universiti teknologi malaysia - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name :
AHMAD ALI IMRAN BIN MOHD ALI
Date of birth
:
MAY 26th 1988
Title
:
COMPARISON OF SEVERAL TYPES OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP IN TERMS OF HARMONIC AND ILLUMINATION
Academic Session :
2010/2011
I declare that this thesis is classified as : CONFIDENTIAL
(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED
(Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text)
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows : 1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by :
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
880526-11-5151 (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)
Hjh Faridah Bt Hussin NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date : 15th May 2011
NOTES :
*
Date : 15th May 2011
If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
“I hereby declare that have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)”
Signature
:
............................................
Name of Supervisor : Hjh Faridah Bt Hussin Date
: 15th May 2011
COMPARISON OF SEVERAL TYPES OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP IN TERMS OF HARMONIC AND ILLUMINATION
AHMAD ALI IMRAN BIN MOHD ALI
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2011
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Comparison of Several Types Of Compact Fluorescent Lamp in terms of harmonic and illumination” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
....................................................
Name
:
Ahmad Ali Imran Bin Mohd Ali
Date
:
15th May 2011
iii
Dedicated, in thankful appreciation for support, encouragement and understanding to my beloved mother S. Meriam Bt Sheh Ali my sisters, Nurul Huda, Nurul Hana, Nurul Abidah, Nurul Atiah, Nurul Athifah, Nurul Hamidah.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my supervisor, Hjh Faridah binti Hussin for her proposal and guideline to this project. Also to Dr Dalila and lecturers for their ideas and advises in order to complete this project.
My appreciation also goes to my family who has been tolerant and supports me all these years. Thanks for their encouragement, love and emotional support that they had given to me.
Nevertheless, my great appreciation dedicated to my entire friend and all SEE members batch 2011 and those who involve directly or indirectly with this project.
v
ABSTRACT
Electric utility company is required to maintain harmonic voltage level in the system below the standard’s limit. Most of the harmonic distortion is caused by nonlinear load appliance such as compact fluorescent lamp. Different brand and type CFL will produce different of harmonic and the other parameters. The problem of illumination warm-up starting period of CFL is recently claimed by people using this lamp. Measurement and analysis of the total harmonic distortion and illumination on the brand of CFL which is Philips and GE lighting of spiral and double biax types is to propose the recommended CFL. The lux meter is used to measure the illumination of the CFLs and bulbs and thence the comparison between them were analyzed. The good CFL will be less warm-up starting period and has a less harmonic contain. The harmonic distortion and others parameters such as crest factor, power factor and root mean square current is measured and obtained by using Fluke 435 PQ analyzer. The distortion is called as harmonics. Besides that, Total Harmonic Distortion for current is higher compare to the Total Harmonic Distortion of the voltage which leads by the Ohm`s Law that distorted voltage waveforms caused by distorted current waveforms. Some of the recommendation described the ways how to reduce the warm-up starting period and total harmonic distortion as well.
vi
ABSTRAK
Syarikat kuasa elektrik diperlukan untuk menjaga tahap voltan harmonik dalam sistem di bawah paras piawai. Kebanyakan herotan harmonik disebabkan oleh peralatan beban yang tidak selari seperti lampu neon kompak(CFL). Jenama dan jenis lampu neon kompak (CFL) yang berbeza akan menghasilkan nilai harmonic dan parameter yang berbeza. Baru-baru ini, pengguna lampu ini bersuara tentang masalah tempoh masa permulaan pencahayaan satu-satu lampu neon kompak (CFL). Pengukuran dan analisa tentang jumlah herotan harmonic dan masalah kecerahan lampu pada lampu neon kompak (CFL) berjenama Philips dan GE lighting jenis putaran dan biax berganda adalah untuk mencadangkan jenis CFL yang bagus. Meter lux digunakan untuk mengukur kecerahan lampu neon kompak (CFL) dan mentol dan dari situ, perbezaan antara jenama dan jenis lampu neon kompak dianalisis. Lampu neon kompak (CFL) yang bagus adalah lampu yang kurang tempoh masa permulaan dan mengandungi kurang harmonik. Herotan harmonik dan parameter yang lain seperti puncak kuasa, faktor kuasa dan punca-min-kuasa-dua diukur dan diperoleh menggunakan Fluke 435 PQ Analyzer. Herotan dipanggil harmonik. Selain itu, jumlah arus herotan harmonik lebih tinggi berbanding dengan jumlah voltan herotan harmonik yang ditunjukkan oleh Hukum Ohm `s bahawa bentuk gelombang voltan terherot disebabkan oleh gelombang arus terherot. Beberapa cadangan menerangkan cara untuk mengurangkan tempoh masa permulaan pencahayaan dan pengurangan jumlah herotan harmonik juga.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background
1
1.2
Statement of problem
2
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope of study
3
1.5
Thesis Outline
4
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1
2.2
Power quality problem
5
2.1.1
Steady State Variations
6
2.1.2
Disturbance
7
Definition of harmonic
8
viii
2.3
3
4
2.2.1
Linear Load
8
2.2.2
Non-Linear Load
8
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
10
2.3.1
Comparison analysis between CFL and LED
11
2.3.2
Compact Fluorescent Lamp Brand
16
2.3.3
Specification of selected lamp
16
2.4
Effect of harmonic on power factor
19
2.5
Total Harmonic Distortion
20
2.6
Standards
22
2.7
Illumination
24
METHODOLOGY 3.1
Introduction
27
3.2
Bench desk for testing
27
3.3
Fluke 435 PQ analyzer
28
3.4
Power Log 2.9 Software
30
3.5
Lux Meter
32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1
Introduction
34
4.2
Parameters data of CFLs from the experiment
35
4.3
Voltage Harmonic Distortion
37
4.4
Current Harmonic Distortion
39
4.5
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion
41
4.6
Illuminance for lamps
42
4.6.1 Philips Compact Fluorescent Lamp
44
4.2.2 GE Lighting Compact Fluorescent Lamp
45
Analysis of illumination
46
4.7
ix
4.8
5
Summary
48
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1
Conclusion
49
5.2
Recommendation
50
5.21
Reduce warm-up time period
50
5.22
Reduce total harmonic distortion
51
REFERENCES
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Definition of power quality
6
2.2
Specification of the incandescent, CFL and LED
12
2.3
Consumption of the lamps for 10 years for every lamps
15
2.4
Current Distortion Limits (in % of IL) for General Distribution System
22
2.5
Voltage Distortion Limits (in % of V1)
23
2.6
Limitation for class C
23
2.7
Standard of illumination gazeted for MS1525 standard
26
4.1
Overall parameters obtained from the analysis
36
4.2
Voltage harmonic distortion in percentage (%)
37
4.3
Current harmonic distortion in percentage (%)
39
4.4
Time taken for the lamps achieve steady state illumination lux meter
4.5
Percentage of illuminance and time taken to achieve steady state
42
47
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1
TITLE Harmonic current waveforms for linear and non-linear
PAGE 9
load 2.2
Notation attached to CFL box
11
2.3
Philips lamps specifications
17
2.4
GE lighting lamps specifications
18
2.5
Triangle of power factor
19
2.6
Unstable current waveform
21
3.1
PQ analyzer while testing the CFL power quality
28
3.2
Single phase connection
29
3.3
Logging data for .pfq file
31
3.4
Parameters to be chosen
31
3.5
Data of chosen parameters
32
3.6
Lux meter equipment
33
xii
4.1
Current and voltage waveform after distorted
34
4.2
Percentage of voltage harmonic distortion versus
38
harmonic level 4.3
Percentage of current harmonic distortion versus
40
harmonic level 4.4
Time taken for each lamp to attain its steady state
43
4.5
Time taken for Philips to achieve its steady state
44
illumination 4.6
Time taken for GE to its achieve steady state
44
illumination 5.1
New Hybrid lamp of GE lighting
50
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Harmonic is a component of a sinusoidal waveform having frequency of the multiple of fundamental power line frequency.
