UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name :
KHAIRULANWAR BIN OTHMAN
Date of birth
:
OCTOBER 21st 1988
Title
:
ENERGY AUDIT FOR LABORATORY IN FKE
Academic Session :
20010/2011
I declare that this thesis is classified as : CONFIDENTIAL
(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED
(Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text)
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows: 1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by:
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
881021-23-5283 (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)
FARIDAH BTE HUSSIN NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date: 15th MAY 2011
NOTES :
*
Date: 15th MAY 2011
If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power)”
Signature
:
............................................
Name of Supervisor : CIK FARIDAH HUSSIN Date
: 15th MAY 2011
ENERGY AUDIT FOR LABORATORY IN FKE
KHAIRULANWAR BIN OTHMAN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2011
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Energy Audit for Laboratory in FKE” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
....................................................
Name
:
KHAIRULANWAR BIN OTHMAN
Date
:
15th MAY 2011
iii
Dedicated, in thankful appreciation for support, encouragement and understanding to my beloved mother, father, brothers, and sisters.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my former supervisor, Cik Faridah Hussin for his proposal and guideline to this project. Also to Dr. Yusri Hassan, Assoc. Prof. Faridah Taha and Dr. Sophan Wahyudi for their ideas and advices in order to complete this project.
My appreciation also goes to my family who has been so tolerant and supports me all these years. Thanks for their encouragement, love, and emotional support that they had given to me.
I would also like to thank all FKE laboratories technician for their cooperations, guidance and help in this project.
Nevertheless, my great appreciation dedicated to my entire friend and all SEE members‟ batch 2011 and those who involve directly or indirectly with this project.
v
ABSTRACT
Energy is an important element in human daily life. There are various types of energy like kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and heat energy but on this project, we are focus on electrical energy. In Malaysia, more than 80% of electrical energy produced from burning fuels that will cause of carbon dioxide emission (CO2) to atmosphere. In other words, the more electricity energy is use; produces the more CO2 emitted to the air space and will cause global warming. This effect could be reduced with less energy consumption. Therefore, this project focuses on energy saving that can be done on the lighting system of 47th laboratories in FKE. Initially, the existing lighting system in FKE laboratory is analyzed in term of total power, energy consumption, and electricity payment per month and per year for FKE laboratory. As the result, three methods of energy saving proposed i.e. replacing existing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver lamp, installing sensor, which are containing motion sensor, and infrared sensor and the combination of T5 RetroSaver lamp and sensor. The total cost, annual profit, and payback period for each method are also studied. This project also developed simple calculator software called Green Calculator (GC) using NetBeans version 5.5 software. This software could be used to calculate energy consumption, power, electricity bill payment, no of lamps can be install in specific area, and to check the illumination standard of the building.
vi
ABSTRAK
Tenaga adalah satu element yang sangat penting dalam hidup seharian. Tenaga boleh dibahagikan kepada banyak jenis antaranya adalah tenaga kinetik, tenaga mekanikal, dan tenaga haba tetapi di dalam projek ini akan dibincangkan mengenai tenaga elektrik. Di Malaysia lebih daripada 80% janakuasa elektrik kebanyakannya menggunakan arang batu dan juga diesel sebagai bahan bakar. Pembakaran arang batu ini menyebabkan meningkatnya pembebasan gas karbon diaoksida (CO2). Kesimpulamnya, peningkatan gas karbon dioksida adalah berhubungkait dengan peningkatan penggunaan tenaga elektrik. Semakin tinggi penggunaan tenaga elektrik, semakin meningkatlah pembebasan gas karbon dioksida. Semua ini adalah punca terjadinya Pemanasan Global. Suhu dunia kini semakin meningkat dari setahun ke setahun akibat dari peningkatan gas karbon dioksida ini. Projek ini dibuat akibat daripada masalah tersebut. Tujuan utama projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji penggunaan tenaga elektrik di makmal fakulti kejurueraan elektrik, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Seterusnya, mencadangkan kaedah-kaedah untuk menggurangkan pengunaan tenaga elektrik di FKE. Projek ini hanya melibatkan sistem pencahayaan di 47 makmal di FKE. Analisis dimulakan dengan mengkaji sistem pencahayaan yang telah sedia ada berdasarkan penggunaan tenaga elektrik, pembayaran bill elektrik dan juga piawaian pencahayaan. Seterusnya, tiga kaedah untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga elektrik di kaji. Antara kaedah-kaedahnya adalah menggantikan semua lampu T8 yang sedia ada dengan lampu T5 RetroSaver, kedua memasang sensor pegerakan dan sensor haba disemua makmal di FKE dan akhirnya mengkombinasi kan kedua-dua kaedah tadi dalam satu masa. Kaedahkaedah ini dikaji berdasarkan jumlah modal, keuntungan tahunan dan tempoh masa pulangan modal. Akhir skali, dalam project ini satu kalkulator yang diberi nama
vii
Green Calculator (GC) akan diprogramkan. Kalkulator ini berfungsi untuk mengira jumlah penggunaan tenaga, kuasa, dan jumlah pembayaran bill elektrik dalam masa sebulan dan setahun. Ia juga berupaya untuk memeriksa sama ada nilai pencahayaan sesebuah bilik itu mencapai piawaian pencahayaan atau tidak. GC juga berupaya untuk mengira secara teori jumlah lampu yang perlu dipasang di dalam sesebuah kawasan bilik.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Project Objective
2
1.3
Scope of Project
2
1.4
Methodology
3
1.5
Chapter Outline
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Global Warming
5
2.2
Green Building
6
2.3
Energy 2.3.1
9 Electricity Energy Consumption
10
2.4
2.5
3
4
Lighting System
10
2.4.1
Reflector
13
2.4.2
Lighting Measurement
15
2.4.3
Sensor
16
2.4.3.1
Motion Sensor
16
2.4.3.2
Infrared Sensor
16
NetBeans 5.5
17
PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
19
3.1
Introduction
19
3.2
Overall Energy Consumption
19
3.3
FKE Laboratory Audit
21
3.4
Existing Lighting System Analysis
27
IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
42
4.1
Introduction
42
4.2
Strategies to Reduce Energy Consumption
43
4.2.1
43
Replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver lamp
4.2.2
Adding sensor to the existing system
45
4.2.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver &
46
Sensor 4.3
4.4
Graphical Analysis
48
4.3.1
Energy Consumption (kWh)
48
4.3.2
Electricity Bill Payment (RM)
50
Economic Engineering Analysis
51
4.4.1
51
Replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver lamp
4.4.2
Adding sensor to the system
53
4.4.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver &
54
Sensor
4.5
5
Software Development 4.5.1
Energy Consumption
4.5.2
Lux Standardize
4.5.3
Lamp Fitting Design
56 57 58
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
61
5.1
Conclusion
61
5.2
Recommendation
62
REFERENCES
63
APPENDICES
65
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Fluorescent tube diameter designation
11
3.1
Total Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment [10]
20
3.2
The list of laboratories that were audited.
22
3.3
Total fitting and total lamp each laboratory in FKE
24
3.4
Total fitting and total lamp for seven block in FKE
26
laboratory 3.5
Power, Energy Consumption, and Electricity Bill
37
Payment 3.6
Power, Energy Consumption, and Bill Payment (Per
40
Month) for the Existing Lighting System 4.1
Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and
44
Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 RetroSaver 4.2
Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and
45
Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing Sensor 4.3
Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill
46
Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 lamps and Sensors
4.4
Energy Consumption and Electricity Bill Payment (per month and per year) of Existing Lighting System and each
47
xi
method in FKE Laboratory 4.5
Reflector and T5 RetroSaver Cost by each building in
51
FKE Laboratory 4.6
Comparison of Electricity Bill Payment (RM) before and
52
after installing T5 4.7
Total Sensor Cost
53
4.8
Annual Profit of Sensor Method
53
4.9
Annual Profit and Total Cost of method 3
54
4.10
Payback Period each methods
55
4.11
Maintenance Factor
59
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Project Methodology
3
2.1
The Malaysian Office Building Energy Intensity [5]
6
2.2
Type of building in Malaysia
7
2.3
Methods to reduce energy consumption
8
2.4
Total Energy Consumption in Malaysia Building [5]
9
2.5
T5 RetroSaver Lamp
12
2.6
Cross section of a typical fluorescent lamp with reflector
13
(right), without reflector (left) 2.7
Full mirror reflector
14
2.8
Prismatic Diffuser
14
2.9
Cross section of Prismatic Diffuser (left) and Full Mirror
14
Reflector (right) 2.10
Environmental Quality Meter Mini (850070)
15
2.11
Motion Sensor (Left) and Infrared Sensor (Right)
17
2.12
NetBeans start-up page
18
3.1
Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment
20
3.2
Total Energy Consumption for all equipment
21
3.3
Plant of FKE building
22
3.4
Energy Consumption for Existing Lighting System in
40
FKE Laboratory
xiii
3.5
Electricity Bill Payment for Existing Lighting System in
41
FKE Laboratory 4.1
Energy Consumption (kWh/month) in FKE Laboratory
48
4.2
Total Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for lighting
49
system in FKE Laboratory 4.3
Percentage of Reduction Energy Consumption
49
(kWh/month) for Lighting System in FKE Laboratory 4.4
Total Electricity Payment (RM/month) for lighting
50
system in FKE Laboratory 4.5
Main Interface Green Calculator (GC)
56
4.6
Energy Consumption Interface
57
4.7
Lux Standardize Interface
58
4.8
Lamp Fitting Design
60
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CO2
Carbon Dioxides
FKE
Electrical Engineering Faculties
GC
Green Calculator
IDE
Java-based development environmental
JKR
Jabatan Kerja Raya
LEB
Low Energy Building
PTM
Malaysia Energy Center
UF
Utilization Factor
UTM
University Technology Malaysia
ZEO
Zero Energy Office
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Analysis of Power Consumption, Energy Consumption
65
and Electricity Bill Payment (per month) for all three methods B
T5 RetroSaver advertisement
74
C
T8 lamps lumen table
75
D
Utilization Factor (UF) table
78
E
T5 lamp data sheet
77
F
Sensor block diagram
79
G
JKR Illumination Standard
80
CHAPTER 1
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1
Introduction
Recently, there has been a growing concern about energy consumption and its adverse impact on the environment. Electrical energy has significant role in world nowadays and had caused an issue on the sustainability to the energy resources in the future. Inefficient use of energy today will give a bad impact to the next generation. Global warming is one example caused by inefficient use of energy. Nowadays global warming phenomenon is a serious issue. It occurs due to the increasing of carbon dioxides (CO2) in our ozone surface. The increasing of CO2 is an effect of fossil fuels burning to fulfill energy demand. In short term, the most significant impact that can be sees is the increase in electrical energy consumption (kWh) and electricity bill payment (RM). In addition, the power failure might be occurred frequently as a result of not enough the generator to meet demand from consumers. Hence, people must be given an awareness on how to use energy in a more efficient way. Apart from that, energy audit should be done for the preliminary estimation of savings potential.
The objectives of energy audit are to estimate the energy uses and losses and improve the energy efficiency. The accurate and complete dates are essential factors
2
to determine the energy audit‟s success. The energy audit is a very interesting and complex work. The building energy audit is a process evaluate the energy used in the building structure and to identify the opportunities of reducing the energy consumptions. Therefore, the first step is to estimate how much energy consumed in the building and to find out the saving potential. The major task in this project is that to conduct a basic energy audit focuses on lighting in all laboratories of electrical engineering faculties (FKE).
1.2
Project Objectives
The objectives of this project are, to analyze the existing lighting system in electrical engineering faculties (FKE) laboratory, to propose three methods to reduce electricity energy consumption (kWh) in FKE laboratory, and lastly, to develop calculator to calculate total electricity energy consumption (kWh) and total and electricity bill payment (RM) per month and per year. This calculator can be used to determine the illumination (Lux) of the building and compare it with the standard from Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). In additional, it is also can calculate the total no of lamps that can be installing in a specific area.
1.3
Scope of project
This project focuses on lighting system in 47 laboratories of seven building of Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE) Laboratory, University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The buildings are P02, P03, P04, P06, P07, P08, and P15.
3
1.4
Methodology
Diagram below show the five steps to achieve this project objective.
Figure 1.1: Project Methodology
4
1.5 Chapter Outline
This thesis has five chapters. Brief description of each chapter is as follows:
Chapter 1: This chapter explains the introduction to the current issues that make came out with this energy audit project. Besides that, this chapter describe about objective, scope and methodology of project.
Chapter 2: The literature review and theory are focused in chapter 2. The content of global warming, definition of green building, concept of energy in Malaysia, basic principal of lighting system and basic information of NetBeans 5.5 software.
Chapter 3: This chapter consists of preliminary auditing for FKE at P02, P03, P04, P05, P06, P07, P08, and P15 laboratories. The analysis of existing lighting system in FKE laboratories in term of energy consumption (kWh) and bill payment (RM) use also being analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 4: This chapter propose three methods to reduce energy consumptions. The analysis of energy consumption and bill payment after applying each method use also being discussed including the analysis on total cost, annual profit and payback period. Apart from that, this chapter introduce user-friendly calculator, know Green Calculator software.
Chapter 5: For this closing chapter, discussion and conclusions will be presented. Some recommendation also will be stated in this chapter.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Global Warming
Global warming gives a very bad effect to us. This global warming happens because of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission due to increasing electricity load. When we are as the consumer of electricity use a lot of energy especially in peak hour, the burning of fossil fuels will be increase to fulfill energy demand by consumer. As we all knew, burning of fossil fuel will emit several of danger gas and the major is gas carbon dioxide (CO2). According to World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the global average surface temperature has risen by 0.74°C since the beginning of the 20th century, and the temperature has risen by 0.18°C over the last 25 years [6]. That means, our earth become hot year by year. Therefore, it is our responsibility to take action. User need to use energy efficiently and optimize energy consumption. We need to reduce our waste because it is the energy we saved, that will be the largest energy source. Whenever energy saves, not only save money, it is also reduce the demand for such fossil fuels as coal, oil, and natural gas. Less burning of fossil fuels also means lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary contributor to global warming, and other pollutants. The average American produces about 40,000 pounds of CO2 emissions per year [6]. Together, we use nearly a million dollars worth of energy every minute, night and day, every day of the year.
