Public Works and Water Plant
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. Building Systems Consultants www.swinter.com
293 Route 18, Suite 330 East Brunswick, NJ 08816
Telephone Facsimile
(866) 676-1972 (203) 852-0741
June 28, 2010 Local Government Energy Program Energy Audit Final Report
Borough of Chatham Public Works and Water Plant 446 Main Street Chatham, NJ 07928
Project Number: LGEA64
West Facing View
East Facing View
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 3 3. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5 4. HISTORICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION ............................................................................ 6 5. EXISTING FACILITY AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION ...................................................... 13 6. RENEWABLE AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MEASURES .............................................. 37 7. PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES ..................................................... 38 8. PROPOSED FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 41 9. APPENDIX A: EQUIPMENT LIST...................................................................................... 52 10. APPENDIX B: LIGHTING STUDY ..................................................................................... 56 11. APPENDIX C: THIRD PARTY ENERGY SUPPLIERS ....................................................... 58 12. APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY AND METHOD OF CALCULATIONS .................................... 61 13. APPENDIX E: STATEMENT OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE FROM ENERGY STAR® ... 65 14. APPENDIX F: INCENTIVE PROGRAMS ........................................................................... 66 15. APPENDIX G: ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES .................................................. 68 16. APPENDIX H: METHOD OF ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 70
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Public Works and Water Plant is a seven building facility comprising a total floor area of 20,010 square feet. The original structure was built in 1898 with renovations/ additions in the 1950s, 1980s, 1995 and 2003. The following chart provides an overview of current energy usage in the building based on the analysis period of March 2009 through February 2010: Table 1: State of Building—Energy Usage Gas Fuel Oil Current Site Joint Energy Usage, usage, Annual Energy Consumption, gal/yr MMBtu/yr therms/yr Cost of Use Energy, $ Intensity, kBtu/sq ft yr 688,000 4,533 343 124,077 139.0 2,849 639,061 4,469 343 115,633 130.3 2,676 48,939 64 0 8,444 8.7 173 7% 1% 0% 7% 6% 6%
Electric Usage, kWh/yr
Current Proposed Savings % Savings
There may be energy procurement opportunities for the Public Works and Water Plant to reduce annual electrical utility costs, which are $14,663 higher, when compared to the average estimated NJ commercial utility rates. SWA has also entered energy information about the Public Works and Water Plant in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager energy benchmarking system. This mixed use facility is comprised of non-eligible (“Other”) space type. The resulting usage is 139.0 kBtu/sq ft yr, which is higher than the average comparable building by 33.7%. The main reason for the high electric usage is three big water pumps supplying the Borough with water 24 hr/7days. Based on the current state of the buildings and their energy use, SWA recommends implementing various energy conservation measures from the savings detailed in Table 1. The measures are categorized by payback period in Table 2 below: Table 2: Energy Conservation Measure Recommendations Simple Initial First Year CO2 Savings, Payback Investment, ECMs Savings lbs/yr Period $ ($) (years) 0-5 Year 4,139 2.7 11,212 24,596 5-10 Year 110 6.8 750 627 >10 year 26,657 12.7 337,872 62,786 Total 30,906 11.3 349,834 88,009 SWA estimates that implementing the recommended ECMs is equivalent to removing approximately 7 cars from the roads each year or avoiding the need of 214 trees to absorb the annual CO2 generated. Other recommendations to increase building efficiency pertaining to operations and maintenance and capital improvements are listed below:
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Further Recommendations: SWA recommends that the Public Works and Water Plant further explore the following: •
Capital Improvements o o o o o o o o o
•
Install NEMA Premium motors when replacements are required Install gas-fired infrared heaters (approximate 8 infrared heaters total) in Garages Install a premium efficiency motor on the sewage ejector pump - Main Office and Garage Replace the DHW heater in the Main Office and Garage Building with a condensing model Replace heating terminal units - such as perimeter hot water radiators in the Main Office Consider adding emergency generator for well pump #2 Add insulation to ineffective and under-insulated ceiling sections Replace all original, single-glazed windows and frames with low-E, double glazed type Install CO detectors/alarms in garages and nearby working spaces and chlorine detectors/alarms in the Pump/Well Houses
Operations and Maintenance o Re-point deteriorated mortar joints to prevent possible water/moisture penetration into walls o Investigate cause of efflorescence-coated brick and masonry o Install footing drains and slope perimeter grade away from the buildings o Install and maintain weather-stripping around all exterior doors and roof hatches o Maintain roofs - SWA recommends regular maintenance to verify water is draining correctly o Maintain downspouts and cap flashing - Repair/install missing downspouts and cap flashing o Repair/seal wall cracks and penetrations o Provide water-efficient fixtures and controls o Purchase ENERGY STAR® labeled appliances, when equipment is installed or replaced o Use smart power electric strips o Create an energy educational program o Insulate un-insulated heating piping o Check water levels in the expansion tanks and the integrity of the tank bladders o Tighten belts on exhaust fans o Change filters in air handling units monthly
Financial Incentives and Other Program Opportunities There are various incentive programs that the Borough of Chatham could apply for that could also help lower the cost of installing the ECMs. Please refer to Appendix F for details. SWA recommends that the Borough of Chatham implement the ECMs as listed in increasing order of simple payback with the majority of measures consisting of lighting (apply for Direct Install option), thermostats, an HVAC split system, a refrigerator and a Solar PV installation. SWA also encourages installation of Infra Red heaters in the garages.
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INTRODUCTION Launched in 2008, the Local Government Energy Audit (LGEA) Program provides subsidized energy audits for municipal and local government-owned facilities, including offices, courtrooms, town halls, police and fire stations, sanitation buildings, transportation structures, schools and community centers. The Program will subsidize up to 100% of the cost of the audit. The Board of Public Utilities (BPUs) Office of Clean Energy has assigned TRC Energy Services to administer the Program. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. (SWA) is a 38-year-old architectural/engineering research and consulting firm, with specialized expertise in green technologies and procedures that improve the safety, performance, and cost effectiveness of buildings. SWA has a long-standing commitment to creating energy-efficient, cost-saving and resource-conserving buildings. As consultants on the built environment, SWA works closely with architects, developers, builders, and local, state, and federal agencies to develop and apply sustainable, ‘whole building’ strategies in a wide variety of building types: commercial, residential, educational and institutional. SWA performed an energy audit and assessment for the Public Works and Water Plant at 446 Main Street. The process of the audit included facility visits on April 7, 12 and 22, 2010, benchmarking and energy bills analysis, assessment of existing conditions, energy modeling, energy conservation measures and other recommendations for improvements. The scope of work includes providing a summary of current building conditions, current operating costs, potential savings, and investment costs to achieve these savings. The facility description includes energy usage, occupancy profiles and current building systems along with a detailed inventory of building energy systems, recommendations for improvement and recommendations for energy purchasing and procurement strategies. The goal of this Local Government Energy Audit is to provide sufficient information to the Borough of Chatham to make decisions regarding the implementation of the most appropriate and most costeffective energy conservation measures for the Public Works and Water Plant.
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HISTORICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Energy usage, load profile and cost analysis SWA reviewed utility bills from March 2008 through February 2010 that were received from the utility companies supplying the Public Works and Water Plant with electric and natural gas. A 12 month period of analysis from March 2009 through February 2010 was used for all calculations and for purposes of benchmarking the building. Electricity - The Public Works and Water Plant is currently served by one electric meter. The Public Works and Water Plant currently buys electricity from JCP&L at an average aggregated rate of $0.171/kWh. The Public Works and Water Plant purchased approximately 688,000 kWh, or $117,863 worth of electricity, in the previous year. The average monthly demand was 217 kW and the annual peak demand was 298 kW. The chart below shows the monthly electric usage and costs. The dashed green line represents the approximate baseload or minimum electric usage required to operate the Public Works and Water Plant.
$14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 Electric Usage (kWh) Estimated Baseload (kWh) Electric Cost
$4,000 $2,000
Electric Cost ($)
80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0
$0
Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10
Electric Usage (kWh)
Annual Electric Usage (kWh) and Cost($)
Date (Month-Year) Natural gas - The Public Works and Water Plant is currently served by one meter for natural gas. The Public Works and Water Plant currently buys natural gas from PSE&G at an average aggregated rate of $1.193/therm. The Public Works and Water Plant purchased approximately 4,533 therms, or $5,408 worth of natural gas, in the previous year. The chart below shows the monthly natural gas usage and costs. The green line represents the approximate baseload or minimum natural gas usage required to operate the Public Works and Water Plant.
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$1,400 Natural Gas Usage (therms) Estimated Baseload (therms) Natural Gas Cost
1000
$1,200 $1,000
800
$800
600
$600
400
$400
200
$200
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
$0
Apr-09
0
Natural Gas Cost($)
1200
Mar-09
Natural Gas Usage (therms)
Annual Natural Gas(therms) and Cost($)
Date (Month-Year)
1,200
1,200 Natural Gas Usage (therms) Heating Degree Days (HDD)
1,000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
0
Apr-09
0
HDD
1,000
Mar-09
Natural Gas Usage (therms)
Natural Gas Usage (therms) vs. Heating Degree Days (HDD)
Date (Month-Year) The chart above shows the monthly natural gas usage along with the heating degree days or HDD. Heating degree days is the difference of the average daily temperature and a base temperature, on a particular day. The heating degree days are zero for the days when the average temperature exceeds the base temperature. SWA’s analysis used a base temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
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The Main Office and Garage Building is partly heated by a fuel oil fired hot water boiler, supplied with fuel oil from an outdoor 500 gal tank. The Public Works and Water Plant currently buys fuel oil from Crown Oil Co. at an average aggregated rate of $2.350/gal. The Public Works and Water Plant purchased approximately 343 gals, or $806 worth of fuel oil, in the previous year. The following graphs, pie charts, and table show energy use for the Public Works and Water Plant based on utility bills for the 12 month period. Note: electrical cost at $50/MMBtu of energy is more than 4 times as expensive as natural gas at $12/MMBtu
Annual Energy Consumption / Costs MMBtu % MMBtu $ Electric Miscellaneous 1,842 65% $92,458 Electric For Cooling 151 5% $7,602 Electric For Heating 239 8% $12,024 Lighting 115 4% $5,779 Building Space Heating (Oil) 48 2% $806 Domestic Hot Water (Gas) 21 1% $256 Building Space Heating (Gas) 432 15% $5,152 Totals 2,849 100% $124,077 Total Oil Usage 48 2% $806 Total Electric Usage 2,348 82% $117,863 Total Gas Usage 453 16% $5,408 Totals 2,849 100% $124,077
Annual Energy Consumption (MMBtu) Domestic Hot Water (Gas) Building Space Heating (Oil)
Building Space Heating (Gas)
Annual Energy Costs ($) Building Space Heating (Oil)
Domestic Hot Water (Gas)
Building Space Heating (Gas) Lighting
Electric For Heating
Lighting
Electric For Heating
%$ $/MMBtu 75% 50 6% 50 10% 50 5% 50 1% 17 0% 12 4% 12 100% 1% 17 95% 50 4% 12 100%
Electric For Cooling Electric Miscellaneou s
Electric Miscellaneou s
Electric For Cooling
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Energy benchmarking SWA has entered energy information about the Public Works and Water Plant in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager energy benchmarking system. This mixed use facility is categorized as a non-eligible (“Other”) space type. Because it is an “Other” space type, there is no rating available. Consequently, the Public Works and Water Plant is not eligible to receive a national energy performance rating at this time. The Site Energy Use Intensity is 139.0 kBtu/ft2-yr compared to the national average of other type buildings consuming 104 kBtu/ft2-yr. See ECM section for guidance on how to improve the building’s rating.
Site Energy Intensity (kBtu/sq ft.)
18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Apr-09
Gas Energy Intensity Electric Energy Intensity
Mar-09
Site Energy Intensity (kBtu/sq ft.)
Due to the nature of its calculation based upon a survey of existing buildings of varying usage, the national average for “Other” space types is very subjective, and is not an absolute bellwether for gauging performance. The main reason for the high electric usage is three big water pumps supplying the Borough with water 24 hr/7days. Additionally, should the Borough of Chatham desire to reach this average there are other large scale and financially less advantageous improvements that can be made, such as envelope window, door and insulation upgrades that would help the building reach this goal.
Date (Month-Year) Per the LGEA program requirements, SWA has assisted the Borough of Chatham to create an ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager account and share the Public Works and Water Plant facilities information to allow future data to be added and tracked using the benchmarking tool. SWA has shared this Portfolio Manager account information with the Borough of Chatham (user name of “chathamborough” with a password of “CHATHAMBOROUGH” and TRC Energy Services (user name of “TRC-LGEA”).
