Ch. 7: Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships ...
Ch. 7: Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships & Love INTERNAL SOURCES OF ATTRACTION: THE ROLE OF NEEDS & EMOTIONS Need For Affiliation: ppl differ greatly in strength of this tendency Dismissing Avoidant Attachment Style: pattern in which ppl calim to have little or no need for emotional attachment/avoid close relationships Attachment Style: way in which we form emotional bonds/regulate our emotions in close relationships Attachment Anxiety: fear of rejection & abandonment by others Social Comparison: communicate about what is going on, compare perceptions & make decisions about what to do Interpersonal Attraction: evaluations we make of other people positive & negative attitudes we form of them Direct effects occur when person is responsible for emotional arousal Indirect effects occur when source is elsewhere but person is associated EXTERNAL SOURCES OF ATTRACTION: THE EFFECTS OF PROXIMITY & BEAUTY Proximity: physical closeness that brings about contact Repeated Exposure Effect: like something more you see it (Zajonc) Physical Attractiveness: combo of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at positive extreme & unattractive at negative extreme “What Is Beautiful Is Good” Effect—attractive people viewed as having positive traits Attractive TargetDesire to form Relationship w/ ThemPerceived Characteristics Attractiveness correlates with popularity, good social skills & selfesteem CUTE: childlike features, large, widely spaced eyes, small nose, etc. MATURE: prominent cheekbones, high eyebrows, large pupils, big smile (Cunningham) Composite of faces is more attractive (Langlois & Roggman) RED is attractive—environmental cues? Physique, weight, behavioral style, first names, etc. FACTORS BASED ON SOCIAL INTERACTION: SIMILARITY & MUTUAL LIKING Similarity: often the basis for this important kind of relationship Complementarities: differences that complemented each other.. “opposites attract” SimilarityDissimilarity Effect: consistent predictor of attraction, similarity of attitudes, beliefs, values & interests Proportion of Similarity: when the number of topics on which two ppl express similar views is divided by the total number of topics on which they have communicated= resulting proportion can be inserted in formula to predict attraction Repulsion Hypothesis: alternative, info about similarity has no effect on attraction, people are simply repulsed by info about dissimilarity Matching Hypothesis: the idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive partners, we focus on obtaining ones whose beauty is about the same as ours Balanced Theory: ppl naturally organize their likes & dislikes in a symmetrical way
Social Comparison Theory: compare attitudes & beliefs with those of others bc the only way you can evaluate accuracy of your views and their “normality” is by finding that other people agree with you CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL LIFE Attachment Style: the degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships Secure: high selfesteem & trust FearfulAvoidant: low selfesteem & trust Preoccupied: low selfesteem, high trust; want closeness & cling Dismissing: high selfesteem, low trust; gear genuine closeness Interpersonal Trust: concerns other people and involves general expectancies & beliefs about them Close Friendship: increasingly mature types of interaction Mutual social support, engaging in selfdisclosure Women report more close friends than men, more importance on intimacy Passionate Love: intense and often unrealistic emotional reaction to another person Unrequited Love: one person is in love and the feelings are not returned Triangular Model of Love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment (Sternberg) Romantic (intimacy + passion), Liking (intimacy), Companionate (intimacy + commitment), Empty (Commitment), Infatuation (Passion), Fatuous (Passion + Commitment) Consummate: ALL THREE Commitment + Passion + Intimacy “FLIERC” Jealousy: JealousyInducing ConditionsReductions in Implicit SelfEsteemJealousy Breaking up is hard: more ppl using technology What we seek depends on what we want in the future: provider or homemaker Competition for mates: men & women cooperate with friends Secret relationships have adverse effects on relationship & ppl involved
Social Comparison Theory: compare attitudes & beliefs with those of others bc the only way you can evaluate accuracy of your views and their “normality” is by finding that other people agree with you CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL LIFE Attachment Style: the degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships Secure: high selfesteem & trust FearfulAvoidant: low selfesteem & trust Preoccupied: low selfesteem, high trust; want closeness & cling Dismissing: high selfesteem, low trust; gear genuine closeness Interpersonal Trust: concerns other people and involves general expectancies & beliefs about them Close Friendship: increasingly mature types of interaction Mutual social support, engaging in selfdisclosure Women report more close friends than men, more importance on intimacy Passionate Love: intense and often unrealistic emotional reaction to another person Unrequited Love: one person is in love and the feelings are not returned Triangular Model of Love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment (Sternberg) Romantic (intimacy + passion), Liking (intimacy), Companionate (intimacy + commitment), Empty (Commitment), Infatuation (Passion), Fatuous (Passion + Commitment) Consummate: ALL THREE Commitment + Passion + Intimacy “FLIERC” Jealousy: JealousyInducing ConditionsReductions in Implicit SelfEsteemJealousy Breaking up is hard: more ppl using technology What we seek depends on what we want in the future: provider or homemaker Competition for mates: men & women cooperate with friends Secret relationships have adverse effects on relationship & ppl involved