6
2.2
Green Building
Green Building idea has been design to ensure the global warming phenomenon will not be setting worse. Green Building is a comprehensive approach to the design land use, construction, and long-term operation of a building. This green building use renewable energy such as daylight through passive solar, active solar and photovoltaic technique. This Green Building is so important because it oneway to reduce energy consumption, also increasing the efficiency of resource use and most important is to reduce global warming. In Malaysia, there are two example of Green Building, which are Low Energy Building (LEB) and Zero Energy Office (ZEO). Initially, Malaysia Energy Center (PTM) or now their new name is Green Technology Malaysia come out the idea to increase energy efficiency by using Low Energy Building (LEB). This LEB already success in achieved a building energy index (BEI) of 100kWh/m2 per year and saving energy more than 50% [5]. After success of Low Energy Building (LEB) project, PTM come with the idea of Zero Energy Office (ZEO). The objective of ZEO is to achieve BEI of as low as 50kWh/m2 per year with use of renewable energy [5].
7
Figure 2.1: show that the Malaysian Office Building Energy Intensity [5]
Figure 2.2: Type of building in Malaysia
8
There are various many methods that being use by ZEO to achieve zero energy consumption. Here, only four major methods were discussing that currently used by PTM. Firstly, double-glazing and special filter glass. This equipment allows cool visible light and reduces heat radiation from direct sunlight into building. Secondly, roof lights and light shafts that transmit day light into the building interior. This method will reduce lighting usage. Next, Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) also installed in ZEO building. The basic operation of BIPV is during day it will provides all the electricity and export excess electricity into the national grid then during night it will import back the electricity from national grid to run the building electricity system [8]. The last method is using the equipment that store the building cooling system in phase change storage tanks and during the day, gradually release it into the building.
Roof lights
Light shafts
9
Double glazing and special filter glass
Figure 2.3: Methods to reduce energy consumption
2.3
Energy
Final energy is the energy supplied to the consumer in each end-use sector, that will ultimately converted into heat, light, motion and other energy services. It does not include transformation and distribution losses [4]. There are various methods for proper energy management and the most important is to look at the common electrical load in the building. The common electrical loads are the fluorescent lamp (lighting system) and air conditioning. Cooling and lighting systems typically use the most energy in a building in our country. Figure 2.4 show the result from a study conducted by Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) in 2003 on government building based on conventional design [5].
10
Total Energy Consumption in Building
34%
45%
Air Conditioning Othe Equipment Lighting system
21%
Figure 2.4: Total Energy Consumption in Malaysia Building [5]
2.3.1 Electricity Energy Consumption
The energy consumed by an electrical device is the wattage of the device multiplied by its hours of use. Electricity Bill payment is the Energy Consumption multiplied by C1 tariff (all hour usage)
Energy Consumption (kWh) = System Input Wattage x Hours of Operation
(2.1)
Electricity Bill Payment (RM) = Energy Consumption (kWh) x 0.288
(2.2)
2.4
Lighting System
Lighting system contribute 34% of energy consumption in building. Light is a visually evaluated radiant energy, which stimulates human eyes and enables them to see [5]. Illumination (Lux) is a measurement brightness of lamp. Each type of room already have it‟s standardize by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). The working area such as office should operate within the specified amount of luminance. Too much luminance will contribute to health problems especially the eyes. Lamp are typically identified by a code, such as F36 T8, where F is for fluorescent, the first number
11
indicates the power in watts (36W), where the T indicates that the shape of the bulb is tubular, and the last number is the diameter in eighths of an inch (
inch ). Table
2.1 show that the tube diameter designations with its diameters measurement.
Table 2.1: Fluorescent tube diameter designation Tube diameter
Tube diameter measurements
designations
Inches
Millimeters
T2
2/8
7
T4
4/8
12
T5
5/8
15.875
T8
8/8
25.4
T9
9/8
28.575
T12
12/8
38.1
T17
17/8
53.975
In Malaysia building, the common type of lamp install is 2nd generation type of lamps which is T8 fluorescent lamp. This T8 lamp is krypton-filled lamp with a diameter of 25.4mm (1”) and with a length dictated by wattage (18W to 70W). These so-called „thin‟ lamps can be stabilised by both electromagnetic and electronic ballasts with extra benefit of improved efficacy and lumen maintenance. Its efficacy is about 80 lm/W. However, the T8 lamps have their weakness that can be improved by replacing with T5 lamp. The 3rd generation lamp is T5 lamp with diameter 15.875mm (5/8”). For over 30 years this lamp only available with low wattage (4W, 6W, 8W, and 13W) however, a few year ago, new T5 lamps with higher wattage (14W, 21W, 28W, 35W) were developed, which, owing to their superior luminous efficiency outputs (efficacy about 100 lm/W). This is more efficient compared with old T8 lamp. Therefore, these new T5 lamps become popular with name of energy
12
saving lamps. In year 2011, Philips Company also developed something new with this T5 lamp, which called TL5 RetroSaver.
Figure 2.5: T5 RetroSaver Lamp
There is one thing that differentiates this TL5 RetroSaver lamp with usual T5 lamps. Usual T5 lamp must have its own fitting because its length is not equal with another lamp. This TL5 RetroSaver lamp solves that problem. User can easily
13
replace T8 lamps with this TL5 RetroSaver lamp without wasting money to refit back the fitting. It is because the TL5 RetroSaver lamp comes with T5 lamp and the fitting itself.
2.4.1 Reflector
Reflector main function is to reflect lamp light so that, that specific area will more bright. Some lamps in hardware shop already have its internal opaque reflector, but that of reflector only cover ranges from 120 degrees to 310 degrees of the lamp's circumference. Normally, reflector lamp is marked letter R on the model code for example FR36 T5. Cover range will depend on type of reflector. Most of the lamps in Electrical Engineering Faculty Laboratory (FKE Lab) UTM used prismatic diffuser. This type of reflector is limiting the brightness of the lamp, as result the illumination of the room will not meet the standard. Another type of reflector is full mirror reflector, which is more compatible compared to the prismatic diffuser are it does not distracts the brightness of the lamp.
Figure 2.6: Cross section of a typical fluorescent lamp with reflector (right), without reflector (left).
14
Figure 2.7: Full mirror reflector
Figure 2.8: Prismatic Diffuser
Figure 2.9: Cross section of Prismatic Diffuser (left) and Full Mirror Reflector (right)
15
2.4.2
Lighting Measurement
The units for lighting measurement are lumen (lm) and lux (lx). Lumen (lm) is a measurement of the light output from a lamp. For more understanding, water analogy been used where the amount of water spraying from a showerhead is similar to the light output from a lamp. Lux (lx) is a measurement of the light intensity falling on a surface. The lux is the SI unit of luminance and luminous emitting. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. One lux is approximately equal with one foot-candle multiplied with 10.76.
Illumination usually measured by using Lux meter. The meter will be placed on the area that we want to measure the illumination. This project, Environmental Quality Meter Mini (850070) is used. This meter can be used to measure luminance (Lux), wind speed, temperature (°C), and humidity. The physical as the meter is shown in Figure 2.10
Humidity
Wind
Temperature Illumination Figure 2.10: Environmental Quality Meter Mini (850070)
16
2.4.3 Sensor
Sensor is a device that receives a signal or stimulus and responds to turn the light ON or OFF. Sensor used in this project can be categorized into two types; namely motion sensor and infrared sensor.
2.4.3.1 Motion Sensor
Motion sensor acts as a device that can detect any movement of occupant in a specific area. Once the sensors detect movement, it will send the signal to the microcontroller to turn the light ON.
2.4.3.2 Infrared Sensor
Infrared sensor or heat sensor will trigger in a certain angle, so that, if any temperature different in area of that angle is detected; it will send the signal to the microcontroller to turn ON the light. Initially, it the reference temperature is set at 24°C. Therefore, it would react if the temperature difference occurs. The microcontroller that gives instruction to the system to turn ON of turn OFF the light controls both of these sensors.
17
Figure 2.11: Motion Sensor (Left) and Infrared Sensor (Right)
2.5 NetBeans 5.5
NetBeans is a Java-based development environmental (IDE) and platform originally developed by Sun user interface function, source code editor, GI editor, version control, as well as support for distributed application (CORBA, RMI) and web application [9].
NetBeans is one of the most powerful Java programming IDE. It also straightforward and simple software, which is easy to understand and their coding are not complicated. NetBeans is rapidly growing its popularity nowadays.
18
Figure 2.12: NetBeans start-up page
CHAPTER 3
PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the data obtained from lighting energy audit that has been conducts in FKE laboratory. The data includes a list of laboratories in FKE; room data and lighting system data.
3.2
Overall Energy Consumption
Initially, this project starts with the analysis of total energy consumption for all types of equipment in Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE) of University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The data from year 2008 and 2009 are shows on Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1.
20
Table 3.1: Total Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment [10] MONTH
2008
2009
January
419 597
429 759
February
435 573
443 608
March
450 055
454 359
April
407 554
439 082
May
406 389
423 274
June
443 856
330 894
July
406 427
444 479
August
542 433
435 256
September
297 236
398 875
October
393 111
438 399
November
419 609
387 189
December
30, 422
285 227
TOTAL PERYEAR
4, 924 262
4, 910 401
Energy Consumption for all Equipment in FKE in 2 years(kWh) 600000 500000 400000 300000 2008
200000
2009
100000 0
Figure 3.1: Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment
21
Total Energy Consumtion in 2 year for all equipment in FKE (kWh) 4, 924 262
4, 910 401
2008
2009
Figure 3.2: Total Energy Consumption for all equipment
From the Figure 3.2 shows that only a small difference in energy consumption between year 2008 and 2009, which is reduce 13, 861 kWh. Therefore, drastic actions need to take to reduce energy consumption in FKE. For the beginning, adjustment in power used by lighting system should be consider. People might think that lighting system use a small number of wattage that will not affect the overall energy consumption, but through study conducted by Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) this lighting system contribute 34% from total building energy consumption [5]. The result of this project will be discussed in chapter 4.
3.3
FKE Laboratory Audit
In the middle of January 2011, walk through audit has been conducted in 90% of all laboratories in FKE. The purpose of the audit is to observe and analyze each laboratory in term of its lighting system. Figure 3.3 shows the plant of all building in FKE.
22
Figure 3.3: Plant of FKE building
Table 3.2: The list of laboratories that were audited. Room Name
Room Level
Computer Laboratory
1
Instrument Laboratory
4
Standardize Laboratory
4
Amir Laboratory
4
Acoustic Laboratory
2
Photonics Technology Center (PTC)
3
Information Research Alliance (ICRA)
4
Telekom Laboratory
4
Advance Microwave Laboratory
5
Basic Microwave Laboratory
5
Simulation Laboratory
5
Basic Communication Laboratory
5
Block P02
Block P03
23 Digital Communication Laboratory
5
Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory
5
Center of Excellent
5
VeCAD Laboratory
1
Postgraduate Research Area
1
Microelectronic Laboratory
1
PCB Laboratory
1
Medical Electronic Laboratory
2
Industrial Medical Laboratory
2
CLENER Laboratory
3
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 & 2
3
Digital Laboratory
4
Microprocessor Laboratory
4
Signal Process Laboratory
4
Robotic Laboratory
2
Makmal Penyelakuan
3
Control 1 Laboratory
4
Control 2 Laboratory
4
Mobil Laboratory
1
Simulation Laboratory
1
Anechoic Chamber
1
Anechoic Laboratory
1
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
1
High Voltage Laboratory
1
Basic Machine Laboratory
1
Electrical Engineering Workshop
1
Basic Power Laboratory
1
Advance Power Laboratory
1
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
1
Power Electronic Laboratory
2
Block P04
Block P08
Block P15
Block P06
Block P07
24 Industrial Power Laboratory
3
Inverter Quality Control Center(IQCC)
2
Energy System Laboratory
3
Electrical Technology Laboratory
4
Meanwhile, the results of walk through audit for FKE laboratory is shows in Table 3.3, in term of total fitting and total lamps of each laboratory.
Table 3.3: Total fitting and total lamp each laboratory in FKE Room Name
Total Fitting
Total Lamp
Computer Laboratory
45
90
Instrument Laboratory
30
62
Standardize Laboratory
24
48
Amir Laboratory
16
32
Acoustic Laboratory
14
28
Photonics Technology Center (PTC)
4
8
Information Research Alliance (ICRA)
16
24
Telekom Laboratory
12
24
Advance Microwave Laboratory
18
36
Basic Microwave Laboratory
18
32
Simulation Laboratory
6
18
Basic Communication Laboratory
22
44
Digital Communication Laboratory
18
36
Switching Research & Telematic
8
16
29
62
Block P02
Block P03
Laboratory Center of Excellent
25
Block P04 VeCAD Laboratory
26
54
Microelectronic Laboratory
20
40
PCB Laboratory
27
59
Medical Electronic Laboratory
11
31
Industrial Medical Laboratory
29
58
CLENER Laboratory
50
100
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 & 2
72
144
Digital Laboratory
71
142
Microprocessor Laboratory
29
58
Signal Process Laboratory
16
32
Robotic Laboratory
19
38
Makmal Penyelakuan
18
36
Control 1 Laboratory
36
72
Control 2 Laboratory
28
56
Mobil Laboratory
12
24
Simulation Laboratory
8
16
Anechoic Chamber
9
14
Anechoic Laboratory
11
22
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
7
14
High Voltage Laboratory
35
70
Basic Machine Laboratory
31
62
Electrical Engineering Workshop
36
72
Basic Power Laboratory
36
72
Advance Power Laboratory
32
96
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
25
50
Power Electronic Laboratory
33
66
Industrial Power Laboratory
11
33
Inverter Quality Control Center(IQCC)
29
87
Block P08
Block P15
Block P06
Block P07
26
Energy System Laboratory
13
26
Electrical Technology Laboratory
43
85
. Table 3.4: Total fitting and total lamp for seven block in FKE laboratory Block
Total Fitting
Total Lamp
P02
115
232
P03
165
328
P04
351
718
P08
101
202
P15
40
76
P06
109
218
P07
222
515
From the analysis, it can be seen that building P04 and P07 installed a large no of florescent lamps. The total fitting and total lamp in FKE laboratory for all seven building P02, P03, P04, P15, P08, P06, P07 is 1103 (fitting) and 2289 (lamp). The calculation of total power of 47 laboratories in FKE is shows as follows:
27
3.4
Existing Lighting System Analysis
This subtopic focuses on the analysis of Power Consumption (W), Energy Consumption (kWh), Electrical Bill Payment (RM) for each laboratory in Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE) of University Technology Malaysia (UTM).
This
analysis involves all laboratories from seven buildings (P02, P03, P04, P06, P07, P08, and P15). Result from the preliminary audit in lighting system in FKE laboratory shows that, the entire laboratory used same type and wattage of lamps, which are T8 fluorescent lamps 46 W (include 10W of ballast).
The Power Consumption (W), Energy Consumption (kWh), and Electrical Bill Payment (RM) per month and per year can be calculated by assuming that the working day per month is 20 days.
