Possibilities for Citrus Mechanical Harvesting in Spain
POSSIBILITIES FOR CITRUS MECHANICAL HARVESTING IN ANDALUSIA (SPAIN) F.J. Arenas*, A. Hervalejo and A. Salguero IFAPA Centro Las Torres, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain [email protected]
INTRODUCTION The traditional destination of spanish citrus, the fresh market, has brought that collecting most of the harvest is being done manually. Currently this practice is being one of the main added costs of the field and the commercialization process. However the recent installation of juice processing companies has led to the installation to modern plantation to yield quality oranges for processing. The competitiviness of this plantations go through mechanized harvestig as a priority strategy to reduce production costs and improve the competiveness.
I. CITRUS SECTOR ANALISYS-SPAIN
II. CITRUS SECTOR ANALISYS-ANDALUSIA Figure 3. Destination of Spanish citrus production
35 30
15,1 %
Figure 1.Total citrus fruit production (million tonnes)
25
CULTIVAR Navelina-Newhall Navelate Lane Late Washington - Thomson Navel
20
33,4 %
15
51,5%
10
Export Internal consumption Processed citrus fruit
Total Navel orange Salustiana
5
Valencia Late Cadenera and other ToTal Blanca orange
Italy
Nigeria
Egypt
Turkey
Spain
Mexico
USA
India
China
Brazil
0
Figure 4. Processed citrus fruit (tonnes)
3,5
1.200.000
3
1.000.000
Figure 2. Quantity of total citrus fruit exported (million tonnes)
2,5
Other citrus species Grapefruit Lemon Mandarin Sour orange Sweet orange
800.000
2
600.000
1,5
400.000
1
Argentina
Greece
Netherlands
Morocco
Turkey
USA
Egypt
0
China
0 South Africa
200.000
Spain
0,5
Faostat.2010
Total orange Satsuma Clementina Mandarin e Hybrid
Spain is the sixth largest producer (Figure 1) and the world´s principal exporter (Figure 2) of citrus fruits.
2005-2009
1996-2000
1983-1987
MARM.2009
CAPA.2011 Lemon
Andalusia is the second-largest producing citrus area in Spain with 25% of total Spanish production (1.320.000 tonnes). Sweet orange represents nearly 70% of citrus produced in Andalusia, being more than 40% of its production destinated for processing (Above table).
Processed citrus fruit accounts for 15% of total production (Figure 3). However, spanish citrus processing sector has seen considerable growth in the last years. Oranges together with mandarins reach nearly 90% of processed citrus fruit in Spain (Figure 4).
NEW HOLLAND COLOSSUS
OXBO3220
It can establish three kinds of citrus orchards according to the spacing of plants: I.- Traditional and extensive citrus orchards with spacing of plants at 7m x 7m and big canopy volume. Trunk Super- intensive Shaker is proposed as the only mechanical harvesting OXBO3210 orchards system. II.- Intensive citrus orchards, planted in more recent years, with spacing of plants at 7m x 3-2,5m. Much of Andalucia´s citrus orchards belong to this kind of desing, where Canopy Shakers (Colossus, OXBO3210 and OXBO3220) have a greater interest than Trunk Shakers. III- Super- intensive citrus orchards with spacing of plants at 3,5-4m x 1-2m. Several experimental plots are currently the only evidence of super-intensive citrus orchard in Andalusia. The objective of these plots is to get an available system for the total mechanizacion. Use of continuous, over the Intensive orchards row, machine harvesters, such us winegrape harvester (New Holland and Gregoire), arrise as the mechanical harvesting system most suitable for this type of plantation. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera CONSEJERIA DE AGRICULTURA Y PESCA
Orange orchard of 2 ha in Andalusia Crop fertilization Phytosanitary Tillage Tree pruning Harvesting Supplies (fuel, electricity...) Management CAPA.2009 Total direct costs (Є/ha)
III. MECHANICAL HARVESTING
GREGOIRE
Fresh citrus fruits Processed citrus fuits 177.670 131.068 171.516 77.133 147.507 496.693 208.201 94.613 82.500 117.567 168.383 5.334 45.664 217.514 296.547 714207 504748 9.725 1.404 142.317 23.930 107.916 2.582 82.415 33.867
Supplies Labour 633,30 147,00 506,60 556,50 172,20 661,10 1.643,80 562,60 459,90 1702,50 3640,50
% 14,60 19,90 3,22 12,37 30,77 10,53 8,61 100,00
Hand harvesting of citrus represents a significant portion of the cost of producing citrus (30% of total production direct costs) (Above table) Much of Andalusia´s citrus surface area consists of citrus farms with size suited to the mechanical harvesting (table bellow). Area 50 Total
Farming (nº) 952,00 684,00 1095,00 1415,00 965,00 865,00 678,00 315,00 260,00 7229,00
% Farming 13,17 9,46 15,15 19,57 13,35 11,97 9,38 4,36 3,60 100,00
Area (ha) 154,80 271,70 799,00 2334,50 3453,90 6029,20 10877,30 11167,20 30079,00 65166,50
% Area 0,24 0,42 1,23 3,58 5,30 9,25 16,69 17,14 46,16 100,00
Mean area (ha) 0,20 0,40 0,70 1,60 3,60 7,00 16,00 35,50 115,70 9,00
Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional
INTRODUCTION The traditional destination of spanish citrus, the fresh market, has brought that collecting most of the harvest is being done manually. Currently this practice is being one of the main added costs of the field and the commercialization process. However the recent installation of juice processing companies has led to the installation to modern plantation to yield quality oranges for processing. The competitiviness of this plantations go through mechanized harvestig as a priority strategy to reduce production costs and improve the competiveness.
