Chronology of Indian Literature
Vedas
Ear ly
300AD 400AD
Early Evidence for Āsana
0AD
300BC
500BC
700BC
1200BC
Chronology of Indian Literature 1500BC
1800BC
6/29/16
Upaniṣ ads
Mahābhārata
History of Yogic Postures
2. Iconographic Evidence
Bhagavad Gītā
(āsana)
1. Textual Evidence Mahābhārata, Books 12/13, (circa 100-300 A.D.)
Middle
Kuṣāṇa period (circa 1st c. A.D.)
0 -3 0 0 AD
End of Indus Valley Civilization
Buddha Patañjali’s Yogaś ās tra
Dr Jason Birch June 2016
4 0 0 - 5 0 0 AD
Earliest Evidence for Āsana
Earliest Evidence for Āsana
Mahābhārata 13.130.10
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra Pātañjalayogaśāstra
“The y oga of cold and the y oga of fire s hould be
(l ate 4th – earl y 5th c.)
Sūtr a 2.46
practis ed by thos e [fores t-dwelling as cetics] who are cons tantly s eated in Vīrāsana; by those
sthirasukham āsanam
ly ing on the bare ground and by thos e whose
Posture is steady and comfortable
minds are [focus ed] on their religion.” Other possible translations:
Coronation of Buddha Ku ṣ ā ṇ a Pe ri o d 1 0 0 BC - 3 0 0 CE
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Jain Tirthankara Ku ṣ ā ṇ a Pe ri o d
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Posture is steadily comfortable Posture is steady but comfortable
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Bhāṣya (list of names) Sūtr a 2.46: sthirasukham āsanam Sūtr a 2.47: prayatnaśaithilyānantas amā pattib hyā m
‘Posture is [made] steady and comfortable, by relaxing one’s effort or by meditative attainment in the infinite.’
1. Pādmāsana 2. Vī rāsana 3. Bhadrāsana 4. Svastika 5. Daṇḍāsana 6. Sopāśraya 7. Paryaṅka 8. Kauñcaniṣadana 9. Hastiniṣadana 10. Uṣṭraniṣadana 11. Samasaṃsthāna 12. Sthitapraśrabdhi 13. Yathāsukha 14. ityevamādī ni
Lotus pose Hero’s pose Auspicious pose The lucky sign Staff posture Supported pose Sofa pose Sitting like a heron Sitting like an elephant Sitting like a camel Even position [A pose in which] attentiveness is established According to what is comfortable And so forth!
Sūtr a 2.46: sthirasukham āsanam Sūtr a 2.47: prayatnaśaithilyānantas amā pattib hyā m Sūtr a 2.48: tato dvandvānabhighātaḥ
‘Posture is [made] steady and comfortable, by relaxing one’s effort or by meditative attainment in the infinite. Then, [the yogin] has no trouble from the ‘opposites.’
1
6/29/16
T antr as & Āgam as Dar śanas (Advaita, etc.) Pur āṇas Āyur veda
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
400AD
Patañjali’s Yogaśāstr a
1700AD
1600AD
1200AD
1100AD
(c irc a 9-10th c .)
[Having adopted either Paryaṅka, Kamala, Bhadra or Svastikāsana], the wise [yogin] places his hands obliquely, in the middle of the shanks, makes [them] upward-facing and evenly balanced, and fixes the right hand on the left, so that the right fingers are at the base of the left [hand]. The two thumbs are bent slightly and should be held together. Having raised and broadened the chest and having made the arms loose, the wise [yogin] should extend his back and raise the region of the shoulders. He should diligently hold the neck still, very steady and straight [but] not too rigid nor bent [to one side]. His head should always be upright. His gaze is towards heaven and earth, and its support is the tip of the nose. His eyes are slightly closed and he does not touch the teeth [of the upper jaw] with those [of the lower, nor] with the tip of his tongue which is located on the middle of the palate. O great sage, [this] Karaṇa has been explained fully and at length in regard to the path of yoga.
600AD
The Mataṅgapārameśva rata ntra
400AD
Chronology of Indian Literature
Āsana in Tantras 100AD
1700AD
1600AD
1200AD
1100AD
600AD
100AD
400AD
Chronology of Indian Literature
T antr as & Āgam as Dar śanas (Advaita, etc.) Pur āṇas Āyur veda
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
400AD
Patañjali’s Yogaśāstr a
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga
Non-Seated Ās anas in the Vasiṣ ṭhasaṃhitā Text Nam e
Haṭhayogic Āsana from 12 - 15th c.