28
Analyses of each laboratory are as follows:
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
90
15
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
62
8
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
48
8
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
32
8
Computer Laboratory
Instrumentation Laboratory
Standardize Laboratory
Amir Laboratory
67.83 No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
28
8
Acoustic Laboratory
29
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
2
8
Photonics Technology Center (PTC)
Hour Usage 9
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
24
10
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
5
36
8
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
6
32
8
Telekom Laboratory
Advance Microwave Laboratory
Basic Microwave Laboratory
67.83 No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
7
18
8
Simulation Laboratory
38.154
30
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
8
44
15
Basic Communication Laboratory
174.874 No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
9
36
15
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
10
16
Digital Communication Laboratory
Switching Research & Telematic
8
Laboratory
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
11
62
16
Center of Excellent =
= 262.84 No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
54
9
VeCAD Laboratory
31
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
40
9
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
59
14
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
31
10
Microelectronic Laboratory
PCB Laboratory
Medical Electronic Laboratory
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
5
58
8
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
6
100
12
Industrial Medical Laboratory
CLENER Laboratory
32
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
7
144
8
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
8
142
9
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
9
58
9
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
10
32
9
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
38
8
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 & 2
Digital Laboratory
Microprocessor Laboratory
Signal Process Laboratory
Robotic Laboratory
33
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
36
8
Makmal Penyelakuan
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
72
8
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
56
8
Control 1 Laboratory
Control 2 Laboratory
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
24
8
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
16
8
Mobil Laboratory
Simulation Laboratory
34
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
14
8
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
22
8
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
14
8
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
70
8
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
62
8
Anechoic Chamber
Anechoic Laboratory
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
High Voltage Laboratory
Basic Machine Laboratory
35
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
72
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
72
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
96
8
Electrical Engineering Workshop
Basic Power Laboratory
Advance Power Laboratory
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
50
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
66
8
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
Power Electronic Laboratory
36
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
5
33
8
Industrial Power Laboratory
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
6
87
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
7
26
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
8
85
8
Inverter Quality Control Center(IQCC)
Energy System Laboratory
Electrical Technology Laboratory
37
Tables 3.5 conclude all the result of the analysis in existing lighting system in FKE Laboratory by each block.
Table 3.5: Power, Energy Consumption, and Electricity Bill Payment Block P02
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Computer Laboratory
4.14
1242
357.696
Instrumentation Laboratory
2.852
456.32
131.420
Standardize Laboratory
2.208
353.28
101.745
Amir Laboratory
1.472
235.52
67.83
Block P03
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Acoustic Laboratory
1.288
206.08
59.351
Photonic Technology
0.368
66.24
19.077
1.104
198.72
57.231
Telekom Laboratory
1.104
220.8
63.59
Advance Microwave
1.656
264.96
76.308
1.472
235.52
67.83
Simulation Laboratory
0.828
132.48
38.154
Basic Communication
2.024
607.2
174.874
1.656
496.8
143.078
0.736
117.76
33.915
2.852
912.64
262.84
Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA)
Laboratory Basic Microwave Laboratory
Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
38
Block P04
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) VeCAD Laboratory
2.484
447.12
128.77
Microelectronic Laboratory
1.84
331.2
95.386
PCB Laboratory
2.714
759.92
218.857
Medical Electronic
1.426
285.2
82.138
2.668
426.88
122.941
CLENER Laboratory
4.6
1104
317.952
Basic Electronic Laboratory
6.624
1059.84
305.234
Digital Laboratory
6.532
1175.76
338.619
Microprocessor Laboratory
2.668
480.24
138.309
Signal Process Laboratory
1.472
264.96
76.308
Laboratory Industrial Medical Laboratory
1&2
Block P08
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Robotic Laboratory
1.748
279.68
80.548
Makmal Penyelakuan
1.656
264.96
76.308
Control 1 Laboratory
3.312
529.92
152.617
Control 2 Laboratory
3.576
412.16
118.702
Block P15
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Mobil Laboratory
1.104
176.64
50.872
Simulation Laboratory
0.736
117.76
33.915
Anechoic Chamber
0.644
103.04
29.676
Anechoic Laboratory
1.012
161.92
46.633
39
Block P06
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Impulse Lightning
0.644
103.04
29.676
3.22
515.2
148.378
2.852
456.32
131.42
3.312
529.92
152.617
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
Laboratory High Voltage Laboratory Basic Machine Laboratory Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
(kWh) Basic Power
3.312
529.92
152.617
4.416
706.56
203.490
2.3
368
105.984
3.036
485.76
139.90
1.518
1943.04
559.596
4.002
640.32
184.412
1.196
191.36
55.112
3.91
625.6
180.173
Laboratory Advance Power Laboratory Advance Machine Research Laboratory Power Electronic Laboratory Industrial Power Laboratory Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology
40
Table 3.6: Power, Energy Consumption, and Bill Payment (Per Month) for the Existing Lighting System Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) P02
10.672
2287.12
658.691
P03
15.088
3459.2
996.248
P04
33.028
6335.12
1824.514
P08
10.292
1486.72
428.175
P15
3.496
559.36
161.096
P06
10.028
1604.48
462.091
P07
23.69
5490.56
1581.284
Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5 shows the energy consumption and electricity bill payment for existing lighting system in FKE respectively. It can be seen at P04 consumed the most energy followed by P07. Meanwhile, P15 consumed the lowest energy due to the small number installed lamp in this building. Furthermore, it is observed from the audit that P15 has been installed the CFL type for lighting system compared to other building.
Energy Consumption for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory (kWh) 6335.12 5490.56
3459.2 2287.12 1604.48
1486.72 559.36 P02
P03
P04
P08
P15
P06
P07
41
Figure 3.4: Energy Consumption for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory
Electricity Bill Payment for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory (RM) 1824.514 1581.284 996.248 658.691
462.091
428.175 161.096 P02
P03
P04
P08
P15
P06
P07
Figure 3.5: Electricity Bill Payment for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory
As expected, the electricity bill for building P04 give the highest payment followed by P07 building. In other words, these two building contribute the highest electricity consumption due to lighting.
CHAPTER 4
IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
4.1
Introduction
From the analysis, several problems have been identified. The analysis of the existing lighting system in FKE laboratory has been done on chapter 3. Firstly, the T8 florescent lamp that already installed, consume more power compare to T5. The T8 florescent lamp and its ballast use 46 W of power whilst T5 use 26 W of power. Another problem is the way of lighting system currently being used is not efficient enough. Lamp will continue switch ON when no occupancy in the area. That means there is no automatic system to control this situation. The last problem is about the brightness of the room. The prismatic diffusers avoid the light to reflect in the room, as result, its illumination does not meet the JKR standardize. In conclusion, all of these problems cause energy consumption due to lighting system in FKE keep increasing.
Therefore, this chapter highlights three strategies or methods that can be used to reduce energy consumption in FKE Laboratory. The first method can be done by
43
replacing all the T8 fluorescent lamps in FKE laboratory with T5 lamp (TL5 RetroSaver) and changing the existing prismatic diffuser with full mirror reflector. This method will reduce the wattage of the lamp from 46W to 28W and makes the room brighter. Secondly is installing the sensor in FKE laboratory so that the hour usage of the lamps can be controlled. Lastly is combination of T5 lamp and sensor. This method will reduce wattage of the lamps and hour usage. This subtopic will analyze each method in term power, energy consumption, and electricity bill payment per month. The cost, annual profit, and payback period of each method will also be analyzed.
4.2
Strategy to Reduce Energy Consumption
4.2.1
Replacing T8 Fluorescent Lamp with T5 RetroSaver Lamp
In this method, the lamps and ballast wattage are the control parameters. The formulas used in the analysis are as follows:
Wattage of T5 lamps = 28W -------------- (for 1st and 3rd method) Ballast = 0W Hour Usage = Actual Hour – 2 hours ----------- (for 2nd and 3rd method)
44
Table 4.1: Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 RetroSaver
Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment
(kWh/month)
(RM/month)
P02
6.496
1392.16
400.9421
P03
9.184
2078.72
598.6714
P04
20.104
3856.16
1110.574
P08
5.656
904.96
260.6285
P15
2.128
340.48
98.05824
P06
6.104
976.64
281.2723
P07
14.42
2307.2
664.4736
The result of the analysis in all laboratories in each building in FKE in term of Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) after installing T5 lamps are summarized in Table 4.1. The details calculation of this method as shown in Appendix A.
45
4.2.2
Adding sensor to the existing system lighting
In this method, two types of sensor are installed in all FKE laboratories, which are motion sensor and infrared sensor. We take the minimum time that the sensor can save is two hours. This sensor can save more hours but in this analysis, all laboratories are assumed reduced its hour usage in two hours. In this method, hour usage is the control parameter that is reduces hour usage by 2 hour. The equation 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 will also be used to do the analysis based on power, energy consumption, and bill payment.
Table 4.2: Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing Sensor Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) P02 P03 P04 P08 P15 P06 P07
10.672
1788.48
515.0822
15.088
2894.32
833.5642
33.028
5199.84
1497.554
9.292
929.2
267.6096
3.496
489.44
140.9587
10.028
1289.84
371.4739
23.69
2854.76
822.1709
The results of the analysis in all FKE laboratories term of Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) after installing sensor also illustrated in Table 4.2. The details calculation of this method as shown in Appendix A.
46
4.2.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver and Sensor
By using the T5 RetroSaver and sensor in each laboratories the wattage of lamps will be reduced from 46 W to 28 W. The hour usage in this method is assumed 2 hours. After the calculation using equation 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, the results are shown in Table 4.3. The details calculation of this method as shown in Appendix A.
Table 4.3: Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 lamps and Sensors Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) P02 P03 P04 P08 P15 P06 P07
6.496
1088.64
313.52832
9.184
1761.76
507.38684
20.104
3165.12
911.55446
5.656
565.6
162.8928
2.128
297.92
85.80096
6.104
785.12
226.11456
14.42
1737.68
500.45184
47
Table 4.4: Energy Consumption and Electricity Bill Payment (per month and per year) of Existing Lighting System and each method in FKE Laboratory Energy
Bill Payment
Energy
Bill Payment
Consumption
(RM/month)
Consumption
(RM/year)
(kWh/month) Existing T5 Sensor T5 & Sensor
(kWh/year)
21, 222.56
6, 112.099
254, 670.72
73, 345.188
11, 856.32
3, 414.62014
142, 275.84
40, 975.44168
15, 445.88
4, 448.4135
185, 350.56
53, 380.962
9, 401.84
2, 707.72978
112, 822.08
32, 492.75736
The comparison between the existing lighting system and the improvement strategies to reduce energy consumption in FKE laboratories is shown in Table 4.4.
48
4.3 Graphical Analysis
4.3.1 Energy Consumption (kWh)
Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for FKE Laboratory 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 P02
P03
P04
Existing System
P08 Sensor
P15 T5
P06
P07
T5 & Sensor
Figure 4.1: Energy Consumption (kWh/month) in FKE Laboratory
Figure 4.1 shows the energy consumption for the existing lighting system in FKE laboratory and after applying all three methods (T5 RetroSaver, sensor, and combination of T5 RetroSaver and sensor).
49
Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for FKE Laboratory 21, 222.56 15, 445.88 11, 856.32 9, 401.84
Existing System
Sensor
T5
T5 & Sensor
Figure 4.2: Total Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for lighting system in FKE Laboratory
% Reduction of Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for Lighting System in FKE Laboratory Sensor
T5
T5 & Sensor
55.70% 44.13%
27.22%
Figure 4.3: Percentage of Reduction Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for Lighting System in FKE Laboratory
50
Meanwhile, Figure 4.2 illustrated the total energy consumption for lighting system in FKE laboratory. It can be seen that, after applying this three methods energy consumption are reduced. Figure 4.3 shows the percentage of the reduction. The highest percentage reduction of energy consumption can be obtained by using the combination of T5 and sensor, which is 55.70% followed by replacing existing T8 to T5 (44.13%) and adding sensor to the system (27.22%).
4.3.2 Electricity Bill Payment (RM)
Electricity Bill Payment (RM/month) for lighting system in FKE Laboratory RM6, 112.099
RM4, 448.414 RM3, 414.620 RM2, 707.730
Existing System
Sensor
T5
T5 & Sensor
Figure 4.4: Total Electricity Payment (RM/month) for lighting system in FKE Laboratory
51
From Figure 4.4 it can be observed that FKE has spend about RM 6, 112.099 per month merely on laboratory lighting. Therefore, FKE also spend RM 73, 345.188 per year for lighting in FKE laboratory only. This amount does not include other equipments such as air-conditioning and electronic appliance. From Figure 4.4, it is also can be seen that FKE need to pay only 2.7 thousand ringgit instead of 6.1 thousand per month by replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with combination of T5 RetroSaver and sensor. Therefore, this is very profitable investment for FKE.
4.4 Economic Engineering Analysis
This subtopic discusses about annual profit, total cost, and payback period of all the three methods that recommended in the previous topic. This analysis is to know which method is more efficient.
4.4.1 Replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver Method
The cost of each T5 and reflector are as follows: TL5 RetroSaver is RM38 [10] Reflector is RM6 [10]
Table 4.5: Reflector and T5 RetroSaver Cost by each building in FKE Laboratory Block
Total Fitting
Total Lamp
P02 P03 P04 P08 P15 P06 P07
115 165 351 101 40 109 212
232 328 718 202 76 218 515 TOTAL
Reflector Cost (RM) 690 990 2106 606 240 654 1272 6558
T5 Cost (RM) 8816 12464 27284 7676 2888 8284 19570 86982
52
The cost of reflector and T5 needed for every building are shown in Table 4.5.
Based on Table 4.5, total cost of building installing reflector and T5 as follows:
Table 4.6: Comparison of Electricity Bill Payment (RM) before and after installing T5 Total Power Consumption(kWh/month)
Total Payment (RM) Per Year
Per Month
Existing
21, 222.56
RM 73, 345.188
RM 6, 112.099
T5
11, 856.32
RM 40, 975.44168
RM 3, 414.62014
53
4.4.2 Adding sensor to the existing system lighting
The cost of each sensor and its installation cost are as follows: Microcontroller is RM40 Motion Sensor is RM25 Infrared Sensor is RM15 Installing Cost is 30% from Material Cost [11]
Table 4.7: Total Sensor Cost Sensor Cost (RM) Block
Microcontroller
Motion Sensor
Infrared Sensor
Microcontroller
Motion Sensor
Infrared Sensor
P02
5
21
21
200
525
315
P03
8
49
49
320
1225
735
P04
10
75
75
400
1875
1125
P08
4
22
22
160`
550
330
P15
4
14
14
160
350
210
P06
4
27
27
160
675
405
P07
8
50
50
320
1250
750
Total
1720
6450
3870
Table 4.8: Annual Profit of Sensor Method
Total Power Consumption(kWh/month)
Total Payment (RM)
Per Year
Per Month
Existing
21, 222.56
RM 73, 345.188
RM 6, 112.099
Sensor
15, 445.88
RM 53, 380.962
RM 4, 448.4135
54
4.4.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver and Sensor
Table 4.9: Annual Profit and Total Cost of method 3 Project
Annual Profit (RM)
Total Cost (RM)
T5
RM 32, 369.7463
RM 93, 540
Sensor
RM 19, 964.226
RM 15, 652
T5 & Sensor
RM 52, 333.9723
RM 109, 192
55
The results obtained are summarized in Table 4.9.1.
