add title
Dilemma of Safer and Freer Trade in Florida Wayne Dixon Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Freer Trade – –
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade WTO World Trade Organization -- SPS
1986-1994
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phyto-Sanitary Measures 1995
– –
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement DR-CAFTA
Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement 2005
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
1992
Dilemma of Safer and Freer Trade in Florida
Department of Homeland Security
Customs and Border Protection and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Airports Seaports Land Crossings
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Day in the Life of CBP – 1,181,605 passengers and pedestrians – 333,226 incoming privately owned vehicles – 235,732 incoming international air passengers – 79,107 shipments of goods – 71,858 ship passengers and crew – 69,370 truck, rail and sea containers – 1,145 seized prohibited regulated articles including 147 agricultural pests at ports of entry APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• FLORIDA, The Regulatory Challenge: – 30 ports of entry – Over 85% of plants imported to US go through Miami – A climate gradient of temperate, subtropical and tropical with diverse host plants – Over six million tons of perishable cargo enters Fl each year and – Nearly 50 million people visit each year, a 20% increase in 10 years APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Pathways Inspected Aircraft Air passenger Air cargo Maritime ship Maritime passenger Pedestrian Vehicles
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Truck Bus USPS mail Express mail Rail cargo Rail passenger
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Ranked Order of Interceptions • • • •
Station Miami JFK IA Los Angeles Honolulu
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Total 131,238 99,688 83,624 62,077
% of Total 18% 14% 11% 9% (52%)
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Florida Statutes – Title XXXV Agriculture, Horticulture and Animal Industry
• Chapter 570.32 Plant Industry; powers and duties • Chapter 581 Plant Industry
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Division of Plant Industry Rules – 5B – Chapter 5B-2: Florida Nursery Stock and Certification Fee – Chapter 5B-57: Introduction or Release of Plant Pests, Noxious Weeds, Arthropods and Biological Control Agents
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• NURSERY STOCK:
all plants, trees, shrubs, vines, bulbs, cuttings, grafts, scions or buds, grown or kept for or capable of propagation or distribution, unless specifically excluded by the rules of the Department.
• HOUSEPLANTS: house plants which are part of a passenger's baggage or household effects may enter the state provided the plants are accompanied by a certificate of inspection.
• CITRUS: it is unlawful to move into Florida any and all kinds of citrus trees and parts thereof except by a special permit from the Division Director.
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Any person, nurseryman, stock dealer, agent or plant broker who desires to ship into this state nursery stock from any state, territory or district of the United States, shall comply with the following regulations: – Must be listed in the latest directory of registered or certified nurseries, agents, stock dealers and plant brokers of originating state – A valid certificate of inspection must be attached to each separate package, bundle, box or shipment of nursery stock shipped into Florida. – All shipments of nursery stock entering peninsular Florida by road are required to stop at an agricultural inspection station APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Under 5B-57, we utilize: – PPQ 526: Application for the Permit to Move Live Plant Pests or Noxious Weeds – DACS 0828: Application and Permit to Move Organisms Regulated by the State of Florida – Noxious Weed and Invasive Plant List
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• In Florida, we have a system of permits and regulations to monitor the flow of regulated articles, but things sneak in….
HLB detected late 2005 25 counties in mid-2007 Entry into Florida, late 1990s – early 2000s
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Quarantines can be enacted on new detections, but they are difficult to enact and enforce: – Failure to quarantine correct geographic area or all potentially infested materials in a timely manner because of lack of information about the pests or extent of the infestation. SOD CA Æ FL+ – So many pathways out of quarantine makes ensuring full compliance is very difficult. • Public outreach and education is important as inspections. • Impossible to reach every individual about not moving regulated articles. Citrus canker-moving to new homes.
