Wind Energy in Poland
Wind Energy in Poland Bartosz SOLINSKI AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management Ul. Gramatyka 10 Cracow 30-067, Poland Tel: +48 12 617-42-66 e-mail:[email protected] Abstract The paper presents the actual development stage of Polish wind energy industry with a special emphasis on new achievements and barriers of further progress. 1. Status of Wind Energy in Poland In 2001, total primary energy supply in Poland was 90.57 Mtoe, of which about 3% was produced from renewable energy sources. In Polish energy balance, still coal dominated (65%) while crude oil and natural gas shares amounted to 21% and 11%, respectively (Fig. 1). Electricity production in 2002 was about 145 TWh, based mainly on fossil fuels. Total installed power was 34,683 MW. The share of renewable energy in total electricity generation reached 2.4% with installed power of 922 MW. The dominant role in Polish renewable energy sector played hydro power plants generating about 94.6 %* - large and small hydro plants 68.4% and 26.2%, respectively (Fig. 2). Wind energy is one of the fastest developing sources of renewable energy in the world. Installed capacity of the grid-connected wind turbines by the end of 2003 was about 39,200 MW. In Poland development of wind energy sector encounters a lot of barriers. There were only 53 wind turbines with a rated power of 57 MW installed by the end of 2003. The wind energy share in renewable energy was 2.5 % in 2002 and share of wind energy in total electricity generation is still marginal (0.07-0.09%). The estimated annual wind energy yield as calculated on the basis of average full-load hours is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Estimated Annual Energy Yield from Wind Turbines Installed in Poland Total Installed Capacity [MW]
57
*
Capacity Factor Cf
Equivalent FullLoad Hours [hours/year]
Estimated Annual Energy Yield [MWh]
Shares Energy Yield in Total Generating Electricity [%]
0,20
1700
99 864
0.07
0,23
2000
114 844
0.08
0,28
2500
139 810
0.09
Small hydro power plant − capacity smaller than 5 MW
Fig. 1. Fuel Shares in Poland's Total Primary Energy Supply
Fig. 2. Generation Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in Poland 2. Development of the Wind Energy Sector in Poland The development of wind energy sector in Poland started in the early nineties. Up to the mid-nineties, total installed power in wind energy was less than 1 MW, and only 5 grid-connected wind turbines
were operated. In the year 2000, two wind farms localized at Baltic coastline were built. At the end of 2003, there were 53 wind turbines with a rated power of 57 MW installed in Poland (Fig. 3, 4). It should be underlined that in the biggest Polish farm at Baltic coastline 30 MW were installed in 2003 what meant doubling the total installed power. At this farm, 15 new Vestas V80 turbines are operated (Table 2), each of 2 MW rated power. Regional distribution of wind turbines and wind farms shows that especially northern and southeastern Poland is interesting for investors (Fig. 5) and for these two regions there are plans of further intensive development. The reason of this situation is quite good wind regime at this two regions [5]. The investors are very interested in investing in wind energy sector. In the year 2002, power companies get almost 8,000 MW applications to purchase the wind energy. The investors however encounter a lot of barriers, especially legal issues and low price of energy. Mean price of wind energy was 230 zlotys/MWh (about 50 euro/MW) in 2002, which is not satisfactory for investors. Table 2. Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Poland Year of Commission
Location
Number of Wind Turbines
Rated Installed Power Capacity Wind kW Turbine kW 2000 30000 2000 18000 830 4980 255 255 160 320 132 660 600 1200 250 250
Type of Wind Turbine
2003 2001 2001 2000 2000 1999 1997 1997
Zagórze n/Wolin Cisowo n/Darłowo Barzowice Nowogard Wróblik Szlachecki Cisowo n/Darłowo Swarzewo Starobieninio
15 9 6 1 2 5 2 1
1997 1997 1997
Rembertów Słup Rogożnik n/Wojkowice Kwilicz Wrocki Zawoja Rytro Swarzewo Lisewo Wiżajny n/Suwałki Sowiniec
1 1 1
250 160 30
250 160 30
Vestas V 80 Vestas Vestas Vestas V29-225 Nowomag EW-160 SeeWind TW-600 Tacke N27/250 Nordex Dania LW-250 Lagerway Nowomag EW-160 Zefir 12 A
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
160 160 160 160 95 150 300 160
160 160 160 160 95 150 600 160
Nowomag EW-160 Nowomag EW-160 Nowomag EW-160 Nowomag EW-160 DANmark NKT 150/25 Nordtank WindMaster Nowomag EW-160
1996 1995 1995 1994 1991 1991 -
Fig. 3. Development of the Annual Installed and Cumulated Number of Wind Turbines in Poland
Fig. 4. Development of the Annual and Cumulated Installed Power in Poland
Fig. 5. Regional Distribution of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Poland 3. Wind Resources in Poland Wind resources in Poland are not fully investigated. The Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMiGW) developed a wind resource map of Poland based on several years of measurements. In the opinion of the IMiGW, the best sites are located on Baltic coastline (5-6 m/s annual mean wind speed 30 m a.g.l.) and in northern and central Poland (4.0-5.5 m/s). The reliability of this study is however limited due to the small number of meteo stations, the low height of measurement masts, poor placement (obstacles) etc. Only some parts of the country were investigated with professional equipment. The assessment shows that quite good wind regimes occur in Baltic Sea coast (comparable with Danish) and some northern and central parts Poland (similar to German). Very interesting wind regime has a south-eastern part of Poland either. That part of Poland was investigated by Laboratory of Wind Energy [5] which works at AGH University of Science and Technology (www.wiatr.agh.edu.pl). The annual mean speed on this area is very high, similar to Baltic Sea Coast (but terrain is more complex) (Fig. 6). Those facts prove that Poland has potential wind energy resources and this energy might become one of the most important renewable energy in Poland.
