Salt marsh Mussel Beds
Restoration Aquaculture as a Tool for rebuilding Native Bivalve Assemblages and Ecosystem Services: Watershed Perspectives Danielle Kreeger Angela Padeletti
Partnership for the DE Estuary
Bivalves of the Delaware
11 Other Species of Freshwater Unionid Mussels
Corbicula fluminea Elliptio complanata
Rangia cuneata
Mya arenaria
Geukensia demissa
Mytilus edulis Ensis directus
Mercenaria DRBC mercenaria Crassostrea virginica
o f P o u
35
Oyster Trends
25
M illio n s
Bivalves
30
20 15 10 5
0 1860
1880
1900
1920 1940 Year
1960
1980
2000
Oyster landings in Delaware Bay: 1880 - 1980s
http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=25475
Oyster Disease and Salinity
Salt Line Location
From Rutgers HSRL From DRBC
www.livingclassrooms.org/lbo/dermo/oyster2.jpg
Oyster Management Can they maintain (or be maintained) until they might see more optimal conditions? 1000
No Help With Help
1758
900
DK 5
Longer Growing Season
800
Options? Shellplanting 2 Recruitment
Number per Bushel
700 600
Events
500 400
Intertidal Niche Expansion?
300 200 100
Point of No Return
Oyster
Spat
Mean Oyster
Mean Spat
Historical data from Rutgers Haskin Shellfish Laboratory
5
7
2060
Year
3
2030
53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 1
Today
0
Salt Marshes
Geukensia demissa
Ecosystem Engineers
Kathy Klein
Mussel – Spartina Mutualism
Severely Stressed 35%
Minimally or Not Stressed 17%
Moderately Stressed 48%
Bivalves Freshwater Mussel Status and Trends Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania. Part III: Systematic account of the genera and species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 8(1):
NEP Study Area Patchy, Impaired
Rare
Extirpated
State Conservation Status NJ
Scientific Name
Scientific Name
ALASMIDONTA HETERODON
DWARF WEDGEMUSSEL
Endangered
Endangered
Critically Imperiled
ALASMIDONTA UNDULATA
TRIANGLE FLOATER
Extirpated ?
Threatened
Vulnerable
ALASMIDONTA VARICOSA
BROOK FLOATER
Endangered
Endangered
Imperiled
ANODONTA IMPLICATA
ALEWIFE FLOATER
Extremely Rare
no data
Extirpated ?
ELLIPTIO COMPLANATA
EASTERN ELLIPTIO
common
common
Secure
LAMPSILIS CARIOSA
YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Vulnerable
LAMPSILIS RADIATA
EASTERN LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Imperiled
LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS
GREEN FLOATER
no data
Endangered
Imperiled
LEPTODEA OCHRACEA
TIDEWATER MUCKET
Endangered
Threatened
Extirpated ?
LIGUMIA NASUTA
EASTERN PONDMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Critically Imperiled
MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA
EASTERN PEARLSHELL
no data
no data
Imperiled
PYGANODON CATARACTA
EASTERN FLOATER
no data
no data
Vulnerable
STROPHITUS UNDULATUS
SQUAWFOOT
Extremely Rare
Species of Concern
Apparently Secure
DE
PA
•
BrandywineRiver, River,PA PA Brandywine Elliptio complanata
Delaware Estuary Marshes Geukensia demissa
Delaware Bay Oysters Crassostrea virginica DK 15
Climate Change Vulnerability? Oyster Reefs • Salinity Driven Disease Epizootics • Others: Food, pH
Salt marsh Mussel Beds • Loss and Degradation of Wetland Habitat • Others: Food, PH
Freshwater Mussel Beds • Range Shifts with No Dispersal • Habitat Degradation (T, salinity, pH, fish hosts)
The Decline Biodiversity
Population Biomass
Nature’s Benefits Bivalve Shellfish are “Ecosystem Engineers”
CTUIR Freshwater Mussel Project DK 18
Loss of Ecological Services 1. Structure Habitat Complexity
Binding of Bottom Bottom Turbulence
2. Function Suspended Particulates Particulate N, P Light Sediment Enrichment Dissolved Nutrients
Biofiltration Potential Start No mussels
8 adult mussels
Slide from Dick Neves, VA Tech
Biofiltration Potential Later No mussels
8 adult mussels
Slide from Dick Neves, VA Tech
Population-Level Water Processing Billions of Liters per Hour
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Elliptio complanata
Geukensia demissa
Crassostrea virginica
Restoration of Nature’s Benefits?
Nature’s Benefits (Natural Capital)
Livelihoods
Lives
Health
Livelihoods
Health
Desired Watershed Condition: A diverse and robust assemblage of native bivalves living in abundance in all available tidal and non-tidal ecological niches and providing maximum possible natural benefits.