No. of Āsana
Yogabī ja/Amaraughaprabod ha Dattātreyayogaśāstra
• 2 - 10 postures (most traditions)
(14th c.)
(12-13th c.)
0 1
Vivekamārtāṇda (13 - 14th c.)
2
Śivasaṃhitā (15th c.)
4
Vasiṣṭhasaṃhitā (12 -13th c.)
10
• 84 lākh postures mentioned but discarded
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga 12th - 14th c.
Text Dattātreyayogaśāstra
2 10
Śivasaṃ hitā
4 15
Haṭhapr adīpikā
17th c.
Yogacintāmaṇi
onwards
Yogacintāmaṇi (17th Ujjain ms.) Gher aṇdasaṃ hitā Haṭharātnāvalī Jogapradī pyakā Siddhāntamuktāvalī Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Kukkuṭāsana
Haṭharatnāvalī
No. of Āsana 2
Vivekamārtāṇda Vasisthasaṃhitā 15th c.
Mayūr āsana
35
Vṛṣapādakṣepa
110 32 84 84 96 112
17th c.
(l i s te d) (de s c ri be d) (de s c ri be d) (de s c ri be d)
Hav ing laid s upinely , binding the nec k with the fingers , joining the elbows , touching the buttock s on the ground and ex tending one leg, while rotating the other leg to the le ft and right, [ this ] is ’pawing the leg lik e a bull’ pos e. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
2
6/29/16
Vṛṣapādakṣepa Having laid supinely , binding the neck with the fingers, joining the elbows, touching the buttocks on the ground and extending one leg, while rotating the other leg to the le ft and right, [ this] is ‘Pawing the leg like a bull’ pose. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Śvottānāsana
Śvottānāsana
Having placed the body lik e a corpse, joining the knees together and bringing [them] onto the navel, clasping the neck with the hands, [the yogin] should rotate [the legs. This is] the up-turned dog [pose].
Having placed the body lik e a corpse, joining the knees together and bringing [them] onto the navel, clasping the neck with the hands, [the yogin] should rotate [the legs. This is] the up-turned dog [pose].
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Viparītanṛtyāsana Hav ing plac ed the palms of both hands on the ground and lifting the toes up, [the y ogin] s hould danc e on the palms of the hands . [This ] is the [pos e].
Mārjārottānāsana
Mārjārottānāsana
Hav ing pos itioned [hims elf] lik e an up-turned dog, [the y ogin] s hould touch both k nees with his ears in turn. [This is ] the upturned c at [pos e].
Having positioned [himself] like an up-turned dog, [the yogin] should touch both knees with his ears in turn. [This is] the upturned cat [pose].
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhayoga Viparītakaraṇī
inv erted-danc ing
Haṭhayoga
Haṭhayoga Viparītakaraṇī
Viparītakaraṇī
3
6/29/16
Ropes Poses Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
āliṅgāsana
Kapotāsana Having placed the soles of the feet on the ground and having taken the hands [down] along the back [of the body] as far as the shanks, [this] is the pigeon pose. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
At a distance of three cubits from a wall, [the yogin] should stand and having touched his chest on the wall and expanded [it, ] he should touch [it] again [and again. This] is 'embracing [the wall]' pose. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Chronology of Haṭha Yoga 1850AD
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
1450AD
Adjusting?
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
1100AD
Strength Poses
Per sian Adaptations Ear ly
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
B r ahm anical Com pilations
viratāsana Yoga Upaniṣads
Having placed the shanks and back on the ground and positioning the thighs on the calv es, [the yogin] should touch his backbone [on the ground] again and again. [This] is the pose for one who
HAṬ HAPRADĪPIKĀ
has ceased [from worldly activities].