Table 3. Monthly Mean Wind Speed in Baltic Coastline (Northern Poland) and South-East Poland Month Location
Świnoujście Ustka Łeba Hel Swarzewo Charbrowo Skoszowo Barzowice Jasionka Dukla Rymanów Barwinek
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII VIII IX
2.5 3.0 4.0 3.6 5.1 4.0 4.1 6.0 6.8 5.2 6.2 5.0
4.0 5.6 7.6 5.2 7.2 5.9 5.0 7.9 8.0 5.0 7.1 4.5
4.0 4.4 5.3 4.0 5.1 3.9 4.7 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.2 3.1
4.9 5.1 5.5 4.4 4.6 3.7 3.5 5.1 4.0 3.7 5.0 3.6
3.8 3.9 4.7 3.5 4.4 3.3 3.7 4.8 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.9
2.6 3.6 4.3 3.0 4.2 3.0 3.4 4.5 2.5 3.3 3.5 2.8
3.2 2.9 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.1 4.0 5.2 1.9 3.9 4.0 2.8
2.2 2.6 2.7 2.6 4.6 3.3 4.0 5.5 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.8
3.3 4.8 4.9 4.1 3.5 2.7 1.6 3.9 3.8 2.8 4.3 3.3
X
XI
XII
4.3 4.9 4.9 4.3 6.2 5.1 5.2 7.6 3.8 5.2 6.4 3.7
2.8 3.8 3.0 3.4 3.8 2.6 3.1 4.3 6.5 6.2 4.5 4.9
3.3 4.7 3.8 3.4 4.9 3.7 4.0 5.9 6.4 5.3 7.8 5.1
Year Altitude of Annua Measuremen measurement l Mean ts [m a.g.l]
3.4 4.1 4.5 3.7 4.8 3.7 3.9 5.5 4.5 4.3 5.1 3.8
1997 1997 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1994/1995 2000 1998 1996
13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 20.0 10.0 12.0
Fig. 6. Monthly Mean Wind Speed in Barzowice (Baltic Coastline - Northern Poland) and Rymanów (South-East Poland) at 10 m a.g.l Table. 4. Wind Regime in Baltic Coastline (Northern Poland) and South-East Poland Weibull Parameters A k Location Swarzewo Charbrowo Skoszowo Barzowice Jasionka Dukla
6,70 5,50 6,10 7,20 5,35 4,87
1.94 1.65 1.91 1.93 1.00 1.17
Wind Power Density at 30 m a.g.l 253 171 198 320 536 239
Rymanów Barwinek Łeki Dukielskie
6,70 4,63 7,40
1.33 1.22 1.54
436 190 471 (40 m a.g.l.)