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Tariff analysis As part of the utility bill analysis, SWA evaluated the current utility rates and tariffs. Tariffs are typically assigned to buildings based on size and building type. Tariff analysis is performed to determine if the rate that a municipality is contracted to pay with each utility provider is the best rate possible resulting in the lowest costs for electric and gas provision. Typically, the natural gas prices increase during the heating months when natural gas is used by the hot water boiler units. Some high gas price per therm fluctuations in the summer may be due to high energy costs that recently occurred and low use caps for the nonheating months. Typically, electricity prices also increase during the cooling months when electricity is used by the HVAC air conditioning unit. The supplier charges a market-rate price based on use, and the billing does not break down demand costs for all periods because usage and demand are included in the rate. Currently, the Borough of Chatham is paying a general service rate for natural gas. Demand is not broken out in the bill. Thus the building pays for fixed costs such as meter reading charges during the summer months. The building is direct metered and currently purchases electricity at a general service rate for usage with an additional charge for electrical demand factored into each monthly bill. The general service rate for electric charges is market-rate based on usage and demand. Demand prices are reflected in the utility bills and can be verified by observing the price fluctuations throughout the year. Energy Procurement strategies Billing analysis is conducted using an average aggregated rate that is estimated based on the total cost divided by the total energy usage per utility per 12 month period. Average aggregated rates do not separate demand charges from usage, and instead provide a metric of inclusive cost per unit of energy. Average aggregated rates are used in order to equitably compare building utility rates to average utility rates throughout the state of New Jersey. The average estimated NJ commercial utility rates for electric are $0.150/kWh, while Public Works and Water Plant pays a rate of $0.171/kWh. The Public Works and Water Plant’s annual electric utility costs are $14,663 higher, when compared to the average estimated NJ commercial utility rates. Electric bill analysis shows fluctuations up to 14% over the most recent 12 month period.
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Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Apr-09
Electric Rate ($/kWh) Average NJ rate ($/kWh) Electric Demand (kW)
350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0
Electric Demand (kW)
$0.20 $0.18 $0.16 $0.14 $0.12 $0.10 $0.08 $0.06 $0.04 $0.02 $0.00
Mar-09
Electric Price ($/kWh)
Average Electric Price vs. Monthly Peak Demand(kW)
Date (Month-Year)
Annual Natural Gas Price ($/therm)
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Natural Gas Rate ($/therm) Average NJ rate ($/therm)
Apr-09
$1.80 $1.60 $1.40 $1.20 $1.00 $0.80 $0.60 $0.40 $0.20 $0.00
Mar-09
Natural Gas Price ($/therm)
The average estimated NJ commercial utility rates for gas are $1.550/therm, while the Public Works and Water Plant pays a rate of $1.193/therm. Natural gas bill analysis shows fluctuations up to 44% over the most recent 12 month period.
Date (Month-Year) Utility rate fluctuations may have been caused by adjustments between estimated and actual meter readings; others may be due to unusual high and recent escalating energy costs. The
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summer month rates are high due to very low gas use and fixed meter charges (some have been left out from the previous chart. SWA recommends that the Public Works and Water Plant further explore opportunities of purchasing fuel oil, natural gas and electricity from third-party suppliers in order to reduce rate fluctuation and ultimately reduce the annual cost of energy for the Public Works and Water Plant. Appendix C contains a complete list of third-party energy suppliers for the Borough of Chatham service area.
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EXISTING FACILITY AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION This section gives an overview of the current state of the facility and systems. Please refer to the Proposed Further Recommendations section for recommendations for improvement. Based on visits from SWA on visits on April 7, 12 and 22, 2010, the following data was collected and analyzed. Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Building Characteristics - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage The single-story, (slab on grade with partial basement), 5,900 square feet Public Works and Water Plant Main Office and Garage Building was originally constructed in 1898 with additions/alterations, last completed in 1995. It houses two truck bays, a lunch room, a locker room, a DPW office area, a woodshop, a mechanical room and Water Department area and office.
Front and Side Façade
Left Side Façade
Right Side Façade
Front Façade
Building Occupancy Profiles - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Its occupancy is approximately 1 to 5 employees intermittently throughout the day, mostly occupied during inclement weather.
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Building Envelope - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Due to unfavorable weather conditions (min. 18 deg. F delta-T in/outside and no/low wind), no exterior envelope infrared (IR) images were taken during the field audit. Exterior Walls The exterior wall envelope of the front garage area is constructed of brick veneer, over concrete block with wood clapboard shingle accents on the side of the building, which houses the lunch room and no detectable insulation. The office area of the building is constructed of solid brick throughout with an unconfirmed level of insulation in the walls. The interior is a combination of painted brick and painted CMU (concrete masonry unit). Note: Wall insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall poor condition with some signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. The following specific exterior wall problem spots and areas were identified:
Cracked/deteriorated bricks and mortar joints
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Cracked/deteriorated bricks and mortar joints
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Damaged/cracking exterior wall finishes
Fan not properly installed on wall surface
Efflorescence on brick and masonry walls indicate moisture presence within the wall cavity.
Roof The garage roof is a gambrel type over a wood structure, with an asphalt shingle finish, installed more than 30 years ago. There is only ceiling insulation in the garage drop ceiling, with 4 inches of R-13 fiberglass batt insulation. The water department roof is EPDM membrane on top of glued urethane foam panels. The back office area roof is a low-pitched gable type over wood structure, with an asphalt shingle finish and without ceiling or roof insulation. Note: Roof insulation levels could not be verified in the field, and are based on reports from building management.
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Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts were inspected during the field audit. They were reported to be in overall good condition, with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific roof problem spots were identified:
Signs of mold/water damage on roof shingles
Severely clogged gutters
Insect nesting in roof cracks and cavities
Base The building’s base is composed of a slab-on-grade floor (with partial basement) with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. Slab/perimeter insulation levels could not be verified in the field or on construction plans, and are based upon similar wall types and time of construction. The building’s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues.
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Windows The building contains basically one type of window. 1. There are over six double-hung type windows with a vinyl frame, clear double glazing and no interior or exterior shading devices. The windows are located throughout the building and are original. Windows, shading devices, sills, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific window problem spots were identified:
Cracked or aged caulk around frame/sill on the exterior
Exterior doors The building contains several different types of exterior man-doors. 1. Three are metal type exterior doors. They are located throughout the building and were replaced approximately 20 years ago. 2. There are two metal type foam-filled garage doors. They are located in the front and side of the building and were replaced recently. All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in acceptable condition. The main garage overhead door has foam filled insulation and was replaced in 2009. Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be reasonably air-tight, considering the building's use and occupancy, as described in more detail earlier in this chapter.
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The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Mechanical Systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning There were no comfort issues expressed by the Department of Public Works employees at the time of the field visit. Based on the occupancy and use of the building, the existing HVAC systems provide adequate conditioning for the seven separate buildings of the complex. Equipment The Main Office and Garage building is conditioned by a heating and cooling split system, a cooling only split system, radiant electric baseboards, as well as hot water radiant baseboards and three hot water unit heaters served by (1) gas-fired hot water boiler and (1) oil-fired hot water boiler.
Heating & Cooling Split System Air Handling Unit in Attic Above Locker Room
The gas-fired heating and cooling split system air handling unit contains a natural gas burner for heating and a direct expansion (DX) system for cooling, made up of an evaporator, a separate condensing unit located on grade, and refrigeration loop. In heating mode, the burner provides heat to the passing air through the combustion of natural gas. In cooling mode, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the passing air in the evaporator coil and transfers the heat to the atmosphere in the condenser. The heating and cooling split system is near the end of its expected service life of 15 years and should be replaced with a more modern system, which will achieve energy savings. The cooling only split system air handler includes only the DX system and functions in the same manner as described above. This system is about halfway through its expected service life and is in good condition.
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Separate Air-cooled Condensing Unit Located on Grade
A gas-fired hot water boiler and an oil-fired hot water boiler provide heating hot water to radiant heaters throughout the Main Office and Garage building, as well as three hot water unit heaters hung from the ceiling of the two garage bays in the Main Office building. The different zones receiving heating hot water via the gas-fired boiler are served by three pipemounted pumps, all of which were installed in 2003. The oil-fired boiler provides heating hot water to its associated equipment via a single pipe-mounted pump also installed in 2003. All pumps are fractional horsepower and are in very good condition.
Gas-fired Boiler in Front Garage (Left) and Oil-fired Boiler in Side Garage
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Distribution Systems A typical split system unit arrangement draws in fresh air and brings it into a mixing box, where it is combined with return air from the building. A small portion of the return air is purged and vented outside prior to entering the mixing box. The air inside the air handler is sent through a filter before passing through the evaporator or direct expansion (DX) coil. The air handler fan then pushes the air through the furnace section before the conditioned air is distributed into the building spaces. The furnace is only active in the heating season and the DX system is only active in the cooling season. In between these seasons neither system may operate and only the blower will be active to provide fresh air to the building. The ductwork in this building is well insulated and appears to be in very good condition. Controls The heating and cooling equipment is controlled by manual thermostats in several rooms throughout the building. The thermostats are in good condition and appear to be working satisfactorily. Use of programmable thermostats in place of manual models would ensure proper scheduling such as night setback, which provides energy savings. However, with little knowledge of the diligence of the staff in setpoint adjustment, it is hard to quantify energy savings and provide a simple payback.
Example of Manual Thermostat, Located in the Main Office and Garage Building
Domestic Hot Water The domestic hot water (DHW) for the Main Office and Garage building is provided by one gas-fired Bradford White water heater with 40 gallon storage capacity located in the boiler room area in the front garage. This heater serves the toilet rooms of the building. The heater was installed in 1998 and is at the end of its expected lifespan. No other water heaters were observed in the other buildings.
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Gas-fired Domestic Water Heater in Front Garage
Electrical systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior Lighting - The Public Works and Water Plant currently contains mostly T12 fixtures with sporadic use of Incandescent lights. Based on measurements of lighting levels for each space, there are no vastly over-illuminated areas. Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be LED type. Exterior Lighting - The exterior lighting surveyed during the building audit was found to be a mix of incandescent and Metal Halide fixtures. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells. Appliances and process SWA has conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the building. Typically, appliances are referred to as “plug-load” equipment, since they are not inherent to the building’s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines, printers, etc. all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate out from the rest of the building’s energy usage based on utility analysis. Elevators
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The Public Works and Water Plant Main Office and Garage do not have an installed elevator. Other electrical systems There are two sewage ejector pumps in the Main Office and Garage building. The larger,1 HP pump is from the 1960s and is beyond its expected useful life. The second is a smaller 1/3 HP pump installed over 10 years ago. Separately, the Garage building has a sump with submersible sump pumps.
Submersible Sump Pump In Garage
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Public Works and Water Plant Main Garages Building Characteristics - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages The single-story, (slab on grade), 10,100 square feet Public Works and Water Plant Garages were originally constructed in the 1950’s, with each section added several years apart. There are three garage areas and a Mechanics’ Bay: the Left Garage has three bays, the Middle Garage is not used frequently and has three bays and the last, the Right Garage has three bays, see Front Façade photo below. The Mechanics’ shop tacked to the Right Garage is two bays. Each section is connected by interior doors. They are used as truck bays, storage areas and mechanics shops.
Left Garage
Front Façade
Right Garage
Middle Garage
Front Façade
Right Side Façade
Rear Façade
Building Occupancy Profiles - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages The Mechanics’ Bays are the only ones with regular occupancy, which is approximately 1 to 5 employees daily from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm. Occupancy increases during inclement weather. Building Envelope - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages Due to unfavorable weather conditions (min. 18 deg. F delta-T in/outside and no/low wind), no exterior envelope infrared (IR) images were taken during the field audit.
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Exterior Walls The exterior wall envelope of the garage areas is constructed of brick veneer, over concrete block with stucco accents in some locations and no detectable insulation. The interior is mostly painted CMU (Concrete Masonry Unit). Note: Wall insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific exterior wall problem spots and areas were identified:
Cracked/deteriorated bricks and mortar joints
Roof The building’s roofs are predominantly a flat and parapet type over steel and wood decking and rafters, with a dark-colored EPDM single membrane finish. Some of the roofs have been redone recently. There were eight inches of foil fiberglass batt ceiling insulation visible between wood ceiling rafters of the Mechanics’ Garage, no to sparse insulation in the other garage ceilings, and eight inches of fiberglass batt insulation with vinyl lining between ceiling rafters in the Left Garage. Note: Roof insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts were inspected during the field audit. They were reported to be in overall good condition, with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage or other energy-compromising issues.
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The following specific roof problem spots were identified:
Sections of missing ceiling insulation found, Mechanics Garage
No insulation at all despite being a conditioned space, Middle Garage
Uneven attic insulation found in some areas, Left Garage
Base The building’s base is composed of a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. Slab/perimeter insulation levels could not be verified in the field or on construction plans, and are based upon similar wall types and time of construction. The building’s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues.