Therefore any current and voltage
waveform can be resolved into its harmonics component. As a result, voltage distortion is generated indirectly from the harmonic current flow through the distribution system.
The non-linear electric and power electronics appliances are the main causes of this harmonic. Computers, fluorescent lamp and television are some of example nonlinear loads in residential area while inverters, arc furnaces and variable speed drives are mostly common in industrial areas. The terms “linear” and “non-linear” define the relationship of current to the voltage waveform. A linear relationship exists between the voltage and current, which is typical of an across the-line load. A non-linear load has a discontinuous current relationship that does not correspond to the applied voltage waveform.
2
High level of voltage or current harmonics will cause nuisance tripping of fuse, transformer heating, circuit breaker and protective devices, distorted voltage waveform and high current in neutral conductor. Transformers are sensitive to current harmonics while capacitors are sensitive to harmonic voltage while there are many researches which study the effect of harmonics which affects both utility and consumers.
The standards and guidelines were introduced which provides comprehensive recommended guidelines on investigation, assessment and measurement of harmonics in power system. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has come out with standards and guidelines regarding harmonics. One of the standards is IEEE Standard 519-1992. The standard includes steady state limits on current harmonic and harmonic voltages at all system voltage levels. The limit was set for a steady state operation and for worst case scenario.
1.2
Statement of problem
The present of harmonic currents and voltages is not a new phenomenon in our daily life. The voltage and current harmonic current is influenced by the increasing of the harmonic produced equipments.Therefore, the increasing application of non-linear equipment is one of the factor that cause the harmonic current.
Compact fluorescent lamp(CFL) provide significant energy over incandescent lighting. Up until now power quality issues associated with CFL have largely been ignored as the number of these lamps on the system was small and the associated impact difficult to quantify. In the mean time, there are many complain about the warm-up problem of CFL.
3
1.3
Objectives
1) To study the performance of selected type of CFL in terms of illuminance. 2) To measure the harmonic contain in selected CFL. 3) To propose the best CFL in terms of harmonic level and illuminity.
1.4
Scope of study
The purpose of this project is to study the performance of selected Compact Fluorescent Lamp in terms of illuminance. The limit of this project is measurement of the total harmonic distortion (THD) of 4 types of CFL and 2 incandescent lamp.
The brands of selected CFL are Philips and GE lighting which are:
1. Philips Genie 11w. 2. Philips Tornado 11w. 3. Philips Incandescent Lamp Bulb 60w. 4. GE Tiny 8w 5. GE Double Biax 9w 6. GE Incandescent Lamp Bulb 40w.
4
1.5
Thesis outline
Chapter 1 of this thesis presents the basic review of harmonics. The basic on harmonic distortion, effect on power system and harmonics emission standard will be discussed on this chapter. In the end of this chapter present objective, scope of work, problem statement and expected result.
Chapter 2 focuses on basic voltage and current total harmonic distortion. Major part of this chapter is devoted to an overall review of the choosing of CFL type. Discussion on the theory related to this topic such as power factor, displacement power factor and crest factor as well as the illumination are also included.
Chapter 3 focuses on the methodology and steps taken being carried out in this project. The experiments tools that are used throughout the project are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 presents the result such as current total harmonic distortion (THD), total harmonic distortion of voltage and illumination of compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Besides that, a comparison of several types of CFL in terms of harmonic will be presented.
Chapter 5 concludes the project achievement. Apart from that, the recommendations for future research are also discussed in this chapter.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Power quality problem
Both electric utilities and customers of electric power are becoming increasingly concerned about the quality of electrics power. The term power quality is to discuss event on electric power grids that can damage or disrupt sensitive electronic devices. There are many ways in which power supply can be poor quality.
It is important to understand the types of power quality variations that can cause problems with sensitive loads. The power quality variations can be specified to two part [2].
6
2.1.1 Steady State Variations
These include normal RMS voltage variations and harmonic distortion. These variations must be measured by sampling the voltage or current verse time.