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• We have a workforce consisting of: – – – – – – – –
7 CHRP inspectors 137 PE&C Survey and regulatory specialists 143 Environmental specialists 152 Fruit fly trappers DPI and 80 USDA 8 CTS inspectors 8 CAPS Pest survey specialists 42 Protocol specialists 65 Pathology; Nematology; Entomology staff
= 642 specialists APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• The Safeguarding System – Prevention: International Services, Pre-clearance programs – Port of Entry: CBP and PPQ – Pest Detection: DPI Inspectors, CAPS PPS, SPDN FR, SITC – Eradication: Regulatory, Research and Education – Mitigation: Regulatory, Research and Education
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida 25
20
Cumulative Detections
DR-CAFTA: 2005
Diseases as significant detections in Florida
15 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 10 NAFTA: 1992 GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994 5
wndixon.fdacs.2007 APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Year
20 06
20 04
20 02
20 00
19 98
19 96
19 94
19 92
19 90
19 88
19 86
19 84
19 82
19 80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Pathogens Diagnosed as New State or USA+ Detections (239) 250
Cumulative Detections
217 200
New State Detections 150
100
50
22
New USA Detections
Year APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
06 20
05 20
03
04 20
20
02 20
00
01 20
20
99 19
97
98 19
19
96 19
95 19
94 19
93 19
92 19
91 19
89
90 19
19
88 19
86
87 19
19
85 19
83
84 19
19
82 19
81 19
19
80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Xanthomonas axonopodis
USA
Alternaria zinniae
State
Mycovellosiella koepkei
State
Alternaria petroselini
State
Ascochyta fabae
State
Peronospora lamii
State
Septoria gaillardiae
State
Drechslera portulacae
State
Calonectria avesiculata
State
Alternaria raphani
State
Pepper mild mottle virus
State
State
Rhodococcus fascians
State
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
USA
Septoria petroselini
State
Uromyces transversalis
USA
Broad bean wilt fabavirus - serotype I
State
Canna yellow mottle badnavirus virus
State
Puccinia koehnii
Raffaelea vascular wilt of red bay
State
Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
State
Paracercospora fijiensis
USA
Puccinia lygodii
State
Puccinia hemerocallidis
State
Sphacelia state of Claviceps africana
State
Clover yellow mosaic potexivrus virus
State
Seiridium cupressi
USA
Puccinia striiformis
State
Phytophthora ramorum
State
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
State
Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus virus
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
WH State
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida 14
12
Cumulative Detections
10
DR-CAFTA: 2005
Nematodes as significant detections in Florida
8 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 6 NAFTA: 1992 4
GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994
2
wndixon.fdacs.2007
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Year
20 06
20 04
20 02
20 00
19 98
19 96
19 94
19 92
19 90
19 88
19 86
19 84
19 82
19 80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus*
State
Aphlenchoides olesistus* Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae Longidorus belloi* Criconema (Criconema) loofii* Nothocriconema longulum* Dolichodorus grandaspicatu* Tylenchorhynchus elegans* Afenestrata koreana* Hemicycliophora iranica* Crossonema hungaricum* Caloosia luci* Dolichodorus pulvinus* Meloidogyne mayaguensis* Afenestrata orientalis* Pratylenchus hippeastri
State USA USA State State State USA State USA State State USA USA USA USA
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida 120
Cumulative Detections
100
Arthropods as significant detections in Florida
DR-CAFTA: 2005
80 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 60
40
20
NAFTA: 1992 GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994
wndixon.fdacs.2007
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Year
20 06
20 04
20 02
20 00
19 98
19 96
19 94
19 92
19 90
19 88
19 86
19 84
19 82
19 80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Arthropods Identified as New State or USA+ Detections (246) 160
148
Cumulaitve Detections
140
120
New State Detections 100
80
98
60
40
20
New USA Detections
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
06
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
20
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
YEAR
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
84
19
83
19
82
19
81
19
19
19
80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Major Contributors to Florida as Pest Donors – Caribbean, Central and South America – Asia – As well as the combination of Asia to Caribbean to Florida APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma of Safer and Freer Trade in Florida
• In 2000, US agriculture worth $1 trillion in annual economic activity • Imported agricultural commodities valued at $38 billion • Costs to control is tens of billions of dollars
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Invasions by nonindigenous species cost US taxpayers hundreds of billions of dollars a year due to environmental degradation, lost agricultural productivity, expensive eradication efforts and increased health problems – A specific study estimated the cost at
$120 billion/year. This has been viewed as an underestimate APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• The Safeguarding Target in Florida – Cash receipts in FY 2005 • • • • • •
Citrus $1.6 billion Vegetables $1.6 billion Greenhouse and nurseries $976 million Berries and melons $324 million Field crops $653 million Fruits and nuts $283 million
= $5.4 billion APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• In Florida: – Citrus canker cost $452+ million in total • plus 5-year industry sales loss of $775 million
– Leatherleaf fern anthracnose cost $34 million • plus 5-yr industry sales loss of $56 million
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• A medley of pests in FL from 1995-2005 have cost $171 million – with expected 5-yr losses of $895 million • Annual potential sales loss with statewide spread = $1.2 billion
• $1.2 billion loss/ $5.4 billion receipts =
22% impact potential APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Safer Trade, as viewed from a State perspective, is hindered by: Lack of a single binding international treaty for invasive species No federal requirement for rapid response to a new invasive species
International trade agreements make it difficult to regulate products that may introduce invasive species because the trade agreements do not consider invasive species.