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The following specific base problem spots were identified:
Vegetation growth at base
Windows The building contains basically one type of window. 1. There are three double-hung type windows with a metal frame, clear single glazing and no interior or exterior shading devices. The windows are located on the outside wall of the Mechanics’ Garage and are original. Windows, shading devices, sills, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific window problem spots were identified:
Single-glazed window with ineffective frame Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
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Exterior doors The building contains several different types of exterior doors. 1. There are eight aluminum type garage doors with four glass lights in each. They are located on each garage section and were replaced in 2000. 2. There is one aluminum type, painted exterior door located on the right side of the Mechanics’ Garage, and is original. All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in acceptable condition. The following specific door problem spots were identified:
Exterior aluminum door not properly sealed, Mechanics Garage
Garage door not properly sealed, Middle Garage
Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be reasonably air-tight, considering the building's use and occupancy, as described in more detail earlier in this chapter. The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Mechanical Systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning There were no comfort issues expressed by the Department of Public Works employees at the time of the field visit. Based on the occupancy and use of the building, the existing HVAC systems provide adequate conditioning for the Main Garages.
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Equipment The Main Garage is broken down into 4 adjoining sections: three 3-truck bays and a 2-bay mechanical shop. Each of the sections is heated by a pair of gas-fired unit heaters hung in the back corners. Four (4) of the unit heaters are beyond their expected service lives, and the other heaters are in the last half of their service lives. A small office in the mechanical bay is cooled by a thru-the-wall air conditioning unit which is in fair condition. A comprehensive equipment list for the entire complex can be found in Appendix A.
Typical Gas-fired Unit Heater in the Corner of Each Main Garage Section
The various sections of the Main Garage are primarily ventilated by natural ventilation via the large garage bay overhead doors that remain open during the work day. This condition leads to significant heat loss while the unit heaters are operating. SWA recommends the use of gas-fired infrared heaters in lieu of the current unit heaters. Infrared heaters heat objects such as people and the floor slab without heating the air. Heat will continue to radiate from the slab even after the heaters stop operating. Use of an infrared heating system in this type of facility typically results in significant energy savings. In addition to the natural ventilation, the Mechanics’ Bay of the Main Garage Building utilizes an Airmation air filter unit. Distribution Systems Due to the nature of the equipment in the Main Garage there are no distribution systems required to provide the heating to the various spaces. Controls The heating equipment is controlled by internal thermostats in the individual pieces of equipment that will turn on, and turn off, the equipment as the temperature presets are met.
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Domestic Hot Water No hot water heaters were observed in the Main Garage. Electrical systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior Lighting - The Public Works and Water Plant Main Garages currently contain mostly T12 fixtures, with sporadic use of Metal Halide fixtures. Based on measurements of lighting levels for each space, there are no vastly over-illuminated areas. Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be Incandescent type which SWA recommends to be upgraded to LED. Exterior Lighting - The exterior lighting surveyed during the building audit was found to be a mix of Metal Halide lamps and Incandescent fixtures. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells. Appliances and process SWA has conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the building. Typically, appliances are referred to as “plug-load” equipment, since they are not inherent to the building’s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines, printers, etc. all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate out from the rest of the building’s energy usage based on utility analysis. Elevators The Public Works and Water Plant Main Garage does not have an installed elevator. Other electrical systems The Main Garage building has an air compressor located in the third bay and an auto lift in the Mechanics’ Bay. Use of these pieces of equipment is minimal and thus do not make a major impact on the energy usage for the building.
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Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Building Characteristics - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Salt Dome The single-story, (slab on grade), 1,300 square feet Salt Dome building was originally constructed in 2003 and is used for salt storage.
Front Façade Salt Dome
Side Façade Salt Dome
Well House # 1, 2 & 3 The three Well Houses are single-story, (slab on grade), 270 square feet each. Well House #1 and #3 were originally constructed in the early1900’s, and Well House # 2 was built in the 1950’s. They house well pumps to distribute city water to a remote storage tank.
Well House (typ.)
Side Façade Well House (typ.)
Steel Garage The single-story, (slab on grade), 1,900 square feet Steel Garage was originally constructed in the 1980’s. The garage has four truck bays and storage areas along the wall.
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Front Façade Steel Garage
Building Occupancy Profiles - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage There are no occupants for the Well Houses or the Salt Dome. The Well House is visited periodically for pump maintenance. The Salt Dome is accessed intermittently when salt is needed for inclement weather. The Steel Garage occupancy is also sporadic with approximately 1 or 2 employees weekly bringing in/taking out storage materials. Building Envelope - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Due to unfavorable weather conditions (min. 18 deg. F delta-T in/outside), no exterior envelope infrared (IR) images were taken during the field audit. Exterior Walls The wall envelope of the Salt Dome is a precast concrete panel system with no insulation. The Well Houses are constructed of solid brick with no insulation. The Steel Garage envelope is a steel wall panels with no insulation. Note: Wall insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall good condition with only a few signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage or other energy-compromising issues on the Well Houses. The following specific exterior wall problem spots and areas were identified:
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Well House Wall Water Damage and Infiltration
Roof The Salt Dome roof is predominantly a dome shape over a wood structure, with a asphalt shingle finish, with no ceiling or roof insulation. The Well Houses have a flat and parapet type over steel decking, with a dark-colored EPDM single membrane finish and no ceiling or roof insulation. The Steel Garage a low-pitch gable type over metal decking, with a metal panel finish and no roof or ceiling insulation. There is an opening in interior ceiling along the center seam of the building for roof ventilation. Note: Roof insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts were inspected during the field audit. They were reported to be in overall good condition, with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage or other energy-compromising issues. Base The Salt Dome base is a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. The Well House base’s are slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. The Steel Garage base is a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. Slab/perimeter insulation levels could not be verified in the field or on construction plans, and are based upon similar wall types and time of construction.
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The building’s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues. Windows The building contains several different types of windows. 1. Salt Dome has five round skylight type windows at the center of the ceiling. 2. Well Houses each has four or five double-hung type windows with a non-insulated aluminum frame, clear double glazing and no interior or exterior shading devices. 3. The Steel Garage has no windows. Windows, shading devices, sills, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in good condition with only a few signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues on the Well Houses. The following specific window problem spots were identified:
Exterior mold/water damage signs on areas around windows
Exterior doors The buildings contain several different types of exterior doors. 1. The Salt Dome has a wood sliding door with a synthetic wood wall panel finish type exterior and is original to the building. 2. The Well Houses each have an aluminum type exterior door which is original. 3. The Steel Garage has four sheet metal type garage doors with a light glass vision panels which are original.
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All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues. Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be reasonably air-tight, considering the building's infrequent use and sporadic occupancy, as described in more detail earlier in this chapter. The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Mechanical Systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning There were no comfort issues expressed by the Department of Public Works employees at the time of the field visit. Based on the occupancy and use of the building, the existing HVAC systems provide adequate conditioning for these buildings. Equipment The Steel Garage is heated by a brand new waste oil burner. The three small Pump/Well Houses located within the complex are heated by small electric unit heaters, one per building. The final building of the complex is the Salt Dome, which receives no heating or cooling. A comprehensive equipment list for the entire complex can be found in Appendix A. The Steel Garage is primarily ventilated by natural ventilation via the large garage bay overhead doors that remain open during the work day. The pump houses are ventilated by louvered exhaust fans mounted over the doorway of each building. The Salt Dome is naturally ventilated by louvers in the domed roof of the structure.
Typical Louvered Exhaust Fan Above Pump House Door
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Distribution Systems Due to the nature of the equipment in the Steel Garage and Pump Houses there are no distribution systems required to provide the heating to the various spaces. Controls The heating equipment is controlled by internal thermostats in the individual pieces of equipment that will turn on, and turn off, the equipment as the temperature presets are met. Domestic Hot Water No hot water heaters were observed in the Steel Garage, Salt Dome or Pump Houses. Electrical systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior Lighting - The Public Works and Water Plant buildings currently contain mostly T12, incandescent and metal halide fixtures. Based on measurements of lighting levels for each space, there are no vastly over-illuminated areas.
T12 Fixture Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be LED type. Exterior Lighting - The exterior lighting surveyed during the building audit was found to be a mix of Metal Halide lamp and Incandescent fixtures. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells. Appliances and process SWA has conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the
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building. Typically, appliances are referred to as “plug-load” equipment, since they are not inherent to the building’s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines, printers, etc. all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate out from the rest of the building’s energy usage based on utility analysis. Elevators The Public Works and Water Plant buildings do not have installed elevators. Other electrical systems Emergency Power Two of the Pump/Well Houses (1 & 3) have back-up power diesel generators. The generator for Pump House #1 is inside the structure, and the generator for Pump House # 3 is a self contained unit located behind the Steel Garage. Process Equipment & Pumps Each of the Pump Houses contains a large water pump used to distribute water throughout the township. Pump Houses #1 & #3 have 150 HP pumps and Pump House #2 (back-up) has a 75 HP pump. All water pumps are listed as premium efficiency on their nameplates.
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RENEWABLE AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MEASURES Renewable energy is defined as any power source generated from sources which are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind and geothermal. Technology for renewable energy is improving, and the cost of installation is decreasing, due to both demand and the availability of state and federal government-sponsored funding. Renewable energy reduces the need for using either electricity or fossil fuel, therefore lowering costs by reducing the amount of energy purchased from the utility company. Technology such as photovoltaic panels or wind turbines, use natural resources to generate electricity on the site. Geothermal systems offset the thermal loads in a building by using water stored in the ground as either a heat sink or heat source. Solar thermal collectors heat a specified volume of water, reducing the amount of energy required to heat water using building equipment. Cogeneration or CHP allows you to generate electricity locally, while also taking advantage of heat wasted during the generation process. 3.1 Existing systems Currently there are no renewable energy systems installed at this complex. 3.2 Evaluated Systems Solar Photovoltaic Photovoltaic panels convert light energy received from the sun into a usable form of electricity. Panels can be connected into arrays and mounted directly onto building roofs, as well as installed onto built canopies over areas such as parking lots, building roofs or other open areas. Electricity generated from photovoltaic panels is generally sold back to the utility company through a net meter. Net-metering allows the utility to record the amount of electricity generated in order to pay credits to the consumer that can offset usage and demand costs on the electric bill. In addition to generation credits, there are incentives available called Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) that are subsidized by the state government. Specifically, the New Jersey State government pays a market-rate SREC to facilities that generate electricity in an effort to meet state-wide renewable energy requirements. Based on utility analysis and a study of roof conditions, the Public Works and Water Plant are a good candidate for a 49.7 kW Solar Panel installation. See ECM#8 for details. Solar Thermal Collectors Solar thermal collectors are not cost-effective for these buildings and would not be recommended due to the insufficient and intermittent use of domestic hot water throughout the building to justify the expenditure. Geothermal The Public Works and Water Plant buildings are not a good candidate for geothermal installation since the system cost would be prohibitive as compared to the minimal usage and savings.
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Combined Heat and Power The Public Works and Water Plant buildings are not a good candidate for CHP installation and would not be cost-effective due to the size and operations of the building. Typically, CHP is best suited for buildings with a high electrical baseload to accommodate the electricity generated, as well as a means for using waste heat generated. Typical applications include buildings with an absorption chiller or high domestic water load, where waste heat would be used efficiently. PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) are recommendations determined for the building based on improvements over current building conditions. ECMs have been determined for the building based on installed cost, as well as energy and cost-savings opportunities. Recommendations: Energy Conservation Measures ECM# 1 2 3 4 5 6 ECM# 7 ECM# 8 9
0-5 Year Payback ECMs Upgrade 4 of thermostats to programmable type in the offices and garages Replace 1 incandescent Exit sign with LED type Upgrade 37 incandescent fixtures to CFLs Install 1 beverage and 1 Snacks vending machine energy misers in break room Upgrade 8 Metal Halide (MH) fixtures to T5 Upgrade 63 T12 fixtures to T8 fixtures 5-10 Year Payback ECMs Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model >10 Year Payback (End of Life) Install 49.7 kW PV rooftop system with incentives Replace gas-fired heating/electric cooling split HVAC system with a high efficiency 14 SEER system
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ECM#1: Upgrade 4 of thermostats to programmable type in the offices and garages During the field audit, SWA completed a building HVAC controls analysis and observed spaces in the buildings where temperature is manually controlled without setbacks to reduce energy consumption during unoccupied periods of time, such as evenings and weekends. Programmable thermostats offer an easy way to save energy when correctly used. By turning the thermostat setback 10-15 degrees F for eight hours at a stretch (at night), the heating bill can be reduced substantially (by a minimum of 10% per year). In the summer, the cooling bill can be reduced by keeping the conditioned space warmer when unoccupied, and cooling it down only when using the space. The savings from using a programmable thermostat is greater in milder climates than in more extreme climates. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. The four spaces addressed in this ECM are offices and garages that currently have wall mounted thermostats. Installation cost:
est. installed cost, $
est. incentives, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
Estimated installed cost: $668 (includes $301 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs; Similar projects
668
none at this time
668
573
0.2
22
0.2
1,167
1,290
12
15,484
0.5
2218
185
193
11,652
1,264
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA assumed a conservative 1/2% savings of heating/cooling loads and on the average 40 min/wk operational savings when systems are operating per pre-agreed settings vs. the need to make more frequent adjustments. Rebates/financial incentives: •
There is no incentive available for this measure at this time.