Table 2.1: Definitions of power quality measurable quantities
Power quality
Method of
variation
characterizing
Typical cause
Example Power conditioning Solution
categories Oscillator
Waveforms, Peak
Line/cable
Surge arresters,
transient
magnitude, Frequency
switching,
Filters, Isolation
component
Capacitor
transformer.
switching Impulse
Peak magnitude, Rise
Lightning,
Surge arrester,
transient
time, Duration
Electrostatic
Filters, Isolation
discharge, Load
transformer.
switching Interruption
Duration
System
Energy storage
protection,
technologies, UPS,
maintenance
backup generators
Under voltages RMS vs time, Statistics
Motor starting,
Voltage regulators,
or Over
Load variations
Ferro resonant
voltages
transformer
Voltage flicker Variation magnitude,
Intermittent
Frequency of
loads, Motor
occurence, Modulation
starting, Arc
frequency
furnaces
Static Var system
7
Sags/swells
RMS s time,
Remote system
Ferro resonant
Magnitude, Duration
fault
transformer, energy storage technologies, UPS
Harmonic
Harmonic spectrum,
Nonlinear loads, Filters (active or
distortion
THD, Statistic
system
passive), Transformer
resonance
The information is best presented as a trend of the quality over time and then analyzed using statistical methods. Various definitions of power quality measurable quantities which is possibly cause the variation of power quality and can be simplified as shown in Table 2.1:
2.1.2
Disturbance
Disturbances are measured by triggering on an abnormality in the voltage or the current. Transient voltages may be detected when the peak magnitude exceeds a specified threshold. RMS voltage variations may be detected when the RMS variation exceeds a specified level.
8
2.2
Definition of harmonic
Harmonic is defined as deviations from the fundamental frequency sine wave, expressed as additional sine waves of frequencies that are a multiple of the generated frequency. In a balanced three phase circuit, even numbered harmonic currents cancel out on the neutral and they are expressed as the multiple of odd number of fundamental frequency such as 3rd, 5th etc.
The presence of harmonics in the waveform can be measure by percentage of the fundamental frequency. The total harmonic content is expressed as the square root of the sum of each the amplitudes of the harmonic, expressed as percentage of the fundamental. Non linear distortion of a waveform characterized by the appearance in the output of harmonics other than the fundamental component when the input wave is pure sinusoidal.
2.2.1 Linear Load
Linear load is an alternating current (AC) electrical load where the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal. The current flow is proportional to the voltage of the loads. The examples of the linear load are power factor improvement capacitor, incandescent lamps, heater and such appliances that not contain coils.
2.2.2 Non – Linear Load
Non-linear load applies to those ac loads where the flow of current is not proportional to the voltage. The nature of non-linear loads is to generate harmonics in
9
the current waveform. This distortion of the current waveform leads to distortion of the voltage waveform. Because of this, the voltage waveform is not proportional to the current anymore. The examples of non-linear load are Uninterruptable Power Supply, laser jet printer, compact fluorescent lamps, rectifier and television.
Figure 2.1 shows the harmonic current waveforms. This non-linear load distort the pure sinusoidal waveform and can cause problems such as:
a) Heat of conductors. b) Prematurely age capacitors. c) Disturb ripple control systems. d) Overheat motors, leading to reduced its efficiency
Figure 2.1: Harmonic current waveforms for linear and non-linear load
10
2.3
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
Compact fluorescent lights, like all discharge lights, create harmonics on the supply system because of the control systems limiting the plasma (an electric arc) current, which produces light.
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) used 70 – 80% less energy than their incandescent equivalents. For example, when replacing a 100-watt incandescent lamp is equivalent to a 20 to 23-watt of CFL is used. CFL is last longer which approximate 8 to 13 times the life of incandescent lamp
Most of the CFL also have improved the color rendition. The light is a warm tone that is almost identical to that of an incandescent lamp. The heat produced by CFL less than incandescent lamp.
The harmonic can be neglected when the usage of CFL is few. With the large scale of CFL, it will increase the harmonic levels obviously, decreased the power factor, higher harmonic contain may affect older ripple control relay and compensation and filtering is not straight forward. It is mentioned earlier that problem such as cable heating will be occurred in the existence of harmonic
The CFL is consists of different cap mount type, wattage, color, lifespan and so on. The difference is absolutely depends on the different type of CFL such as spiral, biax, candle and etc. Figure 2.2 explains the notation that usually attached to CFL box for the use of the customer.
11
Figure 2.2 : Notation attached to CFL box
2.3.1 Comparison analysis between CFL and LED
There are several types of lamp available in market instead of CFL such as LED and incandescent.
Three types of lamps from same brand were used namely incandescent, CFL and LED. These lamps have the same function usage and have average price for the types of lamp. The TNB rate for 1kWh is equal to RM0.288. The rated usage of the lamps is 4 hours per day. The comparison of these three types of lamps is illustrated in Table 2.2
12
Table 2.2 : Specification of the incandescent, CFL and LED.
Reference
Type
Watts
Lumens
Brand GE
Lumens/
Price/Bulb
Watt A19 Incandescent
Life (Hours)
40
765
19.13
RM2.27
1500
10
710
71.00
RM45.93
8000
9
429
47.67
RM115.06
25000
long life GE Energy CFL SmartTM GE
LED LED
A19
The price of each lamp is taken from www.amazon.com, which is in US dollar and were converted to Ringgit Malaysia (RM).
Based on the data in table 2.2, the annual operating cost and electrical cost for 10 years for each lamp can be calculated as below.
Annual operating cost (AOC):
1. Incandescent lamp
AOC = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x charge price by TNB for 1kWh x = 0.040kW x 4 hours x RM0.288 / kWh x 365 = RM16.82
13
2. Compact Flourescent Lamp
AOC = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x charge price by TNB for 1kWh x = 0.01kW x 4 hours x RM0.288 / kWh x 365 = RM4.20
3. Light Emitting Diode
AOC = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x charge price by TNB for 1kWh x = 0.009kW x 4 hours x RM0.288 / kWh x 365 = RM3.78
The electrical cost for 10 years (EC) :
1. Incandescent EC = 10 years electrical consumption x charge price by TNB = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x
x 10years x RM0.288
= 0.04 x 4 x 365 x 10 x 0.288 = 584 x 0.288 = RM168.19
2. Compact Flourescent Lamp EC = 10 years electrical consumption x charge price by TNB = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x = 0.01 x 4 x 365 x 10 x 0.288 = 146 x 0.288 = RM 42.00
x 10years x RM0.288
14
3. LED EC = 10 years electrical consumption x charge price by TNB = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x
x 10years x RM0.288
= 0.009 x 4 x 365 x 10 x 0.288 = 131.4 x 0.288 = RM37.84
As a result, the saving percentage can be determined as below. In this case, the incandescent lamp is used as a reference.