Lack of adequate funds for inspection and enforcement activities Difficulties managing invasive species due to international trade agreements
No single federal agency has overall responsibility for invasive species There is an inherent conflict in promoting international trade and trying to prevent invasive species from coming into the US from foreign countries APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Another major barrier is the lack of addressing species unknown to science: – Chestnut blight – Dogwood anthracnose – Sudden oak death – Butternut canker – All unknown at time of introduction • Only an estimated 7% of fungal species have been described and studied.
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Challenges to be addressed: – Internet orders – Public awareness and interest – • absent or ignored or not enough or all of the above
– – –
Trans-shipping Smuggling Inadequate inspections at ports of entry, land crossings and domestic survey due to lack of resources - $$ – Inadequate levels of sanitation at the points of origin and our continued acceptance of infested products APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
The Construction of a Dilemma Global marketplace Imports of agricultural products International travelers into Florida, the land of opportunity for pests
= number of pathways for the movement and introduction of foreign, invasive agricultural pests and diseases APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Florida – a high-risk sentinel state for exotic invasive pests
Poster child for where global marketplace, increasing importation of agricultural products and numbers of travelers overwhelms our safeguarding systems to effectively deter establishment or achieve early detection. APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Florida, 1562
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
The Dilemma:
PEST
The Solution: Change the Focus
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Find ways to remove the pest instead of trying to catch it after it enters our lands
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• • • • • •
Systems Approach Clean Stock Programs International Plant Protection Convention Enhanced Border Protection Quarantine 37 And others……….. Change must come as soon as possible
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Thank you for your attention
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Freer Trade – –
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade WTO World Trade Organization -- SPS
1986-1994
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phyto-Sanitary Measures 1995
– –
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement DR-CAFTA
Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement 2005
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
1992
Dilemma of Safer and Freer Trade in Florida
Department of Homeland Security
Customs and Border Protection and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Airports Seaports Land Crossings
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Day in the Life of CBP – 1,181,605 passengers and pedestrians – 333,226 incoming privately owned vehicles – 235,732 incoming international air passengers – 79,107 shipments of goods – 71,858 ship passengers and crew – 69,370 truck, rail and sea containers – 1,145 seized prohibited regulated articles including 147 agricultural pests at ports of entry APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• FLORIDA, The Regulatory Challenge: – 30 ports of entry – Over 85% of plants imported to US go through Miami – A climate gradient of temperate, subtropical and tropical with diverse host plants – Over six million tons of perishable cargo enters Fl each year and – Nearly 50 million people visit each year, a 20% increase in 10 years APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Pathways Inspected Aircraft Air passenger Air cargo Maritime ship Maritime passenger Pedestrian Vehicles
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Truck Bus USPS mail Express mail Rail cargo Rail passenger
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Ranked Order of Interceptions • • • •
Station Miami JFK IA Los Angeles Honolulu
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Total 131,238 99,688 83,624 62,077
% of Total 18% 14% 11% 9% (52%)
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Florida Statutes – Title XXXV Agriculture, Horticulture and Animal Industry
• Chapter 570.32 Plant Industry; powers and duties • Chapter 581 Plant Industry
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Division of Plant Industry Rules – 5B – Chapter 5B-2: Florida Nursery Stock and Certification Fee – Chapter 5B-57: Introduction or Release of Plant Pests, Noxious Weeds, Arthropods and Biological Control Agents
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• NURSERY STOCK:
all plants, trees, shrubs, vines, bulbs, cuttings, grafts, scions or buds, grown or kept for or capable of propagation or distribution, unless specifically excluded by the rules of the Department.
• HOUSEPLANTS: house plants which are part of a passenger's baggage or household effects may enter the state provided the plants are accompanied by a certificate of inspection.