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#2: Replace 1 incandescent Exit sign with LED type
During the field audit, SWA completed a building lighting inventory (see Appendix B). SWA observed that the buildings contain an incandescent Exit sign. SWA recommends replacing this with LED type. Replacing existing Exit sign with LED Exit sign can result in lower kilowatt-hour consumption, as well as lower maintenance costs. Since Exit signs operate 24 hours per day, they can consume large amounts of energy. In addition, older Exit signs require frequent maintenance due to the short life span of the lamps that light them. LED Exit sign lamps last at least 5 years. In addition, LED Exit signs offer better fire code compliance because they are maintenance free in excess of 10 years. LED Exit signs are usually brighter than comparable incandescent or fluorescent signs, and have a greater contrast with their background due to the monochromatic nature of the light that LEDs emit. The building owner may decide to perform this work with inhouse resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
est. installed cost, $
est. incentives, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
Estimated installed cost: $130 (includes $65 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
150
20
130
477
0.2
0
0.1
18
99
15
1,486
1.3
1,043
70
76
1,004
854
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 1/2 hr/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
NJ Clean Energy - Replace Incandescent Exit with LED - $20 per fixture
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#3: Upgrade 37 incandescent fixtures to CFLs During the field audit, SWA completed a building lighting inventory (see Appendix B). The existing lighting also contains inefficient incandescent lamps. SWA recommends that each incandescent lamp is replaced with a more efficient, Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL). CFLs are capable of providing equivalent or better light output while using less power when compared to incandescent, halogen and Metal Halide fixtures. CFL bulbs produce the same lumen output with less wattage than incandescent bulbs and last up to five times longer. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
3,548
1.1
0
0.6
175
782
5
3,909
1.7
202
40
53
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ 1,295
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
1,295
none at this time
annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $1,295 (includes $777 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
2,194
6,353
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 5 hrs/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
None at this time
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#4: Install 1 beverage and 1 Snacks vending machine energy misers in break room Energy vending miser devices are now available for conserving energy used by beverage vending machines and coolers. There isn’t a need to purchase new machines to reduce operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. When equipped with the vending miser devices, refrigerated beverage vending machines use less energy and are comparable in daily energy performance to new ENERGY STAR qualified machines. Vending miser devices incorporate innovative energy-saving technology into small plug-and-play devices that installs in minutes, either on the wall or on the vending machine. Vending miser devices use a Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) to: Power down the machine when the surrounding area is vacant; Monitor the room's temperature; Automatically repower the cooling system at one- to three-hour intervals, independent of sales; Ensure the product stays cold. Snack vending miser devices can be used on snack vending machines to achieve maximum energy savings that result in reduced operating costs and decreased greenhouse gas emissions with existing machines. Snack vending miser devices also use a Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) to determine if there is anyone within 25 feet of the machine. It waits for 15 minutes of vacancy, then powers down the machine. If a customer approaches the machine while powered down, the snacks vending miser will sense the presence and immediately power up. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
1,400
0.4
0
0.2
0
239
12
2,873
1.7
611
51
59
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ 404
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
404
none at this time
annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $404 (includes $141of labor) Source of cost estimate: www.usatech.com and established costs
1,890
2,507
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken during the field audit and using the billing analysis. SWA assumes energy savings based on modeling calculator found at www.usatech.com or http://www.usatech.com/energy_management/energy_calculator.php . Rebates/financial incentives: •
None at this time
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#5: Upgrade 8 Metal Halide (MH) fixtures to T5 During the field audit, SWA completed a building interior as well as exterior lighting inventory (see Appendix B). The existing lighting contains standard probe start Metal Halide (MH) lamps in some of the garage areas. SWA recommends replacing the higher wattage MH fixtures with ceiling suspended T5 fixtures which offer the advantages of standard probe start MH lamps, but minimize the disadvantages. They produce higher light output both initially and over time, operate more efficiently, produce whiter light, and turn on and re-strike faster. Due to these characteristics, energy savings can be realized via a one to two substitution, replacing each MH fixture with a 4 ft T5, 2 lamp fixture. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
840
711
0.2
0
0.1
113
234
15
3,511
3.6
318
21
27
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
160
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
1,000
annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $840 (includes $420 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
1,855
1,273
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 1.5 hrs/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
NJ Clean Energy - MH to T5 ($20 per fixture) - Maximum incentive amount - $160
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#6: Upgrade 63 T12 fixtures to T8 fixtures During the field audit, SWA completed a building lighting inventory (see Appendix B). The existing lighting contains over 60 inefficient T12 fluorescent fixtures with magnetic ballasts. SWA recommends replacing each existing fixture with more efficient, T8 fluorescent fixtures with electronic ballasts. T8 fixtures with electronic ballasts provide equivalent or better light output while reducing energy consumption by 30% when compared to T12 fixtures with magnetic ballasts. T8 fixtures also provide better lumens for less wattage when compared to incandescent, halogen and Metal Halide fixtures. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
7,875
6,895
2.2
0
1.2
315
1,494
15
22,411
5.3
185
12
17
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
1,575
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
9,450
lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $6,895 (includes $3,938 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
9,405
12,345
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 9 hrs/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
NJ Clean Energy - T12 to T8 ($25 per fixture) - Maximum incentive amount - $1,575
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#7: Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model
During the field audit, SWA inspected old refrigerators which were not Energy Star rated (using approximately 775 kWh/yr). Appliances, such as refrigerators, that are over 10 years of age should be replaced with newer efficient models with the Energy Star label. SWA recommends the replacement of existing old refrigerators with 18 cu. ft. top freezer refrigerators ENERGY STAR®, using approximately 425 kWh/yr, or equivalent. Besides saving energy, the replacement will also keep the surrounding area cooler. When compared to the average electrical consumption of older equipment, Energy Star equipment results in large savings. Look for the Energy Star label when replacing appliances and equipment, including: window air conditioners, refrigerators, printers, computers, copy machines, etc. More information can be found in the “Products” section of the Energy Star website at: http://www.energystar.gov. On April 28, 2008, the ENERGY STAR criteria changed for all full-size refrigerators. All refrigerators greater than 7.75 cubic feet must be at least 20% more efficient than the federal standard. Before April 28, 2008, refrigerators needed to be at least 15% more efficient than the federal standard. The criteria for freezers and compact refrigerators and freezers did not change. Installation cost:
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
0
simple payback, yrs
therms, 1st yr savings
0.0
est. lifetime cost savings, $
kW, demand reduction/mo
50
life of measure, yrs
kWh, 1st yr savings
700
total 1st yr savings, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
0
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
est. incentives, $
700
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $750 (includes $70 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
0
0
0
-120
90
Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator in kind 0.0
50
59
12
703
12.0
Incremental difference to replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model 50 750
0 0
50
300
0.1
0
0.1
0
51
12
616
1.0
1131
94
103
441
537
750
Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model 350 0.1 0 0.1 50 110 12 1,318 6.8 76 6 10
320
627
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken during the field audit and using the billing analysis. SWA assumed annual labor and parts insurance for old refrigerators. Rebates/financial incentives: •
None at this time
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
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ECM#8: Install 49.7 kW PV rooftop system with incentives Currently the Public Works and Water Plant do not use any renewable energy systems. Renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic panels can be mounted on the building roofs facing south, which can offset a portion of the purchased electricity for the building. Power stations generally have two separate electrical charges: usage and demand. Usage is the amount of electricity in kilowatt-hours that a building uses from month to month. Demand is the amount of electrical power that a building uses at any given instance in a month’s period. During the summer periods, electric demand at a power station is high due to the amount of air conditioners, lights, and other equipment being used within the region. Demand charges increase to offset the utility’s cost to provide enough electricity at that given time. Installing a PV system will offset electrical demand and reduce the annual electric consumption for the building, while utilizing available state incentives. PV systems are modular and readily allow for future expansion. The size of the system was determined considering the available roof surface area, without compromising service space for roof equipment and safety, as well as the facility’s annual base load and mode of operation. A PV system could be installed on a portion of the roof with panels facing south. The Main Garage building has four (4) flat roof sections for portions of a 49.7 kW PV installation on the building roof. A commercial crystalline 230 watt panel has 17.5 square feet of surface area (13.1 watts per square foot). A 49.7 kW system needs approximately 216 panels which would take up 3,780 square feet. A PV system would reduce the buildings’ electric load and allow more capacity for surrounding buildings as well as serve as an example of energy efficiency for the community. The building is not eligible for a residential 30% federal tax credit. The Public Works and Water Plant may consider applying for a grant and/or engage a PV generator/leaser who would install the PV system and then sell the power at a reduced rate. JCP&L provides the ability to buy SREC’s at $600/MWh or best market offer. Please note that this analysis did not consider the structural capability of the existing building to support the above recommended system. SWA recommends that the Borough of Chatham contract with a structural engineer to determine if additional building structure is required to support the recommended system and what costs would be associated with incorporating the additional supports prior to system installation. Should additional costs be identified, the Township should include these costs in the financial analysis of the project. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $332,865 (including $133,142 total labor cost) Source of cost estimate: Similar projects
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est. installed cost, $
est. incentives, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime energy cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
Economics (with incentives):
372,600
39,744
332,856
34,163
49.7
0
5.8
0
26,340
25
453,514
12.6
36
1
3
7,595
61,169
Assumptions: SWA estimated the cost and savings of the system based on past PV projects. SWA projected physical dimensions based on a typical Polycrystalline Solar Panel (230 Watts, model #ND-U230C1). PV systems are sized based on Watts and physical dimensions for an array will differ with the efficiency of a given solar panel (W/sq ft). Rebates/financial incentives: NJ Clean Energy - Renewable Energy Incentive Program, Incentive based on $.80 / watt Solar PV application for systems 50 kW or less. Incentive amount for this application is $39,744 for the proposed option. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program NJ Clean Energy - Solar Renewable Energy Certificate Program. Each time a solar electric system generates 1,000kWh (1MWh) of electricity, a SREC is issued which can then be sold or traded separately from the power. The buildings must also become net-metered in order to earn SRECs as well as sell power back to the electric grid. A total annual SREC credit of $20,400 has been incorporated in the above costs; however it requires proof of performance, application approval and negotiations with the utility. Options for funding ECM: This project may benefit from enrolling in NJ SmartStart program with Technical Assistance to offset a portion of the cost of implementation. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstartbuildings
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ECM#9: Replace gas-fired heating/electric cooling split HVAC system with a high efficiency 14 SEER system The main offices and locker room areas of the Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage building are heated and cooled by a gas-fired furnace with split system DX cooling, with condensing unit located on grade. This system should be replaced. This equipment was installed in 1997 and is nearing the end of its expected service life of 15 years. SWA recommends replacement of this split system air handling unit and condensing unit to gain increase in operating efficiency. This measure cannot be justified by energy savings alone, but should be considered as an end-oflife energy savings opportunity. The current equipment is operating with a cooling Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) of approximately 10. The new equipment should have a minimum 14.0 EER rating. The higher SEER will involve increased cost for the equipment over units with lower SEER. The equipment shall be Energy Star certified and ASHRAE 90.1 compliant. The equipment shall utilize R-410A refrigerant. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $5,016 (including $1,254 total labor cost) Source of cost estimate: Manufacturer’s data and similar projects
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
internal rate of return, %
annual return on investment, %
lifetime return on investment, %
simple payback, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
life of measure, yrs
total 1st yr savings, $
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
4,500
therms, 1st yr savings
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