Chester Beatty Manuscript Baḥr al-Ḥayāt
1700AD
1600AD
1200AD
400AD
“Th e wo rd of r ecollec tion of Nir a nja n. Whe n th e s eeke r wish es t o p erfo rm this activity, he sh ould le arn t he G har ba āsa na. T hey call it t he G har ba āsa na
1100AD
Chronology of Indian Yoga becaus e w hen the chil d is in t he wom b o f t he mot her, it accom plishes it. O ne places the left fo ot on the rig ht foot, h olding th e butto cks on both fe et, holdi ng the hea d evenly b etwee n t he two kn ees, placin g b oth elb ows und er th e ribs , puttin g the han ds ov er t he e ars, brin ging t he n avel t owar d the spin e. T he
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
breat h o f life that ap pea rs f rom th e n avel t hey c all Nir a nja n, whic h is an expre ssion fo r t he undif fer entia ted. One h olds the br eat h; one b rings it i n t he midst o f th e belly. One takes it ab ove f ro m bel ow, an d b elow f rom abov e, in this exercis e to such a d egr ee th at the in ner ey e, winge d ima ginati on, wan deri ng
Garbha Ās ana Fol i o 18 recto
MODERN Patañjali’s Yogaśāstr a
Com m entar ies
reflecti on, and inco mpa rabl e th oug ht -- all fo ur -- eme rge fr om t heir re strictio ns . They enter witnessing of the spiritual state and become one.” Baḥr al-Ḥayāt Translation by Carl Earnst
YOGA COMPILAT IONS
ORT HODOX B RAHMANICAL T RADIT IONS
YOGA YOGA UPANIṢADS
(Upa ni ṣ a ds Purāṇa s BhG Dha rm aś ās tra s etc .)
4
6/29/16
History of Āsana 19th/20th c. developments
History of Āsana
History of Āsana
T r aditional Standing poses
Moder n Standing Poses
1. Standing poses 2. Vinyāsa 3. Sūryanamaskāra Vṛk ṣ ā s a na Gh e ra ṇ ḍ a s a ṃh i ā t - 18 th c .
4. Western Science: anatomy, pathology, physical culture,
Ga ruḍā s a na Yo g ā s a n a mā l ā - 18 th c .
Pā da pīda nā s a na Ha ṭh a ra tn ā v al ī 17 th c .
esotericism/occult, etc.
History of Āsana
History of Āsana
Floor Poses: Aṣṭāṅgavinyāsa
Finishing Poses: Aṣṭāṅgavinyāsa
(Primary Series) Daṇḍāsana
10th c.
Paścim atānāsana
Ha ṭh a p ra d īp i kā , e tc..
Pūr vottānāsana
?
Ta ttv a v a ś i ā rad i, Yog ac i ntā ma ṇi , etc.
Sālam basar vaṅgāsana
18th (possibly 12-13th) c.
Halāsana
17th c.
15th c.
Karṇapīḍāsana Ar dhabaddhapadm apaścim ottānāsana
12-13th c.
A v a ri a ti o n o n Ma h ā mu drā , ha fl -l otu s a nd b i n d i n g o f o n e a rm as n i Bad d ha pa d mā sa na
12-13th c. Jānuśīr ṣāsana A
Si mi l a r fo rm to Ma h ā mu drā . Kno wn as Ard h a p a ś c i ma ā t n ās an a i n th e Ha ṭhā b hy ās a P.
Jānuśīr ṣāsana B
Kn o wn a s Vi p arīta ka raṇ ās a na in th e J o g a p ra d īp ya kā a n d Yog ā sa na mā l ā. It ma y b e Vi p a rīt a ka raṇ ī in the Da ttā tre y a y og a śā stra , Vi ve ka mā rtaṇ ḍ a, etc.
History of Āsana Summary
of Results
Ha ṭh a ra tn ā v al ī, etc.
17-18th c.
A v a ri a ti o n o f Hal ā sa na ? It cl os e yl re s emb l es De v ā s a n a i n the Jo g ap rad īpy ak ā
Ūr dhvapadm āsana
12-13th c.
Piṇḍāsana
17th c.
Matsyāsana
Gh e ra ṇ ḍ a s a ṃh i ā t
12-13th c.
Sa me fo rm a s Ma h ā mu d rā. Als o k no wn as Ma h ā mu d rā s a n a n i h t e Jo ga pra d p ī y ak ā a nd Yo g ā s a n a mā l ā
History of Āsana
Va ri a ti o n o f Vi pa rītak ara ṇ ī a nd Pad mā sa n a
Va ri a ti o n o f Ha l ās an a a n d Pa dmā s an a
18th c.
