊ ซ።Ϋ៍ᄃனѣᝋؠཌྷ˭۞።Ϋ៍՟ѣώኳ˯۞ࡎĂЯࠎٕ࣎к࣎ ઼छ۞።ΫႊซΞͽߏϲ۞ĂҌ͌ߏдன֭ؼᜈᅳ˿ۋბ࣎ॡഇΞ ͽߏϲ۞Ăଂ҃к࣎ۋბ͞Чҋϲгؠཌྷ˞ۋბгડĂֹ˘ᅳ˿ј ࠎк઼઼छ።Ϋႊซ۞˘ొ̶Ăౌߏజତৼ۞Ăكѩϲ۞ĂЧҋѣड़۞Ą ซ҃Ăۋბгડүࠎк࣎މវ۞ѣड़ّĂјࠎĞүࠎវॡğវҜཉ ˯ҋ֗۞ᛳّĂֹ̖ҋ֗።Ϋႊซ۞к࣎ѣड़ّĂјࠎ̢ܧϋ۞ĄௐˬĂ ߏ၆።Ϋ۞Ăͽ።Ϋ˯ߊ̙ޠڱ۞ؠԆБٕޠڱ၁ኹ̙ԆБࠎૄ ᖂĂྋᛖ።Ϋ۞ࣧĄٙͽĂѩࣧߏྋՙયᗟ۞Ă̙ߏயϠયᗟ۞Ăۡ ତ࿁ࡦனѣ۞ޠڱЇңາ۞ٙᏜĶତৼķĂౌ̙ߏᅳ˿၁ኹ۞̙ԆБĂ˵
88ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ಶߏᄲĂౌ̙ߏৌϒ۞ତৼĂౌߏड़۞ĄௐαĂ˵ߏޙၹّ۞Ăಶߏ тѩޙၹ˞ѩᅳ˿நهĄ ࣎நܑهன۞ߏ˘າ۞পؠᅳ˿።ΫΫ៍—— ৷ოΫ៍—— ι̙ ညனѣ۞ᅳ˿።ΫΫ៍֤ਠĂд઼छᝋࣧ۞॰ߛ̰Ăͽޙၹ۞ᅳ˿። ΫԆБ઼̈́छᙯٺ።Ϋ۞̙ࢦᝑࠎࣧĂޙၹّгྋᛖᄃҿؠ።ΫĂГ ϤޙၹّྋᛖᄃҿؠயϠ߆ޠڱڼड़ᑕĄιٙޙϲֽ۞৷ოّܑ னдĂ።ΫۡତயϠ߆ޠڱڼड़ᑕĂᅮГགྷ࿅ޙၹّ۞Ğனѣ߆ڼ ۞ࣧޠڱğྋᛖĂӈᅳ˿৷ოΫ៍۞ߏĂт઼˘ڍତৼ——̙֭˘ ߏؠԆБତৼ—— ˘ડાĞᅳ˿ğ۞።ΫĂѩ።Ϋಶѣّؠᅳ˿ᕩ ᛳ۞ྤॾĂၹјѩ઼၆ѩᅳ˿ᝋ۞ૺѣЪநّᄃЪ۞ّڱАՙ୧ ІĄ ޙϲдѩ።ΫΫ៍˯۞઼छᅳ˿நኢಶߏĈд˘۞ؠ።Ϋॡഇ྆â ࣎ડાజৼˢ۞઼ߙז።Ϋႊซ̚Ă֭ซҖ็ٚĂ՟ѣԆБᖼொΝĂ ӈѩ઼дؠ˘۞ֽܕ።Ϋॡഇ̰ĂϏٸୢ࿅၆ᅳ˿ᝋ۞ૺĂෛࠎ ၆ѩડાĞᅳ˿ğጾѣЪநЪ۞ڱᝋĄ ซ˘ՎĂޙϲдѩ઼छᅳ˿நኢ˯۞ᅳ˿ࣧΞೡࠎĂт࣎˘ڍ ડાд።Ϋႊซ࿅̚జৼˢזк઼࣎छ۞።Ϋ็ٚ̚Ăͷؠ˘۞ֽܕ ॡഇౌᜈ็ٚĂЇң˘༊઼ְᙯٺѩᅳ˿۞።ΫĂౌߏ̙ԆБ̙ Ԇፋ۞Ăѩᅳ˿۞ᝋߏΞ̶۞Ăк઼࣎छౌѣᝋӀВТ̶ֳᄃҖֹѩડ ા۞ᝋĂдѩડા̰ĂЧ઼ᝋ̝มߏ̢ܧϋ۞Ă࣎ડાјࠎЧ઼۞ ВТّᅳ˿ĄٙͽĂѩࣧޙߏϲдۋბгડ።Ϋ̢ܧϋႊซૄᖂ˯۞Ă পঅ۞ּγ۞Ăᝋ̢ܧϋ۞ᅳ˿ࣧĂჍࠎĶۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ķĄߏԶਾщଵࡦޢүࠎૄޠڱڼ߆ᖂ۞ᅳ˿ࣧĄ ಶۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧૄ۞ώপᇈֽᄲĂௐ˘ĂЯᅳ˿၁ኹ ።Ϋႊซ̙ԆБࡦ۞ޢপࣧؠЯĂͷүࠎιࣇ̙ԆБ۞ܑனĂ።Ϋ۞ؼᜈ ̙֭ࢋՐ።Ϋႊซߏଂ༊઼ְѣᅳ˿၁ኹ۞ܐಶ̙มᕝгؼᜈ˭ֽ ۞ĂΪࢋᅳ˿ૺؼᜈ˞˘ؠ።ΫॡഇĂಶΞၹј።Ϋ۞ؼᜈĄௐ˟Ă ᅳ˿ଵ઼ّࣧͽߏछࠎརཙᕇซҖ۞ّؠĂ۞ߏ˘઼ଵّгጾѣ ᅳ˿Ă҃ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧۋͽߏბгડࠎརཙᕇซҖ۞ّؠĂ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
89
۞ߏĂѩᅳ˿Ğۋბгડğజк઼࣎छ̢ܧϋгጾѣĄ 14 ᔵۋბгડᅳ ˿̢ܧϋܑࣧٙன۞ᝋд༊ְЧ઼̝มߏ̢ܧϋ۞Ăҭϒтፋ࣎ۋბ гડֶߏޙϲдଂᛳᙯܼ̝˯Ăѣռѣੑயᛳّ۞ᅳ˿Ă༊ְЧ઼۞ ВТᝋѣԆБ၆۞ᝋᛳّĂ၆ٺኜ༊઼ְ̝γ۞ٙѣ઼छĂౌ ѣ็ᝋ۞ଵّĄଂ࣎ຍཌྷ˯҃֏ĂΞͽԯۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋ ࣧநྋјᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅԛёĂऴ̼۞ԛёĞ̙ҭߏЯڍ ّ۞ĂϺΞߏޙၹّ۞ğĂӈࣧΞͽซҖপؠຍཌྷ۞ᏉЪĄซ˘ՎĂ ଂ࣎ຍཌྷ˯ͧྵଵّନ߉ԶਾщଵĂιࣇ՟ѣᅳ˿ࣧ۞˯ώኳϬ ࠼ĂТᇹĂޢ۰ߏ݈۰۞পঅऴ̼ԛё——၁ኳ˯ߏĂฟᜥ˞˘୧ྮ शĂᖣѩநྋ֭၁ன˞၆ନ߉̝ม၆ϲ۞አĄௐˬĂ̢ܧϋΪߏ ˘ԛёّؠĂ̙ঘ̈́ᗕ͞Чҋᑕྍጾѣ۞ᝋࢦඈវؠณᙯܼĄௐαĂ ጐგͽԶਾщଵࠎྮᇾޙၹ˞ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧĂҭͽѩࣧૄࠎ ᖂ۞វཉ֭ؠ˘ܧᏲೈ۞ߏԶਾщଵ̝நهĄ ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧࢵАؠཌྷ۞ߏĂۋბྋՙ̝݈۞ᝋԛёĂ ߏޙၹّ۞，ՀߏЯ۞ّڍĄૄٺனֽېྋՙۋბĂӎ˞ؠፋ࣎ۋბ гડଵّᕩᛳ۞၆ϒ༊ّĞϒ༊ّΪߏޙၹّ۞ğĂଂ҃ۡତᓝ ନߏĂ࠹̢ࢦ۞߆ڼԁםĂԶਾ۞щଵ——ߏԶਾщଵд߆ޠڱڼ ˯ۡତ۞ЯֶّڍፂĂιܑځĂԶਾщଵ۞ϒ༊ّੵ˞ߏޙၹّ۞̝γĂ ϺߏЯ۞ّڍĄΩγĂۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧؠ˵ཌྷ۞ߏĂۋბྋՙ̝ ۞ޢᝋԛёĂӈĶۋბгડķјࠎ˘ВТّᅳ˿ĄវԛёΞͽߏ ڼᝋ̢̙ϋĂ̶ҾҖֹߙְֱચĂٕϤЧ༊઼ְВТޙϲᓑЪგந፟ၹĂ ซҖЪүგநĂГٕ۰Ч͞၆ۋბᅳ˿ซҖၔ̶غ౷——ᔵд̶౷ޢЧ ͞၆Чҋгડߏ˘ଵّጾѣĂҭͽፋ࣎гડүࠎវĂͽࠎརཙᕇ ֽّؠĂϺߏ˘̢ܧϋ۞ጾѣâপঅӣཌྷ۞ВТّᅳ˿——ඈඈĄ ̚Ă̶౷үࠎԶਾщଵ۞˘পঅԛёĂܑϯЧ༊઼ְд̶౷۞Ч 14