• CITRUS: it is unlawful to move into Florida any and all kinds of citrus trees and parts thereof except by a special permit from the Division Director.
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Any person, nurseryman, stock dealer, agent or plant broker who desires to ship into this state nursery stock from any state, territory or district of the United States, shall comply with the following regulations: – Must be listed in the latest directory of registered or certified nurseries, agents, stock dealers and plant brokers of originating state – A valid certificate of inspection must be attached to each separate package, bundle, box or shipment of nursery stock shipped into Florida. – All shipments of nursery stock entering peninsular Florida by road are required to stop at an agricultural inspection station APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Under 5B-57, we utilize: – PPQ 526: Application for the Permit to Move Live Plant Pests or Noxious Weeds – DACS 0828: Application and Permit to Move Organisms Regulated by the State of Florida – Noxious Weed and Invasive Plant List
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• In Florida, we have a system of permits and regulations to monitor the flow of regulated articles, but things sneak in….
HLB detected late 2005 25 counties in mid-2007 Entry into Florida, late 1990s – early 2000s
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Quarantines can be enacted on new detections, but they are difficult to enact and enforce: – Failure to quarantine correct geographic area or all potentially infested materials in a timely manner because of lack of information about the pests or extent of the infestation. SOD CA Æ FL+ – So many pathways out of quarantine makes ensuring full compliance is very difficult. • Public outreach and education is important as inspections. • Impossible to reach every individual about not moving regulated articles. Citrus canker-moving to new homes.
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• We have a workforce consisting of: – – – – – – – –
7 CHRP inspectors 137 PE&C Survey and regulatory specialists 143 Environmental specialists 152 Fruit fly trappers DPI and 80 USDA 8 CTS inspectors 8 CAPS Pest survey specialists 42 Protocol specialists 65 Pathology; Nematology; Entomology staff
= 642 specialists APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• The Safeguarding System – Prevention: International Services, Pre-clearance programs – Port of Entry: CBP and PPQ – Pest Detection: DPI Inspectors, CAPS PPS, SPDN FR, SITC – Eradication: Regulatory, Research and Education – Mitigation: Regulatory, Research and Education
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida 25
20
Cumulative Detections
DR-CAFTA: 2005
Diseases as significant detections in Florida
15 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 10 NAFTA: 1992 GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994 5
wndixon.fdacs.2007 APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Year
20 06
20 04
20 02
20 00
19 98
19 96
19 94
19 92
19 90
19 88
19 86
19 84
19 82
19 80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Pathogens Diagnosed as New State or USA+ Detections (239) 250
Cumulative Detections
217 200
New State Detections 150
100
50
22
New USA Detections
Year APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
06 20
05 20
03
04 20
20
02 20
00
01 20
20
99 19
97
98 19
19
96 19
95 19
94 19
93 19
92 19
91 19
89
90 19
19
88 19
86
87 19
19
85 19
83
84 19
19
82 19
81 19
19
80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Xanthomonas axonopodis
USA
Alternaria zinniae
State
Mycovellosiella koepkei
State
Alternaria petroselini
State
Ascochyta fabae
State
Peronospora lamii
State
Septoria gaillardiae
State
Drechslera portulacae
State
Calonectria avesiculata
State
Alternaria raphani
State
Pepper mild mottle virus
State
State
Rhodococcus fascians
State
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
USA
Septoria petroselini
State
Uromyces transversalis
USA
Broad bean wilt fabavirus - serotype I
State
Canna yellow mottle badnavirus virus
State
Puccinia koehnii
Raffaelea vascular wilt of red bay
State
Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
State
Paracercospora fijiensis
USA
Puccinia lygodii
State
Puccinia hemerocallidis
State
Sphacelia state of Claviceps africana
State
Clover yellow mosaic potexivrus virus
State
Seiridium cupressi
USA
Puccinia striiformis
State
Phytophthora ramorum
State
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
State
Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus virus
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
WH State
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida 14
12
Cumulative Detections
10
DR-CAFTA: 2005
Nematodes as significant detections in Florida
8 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 6 NAFTA: 1992 4
GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994
2
wndixon.fdacs.2007
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Year
20 06
20 04
20 02
20 00
19 98
19 96
19 94
19 92
19 90
19 88
19 86
19 84
19 82
19 80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus*
State
Aphlenchoides olesistus* Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae Longidorus belloi* Criconema (Criconema) loofii* Nothocriconema longulum* Dolichodorus grandaspicatu* Tylenchorhynchus elegans* Afenestrata koreana* Hemicycliophora iranica* Crossonema hungaricum* Caloosia luci* Dolichodorus pulvinus* Meloidogyne mayaguensis* Afenestrata orientalis* Pratylenchus hippeastri
State USA USA State State State USA State USA State State USA USA USA USA