5
Ear ly
300AD 400AD
Early Evidence for Āsana
0AD
300BC
500BC
700BC
1200BC
Chronology of Indian Literature 1500BC
1800BC
6/29/16
Upaniṣ ads
Mahābhārata
History of Yogic Postures
2. Iconographic Evidence
Bhagavad Gītā
(āsana)
1. Textual Evidence Mahābhārata, Books 12/13, (circa 100-300 A.D.)
Middle
Kuṣāṇa period (circa 1st c. A.D.)
0 -3 0 0 AD
End of Indus Valley Civilization
Buddha Patañjali’s Yogaś ās tra
Dr Jason Birch June 2016
4 0 0 - 5 0 0 AD
Earliest Evidence for Āsana
Earliest Evidence for Āsana
Mahābhārata 13.130.10
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra Pātañjalayogaśāstra
“The y oga of cold and the y oga of fire s hould be
(l ate 4th – earl y 5th c.)
Sūtr a 2.46
practis ed by thos e [fores t-dwelling as cetics] who are cons tantly s eated in Vīrāsana; by those
sthirasukham āsanam
ly ing on the bare ground and by thos e whose
Posture is steady and comfortable
minds are [focus ed] on their religion.” Other possible translations:
Coronation of Buddha Ku ṣ ā ṇ a Pe ri o d 1 0 0 BC - 3 0 0 CE
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Jain Tirthankara Ku ṣ ā ṇ a Pe ri o d
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Posture is steadily comfortable Posture is steady but comfortable
Āsana in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Bhāṣya (list of names) Sūtr a 2.46: sthirasukham āsanam Sūtr a 2.47: prayatnaśaithilyānantas amā pattib hyā m
‘Posture is [made] steady and comfortable, by relaxing one’s effort or by meditative attainment in the infinite.’
1. Pādmāsana 2. Vī rāsana 3. Bhadrāsana 4. Svastika 5. Daṇḍāsana 6. Sopāśraya 7. Paryaṅka 8. Kauñcaniṣadana 9. Hastiniṣadana 10. Uṣṭraniṣadana 11. Samasaṃsthāna 12. Sthitapraśrabdhi 13. Yathāsukha 14. ityevamādī ni
Lotus pose Hero’s pose Auspicious pose The lucky sign Staff posture Supported pose Sofa pose Sitting like a heron Sitting like an elephant Sitting like a camel Even position [A pose in which] attentiveness is established According to what is comfortable And so forth!
Sūtr a 2.46: sthirasukham āsanam Sūtr a 2.47: prayatnaśaithilyānantas amā pattib hyā m Sūtr a 2.48: tato dvandvānabhighātaḥ
‘Posture is [made] steady and comfortable, by relaxing one’s effort or by meditative attainment in the infinite. Then, [the yogin] has no trouble from the ‘opposites.’
1
6/29/16
T antr as & Āgam as Dar śanas (Advaita, etc.) Pur āṇas Āyur veda
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
400AD
Patañjali’s Yogaśāstr a
1700AD
1600AD
1200AD
1100AD
(c irc a 9-10th c .)
[Having adopted either Paryaṅka, Kamala, Bhadra or Svastikāsana], the wise [yogin] places his hands obliquely, in the middle of the shanks, makes [them] upward-facing and evenly balanced, and fixes the right hand on the left, so that the right fingers are at the base of the left [hand]. The two thumbs are bent slightly and should be held together. Having raised and broadened the chest and having made the arms loose, the wise [yogin] should extend his back and raise the region of the shoulders. He should diligently hold the neck still, very steady and straight [but] not too rigid nor bent [to one side]. His head should always be upright. His gaze is towards heaven and earth, and its support is the tip of the nose. His eyes are slightly closed and he does not touch the teeth [of the upper jaw] with those [of the lower, nor] with the tip of his tongue which is located on the middle of the palate. O great sage, [this] Karaṇa has been explained fully and at length in regard to the path of yoga.
600AD
The Mataṅgapārameśva rata ntra
400AD
Chronology of Indian Literature
Āsana in Tantras 100AD
1700AD
1600AD
1200AD
1100AD
600AD
100AD
400AD
Chronology of Indian Literature
T antr as & Āgam as Dar śanas (Advaita, etc.) Pur āṇas Āyur veda
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
400AD
Patañjali’s Yogaśāstr a
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga
Non-Seated Ās anas in the Vasiṣ ṭhasaṃhitā Text Nam e
Haṭhayogic Āsana from 12 - 15th c.