Table 4.10: Payback Period each methods Method
Payback Period
T5 Sensor T5 & Sensor
From the Table 4.10, it can conclude that replacing the T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 and Sensor is the most efficient for reducing the energy consumption for the lighting system.
56
4.5 Software Development
A simple calculator has been developed, called Green Calculator (GC). GC has three functions, which are energy consumption, lux standardizes, and lamp fitting design. All the calculation shown in the previous section can be done with this software. This subtopic will elaborate about this GC. The main interface C is shown in Figure 4.5.
1 2
3
Figure 4.5: Main Interface Green Calculator (GC)
57
4.5.1
Energy Consumption
Figure 4.6 shows the interface of energy consumption. The input data that need to be key in are:
Number of lamp Wattage per ballast Number of days used per month Wattage per lamp Hour usage per day
Once the data was been key in, the answer will be appearing in the text box in the bottom interface.
1) Fill this field
2)Click Calculate 3)New Calculation
Figure 4.6: Energy Consumption Interface
58
4.5.2 Lux Standardize
Figure 4.7 shows the interface of lux standardize. The input data that need to be key in is the room illumination (lux), and then select the type of room. All the room standardizes are base on JKR standard.
1)Fill this field
2)Choose room type
3)Click Check
Figure 4.7: Lux Standardize Interface
59
4.5.3 Lamp Fitting Design
This interface will give user the actual number of lamp needs to install in a specific room index. User need to know the room index first. It can simply calculate by using this formula:
Where: L = Room Length W = Room Width Hm = Mounting Height of Fitting (from working plane) Work Plane = Desk or Bench Height Room Index is required to know Utilization Factor (UF). This UF is to fill in the Green Calculator. Once the Room Index has been obtained, and then refer to Utilization Factor Table. The actual UF Table is given in Appendix D For example, if the calculated Room Index = 0.6, from the table, the Utilization Factor is 0.28.
Table 4.11: Maintenance Factor Maintenance Factor Table Air Conditioned Office
0.8
Clean Industrial
0.7
Dirty Industrial
0.6
60
Figure 4.8 show the Lamp Fitting Design Interface. All the data that need to be key in are as follows:
Room Area Standardize Illumination for that room type Lamp lumen output Maintenance factor Utilization Factor
2)Click Calculate 0)
1)Fill this field
Figure 4.8: Lamp Fitting Design
Based on the input, the suitable number of lamp will be calculated and displayed.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The existing lighting system in FKE Laboratories has been studied and analyzed in term of Energy Consumption (kWh), Electricity Bill Payment (RM), and Illumination (Lux). From the analysis, the existing lighting in FKE Laboratory currently used 21, 222.56 kWh per month and FKE spend in average about RM 6, 112.099 monthly only on lighting systems. From the analysis done in previous chapter, found that the combination T5 RetroSaver Lamp and Sensor method is most efficient and economic compared to the lighting system that applying only T5 RetroSaver lamp method or sensor method. The later method can reduce energy and electricity bill charge in FKE by 55.70%, which is more than half from the existing lighting system values. It‟s payback period is only around 2 years and 1 month. In short time, FKE will get hundreds percent profit every month.
A user-friendly Green Calculator is develop to ease the calculation of energy consumption and electricity bill payment per month and per year. In addition, user can check the room illumination within the range JKR Standardize automatically. Lastly, FKE can use this GC software to calculate number of lamps need to installed in a specific area without refer it back to building design manual book. It is hoping
62
that people will used energy efficiently and optimize the energy consumption. This will result in reducing energy waste.
5.2 Recommendation
Everyone in FKE should have the responsibility to use electricity efficiently. UTM should think about the system that can be imposed to the student‟s hostel whereby student will pay their own electricity bill based on their usage rather than being lumped together in the hostel payment. Therefore, student will hopefully more careful and responsible in using electricity in their day life.
UTM is also should have own distribution generator unit to supply electricity in the campus. It will reduce the electricity bill payment and would be used as a back up whenever power failure occurs. However, detail study need to be conducted to see the disadvantage and advantage of having generator unit in this campus.
REFERENCES
1. B. L. Capehart: “Writing user-friendly energy audit reports”, ACEEE 1995
2. D. Blumberga, Riga Technical University, Energy Audits in Dwelling Buildings in Latvia
3. Dir Johannes Lewies Mark, University of Pretoria, Energy Audit Methodology for Belt Conveyors, 2005
4. Fauziah Abu Bakar, University Tecnology Malaysia, Green Building Design for Energy Conservation, 2010
5. Malaysia Energy Center (PTM), Energy Efficient Building – A Strategic Resource, Quarter 1Issues 0017, KDN: PP11456/4/2004,
6. Suruhanjaya Tenaga Web, http://www.st.gov.my/
7. Resource Conservation Department, Energy Audit Scheme for large consumers of energy, 2002
64
8. http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans
10. Ling Hong Electric Sdn. Bhd. No. 77, Jalan Sri Bahagia 5, Taman Sri Bahgia, 81200 Tampoi, Johor Bahru.
11. Elektrik Bentras SDN. BHD. Lot A4, Kompleks kilang SME Bank, No. 15 Jalan Tahana, Kawasan Perindustrian Tampoi, 80350 Johor Bahru.
12. Jabatan Kerja Raya, Cawangan Keuruteraan Elektrik Negeri Johor, Jalan Kebun Teh, 80250 Johor Bahru.
65
APPENDIX A
Replacing T8 Fluorescent Lamp with T5 RetroSaver Lamp Block P02
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Computer Laboratory
2.52
756
217.728
Instrumentation Laboratory
1.736
277.76
79.99488
Standardize Laboratory
1.344
215.04
61.93152
Amir Laboratory
0.896
143.36
41.28768
Block P03
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
0.784
125.44
36.12672
0.224
40.32
11.61216
0.672
120.96
34.83648
0.672
107.52
30.96576
1.008
161.28
46.44864
Basic Microwave Laboratory
0.896
143.36
41.28768
Simulation Laboratory
0.504
80.64
23.22432
1.232
369.6
106.4448
1.008
302.4
87.0912
0.448
71.68
20.64384
1.736
555.52
159.9898
Acoustic Laboratory Photonic Technology Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA) Telekom Laboratory Advance Microwave Laboratory
Basic Communication Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
66
Block P04
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
VeCAD Laboratory
1.512
272.16
78.38208
Microelectronic Laboratory
1.12
201.6
58.0608
PCB Laboratory
1.652
462.56
133.2173
Medical Electronic Laboratory
0.868
173.6
49.9968
Industrial Medical Laboratory
1.624
259.84
74.83392
CLENER Laboratory
2.8
672
193.536
4.032
645.12
185.7946
Digital Laboratory
3.976
715.68
206.1158
Microprocessor Laboratory
1.624
292.32
84.18816
Signal Process Laboratory
0.896
161.28
46.44864
Block P08
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Robotic Laboratory
1.064
170.24
49.02912
Makmal Penyelakuan
1.008
161.28
46.44864
Control 1 Laboratory
2.016
322.56
92.89728
Control 2 Laboratory
1.568
250.88
72.25344
Block P15
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Mobil Laboratory
0.672
107.52
30.96576
Simulation Laboratory
0.448
71.68
20.64384
Anechoic Chamber
0.392
62.72
18.06336
Anechoic Laboratory
0.616
98.56
28.38528
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 &2
67
Block P06
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
0.392
62.72
18.06336
High Voltage Laboratory
1.96
313.6
90.3168
Basic Machine Laboratory
1.736
277.76
79.99488
2.016
322.56
92.89728
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Basic Power Laboratory
2.016
322.56
92.89728
Advance Power Laboratory
2.688
430.08
123.863
1.4
224
64.512
Power Electronic Laboratory
1.848
295.68
85.15584
Industrial Power Laboratory
0.924
147.84
42.57792
2.436
389.76
112.2509
0.728
116.48
33.54624
2.38
380.8
109.6704
Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology Laboratory
68
Adding sensor to the existing system lighting Block P02
Computer Laboratory Instrumentation Laboratory Standardize Laboratory Amir Laboratory
Block P03
Acoustic Laboratory
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
4.14
1076.4
310.0032
2.852
285.2
82.1376
2.208
220.8
63.5904
1.472
206.08
59.35104
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
1.288
128.8
37.0944
0.368
44.16
12.71808
1.104
154.56
44.51328
1.104
154.56
44.51328
1.656
231.84
66.76992
1.472
206.08
59.35104
0.828
115.92
33.38496
2.024
526.24
151.5571
1.656
430.56
124.0013
0.736
103.04
29.67552
2.852
798.56
229.9853
Photonic Technology Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA) Telekom Laboratory Advance Microwave Laboratory Basic Microwave Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Basic Communication Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
69
Block P04
VeCAD Laboratory Microelectronic Laboratory PCB Laboratory Medical Electronic Laboratory Industrial Medical Laboratory CLENER Laboratory
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
2.484
347.76
100.1549
1.84
257.6
74.1888
2.714
651.36
187.5917
1.426
228.16
65.71008
2.668
373.52
107.5738
4.6
920
264.96
6.624
927.36
267.0797
6.532
914.48
263.3702
2.668
373.52
107.5738
1.472
206.08
59.35104
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
1.748
174.8
50.3424
1.656
165.6
47.6928
3.312
331.2
95.3856
2.576
257.6
74.1888
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
1.104
154.56
44.51328
0.736
103.04
29.67552
0.644
90.16
25.96608
1.012
141.68
40.80384
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 &2 Digital Laboratory Microprocessor Laboratory Signal Process Laboratory
Block P08
Robotic Laboratory Makmal Penyelakuan Control 1 Laboratory Control 2 Laboratory
Block P15
Mobil Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Anechoic Chamber Anechoic Laboratory
70
Block P06
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
0.644
90.16
25.96608
3.22
450.8
129.8304
2.852
285.2
82.1376
3.312
463.68
133.5398
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
3.312
331.2
95.3856
4.416
441.6
127.1808
2.3
230
66.24
3.036
425.04
122.4115
1.518
151.8
43.7184
4.002
560.28
161.3606
1.196
167.44
48.22272
3.91
547.4
157.6512
Impulse Lightning Laboratory High Voltage Laboratory Basic Machine Laboratory Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
Basic Power Laboratory Advance Power Laboratory Advance Machine Research Laboratory Power Electronic Laboratory Industrial Power Laboratory Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology Laboratory
71
The combination of T5 RetroSaver and Sensor Block P02
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Computer Laboratory Instrumentation Laboratory Standardize Laboratory Amir Laboratory
Block P03
2.52
655.2
188.6976
1.736
173.6
49.9968
1.344
134.4
38.7072
0.896
125.44
36.12672
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Acoustic Laboratory
0.784
78.4
22.5792
0.224
26.88
7.74144
0.672
94.08
27.09504
0.672
94.08
27.09504
1.008
141.12
40.64256
0.896
125.44
36.12672
0.504
70.56
20.32128
1.232
320.32
92.25216
1.008
262.08
75.47904
0.448
62.72
18.06336
1.736
486.08
139.991
Photonic Technology Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA) Telekom Laboratory Advance Microwave Laboratory Basic Microwave Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Basic Communication Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
72
Block P04
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) VeCAD Laboratory Microelectronic Laboratory PCB Laboratory
1.512
211.68
60.96384
1.12
156.8
45.1584
1.652
396.48
114.1862
0.868
138.88
39.99744
1.624
227.36
65.47968
2.8
560
161.28
4.032
564.48
162.5702
3.976
556.64
160.3123
1.624
227.36
65.47968
0.896
125.44
36.12672
Medical Electronic Laboratory Industrial Medical Laboratory CLENER Laboratory Basic Electronic Laboratory 1&2 Digital Laboratory Microprocessor Laboratory Signal Process Laboratory
Block P08
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Robotic Laboratory Makmal Penyelakuan Control 1 Laboratory Control 2 Laboratory
Block P15
1.064
106.4
30.6432
1.008
100.8
29.0304
2.016
201.6
58.0608
1.568
156.8
45.1584
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Mobil Laboratory Simulation Laboratory
0.672
94.08
27.09504
0.448
62.72
18.06336
73
Anechoic Chamber Anechoic Laboratory
Block P06
0.392
54.88
15.80544
0.616
86.24
24.83712
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
0.392
54.88
15.80544
1.96
274.4
79.0272
1.736
173.6
49.9968
2.016
282.24
81.28512
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
2.016
201.6
58.0608
2.688
268.8
77.4144
1.4
140
40.32
1.848
258.72
74.51136
0.924
92.4
26.6112
2.436
341.04
98.21952
0.728
101.92
29.35296
2.38
333.2
95.9616
Impulse Lightning Laboratory High Voltage Laboratory Basic Machine Laboratory Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
Basic Power Laboratory Advance Power Laboratory Advance Machine Research Laboratory Power Electronic Laboratory Industrial Power Laboratory Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology Laboratory
74
APPENDIX B
T5 RetroSaver
75
APPENDIX C
T8 Lamp Lumen
76
APPENDIX D
Utilization Factor Table
77
APPENDIX E
T5 Lamp Data Sheet
78
T5 Lamp Data Sheet
79
APPENDIX F
Sensor Block Diagram
80
APPENDIX G
JKR Illumination Standard
81
JKR Illumination Standard
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name :
KHAIRULANWAR BIN OTHMAN
Date of birth
:
OCTOBER 21st 1988
Title
:
ENERGY AUDIT FOR LABORATORY IN FKE
Academic Session :
20010/2011
I declare that this thesis is classified as : CONFIDENTIAL
(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED
(Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text)
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows: 1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by:
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
881021-23-5283 (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)
FARIDAH BTE HUSSIN NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date: 15th MAY 2011
NOTES :
*
Date: 15th MAY 2011
If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power)”
Signature
:
............................................