Fig. 7. Annual Mean Wind Speed in Leki Dukielskie (South-East Poland) at 50 m a.g.l 4. Legal Framework as Main Barrier The legal and economic issues and poor infrastructure are main barriers of development the wind energy sector. The documents "Strategy of Development Renewable Energy Sector" and "Polish Energy Policy Targets until 2020" had formulated three scenarios for renewable energy sources shares in total electricity production: - scenario I − 7,5% , - scenario II − 9%, - scenario III − 12%. These scenarios establish the ambitious targets for wind energy - 600- 1600 MW of new installed capacity by the end 2010. In the year 2001, government and parliament adopted also another official document - "Program for Wind Energy Development in Poland" - with the very ambitious plan for wind energy sector, but the actual development of the sector is still not satisfying. The basic document for Polish energy sector is Energy Law issued on 10th April 1997, and last
amended on 24th July 2002. It contains some references to the renewable energy sources that determine a base of supporting mechanism for Polish renewable energy sector: - obligation of distribution companies to purchase electricity from renewable energy sources, - obligatory growth of renewable energy share in balance of energy as shown in table 5. Other existing elements of supporting mechanisms include: - preferential credits from Bank of Environmental Protection (BOS) and National Fund for Environmental Protection (NFOSiGW), - subventions from EcoFund (EKOFUNDUSZ) up to 30% of capital cost. However, wind energy sector still encounter serious development barriers [4]: - long-lasting procedures in regional planning, - difficulties in grid connection, - difficulties in signing long-term agreements for selling electricity, - low price of electricity from wind energy, - requirement that wind energy producer has to declare its production 48 hours in advance. Table 5. Share of the Annual Sell of Electricity by Utilities from Renewable Sources
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Share of renewable energy in balance of energy* [%] 2.85 3.10 3.60 4.20 5.00 6.00 7.50
In the end of 2003 starts works at new Energy Law fully harmonized with Directive 2001/77/EC. Plans establish of: - guarantee of origin of electricity producer from renewable energy sources (green certificate), - guarantee priority access to the grid system of electricity produced from renewable energy sources. 5. Conclusions The situation of Polish wind energy industry may be summarized as follows: - share of renewable energy in total electricity generation reached 2.4%, - renewable sources have installed power of 922 MW, - the dominant role (94.6%) in renewable energy play hydro power plants, - there were only 53 wind turbines with a rated power of 57 MW installed by the end of 2003, - the wind energy share in renewable energy was 2.5% in 2002 and estimated share of wind energy in total electricity generation is still marginal (0.07-0.09%), wind resources in Poland are not fully investigated but assessments show quite good wind regimes on Baltic Sea coast and in some northern, central and south-east parts of the country, - targets for wind energy are very ambitious - 600-1600 MW of new installed capacity by the end 2010, - development of wind energy sector encounters a lot of barriers: legal, economical, infrastructure etc.,
*
The share of the total annual sell of the electricity by the utilities from the renewables sources shouldn’t be less then data in table 2.
-
a new Energy Law is prepared to be more promising for wind energy sector.
Literature: [1] Electricity from renewable energy sources in purchase distribution companies, Bulletin URE 5/2003 [2] Energy Law, 10th April 1997. [3] Solinski B., Legal framework of development renewable energy in Poland and European Union Technical and Economical Problems: quarterly, 2003 t. 48 z. 2 : Economy, s. 579−593 [4] Solinski B., Profitability of investment in polish wind energy sector, Technical and Economical Problems: quarterly, 2003 t. 48 z. 2 : Economy, p. 595−603 [5] Solinski I., Energetic and economic effects of utilization wind energy, Institute GSMiE PAN Cracow, 1999
57
*
Capacity Factor Cf
Equivalent FullLoad Hours [hours/year]
Estimated Annual Energy Yield [MWh]
Shares Energy Yield in Total Generating Electricity [%]
0,20
1700
99 864
0.07
0,23
2000
114 844
0.08
0,28
2500
139 810
0.09
Small hydro power plant − capacity smaller than 5 MW
Fig. 1. Fuel Shares in Poland's Total Primary Energy Supply
Fig. 2. Generation Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in Poland 2. Development of the Wind Energy Sector in Poland The development of wind energy sector in Poland started in the early nineties. Up to the mid-nineties, total installed power in wind energy was less than 1 MW, and only 5 grid-connected wind turbines