The saving percentage (SP) :
1. Incandescent (as reference)
Since the incandescent life time is short, it is assumed that 10 bulbs is needed for 10 years.
Total cost for 10 years (TC) : = (approximate 10 lamp x lamp price) + 10 years electrical consumption = 10 x RM2.27 + RM168.19 = RM190.89
2. Compact Flourescent Lamp
Since the CFL life time is short, it is assumed that 2 bulbs are needed for 10 years.
Total cost for 10 years = (approximate 2 lamp x lamp price) + 10 years electrical consumption = 2 x RM45.93 + RM42.05 = RM133.91
15
Cost saving percentage of CFL compared to incandescent = RM133.91 / RM190.89 = 29.85%
3. LED
Since the LED life time is great, it is assumed that only one lamp is needed for 10 years.
Total cost for 10 years = (1 lamp x lamp price) + 10 years electrical consumption = 1 x RM115.06 + RM37.84 = RM152.90
Cost saving percentage of LED compared to incandescent = RM152.90 / RM190.89 = 19.90%
Table 2.3 : Consumption of the lamps for 10 years for every lamps.
Type
Annual
Bulbs
10
years Electical
Total Cost Saving
operating
(round
elec.
cost
up)
consumption years
+
(kwh)
cost/bulb)
cost for 10 (electricity
Incandescent RM16.82
10
584
RM168.19 RM190.89 -
CFL
RM4.20
2
146
RM42.05
RM133.91 29.85%
LED
RM3.78
1
131.4
RM37.84
RM152.90 19.90%
16
Table 2.3 shows the consumption analysis of the lamps for 10 years for every lamp.
As the conclusion, the CFL is saving up to 30% compare to LED just 20% in terms of money saving. Therefore, the CFL is the best energy cost saving lamp over the incandescent and LED.
2.3.2 Compact Fluorescent Lamp Brand
The CFL brand also play important role for the quality of CFL. In this project, GE lighting and Philips brand are chosen based on reasons stated below:
1. GE lighting is pioneered by Thomas Edison, the person whom invented the lamp. 2. GE lighting also very established and well-known lamp invention such as the spiral type of CFL also introduced by GE. 3. GE lighting also recently introduced the latest design to avoid warm-up starting lamp which is one of the factor why people refuse to buy CFL. 4. Philips is economic and friendly CFL. 5. Philips also well known and familiar lamp company in Malaysia.
2.3.3 Specification of selected lamps.
The specification of the selected lamps that being used in this project are shown in Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4:
17
Philips Tornado 11w
Philips Genie 11w
Average price : RM22
Average price : RM17
Philips
Specification :
Specification :
bulb is equivalence to 11w
700 Lumens
610 Lumens
of Philips CFL.
67 Lm/W
55 Lm/W
2700 Kelvin
2700 Kelvin
Double Biax
Spiral
Figure 2.3 : Philips lamps specifications
Incandescent
60w
18
GE Tiny 8w
GE Double Biax 9w
Average price : RM29
Average price : RM26
GE incandescent 40w bulb
Specification :
Specification :
is equivalence to 8w and 9w
460 Lumens
460 Lumens
of GE CFL.
57 Lm/W
53 Lm/W
2700 Kelvin
6400 Kelvin
Spiral
Double Biax
Figure 2.4: GE lighting lamps specifications
19
2.4
Effect of harmonic on power factor(PF)
Power factor is a measure of how efficiency a load utilizes the current that is drawn from the power system which is the ratio of the real power, P to apparent power, S. When the harmonic exist, total power factor, PFtotal is the multiple of displacement power factor, PFdisp and distortion power factor, PFdist as shown in equation 2.1 :
PFtotal = = PFdisp x PFdist =
(
)
(
)
(2.1) (
)²
Figure 2.5 : Triangle of power factor, Figure 2.5 shows the triangle of power factor. The power factor is cos-1 A. The value of the distortion power factor will be below than 1 if there is a harmonic in the system which introduces the THD value to the system. Thus, when the distortion power factor (PFdist), multiply with the displacement power factor (PFdisp), it will result in the lower total power factor ( PFtotal). The penalty will be charged to the factories, if they are operated in low power factor. Somehow, there are several factories using the power factor correction system to control the power factor to avoid the penalty charges. `
20
2.5
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
THD is defined as the RMS value of the waveform remaining the fundamental is removed. The system frequency using worldwide is 50Hz and 60Hz. Harmonic distortion is caused by the introduction of waveforms in multiples of the fundamental frequency. Malaysia is using 50Hz for the fundamental frequency and when the 3rd harmonic is 3x the fundamental which result 150Hz. Total harmonic distortion is a measurement of the sum value of the waveform that is distorted.
The THD for voltage and current can be calculated using equation 2.2 and 2.3 :
THD =
x 100%
(2.2)
Where; Vn – The RMS voltage for nth harmonic V1 – The RMS voltage of the fundamental
THD =
x 100%
(2.3)
Where; In – The RMS voltage for nth harmonic I1 – The RMS voltage of the fundamental
The harmonic distortion can cause problems such as transformer overheating, low power factor and probably wiring failure. When the current or voltage is distorted, it will become not stable and some of the distorted waves exceeded the range of sinusoidal range. It can be shown in figure 2.6 :
21
Figure 2.6 : Unstable current waveform
The total harmonic distortion consists of current THD (THDi) and voltage THD (THDv). The electrical supplies power to loads by delivering current at the fundamental frequency. Only fundamental frequency current can provide real power. It means that the current plays an important role on the system. The THDv depends on the THDi. When impedance of a system increased, the harmonic voltage generated is also increased since the voltage is directly proportional to the impedance.
22
2.6
Standards
IEEE Standard 519 limitations on voltage and current harmonics in order to ensure that harmonic distortion levels throughout the entire electrical distribution system, from utility to consumer, will remain low enough for the system to function properly. This standard specific harmonic limits on producers and to protect the user internally and externally from voltage harmonic.
IEEE Standard 519 [10], Recommended Practice for Harmonic Control in Electric power systems, provides recommended for harmonics in two categories:
(i)
Harmonic current limits are specified for individual customers. These are evaluated at the point of common coupling (PCC) between the customer and the power system and illustrated in table 2.4.