Name of Supervisor : CIK FARIDAH HUSSIN Date
: 15th MAY 2011
ENERGY AUDIT FOR LABORATORY IN FKE
KHAIRULANWAR BIN OTHMAN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2011
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Energy Audit for Laboratory in FKE” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
....................................................
Name
:
KHAIRULANWAR BIN OTHMAN
Date
:
15th MAY 2011
iii
Dedicated, in thankful appreciation for support, encouragement and understanding to my beloved mother, father, brothers, and sisters.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my former supervisor, Cik Faridah Hussin for his proposal and guideline to this project. Also to Dr. Yusri Hassan, Assoc. Prof. Faridah Taha and Dr. Sophan Wahyudi for their ideas and advices in order to complete this project.
My appreciation also goes to my family who has been so tolerant and supports me all these years. Thanks for their encouragement, love, and emotional support that they had given to me.
I would also like to thank all FKE laboratories technician for their cooperations, guidance and help in this project.
Nevertheless, my great appreciation dedicated to my entire friend and all SEE members‟ batch 2011 and those who involve directly or indirectly with this project.
v
ABSTRACT
Energy is an important element in human daily life. There are various types of energy like kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and heat energy but on this project, we are focus on electrical energy. In Malaysia, more than 80% of electrical energy produced from burning fuels that will cause of carbon dioxide emission (CO2) to atmosphere. In other words, the more electricity energy is use; produces the more CO2 emitted to the air space and will cause global warming. This effect could be reduced with less energy consumption. Therefore, this project focuses on energy saving that can be done on the lighting system of 47th laboratories in FKE. Initially, the existing lighting system in FKE laboratory is analyzed in term of total power, energy consumption, and electricity payment per month and per year for FKE laboratory. As the result, three methods of energy saving proposed i.e. replacing existing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver lamp, installing sensor, which are containing motion sensor, and infrared sensor and the combination of T5 RetroSaver lamp and sensor. The total cost, annual profit, and payback period for each method are also studied. This project also developed simple calculator software called Green Calculator (GC) using NetBeans version 5.5 software. This software could be used to calculate energy consumption, power, electricity bill payment, no of lamps can be install in specific area, and to check the illumination standard of the building.
vi
ABSTRAK
Tenaga adalah satu element yang sangat penting dalam hidup seharian. Tenaga boleh dibahagikan kepada banyak jenis antaranya adalah tenaga kinetik, tenaga mekanikal, dan tenaga haba tetapi di dalam projek ini akan dibincangkan mengenai tenaga elektrik. Di Malaysia lebih daripada 80% janakuasa elektrik kebanyakannya menggunakan arang batu dan juga diesel sebagai bahan bakar. Pembakaran arang batu ini menyebabkan meningkatnya pembebasan gas karbon diaoksida (CO2). Kesimpulamnya, peningkatan gas karbon dioksida adalah berhubungkait dengan peningkatan penggunaan tenaga elektrik. Semakin tinggi penggunaan tenaga elektrik, semakin meningkatlah pembebasan gas karbon dioksida. Semua ini adalah punca terjadinya Pemanasan Global. Suhu dunia kini semakin meningkat dari setahun ke setahun akibat dari peningkatan gas karbon dioksida ini. Projek ini dibuat akibat daripada masalah tersebut. Tujuan utama projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji penggunaan tenaga elektrik di makmal fakulti kejurueraan elektrik, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Seterusnya, mencadangkan kaedah-kaedah untuk menggurangkan pengunaan tenaga elektrik di FKE. Projek ini hanya melibatkan sistem pencahayaan di 47 makmal di FKE. Analisis dimulakan dengan mengkaji sistem pencahayaan yang telah sedia ada berdasarkan penggunaan tenaga elektrik, pembayaran bill elektrik dan juga piawaian pencahayaan. Seterusnya, tiga kaedah untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga elektrik di kaji. Antara kaedah-kaedahnya adalah menggantikan semua lampu T8 yang sedia ada dengan lampu T5 RetroSaver, kedua memasang sensor pegerakan dan sensor haba disemua makmal di FKE dan akhirnya mengkombinasi kan kedua-dua kaedah tadi dalam satu masa. Kaedahkaedah ini dikaji berdasarkan jumlah modal, keuntungan tahunan dan tempoh masa pulangan modal. Akhir skali, dalam project ini satu kalkulator yang diberi nama
vii
Green Calculator (GC) akan diprogramkan. Kalkulator ini berfungsi untuk mengira jumlah penggunaan tenaga, kuasa, dan jumlah pembayaran bill elektrik dalam masa sebulan dan setahun. Ia juga berupaya untuk memeriksa sama ada nilai pencahayaan sesebuah bilik itu mencapai piawaian pencahayaan atau tidak. GC juga berupaya untuk mengira secara teori jumlah lampu yang perlu dipasang di dalam sesebuah kawasan bilik.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Project Objective
2
1.3
Scope of Project
2
1.4
Methodology
3
1.5
Chapter Outline
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Global Warming
5
2.2
Green Building
6
2.3
Energy 2.3.1
9 Electricity Energy Consumption
10
2.4
2.5
3
4
Lighting System
10
2.4.1
Reflector
13
2.4.2
Lighting Measurement
15
2.4.3
Sensor
16
2.4.3.1
Motion Sensor
16
2.4.3.2
Infrared Sensor
16
NetBeans 5.5
17
PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
19
3.1
Introduction
19
3.2
Overall Energy Consumption
19
3.3
FKE Laboratory Audit
21
3.4
Existing Lighting System Analysis
27
IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
42
4.1
Introduction
42
4.2
Strategies to Reduce Energy Consumption
43
4.2.1
43
Replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver lamp
4.2.2
Adding sensor to the existing system
45
4.2.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver &
46
Sensor 4.3
4.4
Graphical Analysis
48
4.3.1
Energy Consumption (kWh)
48
4.3.2
Electricity Bill Payment (RM)
50
Economic Engineering Analysis
51
4.4.1
51
Replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver lamp
4.4.2
Adding sensor to the system
53
4.4.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver &
54
Sensor
4.5
5
Software Development 4.5.1
Energy Consumption
4.5.2
Lux Standardize
4.5.3
Lamp Fitting Design
56 57 58
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
61
5.1
Conclusion
61
5.2
Recommendation
62
REFERENCES
63
APPENDICES
65
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Fluorescent tube diameter designation
11
3.1
Total Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment [10]
20
3.2
The list of laboratories that were audited.
22
3.3
Total fitting and total lamp each laboratory in FKE
24
3.4
Total fitting and total lamp for seven block in FKE
26
laboratory 3.5
Power, Energy Consumption, and Electricity Bill
37
Payment 3.6
Power, Energy Consumption, and Bill Payment (Per
40
Month) for the Existing Lighting System 4.1
Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and
44
Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 RetroSaver 4.2
Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and
45
Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing Sensor 4.3
Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill
46
Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 lamps and Sensors
4.4
Energy Consumption and Electricity Bill Payment (per month and per year) of Existing Lighting System and each
47
xi
method in FKE Laboratory 4.5
Reflector and T5 RetroSaver Cost by each building in
51
FKE Laboratory 4.6
Comparison of Electricity Bill Payment (RM) before and
52
after installing T5 4.7
Total Sensor Cost
53
4.8
Annual Profit of Sensor Method
53
4.9
Annual Profit and Total Cost of method 3
54
4.10
Payback Period each methods
55
4.11
Maintenance Factor
59
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Project Methodology
3
2.1
The Malaysian Office Building Energy Intensity [5]
6
2.2
Type of building in Malaysia
7
2.3
Methods to reduce energy consumption
8
2.4
Total Energy Consumption in Malaysia Building [5]
9
2.5
T5 RetroSaver Lamp
12
2.6
Cross section of a typical fluorescent lamp with reflector
13
(right), without reflector (left) 2.7
Full mirror reflector
14
2.8
Prismatic Diffuser
14
2.9
Cross section of Prismatic Diffuser (left) and Full Mirror
14
Reflector (right) 2.10
Environmental Quality Meter Mini (850070)
15
2.11
Motion Sensor (Left) and Infrared Sensor (Right)
17
2.12
NetBeans start-up page
18
3.1
Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment
20
3.2
Total Energy Consumption for all equipment
21
3.3
Plant of FKE building
22
3.4
Energy Consumption for Existing Lighting System in
40
FKE Laboratory
xiii
3.5
Electricity Bill Payment for Existing Lighting System in
41
FKE Laboratory 4.1
Energy Consumption (kWh/month) in FKE Laboratory
48
4.2
Total Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for lighting
49
system in FKE Laboratory 4.3
Percentage of Reduction Energy Consumption
49
(kWh/month) for Lighting System in FKE Laboratory 4.4
Total Electricity Payment (RM/month) for lighting
50
system in FKE Laboratory 4.5
Main Interface Green Calculator (GC)
56
4.6
Energy Consumption Interface
57
4.7
Lux Standardize Interface
58
4.8
Lamp Fitting Design
60
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CO2
Carbon Dioxides
FKE
Electrical Engineering Faculties
GC
Green Calculator
IDE
Java-based development environmental
JKR
Jabatan Kerja Raya
LEB
Low Energy Building
PTM
Malaysia Energy Center
UF
Utilization Factor
UTM
University Technology Malaysia
ZEO
Zero Energy Office
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Analysis of Power Consumption, Energy Consumption
65
and Electricity Bill Payment (per month) for all three methods B
T5 RetroSaver advertisement
74
C
T8 lamps lumen table
75
D
Utilization Factor (UF) table
78
E
T5 lamp data sheet
77
F
Sensor block diagram
79
G
JKR Illumination Standard
80
CHAPTER 1
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1
Introduction
Recently, there has been a growing concern about energy consumption and its adverse impact on the environment. Electrical energy has significant role in world nowadays and had caused an issue on the sustainability to the energy resources in the future. Inefficient use of energy today will give a bad impact to the next generation. Global warming is one example caused by inefficient use of energy. Nowadays global warming phenomenon is a serious issue. It occurs due to the increasing of carbon dioxides (CO2) in our ozone surface. The increasing of CO2 is an effect of fossil fuels burning to fulfill energy demand. In short term, the most significant impact that can be sees is the increase in electrical energy consumption (kWh) and electricity bill payment (RM). In addition, the power failure might be occurred frequently as a result of not enough the generator to meet demand from consumers. Hence, people must be given an awareness on how to use energy in a more efficient way. Apart from that, energy audit should be done for the preliminary estimation of savings potential.
The objectives of energy audit are to estimate the energy uses and losses and improve the energy efficiency. The accurate and complete dates are essential factors
2
to determine the energy audit‟s success. The energy audit is a very interesting and complex work. The building energy audit is a process evaluate the energy used in the building structure and to identify the opportunities of reducing the energy consumptions. Therefore, the first step is to estimate how much energy consumed in the building and to find out the saving potential. The major task in this project is that to conduct a basic energy audit focuses on lighting in all laboratories of electrical engineering faculties (FKE).
1.2
Project Objectives
The objectives of this project are, to analyze the existing lighting system in electrical engineering faculties (FKE) laboratory, to propose three methods to reduce electricity energy consumption (kWh) in FKE laboratory, and lastly, to develop calculator to calculate total electricity energy consumption (kWh) and total and electricity bill payment (RM) per month and per year. This calculator can be used to determine the illumination (Lux) of the building and compare it with the standard from Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). In additional, it is also can calculate the total no of lamps that can be installing in a specific area.
1.3
Scope of project
This project focuses on lighting system in 47 laboratories of seven building of Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE) Laboratory, University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The buildings are P02, P03, P04, P06, P07, P08, and P15.
3
1.4
Methodology
Diagram below show the five steps to achieve this project objective.
Figure 1.1: Project Methodology
4
1.5 Chapter Outline
This thesis has five chapters. Brief description of each chapter is as follows:
Chapter 1: This chapter explains the introduction to the current issues that make came out with this energy audit project. Besides that, this chapter describe about objective, scope and methodology of project.
Chapter 2: The literature review and theory are focused in chapter 2. The content of global warming, definition of green building, concept of energy in Malaysia, basic principal of lighting system and basic information of NetBeans 5.5 software.
Chapter 3: This chapter consists of preliminary auditing for FKE at P02, P03, P04, P05, P06, P07, P08, and P15 laboratories. The analysis of existing lighting system in FKE laboratories in term of energy consumption (kWh) and bill payment (RM) use also being analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 4: This chapter propose three methods to reduce energy consumptions. The analysis of energy consumption and bill payment after applying each method use also being discussed including the analysis on total cost, annual profit and payback period. Apart from that, this chapter introduce user-friendly calculator, know Green Calculator software.
Chapter 5: For this closing chapter, discussion and conclusions will be presented. Some recommendation also will be stated in this chapter.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Global Warming
Global warming gives a very bad effect to us. This global warming happens because of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission due to increasing electricity load. When we are as the consumer of electricity use a lot of energy especially in peak hour, the burning of fossil fuels will be increase to fulfill energy demand by consumer. As we all knew, burning of fossil fuel will emit several of danger gas and the major is gas carbon dioxide (CO2). According to World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the global average surface temperature has risen by 0.74°C since the beginning of the 20th century, and the temperature has risen by 0.18°C over the last 25 years [6]. That means, our earth become hot year by year. Therefore, it is our responsibility to take action. User need to use energy efficiently and optimize energy consumption. We need to reduce our waste because it is the energy we saved, that will be the largest energy source. Whenever energy saves, not only save money, it is also reduce the demand for such fossil fuels as coal, oil, and natural gas. Less burning of fossil fuels also means lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary contributor to global warming, and other pollutants. The average American produces about 40,000 pounds of CO2 emissions per year [6]. Together, we use nearly a million dollars worth of energy every minute, night and day, every day of the year.
6
2.2
Green Building
Green Building idea has been design to ensure the global warming phenomenon will not be setting worse. Green Building is a comprehensive approach to the design land use, construction, and long-term operation of a building. This green building use renewable energy such as daylight through passive solar, active solar and photovoltaic technique. This Green Building is so important because it oneway to reduce energy consumption, also increasing the efficiency of resource use and most important is to reduce global warming. In Malaysia, there are two example of Green Building, which are Low Energy Building (LEB) and Zero Energy Office (ZEO). Initially, Malaysia Energy Center (PTM) or now their new name is Green Technology Malaysia come out the idea to increase energy efficiency by using Low Energy Building (LEB). This LEB already success in achieved a building energy index (BEI) of 100kWh/m2 per year and saving energy more than 50% [5]. After success of Low Energy Building (LEB) project, PTM come with the idea of Zero Energy Office (ZEO). The objective of ZEO is to achieve BEI of as low as 50kWh/m2 per year with use of renewable energy [5].