0
kW, demand reduction/mo
est. incentives, $
4,500
kWh, 1st yr savings
est. installed cost, $
Economics (with incentives):
-2,787
658
Scenario #1: Replacement of Existing 10.0 SEER Split System with 12.0 SEER System 480
0.1
0
0.1
0
144
15
2,153
31.4
-52
-3
-8
Scenario #2: Incremental Cost of Replacing with 14.0 SEER System Over 12.0 SEER System 1,000
484
5,500
484
516
342
0.1
42
0.3
0
174
15
2,611
3.0
406
27
33
1,562
960
-1,225
1,618
Scenario #3: Replacement of Existing 10.0 SEER Split System with 14.0 SEER System 5,016
822
0.2
42
0.4
0
318
15
4,764
15.8
-5
0
-1
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using nameplate data taken on the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis, and by estimating the total of 1,200 cooling hours for one year using weather bin data for Newark, NJ. Rebates/financial incentives: NJ Clean Energy - Gas Heating < 300 MBH ($2.00 per MBH, minimum $300 per unit) Unitary HVAC
293 Route 18, Suite 330 East Brunswick, NJ 08816
Telephone Facsimile
(866) 676-1972 (203) 852-0741
June 28, 2010 Local Government Energy Program Energy Audit Final Report
Borough of Chatham Public Works and Water Plant 446 Main Street Chatham, NJ 07928
Project Number: LGEA64
West Facing View
East Facing View
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 3 3. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5 4. HISTORICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION ............................................................................ 6 5. EXISTING FACILITY AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION ...................................................... 13 6. RENEWABLE AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MEASURES .............................................. 37 7. PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES ..................................................... 38 8. PROPOSED FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 41 9. APPENDIX A: EQUIPMENT LIST...................................................................................... 52 10. APPENDIX B: LIGHTING STUDY ..................................................................................... 56 11. APPENDIX C: THIRD PARTY ENERGY SUPPLIERS ....................................................... 58 12. APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY AND METHOD OF CALCULATIONS .................................... 61 13. APPENDIX E: STATEMENT OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE FROM ENERGY STAR® ... 65 14. APPENDIX F: INCENTIVE PROGRAMS ........................................................................... 66 15. APPENDIX G: ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES .................................................. 68 16. APPENDIX H: METHOD OF ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 70
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Public Works and Water Plant is a seven building facility comprising a total floor area of 20,010 square feet. The original structure was built in 1898 with renovations/ additions in the 1950s, 1980s, 1995 and 2003. The following chart provides an overview of current energy usage in the building based on the analysis period of March 2009 through February 2010: Table 1: State of Building—Energy Usage Gas Fuel Oil Current Site Joint Energy Usage, usage, Annual Energy Consumption, gal/yr MMBtu/yr therms/yr Cost of Use Energy, $ Intensity, kBtu/sq ft yr 688,000 4,533 343 124,077 139.0 2,849 639,061 4,469 343 115,633 130.3 2,676 48,939 64 0 8,444 8.7 173 7% 1% 0% 7% 6% 6%
Electric Usage, kWh/yr
Current Proposed Savings % Savings
There may be energy procurement opportunities for the Public Works and Water Plant to reduce annual electrical utility costs, which are $14,663 higher, when compared to the average estimated NJ commercial utility rates. SWA has also entered energy information about the Public Works and Water Plant in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager energy benchmarking system. This mixed use facility is comprised of non-eligible (“Other”) space type. The resulting usage is 139.0 kBtu/sq ft yr, which is higher than the average comparable building by 33.7%. The main reason for the high electric usage is three big water pumps supplying the Borough with water 24 hr/7days. Based on the current state of the buildings and their energy use, SWA recommends implementing various energy conservation measures from the savings detailed in Table 1. The measures are categorized by payback period in Table 2 below: Table 2: Energy Conservation Measure Recommendations Simple Initial First Year CO2 Savings, Payback Investment, ECMs Savings lbs/yr Period $ ($) (years) 0-5 Year 4,139 2.7 11,212 24,596 5-10 Year 110 6.8 750 627 >10 year 26,657 12.7 337,872 62,786 Total 30,906 11.3 349,834 88,009 SWA estimates that implementing the recommended ECMs is equivalent to removing approximately 7 cars from the roads each year or avoiding the need of 214 trees to absorb the annual CO2 generated. Other recommendations to increase building efficiency pertaining to operations and maintenance and capital improvements are listed below:
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Further Recommendations: SWA recommends that the Public Works and Water Plant further explore the following: •
Capital Improvements o o o o o o o o o
•
Install NEMA Premium motors when replacements are required Install gas-fired infrared heaters (approximate 8 infrared heaters total) in Garages Install a premium efficiency motor on the sewage ejector pump - Main Office and Garage Replace the DHW heater in the Main Office and Garage Building with a condensing model Replace heating terminal units - such as perimeter hot water radiators in the Main Office Consider adding emergency generator for well pump #2 Add insulation to ineffective and under-insulated ceiling sections Replace all original, single-glazed windows and frames with low-E, double glazed type Install CO detectors/alarms in garages and nearby working spaces and chlorine detectors/alarms in the Pump/Well Houses
Operations and Maintenance o Re-point deteriorated mortar joints to prevent possible water/moisture penetration into walls o Investigate cause of efflorescence-coated brick and masonry o Install footing drains and slope perimeter grade away from the buildings o Install and maintain weather-stripping around all exterior doors and roof hatches o Maintain roofs - SWA recommends regular maintenance to verify water is draining correctly o Maintain downspouts and cap flashing - Repair/install missing downspouts and cap flashing o Repair/seal wall cracks and penetrations o Provide water-efficient fixtures and controls o Purchase ENERGY STAR® labeled appliances, when equipment is installed or replaced o Use smart power electric strips o Create an energy educational program o Insulate un-insulated heating piping o Check water levels in the expansion tanks and the integrity of the tank bladders o Tighten belts on exhaust fans o Change filters in air handling units monthly
Financial Incentives and Other Program Opportunities There are various incentive programs that the Borough of Chatham could apply for that could also help lower the cost of installing the ECMs. Please refer to Appendix F for details. SWA recommends that the Borough of Chatham implement the ECMs as listed in increasing order of simple payback with the majority of measures consisting of lighting (apply for Direct Install option), thermostats, an HVAC split system, a refrigerator and a Solar PV installation. SWA also encourages installation of Infra Red heaters in the garages.
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INTRODUCTION Launched in 2008, the Local Government Energy Audit (LGEA) Program provides subsidized energy audits for municipal and local government-owned facilities, including offices, courtrooms, town halls, police and fire stations, sanitation buildings, transportation structures, schools and community centers. The Program will subsidize up to 100% of the cost of the audit. The Board of Public Utilities (BPUs) Office of Clean Energy has assigned TRC Energy Services to administer the Program. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. (SWA) is a 38-year-old architectural/engineering research and consulting firm, with specialized expertise in green technologies and procedures that improve the safety, performance, and cost effectiveness of buildings. SWA has a long-standing commitment to creating energy-efficient, cost-saving and resource-conserving buildings. As consultants on the built environment, SWA works closely with architects, developers, builders, and local, state, and federal agencies to develop and apply sustainable, ‘whole building’ strategies in a wide variety of building types: commercial, residential, educational and institutional. SWA performed an energy audit and assessment for the Public Works and Water Plant at 446 Main Street. The process of the audit included facility visits on April 7, 12 and 22, 2010, benchmarking and energy bills analysis, assessment of existing conditions, energy modeling, energy conservation measures and other recommendations for improvements. The scope of work includes providing a summary of current building conditions, current operating costs, potential savings, and investment costs to achieve these savings. The facility description includes energy usage, occupancy profiles and current building systems along with a detailed inventory of building energy systems, recommendations for improvement and recommendations for energy purchasing and procurement strategies. The goal of this Local Government Energy Audit is to provide sufficient information to the Borough of Chatham to make decisions regarding the implementation of the most appropriate and most costeffective energy conservation measures for the Public Works and Water Plant.
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HISTORICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Energy usage, load profile and cost analysis SWA reviewed utility bills from March 2008 through February 2010 that were received from the utility companies supplying the Public Works and Water Plant with electric and natural gas. A 12 month period of analysis from March 2009 through February 2010 was used for all calculations and for purposes of benchmarking the building. Electricity - The Public Works and Water Plant is currently served by one electric meter. The Public Works and Water Plant currently buys electricity from JCP&L at an average aggregated rate of $0.171/kWh. The Public Works and Water Plant purchased approximately 688,000 kWh, or $117,863 worth of electricity, in the previous year. The average monthly demand was 217 kW and the annual peak demand was 298 kW. The chart below shows the monthly electric usage and costs. The dashed green line represents the approximate baseload or minimum electric usage required to operate the Public Works and Water Plant.
$14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 Electric Usage (kWh) Estimated Baseload (kWh) Electric Cost
$4,000 $2,000
Electric Cost ($)
80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0
$0
Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10
Electric Usage (kWh)
Annual Electric Usage (kWh) and Cost($)
Date (Month-Year) Natural gas - The Public Works and Water Plant is currently served by one meter for natural gas. The Public Works and Water Plant currently buys natural gas from PSE&G at an average aggregated rate of $1.193/therm. The Public Works and Water Plant purchased approximately 4,533 therms, or $5,408 worth of natural gas, in the previous year. The chart below shows the monthly natural gas usage and costs. The green line represents the approximate baseload or minimum natural gas usage required to operate the Public Works and Water Plant.
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$1,400 Natural Gas Usage (therms) Estimated Baseload (therms) Natural Gas Cost
1000
$1,200 $1,000
800
$800
600
$600
400
$400
200
$200
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
$0
Apr-09
0
Natural Gas Cost($)
1200
Mar-09
Natural Gas Usage (therms)
Annual Natural Gas(therms) and Cost($)
Date (Month-Year)
1,200
1,200 Natural Gas Usage (therms) Heating Degree Days (HDD)
1,000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
0
Apr-09
0
HDD
1,000
Mar-09
Natural Gas Usage (therms)
Natural Gas Usage (therms) vs. Heating Degree Days (HDD)
Date (Month-Year) The chart above shows the monthly natural gas usage along with the heating degree days or HDD. Heating degree days is the difference of the average daily temperature and a base temperature, on a particular day. The heating degree days are zero for the days when the average temperature exceeds the base temperature. SWA’s analysis used a base temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
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The Main Office and Garage Building is partly heated by a fuel oil fired hot water boiler, supplied with fuel oil from an outdoor 500 gal tank. The Public Works and Water Plant currently buys fuel oil from Crown Oil Co. at an average aggregated rate of $2.350/gal. The Public Works and Water Plant purchased approximately 343 gals, or $806 worth of fuel oil, in the previous year. The following graphs, pie charts, and table show energy use for the Public Works and Water Plant based on utility bills for the 12 month period. Note: electrical cost at $50/MMBtu of energy is more than 4 times as expensive as natural gas at $12/MMBtu
Annual Energy Consumption / Costs MMBtu % MMBtu $ Electric Miscellaneous 1,842 65% $92,458 Electric For Cooling 151 5% $7,602 Electric For Heating 239 8% $12,024 Lighting 115 4% $5,779 Building Space Heating (Oil) 48 2% $806 Domestic Hot Water (Gas) 21 1% $256 Building Space Heating (Gas) 432 15% $5,152 Totals 2,849 100% $124,077 Total Oil Usage 48 2% $806 Total Electric Usage 2,348 82% $117,863 Total Gas Usage 453 16% $5,408 Totals 2,849 100% $124,077
Annual Energy Consumption (MMBtu) Domestic Hot Water (Gas) Building Space Heating (Oil)
Building Space Heating (Gas)
Annual Energy Costs ($) Building Space Heating (Oil)
Domestic Hot Water (Gas)
Building Space Heating (Gas) Lighting
Electric For Heating
Lighting
Electric For Heating
%$ $/MMBtu 75% 50 6% 50 10% 50 5% 50 1% 17 0% 12 4% 12 100% 1% 17 95% 50 4% 12 100%
Electric For Cooling Electric Miscellaneou s
Electric Miscellaneou s
Electric For Cooling
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Energy benchmarking SWA has entered energy information about the Public Works and Water Plant in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager energy benchmarking system. This mixed use facility is categorized as a non-eligible (“Other”) space type. Because it is an “Other” space type, there is no rating available. Consequently, the Public Works and Water Plant is not eligible to receive a national energy performance rating at this time. The Site Energy Use Intensity is 139.0 kBtu/ft2-yr compared to the national average of other type buildings consuming 104 kBtu/ft2-yr. See ECM section for guidance on how to improve the building’s rating.
Site Energy Intensity (kBtu/sq ft.)
18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Apr-09
Gas Energy Intensity Electric Energy Intensity
Mar-09
Site Energy Intensity (kBtu/sq ft.)
Due to the nature of its calculation based upon a survey of existing buildings of varying usage, the national average for “Other” space types is very subjective, and is not an absolute bellwether for gauging performance. The main reason for the high electric usage is three big water pumps supplying the Borough with water 24 hr/7days. Additionally, should the Borough of Chatham desire to reach this average there are other large scale and financially less advantageous improvements that can be made, such as envelope window, door and insulation upgrades that would help the building reach this goal.
Date (Month-Year) Per the LGEA program requirements, SWA has assisted the Borough of Chatham to create an ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager account and share the Public Works and Water Plant facilities information to allow future data to be added and tracked using the benchmarking tool. SWA has shared this Portfolio Manager account information with the Borough of Chatham (user name of “chathamborough” with a password of “CHATHAMBOROUGH” and TRC Energy Services (user name of “TRC-LGEA”).