Table 2.4 : Current Distortion Limits (in % of IL) for General Distribution System
ISC / IL
h
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name :
AHMAD ALI IMRAN BIN MOHD ALI
Date of birth
:
MAY 26th 1988
Title
:
COMPARISON OF SEVERAL TYPES OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP IN TERMS OF HARMONIC AND ILLUMINATION
Academic Session :
2010/2011
I declare that this thesis is classified as : CONFIDENTIAL
(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED
(Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text)
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Date : 15th May 2011
NOTES :
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Date : 15th May 2011
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Name of Supervisor : Hjh Faridah Bt Hussin Date
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COMPARISON OF SEVERAL TYPES OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP IN TERMS OF HARMONIC AND ILLUMINATION
AHMAD ALI IMRAN BIN MOHD ALI
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2011
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Comparison of Several Types Of Compact Fluorescent Lamp in terms of harmonic and illumination” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
....................................................
Name
:
Ahmad Ali Imran Bin Mohd Ali
Date
:
15th May 2011
iii
Dedicated, in thankful appreciation for support, encouragement and understanding to my beloved mother S. Meriam Bt Sheh Ali my sisters, Nurul Huda, Nurul Hana, Nurul Abidah, Nurul Atiah, Nurul Athifah, Nurul Hamidah.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my supervisor, Hjh Faridah binti Hussin for her proposal and guideline to this project. Also to Dr Dalila and lecturers for their ideas and advises in order to complete this project.
My appreciation also goes to my family who has been tolerant and supports me all these years. Thanks for their encouragement, love and emotional support that they had given to me.
Nevertheless, my great appreciation dedicated to my entire friend and all SEE members batch 2011 and those who involve directly or indirectly with this project.
v
ABSTRACT
Electric utility company is required to maintain harmonic voltage level in the system below the standard’s limit. Most of the harmonic distortion is caused by nonlinear load appliance such as compact fluorescent lamp. Different brand and type CFL will produce different of harmonic and the other parameters. The problem of illumination warm-up starting period of CFL is recently claimed by people using this lamp. Measurement and analysis of the total harmonic distortion and illumination on the brand of CFL which is Philips and GE lighting of spiral and double biax types is to propose the recommended CFL. The lux meter is used to measure the illumination of the CFLs and bulbs and thence the comparison between them were analyzed. The good CFL will be less warm-up starting period and has a less harmonic contain. The harmonic distortion and others parameters such as crest factor, power factor and root mean square current is measured and obtained by using Fluke 435 PQ analyzer. The distortion is called as harmonics. Besides that, Total Harmonic Distortion for current is higher compare to the Total Harmonic Distortion of the voltage which leads by the Ohm`s Law that distorted voltage waveforms caused by distorted current waveforms. Some of the recommendation described the ways how to reduce the warm-up starting period and total harmonic distortion as well.
vi
ABSTRAK
Syarikat kuasa elektrik diperlukan untuk menjaga tahap voltan harmonik dalam sistem di bawah paras piawai. Kebanyakan herotan harmonik disebabkan oleh peralatan beban yang tidak selari seperti lampu neon kompak(CFL). Jenama dan jenis lampu neon kompak (CFL) yang berbeza akan menghasilkan nilai harmonic dan parameter yang berbeza. Baru-baru ini, pengguna lampu ini bersuara tentang masalah tempoh masa permulaan pencahayaan satu-satu lampu neon kompak (CFL). Pengukuran dan analisa tentang jumlah herotan harmonic dan masalah kecerahan lampu pada lampu neon kompak (CFL) berjenama Philips dan GE lighting jenis putaran dan biax berganda adalah untuk mencadangkan jenis CFL yang bagus. Meter lux digunakan untuk mengukur kecerahan lampu neon kompak (CFL) dan mentol dan dari situ, perbezaan antara jenama dan jenis lampu neon kompak dianalisis. Lampu neon kompak (CFL) yang bagus adalah lampu yang kurang tempoh masa permulaan dan mengandungi kurang harmonik. Herotan harmonik dan parameter yang lain seperti puncak kuasa, faktor kuasa dan punca-min-kuasa-dua diukur dan diperoleh menggunakan Fluke 435 PQ Analyzer. Herotan dipanggil harmonik. Selain itu, jumlah arus herotan harmonik lebih tinggi berbanding dengan jumlah voltan herotan harmonik yang ditunjukkan oleh Hukum Ohm `s bahawa bentuk gelombang voltan terherot disebabkan oleh gelombang arus terherot. Beberapa cadangan menerangkan cara untuk mengurangkan tempoh masa permulaan pencahayaan dan pengurangan jumlah herotan harmonik juga.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background
1
1.2
Statement of problem
2
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope of study
3
1.5
Thesis Outline
4
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1
2.2
Power quality problem
5
2.1.1
Steady State Variations
6
2.1.2
Disturbance
7
Definition of harmonic
8
viii
2.3
3
4
2.2.1
Linear Load
8
2.2.2
Non-Linear Load
8
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
10
2.3.1
Comparison analysis between CFL and LED
11
2.3.2
Compact Fluorescent Lamp Brand
16
2.3.3
Specification of selected lamp
16
2.4
Effect of harmonic on power factor
19
2.5
Total Harmonic Distortion
20
2.6
Standards
22
2.7
Illumination
24
METHODOLOGY 3.1
Introduction
27
3.2
Bench desk for testing
27
3.3
Fluke 435 PQ analyzer
28
3.4
Power Log 2.9 Software
30
3.5
Lux Meter
32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1
Introduction
34
4.2
Parameters data of CFLs from the experiment
35
4.3
Voltage Harmonic Distortion
37
4.4
Current Harmonic Distortion
39
4.5
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion
41
4.6
Illuminance for lamps
42
4.6.1 Philips Compact Fluorescent Lamp
44
4.2.2 GE Lighting Compact Fluorescent Lamp
45
Analysis of illumination
46
4.7
ix
4.8
5
Summary
48
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1
Conclusion
49
5.2
Recommendation
50
5.21
Reduce warm-up time period
50
5.22
Reduce total harmonic distortion
51
REFERENCES
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Definition of power quality
6
2.2
Specification of the incandescent, CFL and LED
12
2.3
Consumption of the lamps for 10 years for every lamps
15
2.4
Current Distortion Limits (in % of IL) for General Distribution System
22
2.5
Voltage Distortion Limits (in % of V1)
23
2.6
Limitation for class C
23
2.7
Standard of illumination gazeted for MS1525 standard
26
4.1
Overall parameters obtained from the analysis
36
4.2
Voltage harmonic distortion in percentage (%)
37
4.3
Current harmonic distortion in percentage (%)
39
4.4
Time taken for the lamps achieve steady state illumination lux meter
4.5
Percentage of illuminance and time taken to achieve steady state
42
47
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1
TITLE Harmonic current waveforms for linear and non-linear
PAGE 9
load 2.2
Notation attached to CFL box
11
2.3
Philips lamps specifications
17
2.4
GE lighting lamps specifications
18
2.5
Triangle of power factor
19
2.6
Unstable current waveform
21
3.1
PQ analyzer while testing the CFL power quality
28
3.2
Single phase connection
29
3.3
Logging data for .pfq file
31
3.4
Parameters to be chosen
31
3.5
Data of chosen parameters
32
3.6
Lux meter equipment
33
xii
4.1
Current and voltage waveform after distorted
34
4.2
Percentage of voltage harmonic distortion versus
38
harmonic level 4.3
Percentage of current harmonic distortion versus
40
harmonic level 4.4
Time taken for each lamp to attain its steady state
43
4.5
Time taken for Philips to achieve its steady state
44
illumination 4.6
Time taken for GE to its achieve steady state
44
illumination 5.1
New Hybrid lamp of GE lighting
50
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Harmonic is a component of a sinusoidal waveform having frequency of the multiple of fundamental power line frequency.