7
Figure 2.1: show that the Malaysian Office Building Energy Intensity [5]
Figure 2.2: Type of building in Malaysia
8
There are various many methods that being use by ZEO to achieve zero energy consumption. Here, only four major methods were discussing that currently used by PTM. Firstly, double-glazing and special filter glass. This equipment allows cool visible light and reduces heat radiation from direct sunlight into building. Secondly, roof lights and light shafts that transmit day light into the building interior. This method will reduce lighting usage. Next, Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) also installed in ZEO building. The basic operation of BIPV is during day it will provides all the electricity and export excess electricity into the national grid then during night it will import back the electricity from national grid to run the building electricity system [8]. The last method is using the equipment that store the building cooling system in phase change storage tanks and during the day, gradually release it into the building.
Roof lights
Light shafts
9
Double glazing and special filter glass
Figure 2.3: Methods to reduce energy consumption
2.3
Energy
Final energy is the energy supplied to the consumer in each end-use sector, that will ultimately converted into heat, light, motion and other energy services. It does not include transformation and distribution losses [4]. There are various methods for proper energy management and the most important is to look at the common electrical load in the building. The common electrical loads are the fluorescent lamp (lighting system) and air conditioning. Cooling and lighting systems typically use the most energy in a building in our country. Figure 2.4 show the result from a study conducted by Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) in 2003 on government building based on conventional design [5].
10
Total Energy Consumption in Building
34%
45%
Air Conditioning Othe Equipment Lighting system
21%
Figure 2.4: Total Energy Consumption in Malaysia Building [5]
2.3.1 Electricity Energy Consumption
The energy consumed by an electrical device is the wattage of the device multiplied by its hours of use. Electricity Bill payment is the Energy Consumption multiplied by C1 tariff (all hour usage)
Energy Consumption (kWh) = System Input Wattage x Hours of Operation
(2.1)
Electricity Bill Payment (RM) = Energy Consumption (kWh) x 0.288
(2.2)
2.4
Lighting System
Lighting system contribute 34% of energy consumption in building. Light is a visually evaluated radiant energy, which stimulates human eyes and enables them to see [5]. Illumination (Lux) is a measurement brightness of lamp. Each type of room already have it‟s standardize by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). The working area such as office should operate within the specified amount of luminance. Too much luminance will contribute to health problems especially the eyes. Lamp are typically identified by a code, such as F36 T8, where F is for fluorescent, the first number
11
indicates the power in watts (36W), where the T indicates that the shape of the bulb is tubular, and the last number is the diameter in eighths of an inch (
inch ). Table
2.1 show that the tube diameter designations with its diameters measurement.
Table 2.1: Fluorescent tube diameter designation Tube diameter
Tube diameter measurements
designations
Inches
Millimeters
T2
2/8
7
T4
4/8
12
T5
5/8
15.875
T8
8/8
25.4
T9
9/8
28.575
T12
12/8
38.1
T17
17/8
53.975
In Malaysia building, the common type of lamp install is 2nd generation type of lamps which is T8 fluorescent lamp. This T8 lamp is krypton-filled lamp with a diameter of 25.4mm (1”) and with a length dictated by wattage (18W to 70W). These so-called „thin‟ lamps can be stabilised by both electromagnetic and electronic ballasts with extra benefit of improved efficacy and lumen maintenance. Its efficacy is about 80 lm/W. However, the T8 lamps have their weakness that can be improved by replacing with T5 lamp. The 3rd generation lamp is T5 lamp with diameter 15.875mm (5/8”). For over 30 years this lamp only available with low wattage (4W, 6W, 8W, and 13W) however, a few year ago, new T5 lamps with higher wattage (14W, 21W, 28W, 35W) were developed, which, owing to their superior luminous efficiency outputs (efficacy about 100 lm/W). This is more efficient compared with old T8 lamp. Therefore, these new T5 lamps become popular with name of energy
12
saving lamps. In year 2011, Philips Company also developed something new with this T5 lamp, which called TL5 RetroSaver.
Figure 2.5: T5 RetroSaver Lamp
There is one thing that differentiates this TL5 RetroSaver lamp with usual T5 lamps. Usual T5 lamp must have its own fitting because its length is not equal with another lamp. This TL5 RetroSaver lamp solves that problem. User can easily
13
replace T8 lamps with this TL5 RetroSaver lamp without wasting money to refit back the fitting. It is because the TL5 RetroSaver lamp comes with T5 lamp and the fitting itself.
2.4.1 Reflector
Reflector main function is to reflect lamp light so that, that specific area will more bright. Some lamps in hardware shop already have its internal opaque reflector, but that of reflector only cover ranges from 120 degrees to 310 degrees of the lamp's circumference. Normally, reflector lamp is marked letter R on the model code for example FR36 T5. Cover range will depend on type of reflector. Most of the lamps in Electrical Engineering Faculty Laboratory (FKE Lab) UTM used prismatic diffuser. This type of reflector is limiting the brightness of the lamp, as result the illumination of the room will not meet the standard. Another type of reflector is full mirror reflector, which is more compatible compared to the prismatic diffuser are it does not distracts the brightness of the lamp.
Figure 2.6: Cross section of a typical fluorescent lamp with reflector (right), without reflector (left).
14
Figure 2.7: Full mirror reflector
Figure 2.8: Prismatic Diffuser
Figure 2.9: Cross section of Prismatic Diffuser (left) and Full Mirror Reflector (right)
15
2.4.2
Lighting Measurement
The units for lighting measurement are lumen (lm) and lux (lx). Lumen (lm) is a measurement of the light output from a lamp. For more understanding, water analogy been used where the amount of water spraying from a showerhead is similar to the light output from a lamp. Lux (lx) is a measurement of the light intensity falling on a surface. The lux is the SI unit of luminance and luminous emitting. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. One lux is approximately equal with one foot-candle multiplied with 10.76.
Illumination usually measured by using Lux meter. The meter will be placed on the area that we want to measure the illumination. This project, Environmental Quality Meter Mini (850070) is used. This meter can be used to measure luminance (Lux), wind speed, temperature (°C), and humidity. The physical as the meter is shown in Figure 2.10
Humidity
Wind
Temperature Illumination Figure 2.10: Environmental Quality Meter Mini (850070)
16
2.4.3 Sensor
Sensor is a device that receives a signal or stimulus and responds to turn the light ON or OFF. Sensor used in this project can be categorized into two types; namely motion sensor and infrared sensor.
2.4.3.1 Motion Sensor
Motion sensor acts as a device that can detect any movement of occupant in a specific area. Once the sensors detect movement, it will send the signal to the microcontroller to turn the light ON.
2.4.3.2 Infrared Sensor
Infrared sensor or heat sensor will trigger in a certain angle, so that, if any temperature different in area of that angle is detected; it will send the signal to the microcontroller to turn ON the light. Initially, it the reference temperature is set at 24°C. Therefore, it would react if the temperature difference occurs. The microcontroller that gives instruction to the system to turn ON of turn OFF the light controls both of these sensors.
17
Figure 2.11: Motion Sensor (Left) and Infrared Sensor (Right)
2.5 NetBeans 5.5
NetBeans is a Java-based development environmental (IDE) and platform originally developed by Sun user interface function, source code editor, GI editor, version control, as well as support for distributed application (CORBA, RMI) and web application [9].
NetBeans is one of the most powerful Java programming IDE. It also straightforward and simple software, which is easy to understand and their coding are not complicated. NetBeans is rapidly growing its popularity nowadays.
18
Figure 2.12: NetBeans start-up page
CHAPTER 3
PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the data obtained from lighting energy audit that has been conducts in FKE laboratory. The data includes a list of laboratories in FKE; room data and lighting system data.
3.2
Overall Energy Consumption
Initially, this project starts with the analysis of total energy consumption for all types of equipment in Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE) of University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The data from year 2008 and 2009 are shows on Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1.
20
Table 3.1: Total Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment [10] MONTH
2008
2009
January
419 597
429 759
February
435 573
443 608
March
450 055
454 359
April
407 554
439 082
May
406 389
423 274
June
443 856
330 894
July
406 427
444 479
August
542 433
435 256
September
297 236
398 875
October
393 111
438 399
November
419 609
387 189
December
30, 422
285 227
TOTAL PERYEAR
4, 924 262
4, 910 401
Energy Consumption for all Equipment in FKE in 2 years(kWh) 600000 500000 400000 300000 2008
200000
2009
100000 0
Figure 3.1: Energy Consumption in FKE for all equipment
21
Total Energy Consumtion in 2 year for all equipment in FKE (kWh) 4, 924 262
4, 910 401
2008
2009
Figure 3.2: Total Energy Consumption for all equipment
From the Figure 3.2 shows that only a small difference in energy consumption between year 2008 and 2009, which is reduce 13, 861 kWh. Therefore, drastic actions need to take to reduce energy consumption in FKE. For the beginning, adjustment in power used by lighting system should be consider. People might think that lighting system use a small number of wattage that will not affect the overall energy consumption, but through study conducted by Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) this lighting system contribute 34% from total building energy consumption [5]. The result of this project will be discussed in chapter 4.
3.3
FKE Laboratory Audit
In the middle of January 2011, walk through audit has been conducted in 90% of all laboratories in FKE. The purpose of the audit is to observe and analyze each laboratory in term of its lighting system. Figure 3.3 shows the plant of all building in FKE.
22
Figure 3.3: Plant of FKE building
Table 3.2: The list of laboratories that were audited. Room Name
Room Level
Computer Laboratory
1
Instrument Laboratory
4
Standardize Laboratory
4
Amir Laboratory
4
Acoustic Laboratory
2
Photonics Technology Center (PTC)
3
Information Research Alliance (ICRA)
4
Telekom Laboratory
4
Advance Microwave Laboratory
5
Basic Microwave Laboratory
5
Simulation Laboratory
5
Basic Communication Laboratory
5
Block P02
Block P03
23 Digital Communication Laboratory
5
Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory
5
Center of Excellent
5
VeCAD Laboratory
1
Postgraduate Research Area
1
Microelectronic Laboratory
1
PCB Laboratory
1
Medical Electronic Laboratory
2
Industrial Medical Laboratory
2
CLENER Laboratory
3
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 & 2
3
Digital Laboratory
4
Microprocessor Laboratory
4
Signal Process Laboratory
4
Robotic Laboratory
2
Makmal Penyelakuan
3
Control 1 Laboratory
4
Control 2 Laboratory
4
Mobil Laboratory
1
Simulation Laboratory
1
Anechoic Chamber
1
Anechoic Laboratory
1
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
1
High Voltage Laboratory
1
Basic Machine Laboratory
1
Electrical Engineering Workshop
1
Basic Power Laboratory
1
Advance Power Laboratory
1
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
1
Power Electronic Laboratory
2
Block P04
Block P08
Block P15
Block P06
Block P07
24 Industrial Power Laboratory
3
Inverter Quality Control Center(IQCC)
2
Energy System Laboratory
3
Electrical Technology Laboratory
4
Meanwhile, the results of walk through audit for FKE laboratory is shows in Table 3.3, in term of total fitting and total lamps of each laboratory.
Table 3.3: Total fitting and total lamp each laboratory in FKE Room Name
Total Fitting
Total Lamp
Computer Laboratory
45
90
Instrument Laboratory
30
62
Standardize Laboratory
24
48
Amir Laboratory
16
32
Acoustic Laboratory
14
28
Photonics Technology Center (PTC)
4
8
Information Research Alliance (ICRA)
16
24
Telekom Laboratory
12
24
Advance Microwave Laboratory
18
36
Basic Microwave Laboratory
18
32
Simulation Laboratory
6
18
Basic Communication Laboratory
22
44
Digital Communication Laboratory
18
36
Switching Research & Telematic
8
16
29
62
Block P02
Block P03
Laboratory Center of Excellent
25
Block P04 VeCAD Laboratory
26
54
Microelectronic Laboratory
20
40
PCB Laboratory
27
59
Medical Electronic Laboratory
11
31
Industrial Medical Laboratory
29
58
CLENER Laboratory
50
100
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 & 2
72
144
Digital Laboratory
71
142
Microprocessor Laboratory
29
58
Signal Process Laboratory
16
32
Robotic Laboratory
19
38
Makmal Penyelakuan
18
36
Control 1 Laboratory
36
72
Control 2 Laboratory
28
56
Mobil Laboratory
12
24
Simulation Laboratory
8
16
Anechoic Chamber
9
14
Anechoic Laboratory
11
22
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
7
14
High Voltage Laboratory
35
70
Basic Machine Laboratory
31
62
Electrical Engineering Workshop
36
72
Basic Power Laboratory
36
72
Advance Power Laboratory
32
96
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
25
50
Power Electronic Laboratory
33
66
Industrial Power Laboratory
11
33
Inverter Quality Control Center(IQCC)
29
87
Block P08
Block P15
Block P06
Block P07
26
Energy System Laboratory
13
26
Electrical Technology Laboratory
43
85
. Table 3.4: Total fitting and total lamp for seven block in FKE laboratory Block
Total Fitting
Total Lamp
P02
115
232
P03
165
328
P04
351
718
P08
101
202
P15
40
76
P06
109
218
P07
222
515
From the analysis, it can be seen that building P04 and P07 installed a large no of florescent lamps. The total fitting and total lamp in FKE laboratory for all seven building P02, P03, P04, P15, P08, P06, P07 is 1103 (fitting) and 2289 (lamp). The calculation of total power of 47 laboratories in FKE is shows as follows:
27
3.4
Existing Lighting System Analysis
This subtopic focuses on the analysis of Power Consumption (W), Energy Consumption (kWh), Electrical Bill Payment (RM) for each laboratory in Electrical Engineering Faculty (FKE) of University Technology Malaysia (UTM).
This
analysis involves all laboratories from seven buildings (P02, P03, P04, P06, P07, P08, and P15). Result from the preliminary audit in lighting system in FKE laboratory shows that, the entire laboratory used same type and wattage of lamps, which are T8 fluorescent lamps 46 W (include 10W of ballast).
The Power Consumption (W), Energy Consumption (kWh), and Electrical Bill Payment (RM) per month and per year can be calculated by assuming that the working day per month is 20 days.