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Tariff analysis As part of the utility bill analysis, SWA evaluated the current utility rates and tariffs. Tariffs are typically assigned to buildings based on size and building type. Tariff analysis is performed to determine if the rate that a municipality is contracted to pay with each utility provider is the best rate possible resulting in the lowest costs for electric and gas provision. Typically, the natural gas prices increase during the heating months when natural gas is used by the hot water boiler units. Some high gas price per therm fluctuations in the summer may be due to high energy costs that recently occurred and low use caps for the nonheating months. Typically, electricity prices also increase during the cooling months when electricity is used by the HVAC air conditioning unit. The supplier charges a market-rate price based on use, and the billing does not break down demand costs for all periods because usage and demand are included in the rate. Currently, the Borough of Chatham is paying a general service rate for natural gas. Demand is not broken out in the bill. Thus the building pays for fixed costs such as meter reading charges during the summer months. The building is direct metered and currently purchases electricity at a general service rate for usage with an additional charge for electrical demand factored into each monthly bill. The general service rate for electric charges is market-rate based on usage and demand. Demand prices are reflected in the utility bills and can be verified by observing the price fluctuations throughout the year. Energy Procurement strategies Billing analysis is conducted using an average aggregated rate that is estimated based on the total cost divided by the total energy usage per utility per 12 month period. Average aggregated rates do not separate demand charges from usage, and instead provide a metric of inclusive cost per unit of energy. Average aggregated rates are used in order to equitably compare building utility rates to average utility rates throughout the state of New Jersey. The average estimated NJ commercial utility rates for electric are $0.150/kWh, while Public Works and Water Plant pays a rate of $0.171/kWh. The Public Works and Water Plant’s annual electric utility costs are $14,663 higher, when compared to the average estimated NJ commercial utility rates. Electric bill analysis shows fluctuations up to 14% over the most recent 12 month period.
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Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Apr-09
Electric Rate ($/kWh) Average NJ rate ($/kWh) Electric Demand (kW)
350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0
Electric Demand (kW)
$0.20 $0.18 $0.16 $0.14 $0.12 $0.10 $0.08 $0.06 $0.04 $0.02 $0.00
Mar-09
Electric Price ($/kWh)
Average Electric Price vs. Monthly Peak Demand(kW)
Date (Month-Year)
Annual Natural Gas Price ($/therm)
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Natural Gas Rate ($/therm) Average NJ rate ($/therm)
Apr-09
$1.80 $1.60 $1.40 $1.20 $1.00 $0.80 $0.60 $0.40 $0.20 $0.00
Mar-09
Natural Gas Price ($/therm)
The average estimated NJ commercial utility rates for gas are $1.550/therm, while the Public Works and Water Plant pays a rate of $1.193/therm. Natural gas bill analysis shows fluctuations up to 44% over the most recent 12 month period.
Date (Month-Year) Utility rate fluctuations may have been caused by adjustments between estimated and actual meter readings; others may be due to unusual high and recent escalating energy costs. The
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summer month rates are high due to very low gas use and fixed meter charges (some have been left out from the previous chart. SWA recommends that the Public Works and Water Plant further explore opportunities of purchasing fuel oil, natural gas and electricity from third-party suppliers in order to reduce rate fluctuation and ultimately reduce the annual cost of energy for the Public Works and Water Plant. Appendix C contains a complete list of third-party energy suppliers for the Borough of Chatham service area.
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EXISTING FACILITY AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION This section gives an overview of the current state of the facility and systems. Please refer to the Proposed Further Recommendations section for recommendations for improvement. Based on visits from SWA on visits on April 7, 12 and 22, 2010, the following data was collected and analyzed. Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Building Characteristics - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage The single-story, (slab on grade with partial basement), 5,900 square feet Public Works and Water Plant Main Office and Garage Building was originally constructed in 1898 with additions/alterations, last completed in 1995. It houses two truck bays, a lunch room, a locker room, a DPW office area, a woodshop, a mechanical room and Water Department area and office.
Front and Side Façade
Left Side Façade
Right Side Façade
Front Façade
Building Occupancy Profiles - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Its occupancy is approximately 1 to 5 employees intermittently throughout the day, mostly occupied during inclement weather.
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Building Envelope - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Due to unfavorable weather conditions (min. 18 deg. F delta-T in/outside and no/low wind), no exterior envelope infrared (IR) images were taken during the field audit. Exterior Walls The exterior wall envelope of the front garage area is constructed of brick veneer, over concrete block with wood clapboard shingle accents on the side of the building, which houses the lunch room and no detectable insulation. The office area of the building is constructed of solid brick throughout with an unconfirmed level of insulation in the walls. The interior is a combination of painted brick and painted CMU (concrete masonry unit). Note: Wall insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall poor condition with some signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. The following specific exterior wall problem spots and areas were identified:
Cracked/deteriorated bricks and mortar joints
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Damaged/cracking exterior wall finishes
Fan not properly installed on wall surface
Efflorescence on brick and masonry walls indicate moisture presence within the wall cavity.
Roof The garage roof is a gambrel type over a wood structure, with an asphalt shingle finish, installed more than 30 years ago. There is only ceiling insulation in the garage drop ceiling, with 4 inches of R-13 fiberglass batt insulation. The water department roof is EPDM membrane on top of glued urethane foam panels. The back office area roof is a low-pitched gable type over wood structure, with an asphalt shingle finish and without ceiling or roof insulation. Note: Roof insulation levels could not be verified in the field, and are based on reports from building management.
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Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts were inspected during the field audit. They were reported to be in overall good condition, with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific roof problem spots were identified:
Signs of mold/water damage on roof shingles
Severely clogged gutters
Insect nesting in roof cracks and cavities
Base The building’s base is composed of a slab-on-grade floor (with partial basement) with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. Slab/perimeter insulation levels could not be verified in the field or on construction plans, and are based upon similar wall types and time of construction. The building’s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues.
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Windows The building contains basically one type of window. 1. There are over six double-hung type windows with a vinyl frame, clear double glazing and no interior or exterior shading devices. The windows are located throughout the building and are original. Windows, shading devices, sills, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific window problem spots were identified:
Cracked or aged caulk around frame/sill on the exterior
Exterior doors The building contains several different types of exterior man-doors. 1. Three are metal type exterior doors. They are located throughout the building and were replaced approximately 20 years ago. 2. There are two metal type foam-filled garage doors. They are located in the front and side of the building and were replaced recently. All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in acceptable condition. The main garage overhead door has foam filled insulation and was replaced in 2009. Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be reasonably air-tight, considering the building's use and occupancy, as described in more detail earlier in this chapter.
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The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Mechanical Systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning There were no comfort issues expressed by the Department of Public Works employees at the time of the field visit. Based on the occupancy and use of the building, the existing HVAC systems provide adequate conditioning for the seven separate buildings of the complex. Equipment The Main Office and Garage building is conditioned by a heating and cooling split system, a cooling only split system, radiant electric baseboards, as well as hot water radiant baseboards and three hot water unit heaters served by (1) gas-fired hot water boiler and (1) oil-fired hot water boiler.
Heating & Cooling Split System Air Handling Unit in Attic Above Locker Room
The gas-fired heating and cooling split system air handling unit contains a natural gas burner for heating and a direct expansion (DX) system for cooling, made up of an evaporator, a separate condensing unit located on grade, and refrigeration loop. In heating mode, the burner provides heat to the passing air through the combustion of natural gas. In cooling mode, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the passing air in the evaporator coil and transfers the heat to the atmosphere in the condenser. The heating and cooling split system is near the end of its expected service life of 15 years and should be replaced with a more modern system, which will achieve energy savings. The cooling only split system air handler includes only the DX system and functions in the same manner as described above. This system is about halfway through its expected service life and is in good condition.
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Separate Air-cooled Condensing Unit Located on Grade
A gas-fired hot water boiler and an oil-fired hot water boiler provide heating hot water to radiant heaters throughout the Main Office and Garage building, as well as three hot water unit heaters hung from the ceiling of the two garage bays in the Main Office building. The different zones receiving heating hot water via the gas-fired boiler are served by three pipemounted pumps, all of which were installed in 2003. The oil-fired boiler provides heating hot water to its associated equipment via a single pipe-mounted pump also installed in 2003. All pumps are fractional horsepower and are in very good condition.
Gas-fired Boiler in Front Garage (Left) and Oil-fired Boiler in Side Garage
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Distribution Systems A typical split system unit arrangement draws in fresh air and brings it into a mixing box, where it is combined with return air from the building. A small portion of the return air is purged and vented outside prior to entering the mixing box. The air inside the air handler is sent through a filter before passing through the evaporator or direct expansion (DX) coil. The air handler fan then pushes the air through the furnace section before the conditioned air is distributed into the building spaces. The furnace is only active in the heating season and the DX system is only active in the cooling season. In between these seasons neither system may operate and only the blower will be active to provide fresh air to the building. The ductwork in this building is well insulated and appears to be in very good condition. Controls The heating and cooling equipment is controlled by manual thermostats in several rooms throughout the building. The thermostats are in good condition and appear to be working satisfactorily. Use of programmable thermostats in place of manual models would ensure proper scheduling such as night setback, which provides energy savings. However, with little knowledge of the diligence of the staff in setpoint adjustment, it is hard to quantify energy savings and provide a simple payback.
Example of Manual Thermostat, Located in the Main Office and Garage Building
Domestic Hot Water The domestic hot water (DHW) for the Main Office and Garage building is provided by one gas-fired Bradford White water heater with 40 gallon storage capacity located in the boiler room area in the front garage. This heater serves the toilet rooms of the building. The heater was installed in 1998 and is at the end of its expected lifespan. No other water heaters were observed in the other buildings.
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Gas-fired Domestic Water Heater in Front Garage
Electrical systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior Lighting - The Public Works and Water Plant currently contains mostly T12 fixtures with sporadic use of Incandescent lights. Based on measurements of lighting levels for each space, there are no vastly over-illuminated areas. Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be LED type. Exterior Lighting - The exterior lighting surveyed during the building audit was found to be a mix of incandescent and Metal Halide fixtures. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells. Appliances and process SWA has conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the building. Typically, appliances are referred to as “plug-load” equipment, since they are not inherent to the building’s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines, printers, etc. all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate out from the rest of the building’s energy usage based on utility analysis. Elevators
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The Public Works and Water Plant Main Office and Garage do not have an installed elevator. Other electrical systems There are two sewage ejector pumps in the Main Office and Garage building. The larger,1 HP pump is from the 1960s and is beyond its expected useful life. The second is a smaller 1/3 HP pump installed over 10 years ago. Separately, the Garage building has a sump with submersible sump pumps.
Submersible Sump Pump In Garage
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Public Works and Water Plant Main Garages Building Characteristics - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages The single-story, (slab on grade), 10,100 square feet Public Works and Water Plant Garages were originally constructed in the 1950’s, with each section added several years apart. There are three garage areas and a Mechanics’ Bay: the Left Garage has three bays, the Middle Garage is not used frequently and has three bays and the last, the Right Garage has three bays, see Front Façade photo below. The Mechanics’ shop tacked to the Right Garage is two bays. Each section is connected by interior doors. They are used as truck bays, storage areas and mechanics shops.
Left Garage
Front Façade
Right Garage
Middle Garage
Front Façade
Right Side Façade
Rear Façade
Building Occupancy Profiles - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages The Mechanics’ Bays are the only ones with regular occupancy, which is approximately 1 to 5 employees daily from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm. Occupancy increases during inclement weather. Building Envelope - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages Due to unfavorable weather conditions (min. 18 deg. F delta-T in/outside and no/low wind), no exterior envelope infrared (IR) images were taken during the field audit.
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Exterior Walls The exterior wall envelope of the garage areas is constructed of brick veneer, over concrete block with stucco accents in some locations and no detectable insulation. The interior is mostly painted CMU (Concrete Masonry Unit). Note: Wall insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific exterior wall problem spots and areas were identified:
Cracked/deteriorated bricks and mortar joints
Roof The building’s roofs are predominantly a flat and parapet type over steel and wood decking and rafters, with a dark-colored EPDM single membrane finish. Some of the roofs have been redone recently. There were eight inches of foil fiberglass batt ceiling insulation visible between wood ceiling rafters of the Mechanics’ Garage, no to sparse insulation in the other garage ceilings, and eight inches of fiberglass batt insulation with vinyl lining between ceiling rafters in the Left Garage. Note: Roof insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts were inspected during the field audit. They were reported to be in overall good condition, with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage or other energy-compromising issues.
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The following specific roof problem spots were identified:
Sections of missing ceiling insulation found, Mechanics Garage
No insulation at all despite being a conditioned space, Middle Garage
Uneven attic insulation found in some areas, Left Garage
Base The building’s base is composed of a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. Slab/perimeter insulation levels could not be verified in the field or on construction plans, and are based upon similar wall types and time of construction. The building’s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues.
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The following specific base problem spots were identified:
Vegetation growth at base
Windows The building contains basically one type of window. 1. There are three double-hung type windows with a metal frame, clear single glazing and no interior or exterior shading devices. The windows are located on the outside wall of the Mechanics’ Garage and are original. Windows, shading devices, sills, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues. The following specific window problem spots were identified:
Single-glazed window with ineffective frame Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
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Exterior doors The building contains several different types of exterior doors. 1. There are eight aluminum type garage doors with four glass lights in each. They are located on each garage section and were replaced in 2000. 2. There is one aluminum type, painted exterior door located on the right side of the Mechanics’ Garage, and is original. All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in acceptable condition. The following specific door problem spots were identified:
Exterior aluminum door not properly sealed, Mechanics Garage
Garage door not properly sealed, Middle Garage
Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be reasonably air-tight, considering the building's use and occupancy, as described in more detail earlier in this chapter. The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Mechanical Systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning There were no comfort issues expressed by the Department of Public Works employees at the time of the field visit. Based on the occupancy and use of the building, the existing HVAC systems provide adequate conditioning for the Main Garages.