ۋბгડ̶ᛳٕ࣎к࣎༊઼ְछĂͽ̚Їң˘઼࣎छࠎវّؠፋ࣎гડౌߏ̙ ԆБ۞Ă̙ޫ༊۞ĂຍקĂ̙ᑕྍͽЇң˘઼࣎छࠎརཙᕇّؠᙯۋٺბᅳ˿۞ܧ ଵّĂ҃ͅᑕͽፋ࣎гડࠎརཙᕇّؠᙯ઼ٺछ̝ม۞̢ܧϋّĂಶߏώ͛ͽĶۋ ბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧķĂ҃ܧĶۋბгડᅳ˿ܧଵّࣧķ၆ۋბгડซҖّؠ ۞ࣧЯĄ
90ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ొ̶˯ĂᝋซҖ˞ԆБཉೱĄ၆ፋ࣎гડֽᄲĂߏᅳ˿̢ܧϋ۞ԛёĂ ҭ၆Ч༊઼ְֽᄲĂߏᅳ˿ଵّ۞ԛёĄТᇹᄲߏ۞ځĂϤٺརཙ ᕇ̙ТĂᅳ˿ࣧܧ֭ၟΞ̶۞Ăͽ̈́Ă̶Ҿͽιࣇֽநᅳ˿ۋ ბ۞࿅֭ܧԆБ၆ϲ۞——ߏ˘۰ซҖᏉЪ۞វԛёĄ̶౷۞ ؠณᙯܼĂᅮࢋдՀវ۞ࣧүϡ˭Ăซ˘ՎྋՙĄ҃ొ̶Ķᅳ˿ķజ ˘̶઼౷ΝĂຍקྍ઼̏ԆБ።ΫᖼொΝćొ̶Ķᅳ˿ķజ˘ ̶઼౷ซֽĂຍק።Ϋ̏ԆБజྍ઼ٙତৼĂ֭ซҖԆБ۞።Ϋ็ٚĄ
དྷăޙၹۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣰࣧ۞ጯૄᖂ ͽன၁̚Զਾщଵ۞၁ּᆶෛᅳ˿ࣧĂ֭ซ˘Վޙၹۋბгડᅳ˿ ̢ܧϋࣧĄώኳ˯ߏͽᅳ˿ۋბ۞ྋՙ၁ּֽ͔ጱޙޘטၹĂӈ˘ ઊ൴ّ۞ּ࣎˯̿ޘטזᆸࢬ۞ޘטቁᄮĄಶͽ˘࣎វؠҜĂۡତԯ Ω˘࣎ᆸѨणன˞ֽĈ઼ᅫ߆઼ڼᅫޘט۞ڱវրߏӎ̯ధ઼छ۞ ᝋ࿅Ķ̶౷ķඈԛёֽ၁னĶཉೱķĂͽटৼۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ۞ְّޘט၁ĉ 15 ٕ۰ĂͽՀᇃᔮ۞ෛՀஎ̼۞ᗟֽ࠻Ăۋბгડ ᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧѣިᇹ۞ࣰጯૄᖂֽ͚ᇣҋ֗Ăдࣧఢᆸࢬ˯Ăͽ ֗۞ޘטЊซҖޙၹĉ
˘ăநّཌྷ͞ࢬ۞ࣰጯૄᖂ ៍هăఢቑޙޘטϲдࡊጯ۞ᄃ̙ࡊጯ۞ࣰጯវր˯ĂᙱҺΒӣ˘ ֱҋ֗ᙱͽҹ۞ڇඕၹّౝ——̙გߏӎхдౝĂౌߏ˘࣎ט ޙޘၹॡ̙ਕنர۞ඕၹّયᗟĄᔵߏ၁ᙋّ۞Ăҭ༊ֱયᗟϤט ޘҋ֗۞ۤົᛳّĂٕ۰ᄲҋ֗Җֹ۞ۤົѣड़ّĂ˜Ҍхдώ֗—— ͍ߏдԧࣇග̟ιࣇ᎕ໂϒࢬ۞ഇ୕۞ଐ˭ڶĂϒтιࣇ̝ٙͽజޙ ၹĂٕ۰జ̯ధхд——ֹ࢝ϒ༊ّ̈́ົۤ۞ޢࡦΑਕĂ˜ҌᇇૄᖂĂ јࠎιࣇ۞၁ᅫ̰टॡĂҋநّ̈́ᆊࣃវր۞̬ˢಶߏ༊υࢋ۞Ą дᇹ۞ϲಞ˯Ă̰ӣఢቑّទᏭ۞ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧĂಶΞͽ 15
ඊ۰ຏᔁ˘ҜઠЩᆶߤˠ۞ຍ֍Ăؠཌྷ˞࣎ᆸѨĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
91
ଧѣ۞நّཌྷ̰дপّĂͽ͚ᇣҋ֗үࠎ˘ᑕ۞ޙޘטၹĄ
ᨧ ޘטநّ۞͚ᇣ ঘ઼̈́छؠҜ۞ኜк߆ޘטޠڱڼĂۡତಛᖒ઼छᝋϲᅳ ˿ԆፋซҖޙၹĂ֭ᏖՐԛј˘࣎ፋវ˯ҋࠀ۞វրĄҭ࣎វրдࢬ၆ ѣкᇹ።Ϋႊซ۞ኜкᅳ˿ۋბ，̈́ѣኑᗔ።Ϋႊซ۞វᅳ˿ۋბ ॡĂࠎ˞Тᇹჯ᜕ܲҋࠀّĞͽѩܲᅪҋ֗۞Ъϫ۞ّğĂ̪ͽޙၹ ۞˘۞ᅳ˿ଵֽّࣧநٙѣۋბĂଂ҃ᜁࠗ˞።Ϋ۞кᇹّኑ ᗔّ——Ҍܑ͌˞ځĂͽᅳ˿ࣧఢநᅳ˿ۋბــΩѣ҂ณĂ ̙ԆБߏдಶְኢְĄ̙ߏຍקĂந͞ё̙Ъநă̙ЪዋĂ҃ߏ ຍקĂந͞ё۞Ъநّ̙ߏ၆۞Ăߏѣࢨ۞ޘĂֹ͞ёѣ జ۞ዶгĄੵ˞ЯЪநّ̝ྃ·҃ࠎּγ೩ֻ˞ᆊࣃૄᖂ̝ γĂ˵ߏ˘࣎ទᏭᕇĂӈ۞ޘטᖳಱĂٕ۰ՀវгᄲĂּγޙ۞ޘט ϲĂߏ˘୧ֹޘטҋ֗Հѣ˧ณăՀਕྋՙ၁ᅫયᗟ۞ॲώशĄ ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧΞͽ࠻үߏᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅऴ ̼ԛёĂߏ˘͇࣎۞ܮӀĈιਕૉՀ༊ăՀटٽгүࠎᅳ˿ଵّ ּࣧ۞γּࣧ——γ̙ࣧυืߏ˘ऴ̼۞ԛёĂᄃ̝࠹၆ϲ۞ࣧ ТᇹΞͽүࠎּγࣧͽ——јࠎޢ۰дۋბгડ۞˘࣎ྃ·Ąྃ ·үࠎᅳ˿ޙޘטၹ۞˘࣎ໂᐹ๕۞ྮĂҌ͌វனд˭ࢬࢬ࣎͞Ĉ ˘Ăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧߏ̙д၆ԩĂ҃ߏдᏉˢனѣវր۞ ݈೩˭ĂĶјࠎΦڱΑਕ۞˘࣎ϒ૱υࢋ۞ၹјࢋ৵Ăͽቤྋ۞ޠڱĺࣣ ّĻٕྃޠڱ႒߽ķ Ğഅ൶Ă2010Ĉ45ğ——ఢ˘ͷѣᝋ۞ޢ̝ރ ೀȈѐĂЯгந۩ม۞ѣࢨĂ઼ᅫ߆۞ڼ൴णૄώ˯ֹٙѣ۞ᅳ˿ۋ ბౌӔன˞ֽĂͷனд࠻ֽĂ̪Ϗྋՙ۞ۋბ̂кౌ̏Ӕனۋბӧ ဩ۞পّĂд݈࣎೩˭Ăۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ۞ቁϲܧҭ̙Ӹᘣᅳ ˿ଵّࣧநۋბ۞ன၁ѣड़ّĂ҃ͅᑓྃ˞ιдன၁̚۞̙֖—— ͍ߏүࠎ̷Ъ߆ڼăޠڱ၁ᅫ۞ன၁ཌྷአĂࠎঐྋ˜Ҍঐੵඕၹ ّϬ࠼ඕၹड़ᑕ೩ֻ˞ૄޘטᖂĄ˘͞ࢬĂჯ᜕˞̝ޘט˘Ăਕૉ ̂ޘгჯ᜕ޘטड़ਕĂΩ˘͞ࢬĂࠎՀкΞֻᏴፄ۞ନ߉೩ֻ˞ૄᖂĂ χฟ˞ன၁၁ኹ۞̂ܝĂপҾߏᖣӄٙฟᜥ۞ྮशĂநྋ֭၁ன˞၆
92ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