No. of Āsana
Yogabī ja/Amaraughaprabod ha Dattātreyayogaśāstra
• 2 - 10 postures (most traditions)
(14th c.)
(12-13th c.)
0 1
Vivekamārtāṇda (13 - 14th c.)
2
Śivasaṃhitā (15th c.)
4
Vasiṣṭhasaṃhitā (12 -13th c.)
10
• 84 lākh postures mentioned but discarded
Āsana in Early Haṭhayoga 12th - 14th c.
Text Dattātreyayogaśāstra
2 10
Śivasaṃ hitā
4 15
Haṭhapr adīpikā
17th c.
Yogacintāmaṇi
onwards
Yogacintāmaṇi (17th Ujjain ms.) Gher aṇdasaṃ hitā Haṭharātnāvalī Jogapradī pyakā Siddhāntamuktāvalī Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Kukkuṭāsana
Haṭharatnāvalī
No. of Āsana 2
Vivekamārtāṇda Vasisthasaṃhitā 15th c.
Mayūr āsana
35
Vṛṣapādakṣepa
110 32 84 84 96 112
17th c.
(l i s te d) (de s c ri be d) (de s c ri be d) (de s c ri be d)
Hav ing laid s upinely , binding the nec k with the fingers , joining the elbows , touching the buttock s on the ground and ex tending one leg, while rotating the other leg to the le ft and right, [ this ] is ’pawing the leg lik e a bull’ pos e. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
2
6/29/16
Vṛṣapādakṣepa Having laid supinely , binding the neck with the fingers, joining the elbows, touching the buttocks on the ground and extending one leg, while rotating the other leg to the le ft and right, [ this] is ‘Pawing the leg like a bull’ pose. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Śvottānāsana
Śvottānāsana
Having placed the body lik e a corpse, joining the knees together and bringing [them] onto the navel, clasping the neck with the hands, [the yogin] should rotate [the legs. This is] the up-turned dog [pose].
Having placed the body lik e a corpse, joining the knees together and bringing [them] onto the navel, clasping the neck with the hands, [the yogin] should rotate [the legs. This is] the up-turned dog [pose].
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Viparītanṛtyāsana Hav ing plac ed the palms of both hands on the ground and lifting the toes up, [the y ogin] s hould danc e on the palms of the hands . [This ] is the [pos e].
Mārjārottānāsana
Mārjārottānāsana
Hav ing pos itioned [hims elf] lik e an up-turned dog, [the y ogin] s hould touch both k nees with his ears in turn. [This is ] the upturned c at [pos e].
Having positioned [himself] like an up-turned dog, [the yogin] should touch both knees with his ears in turn. [This is] the upturned cat [pose].
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Haṭhayoga Viparītakaraṇī
inv erted-danc ing
Haṭhayoga
Haṭhayoga Viparītakaraṇī
Viparītakaraṇī
3
6/29/16
Ropes Poses Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
āliṅgāsana
Kapotāsana Having placed the soles of the feet on the ground and having taken the hands [down] along the back [of the body] as far as the shanks, [this] is the pigeon pose. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
At a distance of three cubits from a wall, [the yogin] should stand and having touched his chest on the wall and expanded [it, ] he should touch [it] again [and again. This] is 'embracing [the wall]' pose. Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Chronology of Haṭha Yoga 1850AD
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
1450AD
Adjusting?
Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
1100AD
Strength Poses
Per sian Adaptations Ear ly
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
B r ahm anical Com pilations
viratāsana Yoga Upaniṣads
Having placed the shanks and back on the ground and positioning the thighs on the calv es, [the yogin] should touch his backbone [on the ground] again and again. [This] is the pose for one who
HAṬ HAPRADĪPIKĀ
has ceased [from worldly activities].