Therefore any current and voltage
waveform can be resolved into its harmonics component. As a result, voltage distortion is generated indirectly from the harmonic current flow through the distribution system.
The non-linear electric and power electronics appliances are the main causes of this harmonic. Computers, fluorescent lamp and television are some of example nonlinear loads in residential area while inverters, arc furnaces and variable speed drives are mostly common in industrial areas. The terms “linear” and “non-linear” define the relationship of current to the voltage waveform. A linear relationship exists between the voltage and current, which is typical of an across the-line load. A non-linear load has a discontinuous current relationship that does not correspond to the applied voltage waveform.
2
High level of voltage or current harmonics will cause nuisance tripping of fuse, transformer heating, circuit breaker and protective devices, distorted voltage waveform and high current in neutral conductor. Transformers are sensitive to current harmonics while capacitors are sensitive to harmonic voltage while there are many researches which study the effect of harmonics which affects both utility and consumers.
The standards and guidelines were introduced which provides comprehensive recommended guidelines on investigation, assessment and measurement of harmonics in power system. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has come out with standards and guidelines regarding harmonics. One of the standards is IEEE Standard 519-1992. The standard includes steady state limits on current harmonic and harmonic voltages at all system voltage levels. The limit was set for a steady state operation and for worst case scenario.
1.2
Statement of problem
The present of harmonic currents and voltages is not a new phenomenon in our daily life. The voltage and current harmonic current is influenced by the increasing of the harmonic produced equipments.Therefore, the increasing application of non-linear equipment is one of the factor that cause the harmonic current.
Compact fluorescent lamp(CFL) provide significant energy over incandescent lighting. Up until now power quality issues associated with CFL have largely been ignored as the number of these lamps on the system was small and the associated impact difficult to quantify. In the mean time, there are many complain about the warm-up problem of CFL.
3
1.3
Objectives
1) To study the performance of selected type of CFL in terms of illuminance. 2) To measure the harmonic contain in selected CFL. 3) To propose the best CFL in terms of harmonic level and illuminity.
1.4
Scope of study
The purpose of this project is to study the performance of selected Compact Fluorescent Lamp in terms of illuminance. The limit of this project is measurement of the total harmonic distortion (THD) of 4 types of CFL and 2 incandescent lamp.
The brands of selected CFL are Philips and GE lighting which are:
1. Philips Genie 11w. 2. Philips Tornado 11w. 3. Philips Incandescent Lamp Bulb 60w. 4. GE Tiny 8w 5. GE Double Biax 9w 6. GE Incandescent Lamp Bulb 40w.
4
1.5
Thesis outline
Chapter 1 of this thesis presents the basic review of harmonics. The basic on harmonic distortion, effect on power system and harmonics emission standard will be discussed on this chapter. In the end of this chapter present objective, scope of work, problem statement and expected result.
Chapter 2 focuses on basic voltage and current total harmonic distortion. Major part of this chapter is devoted to an overall review of the choosing of CFL type. Discussion on the theory related to this topic such as power factor, displacement power factor and crest factor as well as the illumination are also included.
Chapter 3 focuses on the methodology and steps taken being carried out in this project. The experiments tools that are used throughout the project are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 presents the result such as current total harmonic distortion (THD), total harmonic distortion of voltage and illumination of compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Besides that, a comparison of several types of CFL in terms of harmonic will be presented.
Chapter 5 concludes the project achievement. Apart from that, the recommendations for future research are also discussed in this chapter.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Power quality problem
Both electric utilities and customers of electric power are becoming increasingly concerned about the quality of electrics power. The term power quality is to discuss event on electric power grids that can damage or disrupt sensitive electronic devices. There are many ways in which power supply can be poor quality.
It is important to understand the types of power quality variations that can cause problems with sensitive loads. The power quality variations can be specified to two part [2].
6
2.1.1 Steady State Variations
These include normal RMS voltage variations and harmonic distortion. These variations must be measured by sampling the voltage or current verse time.