28
Analyses of each laboratory are as follows:
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
90
15
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
62
8
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
48
8
No. Block P02
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
32
8
Computer Laboratory
Instrumentation Laboratory
Standardize Laboratory
Amir Laboratory
67.83 No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
28
8
Acoustic Laboratory
29
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
2
8
Photonics Technology Center (PTC)
Hour Usage 9
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
24
10
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
5
36
8
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
6
32
8
Telekom Laboratory
Advance Microwave Laboratory
Basic Microwave Laboratory
67.83 No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
7
18
8
Simulation Laboratory
38.154
30
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
8
44
15
Basic Communication Laboratory
174.874 No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
9
36
15
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
10
16
Digital Communication Laboratory
Switching Research & Telematic
8
Laboratory
No. Block P03
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
11
62
16
Center of Excellent =
= 262.84 No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
54
9
VeCAD Laboratory
31
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
40
9
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
59
14
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
31
10
Microelectronic Laboratory
PCB Laboratory
Medical Electronic Laboratory
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
5
58
8
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
6
100
12
Industrial Medical Laboratory
CLENER Laboratory
32
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
7
144
8
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
8
142
9
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
9
58
9
No. Block P04
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
10
32
9
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
38
8
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 & 2
Digital Laboratory
Microprocessor Laboratory
Signal Process Laboratory
Robotic Laboratory
33
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
36
8
Makmal Penyelakuan
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
72
8
No. Block P08
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
56
8
Control 1 Laboratory
Control 2 Laboratory
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
24
8
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
16
8
Mobil Laboratory
Simulation Laboratory
34
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
14
8
No. Block P15
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
22
8
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
14
8
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
70
8
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
62
8
Anechoic Chamber
Anechoic Laboratory
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
High Voltage Laboratory
Basic Machine Laboratory
35
No. Block P06
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
72
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
1
72
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
2
96
8
Electrical Engineering Workshop
Basic Power Laboratory
Advance Power Laboratory
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
3
50
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
4
66
8
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
Power Electronic Laboratory
36
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
5
33
8
Industrial Power Laboratory
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
6
87
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
7
26
8
No. Block P07
Total Lamp
Hour Usage
8
85
8
Inverter Quality Control Center(IQCC)
Energy System Laboratory
Electrical Technology Laboratory
37
Tables 3.5 conclude all the result of the analysis in existing lighting system in FKE Laboratory by each block.
Table 3.5: Power, Energy Consumption, and Electricity Bill Payment Block P02
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Computer Laboratory
4.14
1242
357.696
Instrumentation Laboratory
2.852
456.32
131.420
Standardize Laboratory
2.208
353.28
101.745
Amir Laboratory
1.472
235.52
67.83
Block P03
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Acoustic Laboratory
1.288
206.08
59.351
Photonic Technology
0.368
66.24
19.077
1.104
198.72
57.231
Telekom Laboratory
1.104
220.8
63.59
Advance Microwave
1.656
264.96
76.308
1.472
235.52
67.83
Simulation Laboratory
0.828
132.48
38.154
Basic Communication
2.024
607.2
174.874
1.656
496.8
143.078
0.736
117.76
33.915
2.852
912.64
262.84
Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA)
Laboratory Basic Microwave Laboratory
Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
38
Block P04
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) VeCAD Laboratory
2.484
447.12
128.77
Microelectronic Laboratory
1.84
331.2
95.386
PCB Laboratory
2.714
759.92
218.857
Medical Electronic
1.426
285.2
82.138
2.668
426.88
122.941
CLENER Laboratory
4.6
1104
317.952
Basic Electronic Laboratory
6.624
1059.84
305.234
Digital Laboratory
6.532
1175.76
338.619
Microprocessor Laboratory
2.668
480.24
138.309
Signal Process Laboratory
1.472
264.96
76.308
Laboratory Industrial Medical Laboratory
1&2
Block P08
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Robotic Laboratory
1.748
279.68
80.548
Makmal Penyelakuan
1.656
264.96
76.308
Control 1 Laboratory
3.312
529.92
152.617
Control 2 Laboratory
3.576
412.16
118.702
Block P15
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Mobil Laboratory
1.104
176.64
50.872
Simulation Laboratory
0.736
117.76
33.915
Anechoic Chamber
0.644
103.04
29.676
Anechoic Laboratory
1.012
161.92
46.633
39
Block P06
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Impulse Lightning
0.644
103.04
29.676
3.22
515.2
148.378
2.852
456.32
131.42
3.312
529.92
152.617
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
Laboratory High Voltage Laboratory Basic Machine Laboratory Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
(kWh) Basic Power
3.312
529.92
152.617
4.416
706.56
203.490
2.3
368
105.984
3.036
485.76
139.90
1.518
1943.04
559.596
4.002
640.32
184.412
1.196
191.36
55.112
3.91
625.6
180.173
Laboratory Advance Power Laboratory Advance Machine Research Laboratory Power Electronic Laboratory Industrial Power Laboratory Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology
40
Table 3.6: Power, Energy Consumption, and Bill Payment (Per Month) for the Existing Lighting System Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) P02
10.672
2287.12
658.691
P03
15.088
3459.2
996.248
P04
33.028
6335.12
1824.514
P08
10.292
1486.72
428.175
P15
3.496
559.36
161.096
P06
10.028
1604.48
462.091
P07
23.69
5490.56
1581.284
Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5 shows the energy consumption and electricity bill payment for existing lighting system in FKE respectively. It can be seen at P04 consumed the most energy followed by P07. Meanwhile, P15 consumed the lowest energy due to the small number installed lamp in this building. Furthermore, it is observed from the audit that P15 has been installed the CFL type for lighting system compared to other building.
Energy Consumption for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory (kWh) 6335.12 5490.56
3459.2 2287.12 1604.48
1486.72 559.36 P02
P03
P04
P08
P15
P06
P07
41
Figure 3.4: Energy Consumption for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory
Electricity Bill Payment for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory (RM) 1824.514 1581.284 996.248 658.691
462.091
428.175 161.096 P02
P03
P04
P08
P15
P06
P07
Figure 3.5: Electricity Bill Payment for Existing Lighting System in FKE Laboratory
As expected, the electricity bill for building P04 give the highest payment followed by P07 building. In other words, these two building contribute the highest electricity consumption due to lighting.
CHAPTER 4
IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
4.1
Introduction
From the analysis, several problems have been identified. The analysis of the existing lighting system in FKE laboratory has been done on chapter 3. Firstly, the T8 florescent lamp that already installed, consume more power compare to T5. The T8 florescent lamp and its ballast use 46 W of power whilst T5 use 26 W of power. Another problem is the way of lighting system currently being used is not efficient enough. Lamp will continue switch ON when no occupancy in the area. That means there is no automatic system to control this situation. The last problem is about the brightness of the room. The prismatic diffusers avoid the light to reflect in the room, as result, its illumination does not meet the JKR standardize. In conclusion, all of these problems cause energy consumption due to lighting system in FKE keep increasing.
Therefore, this chapter highlights three strategies or methods that can be used to reduce energy consumption in FKE Laboratory. The first method can be done by
43
replacing all the T8 fluorescent lamps in FKE laboratory with T5 lamp (TL5 RetroSaver) and changing the existing prismatic diffuser with full mirror reflector. This method will reduce the wattage of the lamp from 46W to 28W and makes the room brighter. Secondly is installing the sensor in FKE laboratory so that the hour usage of the lamps can be controlled. Lastly is combination of T5 lamp and sensor. This method will reduce wattage of the lamps and hour usage. This subtopic will analyze each method in term power, energy consumption, and electricity bill payment per month. The cost, annual profit, and payback period of each method will also be analyzed.
4.2
Strategy to Reduce Energy Consumption
4.2.1
Replacing T8 Fluorescent Lamp with T5 RetroSaver Lamp
In this method, the lamps and ballast wattage are the control parameters. The formulas used in the analysis are as follows:
Wattage of T5 lamps = 28W -------------- (for 1st and 3rd method) Ballast = 0W Hour Usage = Actual Hour – 2 hours ----------- (for 2nd and 3rd method)
44
Table 4.1: Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 RetroSaver
Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment
(kWh/month)
(RM/month)
P02
6.496
1392.16
400.9421
P03
9.184
2078.72
598.6714
P04
20.104
3856.16
1110.574
P08
5.656
904.96
260.6285
P15
2.128
340.48
98.05824
P06
6.104
976.64
281.2723
P07
14.42
2307.2
664.4736
The result of the analysis in all laboratories in each building in FKE in term of Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) after installing T5 lamps are summarized in Table 4.1. The details calculation of this method as shown in Appendix A.
45
4.2.2
Adding sensor to the existing system lighting
In this method, two types of sensor are installed in all FKE laboratories, which are motion sensor and infrared sensor. We take the minimum time that the sensor can save is two hours. This sensor can save more hours but in this analysis, all laboratories are assumed reduced its hour usage in two hours. In this method, hour usage is the control parameter that is reduces hour usage by 2 hour. The equation 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 will also be used to do the analysis based on power, energy consumption, and bill payment.
Table 4.2: Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing Sensor Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) P02 P03 P04 P08 P15 P06 P07
10.672
1788.48
515.0822
15.088
2894.32
833.5642
33.028
5199.84
1497.554
9.292
929.2
267.6096
3.496
489.44
140.9587
10.028
1289.84
371.4739
23.69
2854.76
822.1709
The results of the analysis in all FKE laboratories term of Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) after installing sensor also illustrated in Table 4.2. The details calculation of this method as shown in Appendix A.
46
4.2.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver and Sensor
By using the T5 RetroSaver and sensor in each laboratories the wattage of lamps will be reduced from 46 W to 28 W. The hour usage in this method is assumed 2 hours. After the calculation using equation 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, the results are shown in Table 4.3. The details calculation of this method as shown in Appendix A.
Table 4.3: Power (kW), Energy Consumption (kWh/month), and Bill Payment (RM/month) for FKE Laboratory by each building after installing T5 lamps and Sensors Block
Power (kW)
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) P02 P03 P04 P08 P15 P06 P07
6.496
1088.64
313.52832
9.184
1761.76
507.38684
20.104
3165.12
911.55446
5.656
565.6
162.8928
2.128
297.92
85.80096
6.104
785.12
226.11456
14.42
1737.68
500.45184
47
Table 4.4: Energy Consumption and Electricity Bill Payment (per month and per year) of Existing Lighting System and each method in FKE Laboratory Energy
Bill Payment
Energy
Bill Payment
Consumption
(RM/month)
Consumption
(RM/year)
(kWh/month) Existing T5 Sensor T5 & Sensor
(kWh/year)
21, 222.56
6, 112.099
254, 670.72
73, 345.188
11, 856.32
3, 414.62014
142, 275.84
40, 975.44168
15, 445.88
4, 448.4135
185, 350.56
53, 380.962
9, 401.84
2, 707.72978
112, 822.08
32, 492.75736
The comparison between the existing lighting system and the improvement strategies to reduce energy consumption in FKE laboratories is shown in Table 4.4.
48
4.3 Graphical Analysis
4.3.1 Energy Consumption (kWh)
Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for FKE Laboratory 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 P02
P03
P04
Existing System
P08 Sensor
P15 T5
P06
P07
T5 & Sensor
Figure 4.1: Energy Consumption (kWh/month) in FKE Laboratory
Figure 4.1 shows the energy consumption for the existing lighting system in FKE laboratory and after applying all three methods (T5 RetroSaver, sensor, and combination of T5 RetroSaver and sensor).
49
Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for FKE Laboratory 21, 222.56 15, 445.88 11, 856.32 9, 401.84
Existing System
Sensor
T5
T5 & Sensor
Figure 4.2: Total Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for lighting system in FKE Laboratory
% Reduction of Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for Lighting System in FKE Laboratory Sensor
T5
T5 & Sensor
55.70% 44.13%
27.22%
Figure 4.3: Percentage of Reduction Energy Consumption (kWh/month) for Lighting System in FKE Laboratory
50
Meanwhile, Figure 4.2 illustrated the total energy consumption for lighting system in FKE laboratory. It can be seen that, after applying this three methods energy consumption are reduced. Figure 4.3 shows the percentage of the reduction. The highest percentage reduction of energy consumption can be obtained by using the combination of T5 and sensor, which is 55.70% followed by replacing existing T8 to T5 (44.13%) and adding sensor to the system (27.22%).
4.3.2 Electricity Bill Payment (RM)
Electricity Bill Payment (RM/month) for lighting system in FKE Laboratory RM6, 112.099
RM4, 448.414 RM3, 414.620 RM2, 707.730
Existing System
Sensor
T5
T5 & Sensor
Figure 4.4: Total Electricity Payment (RM/month) for lighting system in FKE Laboratory
51
From Figure 4.4 it can be observed that FKE has spend about RM 6, 112.099 per month merely on laboratory lighting. Therefore, FKE also spend RM 73, 345.188 per year for lighting in FKE laboratory only. This amount does not include other equipments such as air-conditioning and electronic appliance. From Figure 4.4, it is also can be seen that FKE need to pay only 2.7 thousand ringgit instead of 6.1 thousand per month by replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with combination of T5 RetroSaver and sensor. Therefore, this is very profitable investment for FKE.
4.4 Economic Engineering Analysis
This subtopic discusses about annual profit, total cost, and payback period of all the three methods that recommended in the previous topic. This analysis is to know which method is more efficient.
4.4.1 Replacing T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 RetroSaver Method
The cost of each T5 and reflector are as follows: TL5 RetroSaver is RM38 [10] Reflector is RM6 [10]
Table 4.5: Reflector and T5 RetroSaver Cost by each building in FKE Laboratory Block
Total Fitting
Total Lamp
P02 P03 P04 P08 P15 P06 P07
115 165 351 101 40 109 212
232 328 718 202 76 218 515 TOTAL
Reflector Cost (RM) 690 990 2106 606 240 654 1272 6558
T5 Cost (RM) 8816 12464 27284 7676 2888 8284 19570 86982
52
The cost of reflector and T5 needed for every building are shown in Table 4.5.
Based on Table 4.5, total cost of building installing reflector and T5 as follows:
Table 4.6: Comparison of Electricity Bill Payment (RM) before and after installing T5 Total Power Consumption(kWh/month)
Total Payment (RM) Per Year
Per Month
Existing
21, 222.56
RM 73, 345.188
RM 6, 112.099
T5
11, 856.32
RM 40, 975.44168
RM 3, 414.62014
53
4.4.2 Adding sensor to the existing system lighting
The cost of each sensor and its installation cost are as follows: Microcontroller is RM40 Motion Sensor is RM25 Infrared Sensor is RM15 Installing Cost is 30% from Material Cost [11]
Table 4.7: Total Sensor Cost Sensor Cost (RM) Block
Microcontroller
Motion Sensor
Infrared Sensor
Microcontroller
Motion Sensor
Infrared Sensor
P02
5
21
21
200
525
315
P03
8
49
49
320
1225
735
P04
10
75
75
400
1875
1125
P08
4
22
22
160`
550
330
P15
4
14
14
160
350
210
P06
4
27
27
160
675
405
P07
8
50
50
320
1250
750
Total
1720
6450
3870
Table 4.8: Annual Profit of Sensor Method
Total Power Consumption(kWh/month)
Total Payment (RM)
Per Year
Per Month
Existing
21, 222.56
RM 73, 345.188
RM 6, 112.099
Sensor
15, 445.88
RM 53, 380.962
RM 4, 448.4135
54
4.4.3
The combination of T5 RetroSaver and Sensor
Table 4.9: Annual Profit and Total Cost of method 3 Project
Annual Profit (RM)
Total Cost (RM)
T5
RM 32, 369.7463
RM 93, 540
Sensor
RM 19, 964.226
RM 15, 652
T5 & Sensor
RM 52, 333.9723
RM 109, 192
55
The results obtained are summarized in Table 4.9.1.