ֱନ߉ᄃଵّନ߉̝ม၆ϲ۞አĂଂ҃ਕૉՀ̂ޘгঐྋ߆ۤڼ ົᑅ˧Ăܳજன၁၁ኹĄ ˟Ăᅳ˿ĞᝋğԆፋߏజஎஎᄮТ۞઼छࣧޘטĂҭּ֭ γࣧâό၆ซҖ˞̙ԆБᕩᛳ۞ཉĂಶົዎޠڱזă߆ົۤڼ ຍᙊ۞ԩ١ĂயϠ߆ڼᑅ˧Ă˜Ҍ߆ڼЪّڱП፟Ą 16 ಶຳϯ˞˘࣎߆ ۞˯ޠڱڼᛋӘĂߊ၆۞ᅳ˿̈́ᅳ˿ᝋԆፋ̏གྷజᗼĂְ၁ நኢ˯ౌΞͽజᗼĂᑕྍቁϲᅳ˿ᝋּγࣧĂԯ၆Чયᗟ۞ நৼˢ̚ޘטזĄ҃ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧүࠎ˘ּγ۞ࣧޘטĂ ѣޘטΑਕ۞ТॡĂՀົౄ̷၁۞ᝋᅳ˿៍هĄϒтࢮұĞMax Weberğܑٙ྿۞៍ᕇĈĶ̙֭ߏ៍هĂ҃ߏۏኳໄ۞˯هӀৈۡତ͚੨ ˠࣇ۞ҖࠎĂ҃૱૱ߏ៍هٙԛј۞ĺ͵ࠧᙡညĻĞworld imagesğညĺԳ ̍Ļ˘ᇹՙؠצӀৈજ˧ᜭજ۞ҖજྻҖ۞ķĞ1946Ĉ280ğĂ17 ӈүࠎ Җજ۞АጱĂĶ៍هਕૉԛјᛉĂֱᛉਕஎᅈгౄඕڍķĞGlodstein & Keohane Ă2005Ĉ12ğĄវۋזბᅳ˿̢ܧϋ۞៍هĂҋА˞ؠ ᅳ˿ۋბ۞ᆊࣃᇾĂߏ˘ᙯٺϒ༊ّЪநّ۞АؠᄮТĂд˘࣎າ ۞˯Ăጱăᖐܳજˠࣇࢦາநྋᄮۢᅳ˿ۋბĂࢦາనؠྋ ՙۋბ۞ϫᇾĂ֭ౄۤົВᙊ——পҾߏĂۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧү ࠎᅳ˿ଵّࣧ˘۞পঅऴ̼ԛёĂώ֗ಶߏ˘ΞͽซҖౄ ۞៍هĂߏЯޙّڍၹّ۞Ă҃ѩؠҜֹ˯ۤົүϡՀΐࡎ——ଂ ҃ჸπྋՙۋბ̝˧ณ၁ኹҋ֗۞ТॡĂ˵ۡତሀቘଵϋໂბ៍ هĂঐྋ߆ڼᑅ˧Ą ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧϲּ֖ٺγࣧѩ˘ؠҜĂ̈́ܮӀྋՙ યᗟ̝ᐹ๕Ăүࠎ˘ޘטநّĂಶΞͽ͚ᇣүࠎ˘ᑕ۞ޘטซҖ ޙၹĄ
16
17
ϒтĶරˠۤົ၆˿гኬ̟˞ధкܢΐ۞߆ᝋᆊࣃĄಉεٕߏ٦ୢᅳ˿Ăజᄮࠎߏે ߆۰̙ٙਕٚፉ۞࿅εĂࠤҌП̈́߆ᝋ۞ે߆ЪّڱķĞౘ̝ڟĂ1999Ĉ33ğĄ ႔ᛌ͔ҋ Glodstein & Keohane Ğ2005Ĉ12ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
93
ᨨ ̳ϒᄃ̳π۞͚ᇣ Ϥޙၹّ۞ԆБă၆ᝋّؠྋᛖ˞ᅳ˿યᗟĂ֭дّؠ ྋᛖ̚Ăޙၹ˞ᅳ˿ଵّࣧ࠹̈́ᙯఢ۞னѣវրĄ҃Ăଂώኳ ۞ᆸࢬ˯࠻Ă።Ϋ̙ߏ˘ҿؠᄃྋᛖĂ҃ߏ˘ְ၁Ăᅳ˿።Ϋ۞̙Ԇ Бႊซ̈́ٙயϠ۞Чड़ᑕֹۋბᅳ˿ᕩᛳЇң˘͞ౌѣ˘ؠ۞ޘ ЪநّĂଂ҃னѣវր̚ᅳ˿ଵّᕩᛳ۞၁னĂΪਕ෦ኜ͞˘ߙ̚ٺ ҫ࠹၆ٺΩ˘͞ҫ۞࠹၆ЪநّĄҭࢬ၆ᇹ˘ְ࣎၁——Ω˘͞ ҫߏٙѣΞਕ۞Ᏼፄ̙̚Ъந۞——˯࠹၆Ъநّ่ߏܑ˞ځѩ͞ ҫᄃ̙Ъந۞࠹ͧߏĞ࠹၆ğЪந۞Ą༊дۋბӧဩࢬ݈Ăְ࣎၁̈́ ᇆᜩ̙̏ਕజنෛॡ——ૄٺιࣇֽ۞ঐໂયᗟ̏ᚑࢦז၆ۋბӧ ဩ۞ჯᜈѣ˞ՙّؠүϡĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂ˞Ξटԡቑಛ——υืԆ ፋгᔘࣧ࠹၆Ъநّ۞ώֽࢬϫĈ˯࠹၆ЪநّυืޙϲдΩ˘͞ҫ үࠎણ۞ૄᖂ˯Ăޢ۰ߏ˘ඕၹّ͚ᇣĂӈ˯࠹၆Ъநّ̙֭ߏЪ நّώ֗Ąдᇹ۞ࢬϫ̚Ă࠹၆Ъநّ̙֭ਕ৷ოүࠎϒ༊ᄃϒཌྷ۞ྶ វĂͷҫώ̙֭֗˘ؠಶߏЪͼҋநّ۞Ăֹͽ˯࠹၆Ъநّ үࠎϒ༊ᄃϒཌྷ۞ྶវ˵̙֭˘ߏؠޫ༊۞ĄΩγĂᅳ˿ۋბயϠ֭ ᜈ۞ॲߏ࣎វրĂߏវր̰۞ඕၹّۋბĄд˘ؠຍཌྷ˯֏Ăᅳ˿ۋ ბߏజޙၹ۞Ăᅳ˿યᗟώ֗̈́ኑᗔ˵ѣޙၹّĂϤѩٙԛј۞ۋბ ӧဩ̈́ܳ൴۞ᅳ˿П፟ТᇹѣޙၹّĂֽ࠹˯ٺ၆ЪநّĄٙͽĂ ۋბ۞ྋՙĂΞͽߏͅޥҫ̈́࠹۞ޢࡦ၆ЪநّĂаᕩன၁۞৷ოّĄ ༊ᏖՐྋՙᅳ˿ۋბĂͽ৷ო۞̳ϔ́ඕ̳ڍπүࠎϒ༊ăϒཌྷ̝ྶ វॡĂٙઇ۞щଵυืૄְٺ၁Ăۡତጱ۞ߏĂᅳ˿ᝋ̙ԆБ ܧ၆۞னֹېĶЇң˘͞ౌѣᝋವՐ˘࣎ᝋӀĂČČӀϡԶਾ۞͞ёπ ̶ۋᛉᅳ˿Ă̙֭ߏ࠻ֽ֤ᇹ۞̙Ξຐညķ ĞCukwurah, 1967: 205-206ğĄ 18
ߏ˘࣎ᆊࣃؠཌྷ۞ࢦࢋᕖणĈͽۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋّࣧؠֽፋ࣎
18
႔ᛌ͔ҋഅ൶Ğ2010Ĉ45ğĄЧ̚͞ߙ˘͞ҫ۞࠹၆Ъநّ̈́ҿؠఢޙ۞ၹĂ ࡦޢѣ˘इࣧវրĄӈ࠹˯ͽ̙ܮ၆Ъநّүࠎᅳ˿ཉ۞நֶࣖፂĂ˵՟ѣ ӎؠѩ࠹၆Ъநّइࣧវր۞хдĂ̰̈́ٙӣ۞পؠҋநّĄдۋბгડᅳ ˿̢ܧϋࣧ̚ĂιࣇΞͽͽ࠹၆ѣड़үࠎӔனԛёĂ֭дᅳ˿ᝋࢦ۞̢ܧϋ̶੨̚
94ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
ᆒσ࢚
гડĂ֭ቁؠ۞ޢᅳ˿ᕩᛳĂྋՙۋბĂߏૄٺன۞ې৷ოّඕڍĂـ ߏـՀࠎ̳ϒ̳π۞ந͞ёĂΞͽវனϒ༊ϒཌྷĄ 19
19
ѣᇆᜩүϡĄΩγâֱវ۞ன၁҂ณĂт።Ϋड़ᑕ۞̂̈ୂຏޘඈĂ˵ົ ᇆᜩᅳ˿ᝋࢦ۞̶੨ĄౌຍקĂӈ̳ٺૄߏܮϒă̳πซҖԶਾщଵĂ˵֭ؠ˘ܧ ߏ၆ۋბᅳ˿ซҖπӮཉĄ ன၁̚хдԯĞඕڍğ̳πۡତүࠎޠڱΐͽዋϡ۞˘ਠ̳ ——ࣧޠڱπࣧĄҭ ̳πࣧ˘ߏঔ߶ထࠧ̈́ۋბ̚۞ࣧޠڱĞ౮јĂ1992Ĉ134-151ćઉĂ 2005Ĉ82-108ğĂ̙ߏᅳ˿ۋბ̚۞ࣧޠڱĄঔ߶ထࠧۋბᄃ็ᅳ˿ۋბ̝มѣ ॲώડҾĂੵ˞ٙঘ̈́ᝋӀ۞ᛳّ۞ડҾĂՀт Brownlie ٙ೩̈́۞݈೩ĈĶүࠎ ࣧયᗟĂ၆ᙝࠧቢྎҜཉ۞ቁߏؠᄃٙѣᝋયᗟ̙࠹Т۞ķĞBrownlie Ă2003Ĉ 132ğĄ វ҃֏Ăঔ߶ထࠧߏдᅳ˿ᕩᛳ۞ૄᖂ˯ү۞Ăдͽ።