Table 2.1: Definitions of power quality measurable quantities
Power quality
Method of
variation
characterizing
Typical cause
Example Power conditioning Solution
categories Oscillator
Waveforms, Peak
Line/cable
Surge arresters,
transient
magnitude, Frequency
switching,
Filters, Isolation
component
Capacitor
transformer.
switching Impulse
Peak magnitude, Rise
Lightning,
Surge arrester,
transient
time, Duration
Electrostatic
Filters, Isolation
discharge, Load
transformer.
switching Interruption
Duration
System
Energy storage
protection,
technologies, UPS,
maintenance
backup generators
Under voltages RMS vs time, Statistics
Motor starting,
Voltage regulators,
or Over
Load variations
Ferro resonant
voltages
transformer
Voltage flicker Variation magnitude,
Intermittent
Frequency of
loads, Motor
occurence, Modulation
starting, Arc
frequency
furnaces
Static Var system
7
Sags/swells
RMS s time,
Remote system
Ferro resonant
Magnitude, Duration
fault
transformer, energy storage technologies, UPS
Harmonic
Harmonic spectrum,
Nonlinear loads, Filters (active or
distortion
THD, Statistic
system
passive), Transformer
resonance
The information is best presented as a trend of the quality over time and then analyzed using statistical methods. Various definitions of power quality measurable quantities which is possibly cause the variation of power quality and can be simplified as shown in Table 2.1:
2.1.2
Disturbance
Disturbances are measured by triggering on an abnormality in the voltage or the current. Transient voltages may be detected when the peak magnitude exceeds a specified threshold. RMS voltage variations may be detected when the RMS variation exceeds a specified level.
8
2.2
Definition of harmonic
Harmonic is defined as deviations from the fundamental frequency sine wave, expressed as additional sine waves of frequencies that are a multiple of the generated frequency. In a balanced three phase circuit, even numbered harmonic currents cancel out on the neutral and they are expressed as the multiple of odd number of fundamental frequency such as 3rd, 5th etc.
The presence of harmonics in the waveform can be measure by percentage of the fundamental frequency. The total harmonic content is expressed as the square root of the sum of each the amplitudes of the harmonic, expressed as percentage of the fundamental. Non linear distortion of a waveform characterized by the appearance in the output of harmonics other than the fundamental component when the input wave is pure sinusoidal.
2.2.1 Linear Load
Linear load is an alternating current (AC) electrical load where the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal. The current flow is proportional to the voltage of the loads. The examples of the linear load are power factor improvement capacitor, incandescent lamps, heater and such appliances that not contain coils.
2.2.2 Non – Linear Load
Non-linear load applies to those ac loads where the flow of current is not proportional to the voltage. The nature of non-linear loads is to generate harmonics in
9
the current waveform. This distortion of the current waveform leads to distortion of the voltage waveform. Because of this, the voltage waveform is not proportional to the current anymore. The examples of non-linear load are Uninterruptable Power Supply, laser jet printer, compact fluorescent lamps, rectifier and television.
Figure 2.1 shows the harmonic current waveforms. This non-linear load distort the pure sinusoidal waveform and can cause problems such as:
a) Heat of conductors. b) Prematurely age capacitors. c) Disturb ripple control systems. d) Overheat motors, leading to reduced its efficiency
Figure 2.1: Harmonic current waveforms for linear and non-linear load
10
2.3
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
Compact fluorescent lights, like all discharge lights, create harmonics on the supply system because of the control systems limiting the plasma (an electric arc) current, which produces light.
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) used 70 – 80% less energy than their incandescent equivalents. For example, when replacing a 100-watt incandescent lamp is equivalent to a 20 to 23-watt of CFL is used. CFL is last longer which approximate 8 to 13 times the life of incandescent lamp
Most of the CFL also have improved the color rendition. The light is a warm tone that is almost identical to that of an incandescent lamp. The heat produced by CFL less than incandescent lamp.
The harmonic can be neglected when the usage of CFL is few. With the large scale of CFL, it will increase the harmonic levels obviously, decreased the power factor, higher harmonic contain may affect older ripple control relay and compensation and filtering is not straight forward. It is mentioned earlier that problem such as cable heating will be occurred in the existence of harmonic
The CFL is consists of different cap mount type, wattage, color, lifespan and so on. The difference is absolutely depends on the different type of CFL such as spiral, biax, candle and etc. Figure 2.2 explains the notation that usually attached to CFL box for the use of the customer.
11
Figure 2.2 : Notation attached to CFL box
2.3.1 Comparison analysis between CFL and LED
There are several types of lamp available in market instead of CFL such as LED and incandescent.
Three types of lamps from same brand were used namely incandescent, CFL and LED. These lamps have the same function usage and have average price for the types of lamp. The TNB rate for 1kWh is equal to RM0.288. The rated usage of the lamps is 4 hours per day. The comparison of these three types of lamps is illustrated in Table 2.2
12
Table 2.2 : Specification of the incandescent, CFL and LED.
Reference
Type
Watts
Lumens
Brand GE
Lumens/
Price/Bulb
Watt A19 Incandescent
Life (Hours)
40
765
19.13
RM2.27
1500
10
710
71.00
RM45.93
8000
9
429
47.67
RM115.06
25000
long life GE Energy CFL SmartTM GE
LED LED
A19
The price of each lamp is taken from www.amazon.com, which is in US dollar and were converted to Ringgit Malaysia (RM).
Based on the data in table 2.2, the annual operating cost and electrical cost for 10 years for each lamp can be calculated as below.
Annual operating cost (AOC):
1. Incandescent lamp
AOC = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x charge price by TNB for 1kWh x = 0.040kW x 4 hours x RM0.288 / kWh x 365 = RM16.82
13
2. Compact Flourescent Lamp
AOC = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x charge price by TNB for 1kWh x = 0.01kW x 4 hours x RM0.288 / kWh x 365 = RM4.20
3. Light Emitting Diode
AOC = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x charge price by TNB for 1kWh x = 0.009kW x 4 hours x RM0.288 / kWh x 365 = RM3.78
The electrical cost for 10 years (EC) :
1. Incandescent EC = 10 years electrical consumption x charge price by TNB = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x
x 10years x RM0.288
= 0.04 x 4 x 365 x 10 x 0.288 = 584 x 0.288 = RM168.19
2. Compact Flourescent Lamp EC = 10 years electrical consumption x charge price by TNB = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x = 0.01 x 4 x 365 x 10 x 0.288 = 146 x 0.288 = RM 42.00
x 10years x RM0.288
14
3. LED EC = 10 years electrical consumption x charge price by TNB = Wattage (in kW) x 4 hours usage x
x 10years x RM0.288
= 0.009 x 4 x 365 x 10 x 0.288 = 131.4 x 0.288 = RM37.84
As a result, the saving percentage can be determined as below. In this case, the incandescent lamp is used as a reference.