Chester Beatty Manuscript Baḥr al-Ḥayāt
1700AD
1600AD
1200AD
400AD
“Th e wo rd of r ecollec tion of Nir a nja n. Whe n th e s eeke r wish es t o p erfo rm this activity, he sh ould le arn t he G har ba āsa na. T hey call it t he G har ba āsa na
1100AD
Chronology of Indian Yoga becaus e w hen the chil d is in t he wom b o f t he mot her, it accom plishes it. O ne places the left fo ot on the rig ht foot, h olding th e butto cks on both fe et, holdi ng the hea d evenly b etwee n t he two kn ees, placin g b oth elb ows und er th e ribs , puttin g the han ds ov er t he e ars, brin ging t he n avel t owar d the spin e. T he
RĀJA / HAṬ HA YOGA
breat h o f life that ap pea rs f rom th e n avel t hey c all Nir a nja n, whic h is an expre ssion fo r t he undif fer entia ted. One h olds the br eat h; one b rings it i n t he midst o f th e belly. One takes it ab ove f ro m bel ow, an d b elow f rom abov e, in this exercis e to such a d egr ee th at the in ner ey e, winge d ima ginati on, wan deri ng
Garbha Ās ana Fol i o 18 recto
MODERN Patañjali’s Yogaśāstr a
Com m entar ies
reflecti on, and inco mpa rabl e th oug ht -- all fo ur -- eme rge fr om t heir re strictio ns . They enter witnessing of the spiritual state and become one.” Baḥr al-Ḥayāt Translation by Carl Earnst
YOGA COMPILAT IONS
ORT HODOX B RAHMANICAL T RADIT IONS
YOGA YOGA UPANIṢADS
(Upa ni ṣ a ds Purāṇa s BhG Dha rm aś ās tra s etc .)
4
6/29/16
History of Āsana 19th/20th c. developments
History of Āsana
History of Āsana
T r aditional Standing poses
Moder n Standing Poses
1. Standing poses 2. Vinyāsa 3. Sūryanamaskāra Vṛk ṣ ā s a na Gh e ra ṇ ḍ a s a ṃh i ā t - 18 th c .
4. Western Science: anatomy, pathology, physical culture,
Ga ruḍā s a na Yo g ā s a n a mā l ā - 18 th c .
Pā da pīda nā s a na Ha ṭh a ra tn ā v al ī 17 th c .
esotericism/occult, etc.
History of Āsana
History of Āsana
Floor Poses: Aṣṭāṅgavinyāsa
Finishing Poses: Aṣṭāṅgavinyāsa
(Primary Series) Daṇḍāsana
10th c.
Paścim atānāsana
Ha ṭh a p ra d īp i kā , e tc..
Pūr vottānāsana
?
Ta ttv a v a ś i ā rad i, Yog ac i ntā ma ṇi , etc.
Sālam basar vaṅgāsana
18th (possibly 12-13th) c.
Halāsana
17th c.
15th c.
Karṇapīḍāsana Ar dhabaddhapadm apaścim ottānāsana
12-13th c.
A v a ri a ti o n o n Ma h ā mu drā , ha fl -l otu s a nd b i n d i n g o f o n e a rm as n i Bad d ha pa d mā sa na
12-13th c. Jānuśīr ṣāsana A
Si mi l a r fo rm to Ma h ā mu drā . Kno wn as Ard h a p a ś c i ma ā t n ās an a i n th e Ha ṭhā b hy ās a P.
Jānuśīr ṣāsana B
Kn o wn a s Vi p arīta ka raṇ ās a na in th e J o g a p ra d īp ya kā a n d Yog ā sa na mā l ā. It ma y b e Vi p a rīt a ka raṇ ī in the Da ttā tre y a y og a śā stra , Vi ve ka mā rtaṇ ḍ a, etc.
History of Āsana Summary
of Results
Ha ṭh a ra tn ā v al ī, etc.
17-18th c.
A v a ri a ti o n o f Hal ā sa na ? It cl os e yl re s emb l es De v ā s a n a i n the Jo g ap rad īpy ak ā
Ūr dhvapadm āsana
12-13th c.
Piṇḍāsana
17th c.
Matsyāsana
Gh e ra ṇ ḍ a s a ṃh i ā t
12-13th c.
Sa me fo rm a s Ma h ā mu d rā. Als o k no wn as Ma h ā mu d rā s a n a n i h t e Jo ga pra d p ī y ak ā a nd Yo g ā s a n a mā l ā
History of Āsana
Va ri a ti o n o f Vi pa rītak ara ṇ ī a nd Pad mā sa n a
Va ri a ti o n o f Ha l ās an a a n d Pa dmā s an a
18th c.
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