Table 4.10: Payback Period each methods Method
Payback Period
T5 Sensor T5 & Sensor
From the Table 4.10, it can conclude that replacing the T8 fluorescent lamp with T5 and Sensor is the most efficient for reducing the energy consumption for the lighting system.
56
4.5 Software Development
A simple calculator has been developed, called Green Calculator (GC). GC has three functions, which are energy consumption, lux standardizes, and lamp fitting design. All the calculation shown in the previous section can be done with this software. This subtopic will elaborate about this GC. The main interface C is shown in Figure 4.5.
1 2
3
Figure 4.5: Main Interface Green Calculator (GC)
57
4.5.1
Energy Consumption
Figure 4.6 shows the interface of energy consumption. The input data that need to be key in are:
Number of lamp Wattage per ballast Number of days used per month Wattage per lamp Hour usage per day
Once the data was been key in, the answer will be appearing in the text box in the bottom interface.
1) Fill this field
2)Click Calculate 3)New Calculation
Figure 4.6: Energy Consumption Interface
58
4.5.2 Lux Standardize
Figure 4.7 shows the interface of lux standardize. The input data that need to be key in is the room illumination (lux), and then select the type of room. All the room standardizes are base on JKR standard.
1)Fill this field
2)Choose room type
3)Click Check
Figure 4.7: Lux Standardize Interface
59
4.5.3 Lamp Fitting Design
This interface will give user the actual number of lamp needs to install in a specific room index. User need to know the room index first. It can simply calculate by using this formula:
Where: L = Room Length W = Room Width Hm = Mounting Height of Fitting (from working plane) Work Plane = Desk or Bench Height Room Index is required to know Utilization Factor (UF). This UF is to fill in the Green Calculator. Once the Room Index has been obtained, and then refer to Utilization Factor Table. The actual UF Table is given in Appendix D For example, if the calculated Room Index = 0.6, from the table, the Utilization Factor is 0.28.
Table 4.11: Maintenance Factor Maintenance Factor Table Air Conditioned Office
0.8
Clean Industrial
0.7
Dirty Industrial
0.6
60
Figure 4.8 show the Lamp Fitting Design Interface. All the data that need to be key in are as follows:
Room Area Standardize Illumination for that room type Lamp lumen output Maintenance factor Utilization Factor
2)Click Calculate 0)
1)Fill this field
Figure 4.8: Lamp Fitting Design
Based on the input, the suitable number of lamp will be calculated and displayed.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The existing lighting system in FKE Laboratories has been studied and analyzed in term of Energy Consumption (kWh), Electricity Bill Payment (RM), and Illumination (Lux). From the analysis, the existing lighting in FKE Laboratory currently used 21, 222.56 kWh per month and FKE spend in average about RM 6, 112.099 monthly only on lighting systems. From the analysis done in previous chapter, found that the combination T5 RetroSaver Lamp and Sensor method is most efficient and economic compared to the lighting system that applying only T5 RetroSaver lamp method or sensor method. The later method can reduce energy and electricity bill charge in FKE by 55.70%, which is more than half from the existing lighting system values. It‟s payback period is only around 2 years and 1 month. In short time, FKE will get hundreds percent profit every month.
A user-friendly Green Calculator is develop to ease the calculation of energy consumption and electricity bill payment per month and per year. In addition, user can check the room illumination within the range JKR Standardize automatically. Lastly, FKE can use this GC software to calculate number of lamps need to installed in a specific area without refer it back to building design manual book. It is hoping
62
that people will used energy efficiently and optimize the energy consumption. This will result in reducing energy waste.
5.2 Recommendation
Everyone in FKE should have the responsibility to use electricity efficiently. UTM should think about the system that can be imposed to the student‟s hostel whereby student will pay their own electricity bill based on their usage rather than being lumped together in the hostel payment. Therefore, student will hopefully more careful and responsible in using electricity in their day life.
UTM is also should have own distribution generator unit to supply electricity in the campus. It will reduce the electricity bill payment and would be used as a back up whenever power failure occurs. However, detail study need to be conducted to see the disadvantage and advantage of having generator unit in this campus.
REFERENCES
1. B. L. Capehart: “Writing user-friendly energy audit reports”, ACEEE 1995
2. D. Blumberga, Riga Technical University, Energy Audits in Dwelling Buildings in Latvia
3. Dir Johannes Lewies Mark, University of Pretoria, Energy Audit Methodology for Belt Conveyors, 2005
4. Fauziah Abu Bakar, University Tecnology Malaysia, Green Building Design for Energy Conservation, 2010
5. Malaysia Energy Center (PTM), Energy Efficient Building – A Strategic Resource, Quarter 1Issues 0017, KDN: PP11456/4/2004,
6. Suruhanjaya Tenaga Web, http://www.st.gov.my/
7. Resource Conservation Department, Energy Audit Scheme for large consumers of energy, 2002
64
8. http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans
10. Ling Hong Electric Sdn. Bhd. No. 77, Jalan Sri Bahagia 5, Taman Sri Bahgia, 81200 Tampoi, Johor Bahru.
11. Elektrik Bentras SDN. BHD. Lot A4, Kompleks kilang SME Bank, No. 15 Jalan Tahana, Kawasan Perindustrian Tampoi, 80350 Johor Bahru.
12. Jabatan Kerja Raya, Cawangan Keuruteraan Elektrik Negeri Johor, Jalan Kebun Teh, 80250 Johor Bahru.
65
APPENDIX A
Replacing T8 Fluorescent Lamp with T5 RetroSaver Lamp Block P02
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Computer Laboratory
2.52
756
217.728
Instrumentation Laboratory
1.736
277.76
79.99488
Standardize Laboratory
1.344
215.04
61.93152
Amir Laboratory
0.896
143.36
41.28768
Block P03
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
0.784
125.44
36.12672
0.224
40.32
11.61216
0.672
120.96
34.83648
0.672
107.52
30.96576
1.008
161.28
46.44864
Basic Microwave Laboratory
0.896
143.36
41.28768
Simulation Laboratory
0.504
80.64
23.22432
1.232
369.6
106.4448
1.008
302.4
87.0912
0.448
71.68
20.64384
1.736
555.52
159.9898
Acoustic Laboratory Photonic Technology Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA) Telekom Laboratory Advance Microwave Laboratory
Basic Communication Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
66
Block P04
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
VeCAD Laboratory
1.512
272.16
78.38208
Microelectronic Laboratory
1.12
201.6
58.0608
PCB Laboratory
1.652
462.56
133.2173
Medical Electronic Laboratory
0.868
173.6
49.9968
Industrial Medical Laboratory
1.624
259.84
74.83392
CLENER Laboratory
2.8
672
193.536
4.032
645.12
185.7946
Digital Laboratory
3.976
715.68
206.1158
Microprocessor Laboratory
1.624
292.32
84.18816
Signal Process Laboratory
0.896
161.28
46.44864
Block P08
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Robotic Laboratory
1.064
170.24
49.02912
Makmal Penyelakuan
1.008
161.28
46.44864
Control 1 Laboratory
2.016
322.56
92.89728
Control 2 Laboratory
1.568
250.88
72.25344
Block P15
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Mobil Laboratory
0.672
107.52
30.96576
Simulation Laboratory
0.448
71.68
20.64384
Anechoic Chamber
0.392
62.72
18.06336
Anechoic Laboratory
0.616
98.56
28.38528
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 &2
67
Block P06
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Impulse Lightning Laboratory
0.392
62.72
18.06336
High Voltage Laboratory
1.96
313.6
90.3168
Basic Machine Laboratory
1.736
277.76
79.99488
2.016
322.56
92.89728
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
Basic Power Laboratory
2.016
322.56
92.89728
Advance Power Laboratory
2.688
430.08
123.863
1.4
224
64.512
Power Electronic Laboratory
1.848
295.68
85.15584
Industrial Power Laboratory
0.924
147.84
42.57792
2.436
389.76
112.2509
0.728
116.48
33.54624
2.38
380.8
109.6704
Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
Advance Machine Research Laboratory
Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology Laboratory
68
Adding sensor to the existing system lighting Block P02
Computer Laboratory Instrumentation Laboratory Standardize Laboratory Amir Laboratory
Block P03
Acoustic Laboratory
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
4.14
1076.4
310.0032
2.852
285.2
82.1376
2.208
220.8
63.5904
1.472
206.08
59.35104
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
1.288
128.8
37.0944
0.368
44.16
12.71808
1.104
154.56
44.51328
1.104
154.56
44.51328
1.656
231.84
66.76992
1.472
206.08
59.35104
0.828
115.92
33.38496
2.024
526.24
151.5571
1.656
430.56
124.0013
0.736
103.04
29.67552
2.852
798.56
229.9853
Photonic Technology Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA) Telekom Laboratory Advance Microwave Laboratory Basic Microwave Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Basic Communication Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
69
Block P04
VeCAD Laboratory Microelectronic Laboratory PCB Laboratory Medical Electronic Laboratory Industrial Medical Laboratory CLENER Laboratory
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
2.484
347.76
100.1549
1.84
257.6
74.1888
2.714
651.36
187.5917
1.426
228.16
65.71008
2.668
373.52
107.5738
4.6
920
264.96
6.624
927.36
267.0797
6.532
914.48
263.3702
2.668
373.52
107.5738
1.472
206.08
59.35104
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
1.748
174.8
50.3424
1.656
165.6
47.6928
3.312
331.2
95.3856
2.576
257.6
74.1888
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
1.104
154.56
44.51328
0.736
103.04
29.67552
0.644
90.16
25.96608
1.012
141.68
40.80384
Basic Electronic Laboratory 1 &2 Digital Laboratory Microprocessor Laboratory Signal Process Laboratory
Block P08
Robotic Laboratory Makmal Penyelakuan Control 1 Laboratory Control 2 Laboratory
Block P15
Mobil Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Anechoic Chamber Anechoic Laboratory
70
Block P06
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
0.644
90.16
25.96608
3.22
450.8
129.8304
2.852
285.2
82.1376
3.312
463.68
133.5398
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
3.312
331.2
95.3856
4.416
441.6
127.1808
2.3
230
66.24
3.036
425.04
122.4115
1.518
151.8
43.7184
4.002
560.28
161.3606
1.196
167.44
48.22272
3.91
547.4
157.6512
Impulse Lightning Laboratory High Voltage Laboratory Basic Machine Laboratory Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
Basic Power Laboratory Advance Power Laboratory Advance Machine Research Laboratory Power Electronic Laboratory Industrial Power Laboratory Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology Laboratory
71
The combination of T5 RetroSaver and Sensor Block P02
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Computer Laboratory Instrumentation Laboratory Standardize Laboratory Amir Laboratory
Block P03
2.52
655.2
188.6976
1.736
173.6
49.9968
1.344
134.4
38.7072
0.896
125.44
36.12672
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Acoustic Laboratory
0.784
78.4
22.5792
0.224
26.88
7.74144
0.672
94.08
27.09504
0.672
94.08
27.09504
1.008
141.12
40.64256
0.896
125.44
36.12672
0.504
70.56
20.32128
1.232
320.32
92.25216
1.008
262.08
75.47904
0.448
62.72
18.06336
1.736
486.08
139.991
Photonic Technology Center (PTC) Information Research Alliance (ICRA) Telekom Laboratory Advance Microwave Laboratory Basic Microwave Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Basic Communication Laboratory Digital Communication Laboratory Switching Research & Telematic Laboratory Center of Excellent
72
Block P04
Power Consumption
Energy
Electricity Bill
(kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) VeCAD Laboratory Microelectronic Laboratory PCB Laboratory
1.512
211.68
60.96384
1.12
156.8
45.1584
1.652
396.48
114.1862
0.868
138.88
39.99744
1.624
227.36
65.47968
2.8
560
161.28
4.032
564.48
162.5702
3.976
556.64
160.3123
1.624
227.36
65.47968
0.896
125.44
36.12672
Medical Electronic Laboratory Industrial Medical Laboratory CLENER Laboratory Basic Electronic Laboratory 1&2 Digital Laboratory Microprocessor Laboratory Signal Process Laboratory
Block P08
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Robotic Laboratory Makmal Penyelakuan Control 1 Laboratory Control 2 Laboratory
Block P15
1.064
106.4
30.6432
1.008
100.8
29.0304
2.016
201.6
58.0608
1.568
156.8
45.1584
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption (kW)
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kWh) Mobil Laboratory Simulation Laboratory
0.672
94.08
27.09504
0.448
62.72
18.06336
73
Anechoic Chamber Anechoic Laboratory
Block P06
0.392
54.88
15.80544
0.616
86.24
24.83712
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
0.392
54.88
15.80544
1.96
274.4
79.0272
1.736
173.6
49.9968
2.016
282.24
81.28512
Power
Energy
Electricity Bill
Consumption
Consumption
Payment (RM)
(kW)
(kWh)
2.016
201.6
58.0608
2.688
268.8
77.4144
1.4
140
40.32
1.848
258.72
74.51136
0.924
92.4
26.6112
2.436
341.04
98.21952
0.728
101.92
29.35296
2.38
333.2
95.9616
Impulse Lightning Laboratory High Voltage Laboratory Basic Machine Laboratory Electrical Engineering Workshop
Block P07
Basic Power Laboratory Advance Power Laboratory Advance Machine Research Laboratory Power Electronic Laboratory Industrial Power Laboratory Inverter Quality Control (IQCC) Energy System Laboratory Electrical Technology Laboratory
74
APPENDIX B
T5 RetroSaver
75
APPENDIX C
T8 Lamp Lumen
76
APPENDIX D
Utilization Factor Table
77
APPENDIX E
T5 Lamp Data Sheet
78
T5 Lamp Data Sheet
79
APPENDIX F
Sensor Block Diagram
80
APPENDIX G
JKR Illumination Standard
81
JKR Illumination Standard