The saving percentage (SP) :
1. Incandescent (as reference)
Since the incandescent life time is short, it is assumed that 10 bulbs is needed for 10 years.
Total cost for 10 years (TC) : = (approximate 10 lamp x lamp price) + 10 years electrical consumption = 10 x RM2.27 + RM168.19 = RM190.89
2. Compact Flourescent Lamp
Since the CFL life time is short, it is assumed that 2 bulbs are needed for 10 years.
Total cost for 10 years = (approximate 2 lamp x lamp price) + 10 years electrical consumption = 2 x RM45.93 + RM42.05 = RM133.91
15
Cost saving percentage of CFL compared to incandescent = RM133.91 / RM190.89 = 29.85%
3. LED
Since the LED life time is great, it is assumed that only one lamp is needed for 10 years.
Total cost for 10 years = (1 lamp x lamp price) + 10 years electrical consumption = 1 x RM115.06 + RM37.84 = RM152.90
Cost saving percentage of LED compared to incandescent = RM152.90 / RM190.89 = 19.90%
Table 2.3 : Consumption of the lamps for 10 years for every lamps.
Type
Annual
Bulbs
10
years Electical
Total Cost Saving
operating
(round
elec.
cost
up)
consumption years
+
(kwh)
cost/bulb)
cost for 10 (electricity
Incandescent RM16.82
10
584
RM168.19 RM190.89 -
CFL
RM4.20
2
146
RM42.05
RM133.91 29.85%
LED
RM3.78
1
131.4
RM37.84
RM152.90 19.90%
16
Table 2.3 shows the consumption analysis of the lamps for 10 years for every lamp.
As the conclusion, the CFL is saving up to 30% compare to LED just 20% in terms of money saving. Therefore, the CFL is the best energy cost saving lamp over the incandescent and LED.
2.3.2 Compact Fluorescent Lamp Brand
The CFL brand also play important role for the quality of CFL. In this project, GE lighting and Philips brand are chosen based on reasons stated below:
1. GE lighting is pioneered by Thomas Edison, the person whom invented the lamp. 2. GE lighting also very established and well-known lamp invention such as the spiral type of CFL also introduced by GE. 3. GE lighting also recently introduced the latest design to avoid warm-up starting lamp which is one of the factor why people refuse to buy CFL. 4. Philips is economic and friendly CFL. 5. Philips also well known and familiar lamp company in Malaysia.
2.3.3 Specification of selected lamps.
The specification of the selected lamps that being used in this project are shown in Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4:
17
Philips Tornado 11w
Philips Genie 11w
Average price : RM22
Average price : RM17
Philips
Specification :
Specification :
bulb is equivalence to 11w
700 Lumens
610 Lumens
of Philips CFL.
67 Lm/W
55 Lm/W
2700 Kelvin
2700 Kelvin
Double Biax
Spiral
Figure 2.3 : Philips lamps specifications
Incandescent
60w
18
GE Tiny 8w
GE Double Biax 9w
Average price : RM29
Average price : RM26
GE incandescent 40w bulb
Specification :
Specification :
is equivalence to 8w and 9w
460 Lumens
460 Lumens
of GE CFL.
57 Lm/W
53 Lm/W
2700 Kelvin
6400 Kelvin
Spiral
Double Biax
Figure 2.4: GE lighting lamps specifications
19
2.4
Effect of harmonic on power factor(PF)
Power factor is a measure of how efficiency a load utilizes the current that is drawn from the power system which is the ratio of the real power, P to apparent power, S. When the harmonic exist, total power factor, PFtotal is the multiple of displacement power factor, PFdisp and distortion power factor, PFdist as shown in equation 2.1 :
PFtotal = = PFdisp x PFdist =
(
)
(
)
(2.1) (
)²
Figure 2.5 : Triangle of power factor, Figure 2.5 shows the triangle of power factor. The power factor is cos-1 A. The value of the distortion power factor will be below than 1 if there is a harmonic in the system which introduces the THD value to the system. Thus, when the distortion power factor (PFdist), multiply with the displacement power factor (PFdisp), it will result in the lower total power factor ( PFtotal). The penalty will be charged to the factories, if they are operated in low power factor. Somehow, there are several factories using the power factor correction system to control the power factor to avoid the penalty charges. `
20
2.5
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
THD is defined as the RMS value of the waveform remaining the fundamental is removed. The system frequency using worldwide is 50Hz and 60Hz. Harmonic distortion is caused by the introduction of waveforms in multiples of the fundamental frequency. Malaysia is using 50Hz for the fundamental frequency and when the 3rd harmonic is 3x the fundamental which result 150Hz. Total harmonic distortion is a measurement of the sum value of the waveform that is distorted.
The THD for voltage and current can be calculated using equation 2.2 and 2.3 :
THD =
x 100%
(2.2)
Where; Vn – The RMS voltage for nth harmonic V1 – The RMS voltage of the fundamental
THD =
x 100%
(2.3)
Where; In – The RMS voltage for nth harmonic I1 – The RMS voltage of the fundamental
The harmonic distortion can cause problems such as transformer overheating, low power factor and probably wiring failure. When the current or voltage is distorted, it will become not stable and some of the distorted waves exceeded the range of sinusoidal range. It can be shown in figure 2.6 :
21
Figure 2.6 : Unstable current waveform
The total harmonic distortion consists of current THD (THDi) and voltage THD (THDv). The electrical supplies power to loads by delivering current at the fundamental frequency. Only fundamental frequency current can provide real power. It means that the current plays an important role on the system. The THDv depends on the THDi. When impedance of a system increased, the harmonic voltage generated is also increased since the voltage is directly proportional to the impedance.
22
2.6
Standards
IEEE Standard 519 limitations on voltage and current harmonics in order to ensure that harmonic distortion levels throughout the entire electrical distribution system, from utility to consumer, will remain low enough for the system to function properly. This standard specific harmonic limits on producers and to protect the user internally and externally from voltage harmonic.
IEEE Standard 519 [10], Recommended Practice for Harmonic Control in Electric power systems, provides recommended for harmonics in two categories:
(i)
Harmonic current limits are specified for individual customers. These are evaluated at the point of common coupling (PCC) between the customer and the power system and illustrated in table 2.4.
Table 2.4 : Current Distortion Limits (in % of IL) for General Distribution System
ISC / IL
h