DRBC
Freshwater Mussel Recovery Program
Captive Care, Propagation and Reintroduction Cheyney Hatchery
Propagation and Reintroduction Propagated Juveniles
Photos, R. Neves, VA Tech
Freshwater Mussel Recovery Program Goals Based on Ecosystem Services Not including progeny
2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 Millions of 1,200 Liters 1,000 Processed 800 600 400 200 0
Series
1
2
4
6
8
10
Years After Planting
15
30
But Be Strategic…. Oyster Reefs • Salinity Driven Disease Epizootics • Others: Food, pH
Salt marsh Mussel Beds • Loss and Degradation of Wetland Habitat • Others: Food, PH
Freshwater Mussel Beds • Range Shifts with No Dispersal • Habitat Degradation (T, salinity, pH, fish hosts)
Shifts in Species Ranges of Freshwater Mussels Patchy, Impaired
Extirpated
Rare
Tough Decisions Which species and associated benefits can be sustained? Alasmidonta heterodon Strophitus undulatus Elliptio complanata Which should we invest in? (sinceState funding willStatus Conservation
Scientific Name
ALASMIDONTA HETERODON
Scientific Name always be limited) DWARF WEDGEMUSSEL
DE
NJ
PA
Endangered
Endangered
Critically Imperiled
ALASMIDONTA UNDULATA
TRIANGLE FLOATER
Extirpated ?
Threatened
Vulnerable
ALASMIDONTA VARICOSA
BROOK FLOATER
Endangered
Endangered
Imperiled
ANODONTA IMPLICATA
ALEWIFE FLOATER
Extremely Rare
no data
Extirpated ?
ELLIPTIO COMPLANATA
EASTERN ELLIPTIO
common
common
Secure
LAMPSILIS CARIOSA
YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Vulnerable
LAMPSILIS RADIATA
EASTERN LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Imperiled
LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS
GREEN FLOATER
no data
Endangered
Imperiled
LEPTODEA OCHRACEA
TIDEWATER MUCKET
Endangered
Threatened
Extirpated ?
LIGUMIA NASUTA
EASTERN PONDMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Critically Imperiled
MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA
EASTERN PEARLSHELL
no data
no data
Imperiled
PYGANODON CATARACTA
EASTERN FLOATER
no data
no data
Vulnerable
STROPHITUS UNDULATUS
SQUAWFOOT
Extremely Rare
Species of Concern
Apparently Secure
And Opportunistic…. Intertidal Oysters ?
Relocate FW Mussel Broodstock ?
Salvage and Reuse Eroded Ribbed Mussels?
Summary • Both freshwater and marine bivalves provide multiple goods and services • Bivalves represent excellent targets for ecosystem-based management, conservation and restoration • Restoration oriented aquaculture can play a vital role as part of a watershed-based bivalve restoration strategy
DRBC
- End -
www.DelawareEstuary.org
Partnership for the DE Estuary
Bivalves of the Delaware
11 Other Species of Freshwater Unionid Mussels
Corbicula fluminea Elliptio complanata
Rangia cuneata
Mya arenaria
Geukensia demissa
Mytilus edulis Ensis directus
Mercenaria DRBC mercenaria Crassostrea virginica
o f P o u
35
Oyster Trends
25
M illio n s
Bivalves
30
20 15 10 5
0 1860
1880
1900
1920 1940 Year
1960
1980
2000
Oyster landings in Delaware Bay: 1880 - 1980s
http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=25475
Oyster Disease and Salinity
Salt Line Location
From Rutgers HSRL From DRBC
www.livingclassrooms.org/lbo/dermo/oyster2.jpg
Oyster Management Can they maintain (or be maintained) until they might see more optimal conditions? 1000
No Help With Help
1758
900
DK 5
Longer Growing Season
800
Options? Shellplanting 2 Recruitment
Number per Bushel
700 600
Events
500 400
Intertidal Niche Expansion?
300 200 100
Point of No Return
Oyster
Spat
Mean Oyster
Mean Spat
Historical data from Rutgers Haskin Shellfish Laboratory
5
7
2060
Year
3
2030
53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 1
Today
0
Salt Marshes
Geukensia demissa
Ecosystem Engineers
Kathy Klein
Mussel – Spartina Mutualism
Severely Stressed 35%
Minimally or Not Stressed 17%
Moderately Stressed 48%
Bivalves Freshwater Mussel Status and Trends Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania. Part III: Systematic account of the genera and species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 8(1):
NEP Study Area Patchy, Impaired
Rare
Extirpated
State Conservation Status NJ
Scientific Name
Scientific Name
ALASMIDONTA HETERODON
DWARF WEDGEMUSSEL
Endangered
Endangered
Critically Imperiled
ALASMIDONTA UNDULATA
TRIANGLE FLOATER
Extirpated ?
Threatened
Vulnerable
ALASMIDONTA VARICOSA
BROOK FLOATER
Endangered
Endangered
Imperiled
ANODONTA IMPLICATA
ALEWIFE FLOATER
Extremely Rare
no data
Extirpated ?
ELLIPTIO COMPLANATA
EASTERN ELLIPTIO
common
common
Secure
LAMPSILIS CARIOSA
YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Vulnerable
LAMPSILIS RADIATA
EASTERN LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Imperiled
LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS
GREEN FLOATER
no data
Endangered
Imperiled
LEPTODEA OCHRACEA
TIDEWATER MUCKET
Endangered
Threatened
Extirpated ?