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Equipment The Main Garage is broken down into 4 adjoining sections: three 3-truck bays and a 2-bay mechanical shop. Each of the sections is heated by a pair of gas-fired unit heaters hung in the back corners. Four (4) of the unit heaters are beyond their expected service lives, and the other heaters are in the last half of their service lives. A small office in the mechanical bay is cooled by a thru-the-wall air conditioning unit which is in fair condition. A comprehensive equipment list for the entire complex can be found in Appendix A.
Typical Gas-fired Unit Heater in the Corner of Each Main Garage Section
The various sections of the Main Garage are primarily ventilated by natural ventilation via the large garage bay overhead doors that remain open during the work day. This condition leads to significant heat loss while the unit heaters are operating. SWA recommends the use of gas-fired infrared heaters in lieu of the current unit heaters. Infrared heaters heat objects such as people and the floor slab without heating the air. Heat will continue to radiate from the slab even after the heaters stop operating. Use of an infrared heating system in this type of facility typically results in significant energy savings. In addition to the natural ventilation, the Mechanics’ Bay of the Main Garage Building utilizes an Airmation air filter unit. Distribution Systems Due to the nature of the equipment in the Main Garage there are no distribution systems required to provide the heating to the various spaces. Controls The heating equipment is controlled by internal thermostats in the individual pieces of equipment that will turn on, and turn off, the equipment as the temperature presets are met.
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Domestic Hot Water No hot water heaters were observed in the Main Garage. Electrical systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Main Garages Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior Lighting - The Public Works and Water Plant Main Garages currently contain mostly T12 fixtures, with sporadic use of Metal Halide fixtures. Based on measurements of lighting levels for each space, there are no vastly over-illuminated areas. Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be Incandescent type which SWA recommends to be upgraded to LED. Exterior Lighting - The exterior lighting surveyed during the building audit was found to be a mix of Metal Halide lamps and Incandescent fixtures. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells. Appliances and process SWA has conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the building. Typically, appliances are referred to as “plug-load” equipment, since they are not inherent to the building’s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines, printers, etc. all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate out from the rest of the building’s energy usage based on utility analysis. Elevators The Public Works and Water Plant Main Garage does not have an installed elevator. Other electrical systems The Main Garage building has an air compressor located in the third bay and an auto lift in the Mechanics’ Bay. Use of these pieces of equipment is minimal and thus do not make a major impact on the energy usage for the building.
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Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Building Characteristics - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Salt Dome The single-story, (slab on grade), 1,300 square feet Salt Dome building was originally constructed in 2003 and is used for salt storage.
Front Façade Salt Dome
Side Façade Salt Dome
Well House # 1, 2 & 3 The three Well Houses are single-story, (slab on grade), 270 square feet each. Well House #1 and #3 were originally constructed in the early1900’s, and Well House # 2 was built in the 1950’s. They house well pumps to distribute city water to a remote storage tank.
Well House (typ.)
Side Façade Well House (typ.)
Steel Garage The single-story, (slab on grade), 1,900 square feet Steel Garage was originally constructed in the 1980’s. The garage has four truck bays and storage areas along the wall.
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Front Façade Steel Garage
Building Occupancy Profiles - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage There are no occupants for the Well Houses or the Salt Dome. The Well House is visited periodically for pump maintenance. The Salt Dome is accessed intermittently when salt is needed for inclement weather. The Steel Garage occupancy is also sporadic with approximately 1 or 2 employees weekly bringing in/taking out storage materials. Building Envelope - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Due to unfavorable weather conditions (min. 18 deg. F delta-T in/outside), no exterior envelope infrared (IR) images were taken during the field audit. Exterior Walls The wall envelope of the Salt Dome is a precast concrete panel system with no insulation. The Well Houses are constructed of solid brick with no insulation. The Steel Garage envelope is a steel wall panels with no insulation. Note: Wall insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall good condition with only a few signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage or other energy-compromising issues on the Well Houses. The following specific exterior wall problem spots and areas were identified:
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Well House Wall Water Damage and Infiltration
Roof The Salt Dome roof is predominantly a dome shape over a wood structure, with a asphalt shingle finish, with no ceiling or roof insulation. The Well Houses have a flat and parapet type over steel decking, with a dark-colored EPDM single membrane finish and no ceiling or roof insulation. The Steel Garage a low-pitch gable type over metal decking, with a metal panel finish and no roof or ceiling insulation. There is an opening in interior ceiling along the center seam of the building for roof ventilation. Note: Roof insulation levels could visually be verified in the field by non-destructive methods. Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts were inspected during the field audit. They were reported to be in overall good condition, with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage or other energy-compromising issues. Base The Salt Dome base is a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. The Well House base’s are slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. The Steel Garage base is a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter foundation and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. Slab/perimeter insulation levels could not be verified in the field or on construction plans, and are based upon similar wall types and time of construction.
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The building’s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues. Windows The building contains several different types of windows. 1. Salt Dome has five round skylight type windows at the center of the ceiling. 2. Well Houses each has four or five double-hung type windows with a non-insulated aluminum frame, clear double glazing and no interior or exterior shading devices. 3. The Steel Garage has no windows. Windows, shading devices, sills, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in good condition with only a few signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues on the Well Houses. The following specific window problem spots were identified:
Exterior mold/water damage signs on areas around windows
Exterior doors The buildings contain several different types of exterior doors. 1. The Salt Dome has a wood sliding door with a synthetic wood wall panel finish type exterior and is original to the building. 2. The Well Houses each have an aluminum type exterior door which is original. 3. The Steel Garage has four sheet metal type garage doors with a light glass vision panels which are original.
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All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues. Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be reasonably air-tight, considering the building's infrequent use and sporadic occupancy, as described in more detail earlier in this chapter. The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Mechanical Systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning There were no comfort issues expressed by the Department of Public Works employees at the time of the field visit. Based on the occupancy and use of the building, the existing HVAC systems provide adequate conditioning for these buildings. Equipment The Steel Garage is heated by a brand new waste oil burner. The three small Pump/Well Houses located within the complex are heated by small electric unit heaters, one per building. The final building of the complex is the Salt Dome, which receives no heating or cooling. A comprehensive equipment list for the entire complex can be found in Appendix A. The Steel Garage is primarily ventilated by natural ventilation via the large garage bay overhead doors that remain open during the work day. The pump houses are ventilated by louvered exhaust fans mounted over the doorway of each building. The Salt Dome is naturally ventilated by louvers in the domed roof of the structure.
Typical Louvered Exhaust Fan Above Pump House Door
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Distribution Systems Due to the nature of the equipment in the Steel Garage and Pump Houses there are no distribution systems required to provide the heating to the various spaces. Controls The heating equipment is controlled by internal thermostats in the individual pieces of equipment that will turn on, and turn off, the equipment as the temperature presets are met. Domestic Hot Water No hot water heaters were observed in the Steel Garage, Salt Dome or Pump Houses. Electrical systems - Public Works and Water Plant - Salt Dome, Well Houses and Steel Garage Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior Lighting - The Public Works and Water Plant buildings currently contain mostly T12, incandescent and metal halide fixtures. Based on measurements of lighting levels for each space, there are no vastly over-illuminated areas.
T12 Fixture Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be LED type. Exterior Lighting - The exterior lighting surveyed during the building audit was found to be a mix of Metal Halide lamp and Incandescent fixtures. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells. Appliances and process SWA has conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the
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building. Typically, appliances are referred to as “plug-load” equipment, since they are not inherent to the building’s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines, printers, etc. all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate out from the rest of the building’s energy usage based on utility analysis. Elevators The Public Works and Water Plant buildings do not have installed elevators. Other electrical systems Emergency Power Two of the Pump/Well Houses (1 & 3) have back-up power diesel generators. The generator for Pump House #1 is inside the structure, and the generator for Pump House # 3 is a self contained unit located behind the Steel Garage. Process Equipment & Pumps Each of the Pump Houses contains a large water pump used to distribute water throughout the township. Pump Houses #1 & #3 have 150 HP pumps and Pump House #2 (back-up) has a 75 HP pump. All water pumps are listed as premium efficiency on their nameplates.
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RENEWABLE AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MEASURES Renewable energy is defined as any power source generated from sources which are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind and geothermal. Technology for renewable energy is improving, and the cost of installation is decreasing, due to both demand and the availability of state and federal government-sponsored funding. Renewable energy reduces the need for using either electricity or fossil fuel, therefore lowering costs by reducing the amount of energy purchased from the utility company. Technology such as photovoltaic panels or wind turbines, use natural resources to generate electricity on the site. Geothermal systems offset the thermal loads in a building by using water stored in the ground as either a heat sink or heat source. Solar thermal collectors heat a specified volume of water, reducing the amount of energy required to heat water using building equipment. Cogeneration or CHP allows you to generate electricity locally, while also taking advantage of heat wasted during the generation process. 3.1 Existing systems Currently there are no renewable energy systems installed at this complex. 3.2 Evaluated Systems Solar Photovoltaic Photovoltaic panels convert light energy received from the sun into a usable form of electricity. Panels can be connected into arrays and mounted directly onto building roofs, as well as installed onto built canopies over areas such as parking lots, building roofs or other open areas. Electricity generated from photovoltaic panels is generally sold back to the utility company through a net meter. Net-metering allows the utility to record the amount of electricity generated in order to pay credits to the consumer that can offset usage and demand costs on the electric bill. In addition to generation credits, there are incentives available called Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) that are subsidized by the state government. Specifically, the New Jersey State government pays a market-rate SREC to facilities that generate electricity in an effort to meet state-wide renewable energy requirements. Based on utility analysis and a study of roof conditions, the Public Works and Water Plant are a good candidate for a 49.7 kW Solar Panel installation. See ECM#8 for details. Solar Thermal Collectors Solar thermal collectors are not cost-effective for these buildings and would not be recommended due to the insufficient and intermittent use of domestic hot water throughout the building to justify the expenditure. Geothermal The Public Works and Water Plant buildings are not a good candidate for geothermal installation since the system cost would be prohibitive as compared to the minimal usage and savings.
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Combined Heat and Power The Public Works and Water Plant buildings are not a good candidate for CHP installation and would not be cost-effective due to the size and operations of the building. Typically, CHP is best suited for buildings with a high electrical baseload to accommodate the electricity generated, as well as a means for using waste heat generated. Typical applications include buildings with an absorption chiller or high domestic water load, where waste heat would be used efficiently. PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) are recommendations determined for the building based on improvements over current building conditions. ECMs have been determined for the building based on installed cost, as well as energy and cost-savings opportunities. Recommendations: Energy Conservation Measures ECM# 1 2 3 4 5 6 ECM# 7 ECM# 8 9
0-5 Year Payback ECMs Upgrade 4 of thermostats to programmable type in the offices and garages Replace 1 incandescent Exit sign with LED type Upgrade 37 incandescent fixtures to CFLs Install 1 beverage and 1 Snacks vending machine energy misers in break room Upgrade 8 Metal Halide (MH) fixtures to T5 Upgrade 63 T12 fixtures to T8 fixtures 5-10 Year Payback ECMs Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model >10 Year Payback (End of Life) Install 49.7 kW PV rooftop system with incentives Replace gas-fired heating/electric cooling split HVAC system with a high efficiency 14 SEER system
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#1: Upgrade 4 of thermostats to programmable type in the offices and garages During the field audit, SWA completed a building HVAC controls analysis and observed spaces in the buildings where temperature is manually controlled without setbacks to reduce energy consumption during unoccupied periods of time, such as evenings and weekends. Programmable thermostats offer an easy way to save energy when correctly used. By turning the thermostat setback 10-15 degrees F for eight hours at a stretch (at night), the heating bill can be reduced substantially (by a minimum of 10% per year). In the summer, the cooling bill can be reduced by keeping the conditioned space warmer when unoccupied, and cooling it down only when using the space. The savings from using a programmable thermostat is greater in milder climates than in more extreme climates. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. The four spaces addressed in this ECM are offices and garages that currently have wall mounted thermostats. Installation cost:
est. installed cost, $
est. incentives, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
Estimated installed cost: $668 (includes $301 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs; Similar projects
668
none at this time
668
573
0.2
22
0.2
1,167
1,290
12
15,484
0.5
2218
185
193
11,652
1,264
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA assumed a conservative 1/2% savings of heating/cooling loads and on the average 40 min/wk operational savings when systems are operating per pre-agreed settings vs. the need to make more frequent adjustments. Rebates/financial incentives: •
There is no incentive available for this measure at this time.