were operated. In the year 2000, two wind farms localized at Baltic coastline were built. At the end of 2003, there were 53 wind turbines with a rated power of 57 MW installed in Poland (Fig. 3, 4). It should be underlined that in the biggest Polish farm at Baltic coastline 30 MW were installed in 2003 what meant doubling the total installed power. At this farm, 15 new Vestas V80 turbines are operated (Table 2), each of 2 MW rated power. Regional distribution of wind turbines and wind farms shows that especially northern and southeastern Poland is interesting for investors (Fig. 5) and for these two regions there are plans of further intensive development. The reason of this situation is quite good wind regime at this two regions [5]. The investors are very interested in investing in wind energy sector. In the year 2002, power companies get almost 8,000 MW applications to purchase the wind energy. The investors however encounter a lot of barriers, especially legal issues and low price of energy. Mean price of wind energy was 230 zlotys/MWh (about 50 euro/MW) in 2002, which is not satisfactory for investors. Table 2. Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Poland Year of Commission
Location
Number of Wind Turbines
Rated Installed Power Capacity Wind kW Turbine kW 2000 30000 2000 18000 830 4980 255 255 160 320 132 660 600 1200 250 250
Type of Wind Turbine
2003 2001 2001 2000 2000 1999 1997 1997
Zagórze n/Wolin Cisowo n/Darłowo Barzowice Nowogard Wróblik Szlachecki Cisowo n/Darłowo Swarzewo Starobieninio
15 9 6 1 2 5 2 1
1997 1997 1997
Rembertów Słup Rogożnik n/Wojkowice Kwilicz Wrocki Zawoja Rytro Swarzewo Lisewo Wiżajny n/Suwałki Sowiniec
1 1 1
250 160 30
250 160 30
Vestas V 80 Vestas Vestas Vestas V29-225 Nowomag EW-160 SeeWind TW-600 Tacke N27/250 Nordex Dania LW-250 Lagerway Nowomag EW-160 Zefir 12 A
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
160 160 160 160 95 150 300 160
160 160 160 160 95 150 600 160
Nowomag EW-160 Nowomag EW-160 Nowomag EW-160 Nowomag EW-160 DANmark NKT 150/25 Nordtank WindMaster Nowomag EW-160
1996 1995 1995 1994 1991 1991 -
Fig. 3. Development of the Annual Installed and Cumulated Number of Wind Turbines in Poland
Fig. 4. Development of the Annual and Cumulated Installed Power in Poland
Fig. 5. Regional Distribution of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Poland 3. Wind Resources in Poland Wind resources in Poland are not fully investigated. The Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMiGW) developed a wind resource map of Poland based on several years of measurements. In the opinion of the IMiGW, the best sites are located on Baltic coastline (5-6 m/s annual mean wind speed 30 m a.g.l.) and in northern and central Poland (4.0-5.5 m/s). The reliability of this study is however limited due to the small number of meteo stations, the low height of measurement masts, poor placement (obstacles) etc. Only some parts of the country were investigated with professional equipment. The assessment shows that quite good wind regimes occur in Baltic Sea coast (comparable with Danish) and some northern and central parts Poland (similar to German). Very interesting wind regime has a south-eastern part of Poland either. That part of Poland was investigated by Laboratory of Wind Energy [5] which works at AGH University of Science and Technology (www.wiatr.agh.edu.pl). The annual mean speed on this area is very high, similar to Baltic Sea Coast (but terrain is more complex) (Fig. 6). Those facts prove that Poland has potential wind energy resources and this energy might become one of the most important renewable energy in Poland.
Table 3. Monthly Mean Wind Speed in Baltic Coastline (Northern Poland) and South-East Poland Month Location
Świnoujście Ustka Łeba Hel Swarzewo Charbrowo Skoszowo Barzowice Jasionka Dukla Rymanów Barwinek
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII VIII IX
2.5 3.0 4.0 3.6 5.1 4.0 4.1 6.0 6.8 5.2 6.2 5.0
4.0 5.6 7.6 5.2 7.2 5.9 5.0 7.9 8.0 5.0 7.1 4.5
4.0 4.4 5.3 4.0 5.1 3.9 4.7 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.2 3.1
4.9 5.1 5.5 4.4 4.6 3.7 3.5 5.1 4.0 3.7 5.0 3.6
3.8 3.9 4.7 3.5 4.4 3.3 3.7 4.8 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.9
2.6 3.6 4.3 3.0 4.2 3.0 3.4 4.5 2.5 3.3 3.5 2.8
3.2 2.9 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.1 4.0 5.2 1.9 3.9 4.0 2.8
2.2 2.6 2.7 2.6 4.6 3.3 4.0 5.5 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.8
3.3 4.8 4.9 4.1 3.5 2.7 1.6 3.9 3.8 2.8 4.3 3.3
X
XI
XII
4.3 4.9 4.9 4.3 6.2 5.1 5.2 7.6 3.8 5.2 6.4 3.7
2.8 3.8 3.0 3.4 3.8 2.6 3.1 4.3 6.5 6.2 4.5 4.9
3.3 4.7 3.8 3.4 4.9 3.7 4.0 5.9 6.4 5.3 7.8 5.1
Year Altitude of Annua Measuremen measurement l Mean ts [m a.g.l]
3.4 4.1 4.5 3.7 4.8 3.7 3.9 5.5 4.5 4.3 5.1 3.8
1997 1997 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1994/1995 2000 1998 1996
13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 20.0 10.0 12.0
Fig. 6. Monthly Mean Wind Speed in Barzowice (Baltic Coastline - Northern Poland) and Rymanów (South-East Poland) at 10 m a.g.l Table. 4. Wind Regime in Baltic Coastline (Northern Poland) and South-East Poland Weibull Parameters A k Location Swarzewo Charbrowo Skoszowo Barzowice Jasionka Dukla
6,70 5,50 6,10 7,20 5,35 4,87
1.94 1.65 1.91 1.93 1.00 1.17
Wind Power Density at 30 m a.g.l 253 171 198 320 536 239
Rymanów Barwinek Łeki Dukielskie
6,70 4,63 7,40
1.33 1.22 1.54
436 190 471 (40 m a.g.l.)