ΫЯ৵ྋՙ˞ડાĞ͍ ߏડા̚۞फᑎğᕩᛳયᗟ̝ޢĂࠎҋ֗ঔાထࠧಶߏ˘࣎ࢋԆј۞߆ְޠڱڼ ચ—— ᔵд˘ֱপঅଐ˭ڶĂঔ߶ထࠧ˵Ξдᅳ˿ᕩᛳቁ݈̝ؠซҖĞࡻ˝Ă 1986ćઉĂ2003ğĄֶፂາϠ۞߆ޠڱڼఢĂ͍ߏঔ߶ఢĂ઼छࠎҋ֗ ঔ߶ડાထࠧ—— ѣ̂ౙߛထࠧăᛳགྷᑻડထࠧăᛳႢડထࠧಏ˘ထࠧඈԛ ё—— ፋវ˯ߏາϠ۞ঔ߶ထࠧᙷݭĂ઼ֹछ۞ঔ߶ࠧቢ̂̂ШγᕖणĂϤЧ͞۞В ТШγᕖण҃ԛј˞ధкঔ߶ࢦᝑડાĂ֭ႊ̼ј˞ధкঔ߶ထࠧۋბ—— үࠎன၁ ̚ঔ߶ထࠧۋბ۞ૄώԛёĄЯࠎາݭထࠧፋវ˯ߏາϠְચĂͷထࠧٙࣅ۞̂к ߏჟቁ۞གྷቛޘĂٙͽĂᏖՐထؠវ۞ਕૉ႕֖གྷቛࢋޘՐ۞ჟቁࠧቢॡĂᙯٺ វࠧቢώ֗Ă͌ــ።Ϋڱந࣎ૄᖂЯ৵ĂயϠᝋᝋӀᕩᛳ۞ࢦᝑડાĂӈд ૄώԛё̚Ăထࠧࢦᝑડાͻڱந۞።Ϋᕩᛳ̈́็ٚĂߙຍཌྷ˯֏Ăώ֗ ߏᝋᝋӀϏؠડાĄଂ҃၆ٺထࠧࢦᝑঔાĂ༊ְ͞۞ۋბߏಛᖒထࠧࣧăఢ ̈́វྻϡणฟ۞Ą༊Ч͞ౌڱӎؠ၆͞ఢТᇹѣڱநϒ༊ّॡĞঔ߶ထࠧ ٙѣ۞кထࠧ͞ڱТᇹߏ̙ޠڱԆБ۞˘ܑனğĂঔ߶ထࠧۋბಶߏĂᙯٺາ ᝋᝋӀ̝ତৼ۞Ă̢ܧϋّڱநᙋፂ̝ૄᖂ˯۞̢ܧϋۋݭბĂડҾ็ٺᅳ˿ۋ ბᙯٺٙᏜѣᅳ˿Ğᝋğ۞Ă̢ϋّڱநᙋፂ̝ૄᖂ˯۞̢ϋۋݭბĄ ༊ͽ̳ϒă̳πֽᆶෛᅳ˿ۋბ̚Զਾщଵ۞ன၁၁ּॡĂՀк۞ߏૄ̯̳ٺච։ ۞நهĂߊߏܮЯЅٙ၁ன۞Զਾщଵѣ˞ΦّڱኳĂтΔߤࡊгડĂ˵Ϊߏૄ ̯̳ٺච։ࣧĂ̳҃ܧπࣧĄЯࠎ̳̯ච։ࣧᄃ̳πࣧॲ۞ώડҾĞౘ͵ڼĂ 1995Ĉ57-58ğĂۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹĂχ˞னѣྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞Ğᙯ ٺ።ΫЯ৵۞ğૻّט॰ߛ。ᖣѩ೩ֻ˞ૄᖂĂдྋՙᅳ˿ۋბॡਕૉ͔ˢវன̳ϒ ֭ѣࣧޠڱгҜ۞̳πࣧ ——дኑᗔ۞̙ԆБ።Ϋႊซ̚Ă̙༊ͽѣड़ĶА ҫķүࠎّؠ።Ϋड़ᑕѣड़ăЪֶޠڱ۞ڱፂĂͷ่่̙ͽ።Ϋड़ᑕүࠎّؠᅳ˿ᕩ ᛳ۞ֶޠڱፂĂӈЧ༊઼ְ၆ᅳ˿۞።Ϋड़ᑕ̈́ன၁ᝋᏊĞౌүࠎ࠹ᙯଐڶğඈĂౌ Ξͽѣޠڱड़ᑕĂਕૉّؠᅳ˿ᕩᛳ̢̈́ܧϋᕩᛳ̝˯۞ᝋࢦּٕͧĂ၁னඕ̳ڍ πĄซ˘Վಶ̳πֽࣧᄲĂᔵវନ߉дԛё˯ΞਕܑனࠎԶਾщଵĂҭ۰ ߏ̙Т۞Ă݈۰ࠎّࣧޠڱନ߉Ăϲ֖࠹ٺᙯଐڶĂֶЪநّĂ҃ޢ۰ࠎ߆ڼ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
95
ఢቑទᏭ͚ᇣۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧซҖޙޘטၹĂٙϲ֖۞ ߏ̳ϒ̳πĂҭ၆ܲᅪ̙ߏ˘ҋཌྷચĂϒтঐໂયᗟΞटԡ ቑಛܑٙன۞ტЪ҂ᇋĂ˵ᄲ̳˞ځϒ̳π่ߏ˘̚҂ณЯ৵Ąд ྆Ăхдᇹ˘࣎ᔳᇎĈ̳ϒ̳π̙ߏүࠎޙޘטၹυื̝ણ҂Ăι ۞ΩγྋᛖಶߏĂ༊ͅ၆ֱᆊࣃ̬ˢॡĂ՟ѣЇңᇇᑅ˧——ϒтᅳ ˿ଵّࣧ۞ன၁ޞ࿃Ăֱ̈́ᆊࣃ۞ன၁ዎ࿃——ೱ֏̝Ăֱᆊࣃ ၆ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋ͚ࣧ۞ᇣహऴ˧Ăٕ۰ᄲ՟ѣຍཌྷĄ ҭ༊ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧϲּ֖ٺγࣧ۞гҜॡĂಶᄃ̳ ϒă̳πԛј˞ᇹ˘ؠҜᙯܼĈۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧΪдּγଐ ԛ˭ซҖޙၹॡ̖ವՐιࣇ۞͚ᇣĄᇹĂ̳ϒ̳πಶѣ˞རཙᕇ҃ ਕͽ༊۞ϒ༊ϒཌྷซҖ͚ᇣ——ࣰጯ˯۞ទᏭૄᖂдٺĈּγଐԛ ̚ঐໂᇆᜩ˞ΞटԡቑಛĂࡦޢٙͅߍ۞ৌϒયᗟߏĂଵّᕩᛳ၆ ĶεӀ˘͞ķߙ˘Ğֱğ͞ࢬ۞ຫचᚑࢦ̏זιٙਕٚޘࢨ̝צĂ ᚑࢦߏ۞ߍͅــޘĞҌ͌Ξͽͅߍğ˘ᚑࢦ۞̙̳ϒ̳̙ πĂӈ̳ϒă̳π̝ᆊࣃజᚑࢦᗼ˞Ăֹ̳ϒ̳π̝ᆊࣃдЧЯ৵ ۞ტЪ҂ᇋ̚ĂјࠎѣᐹАّ۞҂ณЯ৵ĂϤѩֹּܳγଐԛ̚ჯ᜕̳ ϒ̳π۞̢ܧϋᕩᛳјࠎ༊Ă֭ᖣϤ̳ϒ̳πώ֗۞ϒ༊ăϒཌྷᛳ ّ҃ѣϒ༊ϒཌྷĄ
ᨩ ˠᝋ͚ࣧ۞ᇣ Ķ઼छᆊࣃķᄃĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķߊ࠹̢၆ϲĂՀ࠹̢ႣĂ۰ม۞ኑ ᗔᙯܼᅮࢋд˘৩Ԕ̚םזአĄ઼ᅫ߆ڼ൴ण۞ซĂߙຍཌྷ˯ಶ ߏᆊࣃ࠹̢ࡎםአ۞࿅Ăٕ۰ଂΩ˘֎ֽޘᄲĂĶ઼छᆊࣃķ үࠎಧ઼ؠᅫ߆ૄ۞ڼϮĂϒߏĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ۞૦Ă̖Լត˞઼ᅫវր ޙၹ۞͞ШĂ֭ଯજ઼ᅫ߆ڼ൴णĄᓑЪ઼۞ޙϲĂΎព֭ቁϲ˞ ઼ᅫវրޙၹ۞ֹĂӈ઼ᅫវրٙࢋՐྏဦܳซ۞Ăߏдπ॰ߛ˭ ՀᇃھăՀஎ۞ג৩ԔĞHenkin Ă2005Ĉ149ğĄ̚ĂЧ઼ͽВТ˘ ۞͞ё၆Ր৩Ԕ۞જ˧ซҖ˞ቁᄮĈĶˠˠѣᝋࢋՐ˘ۤົ۞઼
ّନ߉Ăϲ֖ٺЧ͞෦ՐĂᔵΞͽֶЪநّĂҭЪநّ̙ߏυᅮ۞Ą
96ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ᅫ۞৩ԔĂд৩Ԕ̚Ăώ֏ކٙྶ۞ᝋӀҋϤਕᒔ·̶၁னķĞᓑ Ъ઼̂ົĂ1948Ĉௐ 28 ୧ğĄд྆Ăπజৼˢ˞זᇹ˘࣎ૄώؠ Ҝ̚ĈĶˠĂπ۞८͕ķĞPope Benedict XVI Ă2006ğĄᄃѩТॡĂ ৩Ԕ˵జኬ̟˞Հᖳಱ۞̰உĈˠώ৩ԔĄᇾᄫĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ̏གྷૻ ๕̬ˢ઼ᅫវր۞ၹౄ̚˞Ą д˘൴णซ̚ĂϒтĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ۞ు႙ૻ๕Ă઼ᅫۤົ۞ޙၹ ֶᏥ֭ٺు႙Ύពᇹ˘࣎Ķ۞ࣰጯ˯۞ЪநّķĞSimpson Ă 2008Ĉ36ğĈˠߏˠᙷۤົ۞ώវĂ҃ᅳ˿઼छ̈́ᝋࣧүࠎૄۤٺ ົ઼۞ࡗݵᅫޙޘטၹĂЯۤົ̝ࡗݵώّĂߏͽۤົّ۞ˠᝋᆊࣃࠎ ૄᖂ۞Ąೱ֏̝ĂΒ߁઼छᅳ˿ࣧд̰۞Їң۞ّޘט৩ԔĂౌߏϤˠ ٙޙϲֽ۞Ăᛃӣ˞ᇹ˘ણᄃ۰۞ᝋӀయЇĈણᄃ۰ਕૉͷυ ืቁܲࣇٙޙϲֽ۞৩Ԕ̚ĂˠᝋΞͽᒔ·̶۞၁னĞPogge Ă 1999Ĉ62ğĄ ͅߍĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķ۞ˠᝋࣧĂ드˿ࣧ˘ᇹĂౌߏ˘၁វّࣧ Ă۰۞ࡎߏĶˠ۞ᆊࣃķᄃĶ઼छᆊࣃķ̝ࡎ۞វ͞ࢬĂߏι ۞ؼҩĄ҃ͽ˯ࡦഀĶЪநّķֽؠҜˠᝋࣧᅳ˿ࣧĂιࣇ̝ มѣᇹ۞ᙯܼĈˠᝋࣧߏՀลăՀૄᖂ۞ࣧĂѣ઼̒छ ᅳ˿ࣧซҖޙၹ۞·̶ϒ༊ّĂϒтĶ઼ᅫˠᝋ઼˞ߍͅڱᅫវրഴຫ ૄώ۞઼छᆊࣃ̝ٚᏚķĞHenkin Ă2005Ĉ298ğćĶ઼ᅫ۞ڱซՎᄃ ઼ᅫπ۞ჯυืࢋ઼छϹ̶ొ˘ᝋķĞԈ྿Ă1983Ĉ180ğĄ ଂ҃ˠᝋࣧ၆઼छᝋࣧ̈́ᅳ˿ࣧ̒۞ĂߏĶдˠᝋᛉᗟ˯ឰ ഭᝋķĞᛂԈ྿Ă2004Ĉ178ğ۞វܑனĂ̙ҭૄ˘ٺᇇᙯᘃĂ Հૄ˘ٺᑕ۞ᝋӀᝋ˧Ăਕૉৼˢˠώ৩Ԕ̝ၹౄ۞̰ट࿅ ̚Ą ᄃܲᅪ̳ϒ̳π̙ТĂˠᝋѣ۞ໂᆊࣃ̝гҜĂֹܲᅪˠᝋߏ ˘ҋཌྷચćᅳ˿ଵّࣧѣ᜕π̈́Ϥѩܲᅪˠᝋ۞ࢦࢋүϡ ຍཌྷĂͷι၆ˠᝋ۞ຫचΪߏ˘ᙝቡְّ၁Ăӈள૱ּγ۞ଐڶĄ ᕇ۞ඕЪֹˠᝋࣧѣ˞ৌϒϲ֖ᕇĂಶдͷ่дۋბгડᅳ˿ܧ ̢ϋࣧؠҜּٺγࣧॡ၆ޙၹซҖ͚ᇣ——ࣰጯ˯۞ទᏭૄᖂд ٺĈ၆ܧٺԆБ።Ϋႊซ۞ᅳ˿็ٚĂᅳ˿ᝋࣧࢋՐϡԆБଵ۞
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
97
͞ёΝྋՙĂֹன၁̚˘ֱۋბ۞ඕၹّϬ࠼ыዟͷڱአĂϤѩ·ϋ ᇙޤăީެᇲෛඈଐჰĂᔞ឵ᅳ˿П፟ĂࠤҌౄјࡎᄃጼۋĂᚑ ࢦᗼٺྶܢྋᄃπ̝˯۞ˠᝋᆊࣃĂᔵΪߏᙝቡְّ၁Ăҭх д˘ߏݒቁ၁Ąхд۞ቁ၁ಶдܲᅪˠᝋ̝ҋཌྷચ۞үϡ˭Ă༊ г͚ᇣᅳ˿۞̢ܧϋᕩᛳĞүࠎ˘ѣ੫၆ّ۞Ᏼፄğ၆ᅳ˿ࣧซҖ ГޙၹĂ҃хд۞ᙝቡְّ၁̝ώኳಶֹ˯ГޙၹΪਕϲּ֖ٺγ ࣧ۞гҜĄϤѩĂϲּ֖ٺγࣧۋ۞ბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ̝ၹಶ јࠎˠώ৩Ԕ̝ၹ˘۞ޙ୧ྮâ࣎វొ̶Ă֭ѣ۞ࣰጯ˯۞ ЪநّĄ
˟ă၁ᙋཌྷ͞ࢬ۞ࣰጯૄᖂ ޘטâ၁д̝ۏĂˠ̍۞ְ၁Ăߏ၁ᙋّ۞Ğૺ͛ពĂ1995Ĉ77ć MacComick and Weinberger Ă1994Ĉ155ğĄᅳ˿ࣧүࠎ˘ؠ።Ϋ୧І ˭ޙၹ۞ࣧޘטĂ၆ன၁၁ኹ۞ૻአֹԛё˯۞၁ᙋទᏭјࠎυࢋ ۞Ą҃ͽன၁̈́၁ּࠎྮᇾٙವՐۋ۞זბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧĂҋಶ Ξͽ٩۞̚פ၁ᙋཌྷទᏭĂͽ͚ᇣҋ֗үࠎ˘υ၁۞ޙޘט ၹĄ
ᨧ ᅳ˿ᝋ۞።Ϋԛၗ೩ֻ˞ۡତ۞གྷរّᙋፂ ።Ϋ˯ѝಶѣ࿅ᅳ˿ᝋΞ̶۞ВგଐԛĂ 20 тд 1970 ѐͽ݈ĂՒ নгܠٛұТࡊރপăϿٛҹ̝มЧѣ˘Вგᅳ˿ĂѩֱгડјࠎĶ̚ ϲડķć1980 ѐͽ݈Ăࡻڱ၆͉ݑπ߶˯۞ New Hebrides ཏफ߉ҖВგć ઼ᅫ ੰڱ1992 ѐՙĂԈౌٛăᖠႬϞкᄃκΐٛϝѣᖳΙ៉ ĞGolfo de Fonsecağ۞ВТᝋĂˬ઼߉ҖВТგᔑĞ઼ᅫੰڱĂ1992-
20
Įώঔ઼ᅫڱįĂᅳ˿ᝋѣΞ̶ّĄͷซ˘ՎЕ̱ᅳ˿ᝋΞ̶۞ଐ ԛĂҭдᨧ̚ĈĶ၆ࣧ࣎ٺĞᅳ˿ᝋΞ̶Ăඊ۰ොğ۞ௐ˘ٕ࣎ధߏ ˘۞ৌϒּγߏٙᏜВგଐԛķĄιଐԛĂੵௐ̣ีᓑ઼֣छ۞ᅳ˿ଐԛߏᆸ̶۞ ͞ёγĂޙߏــϲд̙πඈЪࡗૄᖂ˯۞Ăѣ۞ߏ˘തϔ߆ඉĂт઼̚߆عд 1898 ѐజૻ࢝ቱэ៉১ගᇇ઼Ăҭѩֱଐԛౌ̏εΝ˞ன၁ّĞLauterpacht ࣒ࢎĂ 1981Ĉ2-7ğĄ
98ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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1996Ĉ18-49ğĂ֭ ٺ2007 ѐĂˬ઼ВТᘪཌ˞Вֳᝋ۞֏ކĄѨĂ ۋბгડᔵםᛉထᕩۋ˘ߙ̚ბ༊ְ͞ĂҭᄃѩТॡ၆͞дםᛉ̚ݒ ТՎᒔ˞ߙপঅ۞ඕၹّᝋӀĂֹѩ͞ᝋඕၹّࢨצĂͧтͧॾႬ ঔदۋბ९ĄΩγĂ၆ۋბгડซҖ̶౷Ăಶፋ࣎ۋბгડ҃֏Ă̶౷ޢ Тᇹᛳ̢ܧٺϋᅳ˿Ăͷૄ̶ٺ౷݈ᅳ˿ᝋ̢ܧϋ۞ன၁Ăͧтܻ̚ม โሺ̄फયᗟ۞ྋՙăࠟӀჯֲ͐ٛеมΔߤࡊયᗟ۞ྋՙĄ дۋბྋՙ݈Ă၆Їң˘࣎ۋბ༊઼ְֽᄲĂд઼઼̰ᅫᆸࢬౌ ކᄮ၆ፋ࣎ۋბгડጾѣԆፋ۞઼छᝋĂВგă̶౷ăᝋඕၹّࢨצ ώ֗ಶߏᗼᅳ˿ᝋԆፋĂ࿁઼ͅछጳ߆ࣧĄҭ̝ٙͽਕૉјҖĂ ࣧЯಶдٺĂᅳ˿ᝋҋቁϲͽֽĂιಶ̙ߏͽώវኢ˯۞၆ّซҖன ၁၁ኹĂд˘۞ؠன၁ࣧૄᖂ˯ĂߏΞ̶۞Ă̢ܧϋ۞Ą҃ͷĂ͞ ё̈́ޢࡦ၆Ԇፋᝋ۞ୢјΑྋՙٕఢᔖ˞ۋბӧဩ̚۞ኜкયᗟĂ གྷរ˯ѣ։рड़ڍĂߏ̷၁ΞҖ۞ĂΞͽдޘטᆸࢬ˯ซҖᖳಱᕖणĂ ԛј߆ߛޘט۞ޠڱڼၹĄֱགྷរְّ၁ࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ۞ޙၹĂ೩ֻ˞ۡତ۞ૻѣ˧۞၁ᙋཌྷ͚Ą