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#2: Replace 1 incandescent Exit sign with LED type
During the field audit, SWA completed a building lighting inventory (see Appendix B). SWA observed that the buildings contain an incandescent Exit sign. SWA recommends replacing this with LED type. Replacing existing Exit sign with LED Exit sign can result in lower kilowatt-hour consumption, as well as lower maintenance costs. Since Exit signs operate 24 hours per day, they can consume large amounts of energy. In addition, older Exit signs require frequent maintenance due to the short life span of the lamps that light them. LED Exit sign lamps last at least 5 years. In addition, LED Exit signs offer better fire code compliance because they are maintenance free in excess of 10 years. LED Exit signs are usually brighter than comparable incandescent or fluorescent signs, and have a greater contrast with their background due to the monochromatic nature of the light that LEDs emit. The building owner may decide to perform this work with inhouse resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
est. installed cost, $
est. incentives, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
Estimated installed cost: $130 (includes $65 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
150
20
130
477
0.2
0
0.1
18
99
15
1,486
1.3
1,043
70
76
1,004
854
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 1/2 hr/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
NJ Clean Energy - Replace Incandescent Exit with LED - $20 per fixture
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#3: Upgrade 37 incandescent fixtures to CFLs During the field audit, SWA completed a building lighting inventory (see Appendix B). The existing lighting also contains inefficient incandescent lamps. SWA recommends that each incandescent lamp is replaced with a more efficient, Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL). CFLs are capable of providing equivalent or better light output while using less power when compared to incandescent, halogen and Metal Halide fixtures. CFL bulbs produce the same lumen output with less wattage than incandescent bulbs and last up to five times longer. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
3,548
1.1
0
0.6
175
782
5
3,909
1.7
202
40
53
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ 1,295
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
1,295
none at this time
annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $1,295 (includes $777 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
2,194
6,353
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 5 hrs/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
None at this time
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#4: Install 1 beverage and 1 Snacks vending machine energy misers in break room Energy vending miser devices are now available for conserving energy used by beverage vending machines and coolers. There isn’t a need to purchase new machines to reduce operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. When equipped with the vending miser devices, refrigerated beverage vending machines use less energy and are comparable in daily energy performance to new ENERGY STAR qualified machines. Vending miser devices incorporate innovative energy-saving technology into small plug-and-play devices that installs in minutes, either on the wall or on the vending machine. Vending miser devices use a Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) to: Power down the machine when the surrounding area is vacant; Monitor the room's temperature; Automatically repower the cooling system at one- to three-hour intervals, independent of sales; Ensure the product stays cold. Snack vending miser devices can be used on snack vending machines to achieve maximum energy savings that result in reduced operating costs and decreased greenhouse gas emissions with existing machines. Snack vending miser devices also use a Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) to determine if there is anyone within 25 feet of the machine. It waits for 15 minutes of vacancy, then powers down the machine. If a customer approaches the machine while powered down, the snacks vending miser will sense the presence and immediately power up. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
1,400
0.4
0
0.2
0
239
12
2,873
1.7
611
51
59
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ 404
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
404
none at this time
annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $404 (includes $141of labor) Source of cost estimate: www.usatech.com and established costs
1,890
2,507
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken during the field audit and using the billing analysis. SWA assumes energy savings based on modeling calculator found at www.usatech.com or http://www.usatech.com/energy_management/energy_calculator.php . Rebates/financial incentives: •
None at this time
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#5: Upgrade 8 Metal Halide (MH) fixtures to T5 During the field audit, SWA completed a building interior as well as exterior lighting inventory (see Appendix B). The existing lighting contains standard probe start Metal Halide (MH) lamps in some of the garage areas. SWA recommends replacing the higher wattage MH fixtures with ceiling suspended T5 fixtures which offer the advantages of standard probe start MH lamps, but minimize the disadvantages. They produce higher light output both initially and over time, operate more efficiently, produce whiter light, and turn on and re-strike faster. Due to these characteristics, energy savings can be realized via a one to two substitution, replacing each MH fixture with a 4 ft T5, 2 lamp fixture. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
840
711
0.2
0
0.1
113
234
15
3,511
3.6
318
21
27
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
160
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
1,000
annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $840 (includes $420 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
1,855
1,273
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 1.5 hrs/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
NJ Clean Energy - MH to T5 ($20 per fixture) - Maximum incentive amount - $160
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#6: Upgrade 63 T12 fixtures to T8 fixtures During the field audit, SWA completed a building lighting inventory (see Appendix B). The existing lighting contains over 60 inefficient T12 fluorescent fixtures with magnetic ballasts. SWA recommends replacing each existing fixture with more efficient, T8 fluorescent fixtures with electronic ballasts. T8 fixtures with electronic ballasts provide equivalent or better light output while reducing energy consumption by 30% when compared to T12 fixtures with magnetic ballasts. T8 fixtures also provide better lumens for less wattage when compared to incandescent, halogen and Metal Halide fixtures. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost:
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
7,875
6,895
2.2
0
1.2
315
1,494
15
22,411
5.3
185
12
17
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
1,575
net present value, $
est. incentives, $
9,450
lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, %
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $6,895 (includes $3,938 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
9,405
12,345
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed an aggregated 9 hrs/yr to replace aging burnt out lamps vs. newly installed. Rebates/financial incentives: •
NJ Clean Energy - T12 to T8 ($25 per fixture) - Maximum incentive amount - $1,575
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#7: Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model
During the field audit, SWA inspected old refrigerators which were not Energy Star rated (using approximately 775 kWh/yr). Appliances, such as refrigerators, that are over 10 years of age should be replaced with newer efficient models with the Energy Star label. SWA recommends the replacement of existing old refrigerators with 18 cu. ft. top freezer refrigerators ENERGY STAR®, using approximately 425 kWh/yr, or equivalent. Besides saving energy, the replacement will also keep the surrounding area cooler. When compared to the average electrical consumption of older equipment, Energy Star equipment results in large savings. Look for the Energy Star label when replacing appliances and equipment, including: window air conditioners, refrigerators, printers, computers, copy machines, etc. More information can be found in the “Products” section of the Energy Star website at: http://www.energystar.gov. On April 28, 2008, the ENERGY STAR criteria changed for all full-size refrigerators. All refrigerators greater than 7.75 cubic feet must be at least 20% more efficient than the federal standard. Before April 28, 2008, refrigerators needed to be at least 15% more efficient than the federal standard. The criteria for freezers and compact refrigerators and freezers did not change. Installation cost:
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
0
simple payback, yrs
therms, 1st yr savings
0.0
est. lifetime cost savings, $
kW, demand reduction/mo
50
life of measure, yrs
kWh, 1st yr savings
700
total 1st yr savings, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
0
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
est. incentives, $
700
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. installed cost, $
Estimated installed cost: $750 (includes $70 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program
0
0
0
-120
90
Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator in kind 0.0
50
59
12
703
12.0
Incremental difference to replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model 50 750
0 0
50
300
0.1
0
0.1
0
51
12
616
1.0
1131
94
103
441
537
750
Replace 1 old Break room refrigerator with 18 cu ft Energy Star model 350 0.1 0 0.1 50 110 12 1,318 6.8 76 6 10
320
627
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken during the field audit and using the billing analysis. SWA assumed annual labor and parts insurance for old refrigerators. Rebates/financial incentives: •
None at this time
Please see Appendix F for more information on Incentive Programs.
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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ECM#8: Install 49.7 kW PV rooftop system with incentives Currently the Public Works and Water Plant do not use any renewable energy systems. Renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic panels can be mounted on the building roofs facing south, which can offset a portion of the purchased electricity for the building. Power stations generally have two separate electrical charges: usage and demand. Usage is the amount of electricity in kilowatt-hours that a building uses from month to month. Demand is the amount of electrical power that a building uses at any given instance in a month’s period. During the summer periods, electric demand at a power station is high due to the amount of air conditioners, lights, and other equipment being used within the region. Demand charges increase to offset the utility’s cost to provide enough electricity at that given time. Installing a PV system will offset electrical demand and reduce the annual electric consumption for the building, while utilizing available state incentives. PV systems are modular and readily allow for future expansion. The size of the system was determined considering the available roof surface area, without compromising service space for roof equipment and safety, as well as the facility’s annual base load and mode of operation. A PV system could be installed on a portion of the roof with panels facing south. The Main Garage building has four (4) flat roof sections for portions of a 49.7 kW PV installation on the building roof. A commercial crystalline 230 watt panel has 17.5 square feet of surface area (13.1 watts per square foot). A 49.7 kW system needs approximately 216 panels which would take up 3,780 square feet. A PV system would reduce the buildings’ electric load and allow more capacity for surrounding buildings as well as serve as an example of energy efficiency for the community. The building is not eligible for a residential 30% federal tax credit. The Public Works and Water Plant may consider applying for a grant and/or engage a PV generator/leaser who would install the PV system and then sell the power at a reduced rate. JCP&L provides the ability to buy SREC’s at $600/MWh or best market offer. Please note that this analysis did not consider the structural capability of the existing building to support the above recommended system. SWA recommends that the Borough of Chatham contract with a structural engineer to determine if additional building structure is required to support the recommended system and what costs would be associated with incorporating the additional supports prior to system installation. Should additional costs be identified, the Township should include these costs in the financial analysis of the project. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $332,865 (including $133,142 total labor cost) Source of cost estimate: Similar projects
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
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est. installed cost, $
est. incentives, $
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
kWh, 1st yr savings
kW, demand reduction/mo
therms, 1st yr savings
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
total 1st yr savings, $
life of measure, yrs
est. lifetime energy cost savings, $
simple payback, yrs
lifetime return on investment, %
annual return on investment, %
internal rate of return, %
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
Economics (with incentives):
372,600
39,744
332,856
34,163
49.7
0
5.8
0
26,340
25
453,514
12.6
36
1
3
7,595
61,169
Assumptions: SWA estimated the cost and savings of the system based on past PV projects. SWA projected physical dimensions based on a typical Polycrystalline Solar Panel (230 Watts, model #ND-U230C1). PV systems are sized based on Watts and physical dimensions for an array will differ with the efficiency of a given solar panel (W/sq ft). Rebates/financial incentives: NJ Clean Energy - Renewable Energy Incentive Program, Incentive based on $.80 / watt Solar PV application for systems 50 kW or less. Incentive amount for this application is $39,744 for the proposed option. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program NJ Clean Energy - Solar Renewable Energy Certificate Program. Each time a solar electric system generates 1,000kWh (1MWh) of electricity, a SREC is issued which can then be sold or traded separately from the power. The buildings must also become net-metered in order to earn SRECs as well as sell power back to the electric grid. A total annual SREC credit of $20,400 has been incorporated in the above costs; however it requires proof of performance, application approval and negotiations with the utility. Options for funding ECM: This project may benefit from enrolling in NJ SmartStart program with Technical Assistance to offset a portion of the cost of implementation. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstartbuildings
Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Final Report
Chatham - Public Works and Water Plant
Page 47/70
ECM#9: Replace gas-fired heating/electric cooling split HVAC system with a high efficiency 14 SEER system The main offices and locker room areas of the Public Works and Water Plant - Main Office and Garage building are heated and cooled by a gas-fired furnace with split system DX cooling, with condensing unit located on grade. This system should be replaced. This equipment was installed in 1997 and is nearing the end of its expected service life of 15 years. SWA recommends replacement of this split system air handling unit and condensing unit to gain increase in operating efficiency. This measure cannot be justified by energy savings alone, but should be considered as an end-oflife energy savings opportunity. The current equipment is operating with a cooling Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) of approximately 10. The new equipment should have a minimum 14.0 EER rating. The higher SEER will involve increased cost for the equipment over units with lower SEER. The equipment shall be Energy Star certified and ASHRAE 90.1 compliant. The equipment shall utilize R-410A refrigerant. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $5,016 (including $1,254 total labor cost) Source of cost estimate: Manufacturer’s data and similar projects
net present value, $
CO2 reduced, lbs/yr
internal rate of return, %
annual return on investment, %
lifetime return on investment, %
simple payback, yrs
est. lifetime cost savings, $
life of measure, yrs
total 1st yr savings, $
est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $
kBtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings
4,500
therms, 1st yr savings
net est. ECM cost with incentives, $
0
kW, demand reduction/mo
est. incentives, $
4,500
kWh, 1st yr savings
est. installed cost, $
Economics (with incentives):
-2,787
658
Scenario #1: Replacement of Existing 10.0 SEER Split System with 12.0 SEER System 480
0.1
0
0.1
0
144
15
2,153
31.4
-52
-3
-8
Scenario #2: Incremental Cost of Replacing with 14.0 SEER System Over 12.0 SEER System 1,000
484
5,500
484
516
342
0.1
42
0.3
0
174
15
2,611
3.0
406
27
33
1,562
960
-1,225
1,618
Scenario #3: Replacement of Existing 10.0 SEER Split System with 14.0 SEER System 5,016
822
0.2
42
0.4
0
318
15
4,764
15.8
-5
0
-1
Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using nameplate data taken on the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis, and by estimating the total of 1,200 cooling hours for one year using weather bin data for Newark, NJ. Rebates/financial incentives: NJ Clean Energy - Gas Heating < 300 MBH ($2.00 per MBH, minimum $300 per unit) Unitary HVAC