Fig. 7. Annual Mean Wind Speed in Leki Dukielskie (South-East Poland) at 50 m a.g.l 4. Legal Framework as Main Barrier The legal and economic issues and poor infrastructure are main barriers of development the wind energy sector. The documents "Strategy of Development Renewable Energy Sector" and "Polish Energy Policy Targets until 2020" had formulated three scenarios for renewable energy sources shares in total electricity production: - scenario I − 7,5% , - scenario II − 9%, - scenario III − 12%. These scenarios establish the ambitious targets for wind energy - 600- 1600 MW of new installed capacity by the end 2010. In the year 2001, government and parliament adopted also another official document - "Program for Wind Energy Development in Poland" - with the very ambitious plan for wind energy sector, but the actual development of the sector is still not satisfying. The basic document for Polish energy sector is Energy Law issued on 10th April 1997, and last
amended on 24th July 2002. It contains some references to the renewable energy sources that determine a base of supporting mechanism for Polish renewable energy sector: - obligation of distribution companies to purchase electricity from renewable energy sources, - obligatory growth of renewable energy share in balance of energy as shown in table 5. Other existing elements of supporting mechanisms include: - preferential credits from Bank of Environmental Protection (BOS) and National Fund for Environmental Protection (NFOSiGW), - subventions from EcoFund (EKOFUNDUSZ) up to 30% of capital cost. However, wind energy sector still encounter serious development barriers [4]: - long-lasting procedures in regional planning, - difficulties in grid connection, - difficulties in signing long-term agreements for selling electricity, - low price of electricity from wind energy, - requirement that wind energy producer has to declare its production 48 hours in advance. Table 5. Share of the Annual Sell of Electricity by Utilities from Renewable Sources
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Share of renewable energy in balance of energy* [%] 2.85 3.10 3.60 4.20 5.00 6.00 7.50
In the end of 2003 starts works at new Energy Law fully harmonized with Directive 2001/77/EC. Plans establish of: - guarantee of origin of electricity producer from renewable energy sources (green certificate), - guarantee priority access to the grid system of electricity produced from renewable energy sources. 5. Conclusions The situation of Polish wind energy industry may be summarized as follows: - share of renewable energy in total electricity generation reached 2.4%, - renewable sources have installed power of 922 MW, - the dominant role (94.6%) in renewable energy play hydro power plants, - there were only 53 wind turbines with a rated power of 57 MW installed by the end of 2003, - the wind energy share in renewable energy was 2.5% in 2002 and estimated share of wind energy in total electricity generation is still marginal (0.07-0.09%), wind resources in Poland are not fully investigated but assessments show quite good wind regimes on Baltic Sea coast and in some northern, central and south-east parts of the country, - targets for wind energy are very ambitious - 600-1600 MW of new installed capacity by the end 2010, - development of wind energy sector encounters a lot of barriers: legal, economical, infrastructure etc.,
*
The share of the total annual sell of the electricity by the utilities from the renewables sources shouldn’t be less then data in table 2.
-
a new Energy Law is prepared to be more promising for wind energy sector.
Literature: [1] Electricity from renewable energy sources in purchase distribution companies, Bulletin URE 5/2003 [2] Energy Law, 10th April 1997. [3] Solinski B., Legal framework of development renewable energy in Poland and European Union Technical and Economical Problems: quarterly, 2003 t. 48 z. 2 : Economy, s. 579−593 [4] Solinski B., Profitability of investment in polish wind energy sector, Technical and Economical Problems: quarterly, 2003 t. 48 z. 2 : Economy, p. 595−603 [5] Solinski I., Energetic and economic effects of utilization wind energy, Institute GSMiE PAN Cracow, 1999