ᨨ ઼छᝋ۞ဩ೩ֻ˞ன၁ણ៍މଯજ ᝋநኢүࠎ˘ົۤؠ୧І۞யۏĂĶΪѣޙၹ̚۞ᝋĂ՟ѣޙၹ Ԇல۞ᝋķĞᎊࣝцĂ2004Ĉ260ğĄ͵ࠧ۞൴णĂБ̼ăБڼநă гડВТវඈඈ઼ࠧᝋ۞઼ᅫ၁ኹ̝எˢ൴णĂҘ൴Ӏֲ۞ϔ ઼छវրዎ࿃݈˞זٙϏѣ۞߄ጼᗼĞૺֲ̚Ă2001ćҥұୁޥĂ1999Ĉ 9ğĂు႙ޙၹϔ઼छ̈́ᝋາ۞ԛၗĄ݈ЇᓑЪ઼৪३ܑౌܜ ྿˞˯࠻ڱĈڻϡ˞ೀ࣎͵ࡔ۞၆ଵёᝋጯᄲ̙̏ГјϲČČ ԧࣇॡ˘࣎ࢦ̂ͷځം۞ࢋՐĂߏࢦາޥ҂ᝋયᗟĂČČٚᄮιΞਕ ѣ̙ͤ˘ԛၗٚፉ̙ͤ˘ΑਕĞBoutros-Ghali, 1992ğć઼छ ᝋĂಶॲώຍཌྷ҃֏ĂϒдజࢦາؠཌྷĂ͍ߏያБ઼̼ᅫЪү۞ ˧ณĞAnnan, 1999ğĄ Б̼၆็ᝋ۞߄ጼĂҌ͌ගۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹ೩ ֻ˞ˬ͞ࢬ۞ᑒӄĄ ௐ˘Ă၆Б̼۞ԛёᇆᜩĂٕਕࣄϡॡইσ۞ᓁඕү˘ໄᜓĈ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣ȈˣഇƟϔ઼ 102 ѐ 12 ͡
99
ᔵ઼छᅳ˿ໄ̪هхдĂΞБ̼۞к˧ณ႙ѨԛјĂд ֽ̂۞˯ޘᆑฟăࡍٕ۰Ⴃژϔ઼छࠧࢨ۞ᇴགྷᑻᙯ րăۤົᓑඕăϹ߹შඛ˜Ҍ֗ЊଐຏᄮТĂ֭ͷ࠹ᑕг݇ऴ˞ ϔ઼छ۞ᝋރᅳ˿ᝋࣧүࠎ͵ࠧ߆ॲڼώᖐࣧ۞гҜ Ğ2001Ĉ3ğĄ дᇹ۞͵ࠧ̚ĂᝋГ˵̙ົည࿅Ν֤ᇹјࠎ̙Ξۋ۞ૄώᆊࣃĂ ֹĶ̙͌ᅳાᝋ۞Җֹ̏ࡎҫّ҃ѣВֳّķ Ğች٤Ă2007Ĉ37ğĄ ௐ˟ĂБ̼۞͵ࠧயϠ˞˘͟ৈΐஎ۞̰дᓑᘭĞܿΞπĂ2005Ĉ 36ğĂ࠹ֶ̢хֽஎĂ͍ߏዐ઼̝มĄͷБ̼Հֽ˞͵ࠧЧ઼ ̝ม۞፬ধᚮۋĄϤѩĂࡎᄃጼۋٙࢋ;۞ᆊЧ͞ౌᙱͽٚצĂ ಶֹĶଠ઼טᅫࡎѣ˞̷࢝۞ᅮࢋன၁۞ΞਕķĞች٤Ă2007Ĉ114ğĂ Ξͽࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ۞ତצ೩ֻன၁ᑅ˧၁ᅫଯજĄ ௐˬĂБ̼ߏ˘Бາ۞͵ࠧ៍ĂιயϠă൴णు႙јሢ۞࿅Ă ߏ።Ϋࠧ͵ซՎ۞።Ăдѩ̚Ă͵ࠧᇴѨχᖞ៍هăᖞޘטĂθ ֈາ៍هăາޘטĄͽགྷរّซՎ።Ϋ៍៍ࠧ͵ᆶෛᅳ˿ଵّࣧ Ă੫၆Ч͞ࢬ۞ԊࢨĂਕૉͷυົซҖາ۞ޙၹĂ̚ಶΞͽΒ߁ ѣ੫၆ّ۞ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹĄ ࣎ॡ၆็ᝋฯ͕۞߄ጼߏለ༖Ăͽ۞ܑࠎгડВТ វҌ͌ࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹ೩ֻ˞ͽ˭ೀ͞ࢬ۞͚ᇣĄࢵ АĂүࠎᝋΞ̶ឰഭ۞၁ּĞ߸ᇇഢĂ2007Ĉ279ğĂࠎۋბгડᅳ ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹĂ೩ֻ˞ᝋΞ̶ّΞឰഭّ۞၁ᙋཌྷᙋፂĄ ѨĂгડВТវĶ఼࿅ᕖणᝋϔ઼छᙝࠧ۞߆ڼቑಛķĞܿΞπĂ 2005Ĉ13ğĂϒ઼छᅳ˿៍هĂࢦᄮТĂ˜Ҍд˘ؠຍཌྷ˯Ă ಶߏޙϲдᙯ઼ٺछ̝ޙၹ̈́Αਕ̢ܧϋ۞ந۞˯هĄࠎۋბгડ ᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ۞ၹ೩ֻ˞ந۞˯ه၁ᙋཌྷᙋፂĂ̈́ޙၹώ֗۞୧І ݵ፟ĄѩγĂгડВТវјࠎϏֽડા൴ण۞˘࣎ޝр۞͞ШĄтѩ˘ ֽĂԛјາ۞߆ڼڼநវրĞเઈपĂ2003ćᖡϜߋĂ2005ğĂᅳ˿ώ֗ ۞ࢦࢋّົజ୶̼݇ऴĂഴ͌˞ۋბᅳ˿ᕩᛳֽٙ۞၁ᅫᆊࣃຍ ཌྷĂТॡ˵ΐஎ˞Ч͞۞࠹ֶ̢ᏥĂֹܳ̓рăܫЇᄃπјࠎЧ઼எ̼ ᙯրυ̝ᄮТĂᅳ˿ۋბπྋՙјࠎυ̝ՐĞܛၷĂ2005Ĉ44ă
100ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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46ğĄϤѩĂࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ̝ၹ݇ऴ˞ԩ١˧ณ۞ТॡĂ ˵೩ֻ˞ଯજ˧ณĄ ઼छᝋдЧᆸࢬٙࢬᓜ۞జࢦ۞ன၁୧Іυࢋ̝ᄮТĂౌ݇ऴ ˞ιώ֗۞ԩ١Ăࠎۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧޙ̝ၹ೩ֻ˞၁ᙋ˯۞͚ᇣ ˧ณ˯۞ଯજĄ
Ёăᓁඕّෞኢ дҲᆸѨ˯நྋᅳ˿ۋბâߏϬ࠼Ą၆ٺĞវğϬ࠼۞ நྋՙĂυᅮૄٺϒ༊۞ࣧăఢĂͽѩ೩ֻ˘࣎ᇾநϤֽᄮؠ ࡶ̒͞९——ј˘࣎ะЪ——̚ߙ˘͞९۞࠹၆ЪநّĂͽྋՙϬ ࠼ĄߏྋՙϬ࠼Ğۋბğ۞ទᏭᕇĄ ᅳ˿યᗟࢵАߏ˘࣎ᝋયᗟĂૄٺᝋ۞၆ّଵّĂᅳ˿۞ ᕩᛳಶజࢵА͔ˢ˞זᇹ˘࣎ᄮᙊ۞݈೩̝˭Ĉѩۋბгડдڱந˯Ϊ ߏᛳۋ˘̚ٺბ༊ְ͞۞Ăۋბ۞ྋՙ˵ಶΪߏĂд߆̶˯ޠڱڼᏰ ѩۋბ༊ְ͞Ă֭၁ன၆ۋბгડ۞ԆБጾѣĄдѩ݈೩˭Ăૄٺϒ ༊ϒཌྷĂវޙϲ˞ซҖ˯ᅳ˿ཉ۞ࣧఢវրĄଂ҃༊ԯ͞ ९่ࢨࠎؠĂϤߙ˘͞ҋҫѣྍۋბгડॡĂᅳ˿ۋბયᗟ၁ኳ˯ಶᖼ ̼ࠎᇹ˘࣎યᗟĈϤࣹ˘͞ҫߏ࠹၆Ъந۞ĉ ༊ۋბ༊ְӴ઼́͞ᅫΦڱ፟ၹĂૄٺ၆࣎યᗟ۞аඍֽྋՙᅳ˿ ۋბĂ҃υืૄٺனѣࣧఢវրֽؠཌྷ࠹၆ЪநّĂଂ҃யϠኜк ӧဩॡĂώ͛ԯீᕇٸа֤࣎זទᏭᕇ˯Ă೩˘࣎ᆶෛநྋӧဩ ۞યᗟĈ༊ԧࣇд˘࣎͞९ะЪ̚ᄮ͞ؠ९ม۞࠹၆ЪநّॡĂ࣎͞९ ะЪߏӎЪநĂٕ۰ᄲĂߏӎѣΩγ۞͞९ะЪͧѩ͞९ะЪՀࠎЪநĂ ӈߏӎѣι͞९ͧϤ͞˘ߙ̚ҫۋბгડՀࠎЪநĉߏ˘࣎ͧ˯ ˘યᗟՀลăՀૄᖂ۞યᗟĄ ҭௐ˟࣎યᗟં࣎ߏݒયᗟĂЯࠎд઼ᅫΦ۞ڱෛ̚Ă၁ᙋཌྷ ۞˘ਠপֹّЇңĶЪநᄃӎķ̚۞Ķநķ࠰ߏޠڱڼ߆ٺវրĂߏ дߙ࣎វրֽ̚நྋ٩۞פĂߏ˘វրទᏭĂ၁ᙋّ۞Ă҃னѣវր ΪΒ߁ௐ˘࣎યᗟĂٙਕ٩פֽ۞Ķநķಶߏᙯ͞˘ߙٺҫ۞࠹၆