LIGUMIA NASUTA
EASTERN PONDMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Critically Imperiled
MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA
EASTERN PEARLSHELL
no data
no data
Imperiled
PYGANODON CATARACTA
EASTERN FLOATER
no data
no data
Vulnerable
STROPHITUS UNDULATUS
SQUAWFOOT
Extremely Rare
Species of Concern
Apparently Secure
DE
PA
•
BrandywineRiver, River,PA PA Brandywine Elliptio complanata
Delaware Estuary Marshes Geukensia demissa
Delaware Bay Oysters Crassostrea virginica DK 15
Climate Change Vulnerability? Oyster Reefs • Salinity Driven Disease Epizootics • Others: Food, pH
Salt marsh Mussel Beds • Loss and Degradation of Wetland Habitat • Others: Food, PH
Freshwater Mussel Beds • Range Shifts with No Dispersal • Habitat Degradation (T, salinity, pH, fish hosts)
The Decline Biodiversity
Population Biomass
Nature’s Benefits Bivalve Shellfish are “Ecosystem Engineers”
CTUIR Freshwater Mussel Project DK 18
Loss of Ecological Services 1. Structure Habitat Complexity
Binding of Bottom Bottom Turbulence
2. Function Suspended Particulates Particulate N, P Light Sediment Enrichment Dissolved Nutrients
Biofiltration Potential Start No mussels
8 adult mussels
Slide from Dick Neves, VA Tech
Biofiltration Potential Later No mussels
8 adult mussels
Slide from Dick Neves, VA Tech
Population-Level Water Processing Billions of Liters per Hour
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Elliptio complanata
Geukensia demissa
Crassostrea virginica
Restoration of Nature’s Benefits?
Nature’s Benefits (Natural Capital)
Livelihoods
Lives
Health
Livelihoods
Health
Desired Watershed Condition: A diverse and robust assemblage of native bivalves living in abundance in all available tidal and non-tidal ecological niches and providing maximum possible natural benefits.
DRBC
Freshwater Mussel Recovery Program
Captive Care, Propagation and Reintroduction Cheyney Hatchery
Propagation and Reintroduction Propagated Juveniles
Photos, R. Neves, VA Tech
Freshwater Mussel Recovery Program Goals Based on Ecosystem Services Not including progeny
2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 Millions of 1,200 Liters 1,000 Processed 800 600 400 200 0
Series
1
2
4
6
8
10
Years After Planting
15
30
But Be Strategic…. Oyster Reefs • Salinity Driven Disease Epizootics • Others: Food, pH
Salt marsh Mussel Beds • Loss and Degradation of Wetland Habitat • Others: Food, PH
Freshwater Mussel Beds • Range Shifts with No Dispersal • Habitat Degradation (T, salinity, pH, fish hosts)
Shifts in Species Ranges of Freshwater Mussels Patchy, Impaired
Extirpated
Rare
Tough Decisions Which species and associated benefits can be sustained? Alasmidonta heterodon Strophitus undulatus Elliptio complanata Which should we invest in? (sinceState funding willStatus Conservation
Scientific Name
ALASMIDONTA HETERODON
Scientific Name always be limited) DWARF WEDGEMUSSEL
DE
NJ
PA
Endangered
Endangered
Critically Imperiled
ALASMIDONTA UNDULATA
TRIANGLE FLOATER
Extirpated ?
Threatened
Vulnerable
ALASMIDONTA VARICOSA
BROOK FLOATER
Endangered
Endangered
Imperiled
ANODONTA IMPLICATA
ALEWIFE FLOATER
Extremely Rare
no data
Extirpated ?
ELLIPTIO COMPLANATA
EASTERN ELLIPTIO
common
common
Secure
LAMPSILIS CARIOSA
YELLOW LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Vulnerable
LAMPSILIS RADIATA
EASTERN LAMPMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Imperiled
LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS
GREEN FLOATER
no data
Endangered
Imperiled
LEPTODEA OCHRACEA
TIDEWATER MUCKET
Endangered
Threatened
Extirpated ?
LIGUMIA NASUTA
EASTERN PONDMUSSEL
Endangered
Threatened
Critically Imperiled
MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA
EASTERN PEARLSHELL
no data
no data
Imperiled
PYGANODON CATARACTA
EASTERN FLOATER
no data
no data
Vulnerable
STROPHITUS UNDULATUS
SQUAWFOOT
Extremely Rare
Species of Concern
Apparently Secure
And Opportunistic…. Intertidal Oysters ?
Relocate FW Mussel Broodstock ?
Salvage and Reuse Eroded Ribbed Mussels?
Summary • Both freshwater and marine bivalves provide multiple goods and services • Bivalves represent excellent targets for ecosystem-based management, conservation and restoration • Restoration oriented aquaculture can play a vital role as part of a watershed-based bivalve restoration strategy
DRBC
- End -
www.DelawareEstuary.org