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida 120
Cumulative Detections
100
Arthropods as significant detections in Florida
DR-CAFTA: 2005
80 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 60
40
20
NAFTA: 1992 GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994
wndixon.fdacs.2007
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Year
20 06
20 04
20 02
20 00
19 98
19 96
19 94
19 92
19 90
19 88
19 86
19 84
19 82
19 80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Arthropods Identified as New State or USA+ Detections (246) 160
148
Cumulaitve Detections
140
120
New State Detections 100
80
98
60
40
20
New USA Detections
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
06
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
20
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
YEAR
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
84
19
83
19
82
19
81
19
19
19
80
0
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Major Contributors to Florida as Pest Donors – Caribbean, Central and South America – Asia – As well as the combination of Asia to Caribbean to Florida APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma of Safer and Freer Trade in Florida
• In 2000, US agriculture worth $1 trillion in annual economic activity • Imported agricultural commodities valued at $38 billion • Costs to control is tens of billions of dollars
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Invasions by nonindigenous species cost US taxpayers hundreds of billions of dollars a year due to environmental degradation, lost agricultural productivity, expensive eradication efforts and increased health problems – A specific study estimated the cost at
$120 billion/year. This has been viewed as an underestimate APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• The Safeguarding Target in Florida – Cash receipts in FY 2005 • • • • • •
Citrus $1.6 billion Vegetables $1.6 billion Greenhouse and nurseries $976 million Berries and melons $324 million Field crops $653 million Fruits and nuts $283 million
= $5.4 billion APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• In Florida: – Citrus canker cost $452+ million in total • plus 5-year industry sales loss of $775 million
– Leatherleaf fern anthracnose cost $34 million • plus 5-yr industry sales loss of $56 million
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• A medley of pests in FL from 1995-2005 have cost $171 million – with expected 5-yr losses of $895 million • Annual potential sales loss with statewide spread = $1.2 billion
• $1.2 billion loss/ $5.4 billion receipts =
22% impact potential APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Safer Trade, as viewed from a State perspective, is hindered by: Lack of a single binding international treaty for invasive species No federal requirement for rapid response to a new invasive species
International trade agreements make it difficult to regulate products that may introduce invasive species because the trade agreements do not consider invasive species.
Lack of adequate funds for inspection and enforcement activities Difficulties managing invasive species due to international trade agreements
No single federal agency has overall responsibility for invasive species There is an inherent conflict in promoting international trade and trying to prevent invasive species from coming into the US from foreign countries APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Another major barrier is the lack of addressing species unknown to science: – Chestnut blight – Dogwood anthracnose – Sudden oak death – Butternut canker – All unknown at time of introduction • Only an estimated 7% of fungal species have been described and studied.
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• Challenges to be addressed: – Internet orders – Public awareness and interest – • absent or ignored or not enough or all of the above
– – –
Trans-shipping Smuggling Inadequate inspections at ports of entry, land crossings and domestic survey due to lack of resources - $$ – Inadequate levels of sanitation at the points of origin and our continued acceptance of infested products APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
The Construction of a Dilemma Global marketplace Imports of agricultural products International travelers into Florida, the land of opportunity for pests
= number of pathways for the movement and introduction of foreign, invasive agricultural pests and diseases APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Florida – a high-risk sentinel state for exotic invasive pests
Poster child for where global marketplace, increasing importation of agricultural products and numbers of travelers overwhelms our safeguarding systems to effectively deter establishment or achieve early detection. APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Florida, 1562
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
The Dilemma:
PEST
The Solution: Change the Focus
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Find ways to remove the pest instead of trying to catch it after it enters our lands
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
• • • • • •
Systems Approach Clean Stock Programs International Plant Protection Convention Enhanced Border Protection Quarantine 37 And others……….. Change must come as soon as possible
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
Dilemma Dilemmaof ofSafer Saferand andFreer FreerTrade Tradein inFlorida Florida
Thank you for your attention
APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade—Challenges to Plant Health