I. CITRUS SECTOR ANALISYS-SPAIN
II. CITRUS SECTOR ANALISYS-ANDALUSIA Figure 3. Destination of Spanish citrus production
35 30
15,1 %
Figure 1.Total citrus fruit production (million tonnes)
25
CULTIVAR Navelina-Newhall Navelate Lane Late Washington - Thomson Navel
20
33,4 %
15
51,5%
10
Export Internal consumption Processed citrus fruit
Total Navel orange Salustiana
5
Valencia Late Cadenera and other ToTal Blanca orange
Italy
Nigeria
Egypt
Turkey
Spain
Mexico
USA
India
China
Brazil
0
Figure 4. Processed citrus fruit (tonnes)
3,5
1.200.000
3
1.000.000
Figure 2. Quantity of total citrus fruit exported (million tonnes)
2,5
Other citrus species Grapefruit Lemon Mandarin Sour orange Sweet orange
800.000
2
600.000
1,5
400.000
1
Argentina
Greece
Netherlands
Morocco
Turkey
USA
Egypt
0
China
0 South Africa
200.000
Spain
0,5
Faostat.2010
Total orange Satsuma Clementina Mandarin e Hybrid
Spain is the sixth largest producer (Figure 1) and the world´s principal exporter (Figure 2) of citrus fruits.
2005-2009
1996-2000
1983-1987
MARM.2009
CAPA.2011 Lemon
Andalusia is the second-largest producing citrus area in Spain with 25% of total Spanish production (1.320.000 tonnes). Sweet orange represents nearly 70% of citrus produced in Andalusia, being more than 40% of its production destinated for processing (Above table).
Processed citrus fruit accounts for 15% of total production (Figure 3). However, spanish citrus processing sector has seen considerable growth in the last years. Oranges together with mandarins reach nearly 90% of processed citrus fruit in Spain (Figure 4).
NEW HOLLAND COLOSSUS
OXBO3220
It can establish three kinds of citrus orchards according to the spacing of plants: I.- Traditional and extensive citrus orchards with spacing of plants at 7m x 7m and big canopy volume. Trunk Super- intensive Shaker is proposed as the only mechanical harvesting OXBO3210 orchards system. II.- Intensive citrus orchards, planted in more recent years, with spacing of plants at 7m x 3-2,5m. Much of Andalucia´s citrus orchards belong to this kind of desing, where Canopy Shakers (Colossus, OXBO3210 and OXBO3220) have a greater interest than Trunk Shakers. III- Super- intensive citrus orchards with spacing of plants at 3,5-4m x 1-2m. Several experimental plots are currently the only evidence of super-intensive citrus orchard in Andalusia. The objective of these plots is to get an available system for the total mechanizacion. Use of continuous, over the Intensive orchards row, machine harvesters, such us winegrape harvester (New Holland and Gregoire), arrise as the mechanical harvesting system most suitable for this type of plantation. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera CONSEJERIA DE AGRICULTURA Y PESCA
Orange orchard of 2 ha in Andalusia Crop fertilization Phytosanitary Tillage Tree pruning Harvesting Supplies (fuel, electricity...) Management CAPA.2009 Total direct costs (Є/ha)
III. MECHANICAL HARVESTING
GREGOIRE
Fresh citrus fruits Processed citrus fuits 177.670 131.068 171.516 77.133 147.507 496.693 208.201 94.613 82.500 117.567 168.383 5.334 45.664 217.514 296.547 714207 504748 9.725 1.404 142.317 23.930 107.916 2.582 82.415 33.867
Supplies Labour 633,30 147,00 506,60 556,50 172,20 661,10 1.643,80 562,60 459,90 1702,50 3640,50
% 14,60 19,90 3,22 12,37 30,77 10,53 8,61 100,00
Hand harvesting of citrus represents a significant portion of the cost of producing citrus (30% of total production direct costs) (Above table) Much of Andalusia´s citrus surface area consists of citrus farms with size suited to the mechanical harvesting (table bellow). Area 50 Total
Farming (nº) 952,00 684,00 1095,00 1415,00 965,00 865,00 678,00 315,00 260,00 7229,00
% Farming 13,17 9,46 15,15 19,57 13,35 11,97 9,38 4,36 3,60 100,00
Area (ha) 154,80 271,70 799,00 2334,50 3453,90 6029,20 10877,30 11167,20 30079,00 65166,50
% Area 0,24 0,42 1,23 3,58 5,30 9,25 16,69 17,14 46,16 100,00
Mean area (ha) 0,20 0,40 0,70 1,60 3,60 7,00 16,00 35,50 115,70 9,00
Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional