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ЪநّĄߏٺĂώ͛ਫ਼ᔖ˞˘યᗟĂٺΦ۞ڱ၁ᙋෛĂ෦ኜٺҋ நّĂӀϡநّޙၹཌྷĂଂࢬֽᄮᙊ࣎ลૄᖂયᗟĄಶវ ԛёֽᄲĂώ͛ԯன၁̚ѣ၁ּ۞߆ّڼԶਾщଵүࠎΩ˘࣎͞९ֽᕖ णะЪĂ၆Զਾࡦૄޠڱڼ߆۞ޢᖂซҖၹޙĂ၁ߏᏖՐͽّޘט ְ၁ᕖणனѣ۞߆ޠڱڼវրĄ ಶ˯࿅۞߆ޠڱڼຍཌྷ҃֏ĂԶਾщଵүࠎ˘߆ّڼନ߉Ă ᔵૄࣧٺఢវր۞Ъநّ̙ߏυᅮ۞ĂҭѩЪநّ၆ιజତৼ ၁߉ѣࢦࢋܳซүϡĄٙͽ၆វր̚Ъநّ۞၁ᙋཌྷޙޘטၹâ ͞ࢬΞͽܳซԶਾщଵ̝၁߉రၔĂՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ၁ᙋ˯ѣ˞࠹̢ԁ ۞םЪநّĂޠڱಶਕૉͽѩԛёۡତ᎕ໂг̬ˢᅳ˿ۋბĄ҃ώ͛ ͽԶਾщଵࠎ̷ˢᕇᆶෛᅳ˿ࣧĂГޙၹ˞Ķۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧ ķĄϤѩâ͞ࢬĂາ۞ᅳ˿ࣧүࠎ·̝ྃޘטᕖण˞னѣ߆ڼ ޠڱវրĂଂ҃ਕૉд̚٩ᘯĶநķĂ၁ᙋّ۞Ăͽ͚ᇣ֤࣎ล ૄᖂયᗟĂֹ̝јࠎ˞ৌયᗟćΩ˘͞ࢬĂͽүࠎԶਾщଵ۞߆ڼ ૄޠڱᖂĂଂ҃аඍ˞݈֏̚۞ˬ࣎યᗟĄ ˯۞ࢬ͞ඕЪĂពϯ˞ώ͛ԯĶ݈֏ķ݈࣎̚યᗟ๗Ъ֭ᕖण ࠎௐˬ࣎યᗟ۞ৌϒϡຍĈࢵАĂͽՀஎ̼۞ᗟซҖኢޙၹĂଂ҃ ਕૉԯޘטቑᘞৼˢ̚Ăฟᜥޙޘטၹ۞۩มĂࠎ߆˧ޠڱڼณՀҋ ᛇՀજг̬ˢᅳ˿ۋბχฟ̂ܝĄѨĂͽԶਾщଵ۞ନ߉ࠎវ၁ ּĂֹ֤࣎ลૄᖂયᗟͽ˘࣎វԛёன——ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბॡĂԶ ਾщଵߏӎͧϤ͞˘ߙ̚ҫᅳ˿ՀࠎЪநĉ҃ώ͛ຍٺಶѩયᗟ Ğ֤࣎ลૄᖂયᗟğග˘࣎˘ਠّඕኢĂٕధώ֗ಶ̙ᑕѣ˘࣎ ˘ਠّඕኢ——ۋბгડᅳ˿̢ܧϋࣧүࠎ˘ּγࣧĂΪߏ˘୧ ΞֻᏴፄ۞ྮĄҭώ͛۞ᆊࣃ̏གྷពϯֽĈଂԈ៍˯֏Ăᕖण˞னѣ ߆ޠڱڼវրĂࠎՀк߆ࣧޠڱڼăନ߉Ğт̳πࣧĂԶਾщଵğ ّؠᅳ˿ۋბ೩ֻ˞ૄᖂĂֹ̝ѣՀᖳಱ۞߆ୂޠڱڼຏĂଂ҃ਕૉ ԯՀкᅳ˿ۋბӧဩৼˢ߆۞ޠڱڼ॰ߛ̰Ăͽ߆͞ޠڱڼёπྋ ՙĄଂ៍˯֏Ăԯ֤࣎ลૄᖂયᗟϤ˘࣎ંયᗟតј˘࣎ৌયᗟĂ ֭ವԱ˞זι۞˘࣎វԛёĂ̈́ѩវԛёд៍˯۞ទᏭૄᖂĂଂ҃ ਕૉͽѩវԛёĂдវ۞ᅳ˿ۋბ̚Ă͍ߏдѣពӧဩ۞ᅳ˿
102ā ྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ۞˘୧ྮĈԶਾщଵ̈́ޢࡦᅳ˿ࣧޙ̝ၹ
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ۋბ̚ĂણᄃՙඉĂјࠎྋՙᅳ˿ۋბॡυื҂ᇋаඍ۞યᗟĄ
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38(7): 23-42Ą ౘ͵ڼĂ1995ĂĮ઼ᅫڱįĂέΔĈέ៉થચО३ᐡĄ ઼ᅫੰڱĂ1992-1996Ă IJ઼ᅫੰڱҿՙ३ăᏙྙຍ֍΄ၡࢋ 1992-1996ijĂ ઼ ᅫ ͞ ء ੰ ڱშ ࢱ Ă http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/ch/files/sum_19921996.pdfĂ2013/11/30Ą ૺ͛ពĂ1995ĂIJޠڱ၁ᙋཌྷҋڱநኢ—— ڱޘטநጯ۞ᄮᙊů ͞ڱኢώវኢijĂĮͧྵࡁڱտįĂ1: 74-88Ą ૺֲ̚Ă2001ĂIJБڼநĈវᄃᝋ˧۞ྋژijĂĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ40(4): 1-24Ą അā൶Ă2010ĂIJኢᅳ˿۞ڱາ൴ण—— ͽ઼ᅫΦڱҿּࠎෛ֎ijĂĮശሔ ̂ጯጯಡĞࣰጯۤົࡊጯۍğįĂ34(3): 44-48Ą เઈपĂ2003ĂIJ࣠ژለ߷ᓑ༖ϒдјڼ۞ݭநវրijĂĮለ࡚ࡁտįĂ33(2): 291-344Ą ౮јĂ1992ĂĮ઼ᅫঔ߶ ——ڱᏊπထࠧኢįĂέΔĈˬϔ३ԊĄ ችā٤Ă2007ĂĮБ̼ᄃ߆۞ڼᖼݭįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĄ ᎊࣝцĂ2004ĂĮኢҽጼ߄ޢጼ઼छᝋ۞நኢޥሗįĂΔִĈ઼ۤ̚ົࡊ ጯۤۍĄ ᓑЪ઼̂ົĂ1948ĂIJ͵ࠧˠᝋ֏ކijĂᓑЪ઼͞ءშࢱĂhttp://www.un.org/ zh/documents/udhr/Ă2013/11/30Ą ᖡϜߋĂ2005ĂIJለ༖кᆸѨڼநĈኢᕇᄃன෪ijĂĮ߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍįĂ24: 49-76Ą ᛂԈ྿Ă2004ĂIJଂޘטཌྷྋژለ߷ᓑ༖ጳڱ୧ࡗਨ९ijĂĮ߆ࡊڼጯኢ ᕍįĂ20: 167-208Ą ᘲᝌڟĂ2010ĂIJ઼ᅫੰڱдྋՙᅳ˿ۋბ̚۞ԊࢨّijĂĮ˯ঔ߆ڱጯੰ ጯಡĞڼڱኢᕍğįĂ25(1): 114-120Ą
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One Way to Resolve Territorial Disputes: Compromise Arrangements and the Construction of their Underlying Territorial Principles* Hong-di Liou **
Abstract This article argues that under the existing political and legal system, the application of the principle of territorial exclusivity to deal with territorial disputes leads to hidden structural contradictions. In addition, the same values hinder the resolution of disputes. meaning that many disputes end up in structural quagmires. Therefore, when we look at disputes from a structural perspective, an important question naturally arises: are there any solutions that are more reasonable than either side simply occupying the disputed territory? However, this is only a theoretical question, as under the current international system, other proposals are not represented in the dialogue. Therefore, this paper uses compromise arrangements as a starting point to analyze territorial disputes, and on this basis, puts forward a theoretical framework for the territorial principle, establishing the “principle that territorial disputes are non-exclusive.” When each side supports the above principle and the expansion of existing political and legal systems, the theoretical question above becomes a real question. Overall, space is created for alternative dispute resolution proposals, including compromise arrangements. Specifically, the non-exclusivity principle for disputed territory can be understood as a special or weakened form of the principle of territorial exclusivity. On this basis, there is no essential contradiction between compromise arrangements and exclusivity. The former is simply a * DOI:10.6166/TJPS.58 (71-108) ** Independent scholar working on political science and game theory. E-mail: [email protected]
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special and weakened version of the latter. From this perspective, we can understand how these two conflicting approaches are reconciled. These two approaches reveal the overall goal of this article to use specific measures to guide the construction of the system, and apply the power and logical of the current system to promote concrete practice. Keywords: Territorial Disputes, Structure, Compromise Arrangement, The Principle of Non-exclusivity in Territorial Disputes, National Sovereignty
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