construction technology
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Revision 26 February 2010
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Terms used in bricklaying: Arris: any straight edge of a brick formed by the junction of its faces Bat: a part brick, i.e. quarter brick, half brick or three quarter brick. Batching: the accurate proportioning of materials for a mortar mix
2/26/2010
2
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Bed joint: a horizontal joint in brickwork Bolster: a wide faced chisel used for cutting bricks Bond: the arrangement of bricks in a wall Brick hammer: hand tool with a hammer head at one end and a blade at the other for cutting and trimming bricks
2/26/2010
3
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Cavity wall: a wall of two leaves Concrete: a mixture of sand, gravel, cement & water that sets and hardens Course: a row bricks laid in mortar Cross joint (perpend): vertical mortar joints between bricks Damp proof course (DPC): a layer or strip of impervious material to prevent the passage of water 2/26/2010
4
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Damp proof membrane (DPM): a layer or sheet of impervious material below a floor or vertically within or on a wall to prevent the passage of moisture Foundation: a sub-structure to bear on supporting subsoil Gauge rod: timber batten marked with the heights of brickwork courses.
2/26/2010
5
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Header: the end face of a brick Hollow block: concrete block with voids Jointer: a tool used to form a mortar joint Jointing: the finish surface profile of a mortar joint Line: a string line used to guide the setting of bricks
2/26/2010
6
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Lump hammer: heavy hammer for hitting bolster when cutting bricks or blocks Mortar: a mixture of sand, cement and lime or sand, cement & plasticiser Pier: local thickening of a wall to improve its stiffness
2/26/2010
7
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Pins: flat bladed nails temporarily pressed into mortar joints to secure bricklayers line Plasticiser: admixture added to mortars to improve workability Plumb: the control of brickwork vertically Pointing: finishing of a mortar joint by raking out part and filling it with additional mortar
2/26/2010
8
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Portland cement: a fine powdered material which, when mixed with water sets and binds together to form a hard solid material Quoin: the external corner of a wall Racking back: a stepped diagonal line to be joined with later work Sand: a fine aggregate which forms the bulk of mortar 2/26/2010
9
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Sill: the lower horizontal edge of an opening Soldier: a brick laid vertically on end Spirit level: framed device with sealed glass tubes containing liquid and an air bubble used for checking level horizontality or verticality
2/26/2010
10
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Spot board: board on which fresh mortar is placed ready to use Stretcher: the longer face of a brick Trowel: hand tool with thin flat blade for applying mortar Weep hole: hole through brickwork through which mortar can drain
2/26/2010
11
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Bonding Bonding is the term given to the various arrangements of brickwork. The reason for bonding is to evenly distribute the load that the wall is carrying along its entire length. This ensures that the wall reaches its maximum stability. 2/26/2010
12
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
13
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
14
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Dry bonding It is a good idea to set out the first course of bricks dry before starting to build. This is called dry bonding. This is done by placing the bricks in line along the length of the wall with a 10mm gap between each one. 2/26/2010
15
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Dry bonding can help identify possible problems that may occur during the construction of the wall. i.e. the position of openings in the wall. the size of perpends.
2/26/2010
16
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Stretcher bond Stretcher Bond is half bond. This means that the bricks in course two should overlap the bricks in course one by half its length. This process is repeated through the full height of the wall.
2/26/2010
17
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
Work Size the size of a brick or block specified for its manufacture. 2/26/2010
18
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Gauge Often when working on a building project the brickwork has to work in with the sizes of other components. One of the most important characteristics is to be at the correct height. This is referred to as gauge. 2/26/2010
19
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Standard gauge for brickwork is 75mm per course or four courses to 300mm.
2/26/2010
20
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK The same problems that occur with the length of a brick can also happen with the height.
2/26/2010
21
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK English Bond English bond is one of the strongest bonds. It is formed by laying alternate courses of headers and stretchers.
2/26/2010
22
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN COURSE 1
PLAN COURSE 2
ENGLISH BOND 2/26/2010
23
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK English Garden Wall Bond English garden wall bond consists of three courses of stretchers and one course of headers. The advantages of this bond is that a good finish can be achieved on both sides of a one brick thick wall and it can save bricks by using blocks on the inside.
2/26/2010
24
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN COURSE 3 PLAN COURSE 4
ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND 2/26/2010
25
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Flemish Bond Flemish bond although not as strong as English bond but it is considered to be aesthetically superior. It is formed by laying headers and stretchers alternately in each course.
2/26/2010
26
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN COURSE 1 PLAN COURSE 2
Flemish Bond 2/26/2010
27
DRAINAGE The objective of any Drainage system is to convey foul, waste, or surface water to the sewer or other place of disposal without danger to health. This means that the pipe work must be air tight and water tight in order that both solid and liquid matter are removed from a building without foul odours escaping.
2/26/2010
28
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
The local authority has the power to order the removal or repair of any drain which is not up to standard. Drainage systems should be capable of carrying the maximum loads to which it is exposed.
29
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
They should be constructed of durable material. All joints must remain watertight under all working conditions The joints must not form any obstruction in the interior of the drain. 30
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
No part of a drainage system conveying foul water shall be connected to a sewer reserved for surface water and no part of a drainage system conveying surface water shall be connected to a sewer reserved for foul water
31
DRAINAGE
Surface Water
Subsoil Water
Waste Water
2/26/2010
Soil Water
32
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
All points of discharge into a drainage system should be fitted with a water seal [trap] to prevent foul air from the system entering the building.
33
DRAINAGE
A gully trap this is where the surface water enters the drainage system. 2/26/2010
34
DRAINAGE
This is where the Soil Water enters the drainage system. 2/26/2010
35
DRAINAGE The two main types of drainage system used are
2/26/2010
The Combined System
The Separate System
36
DRAINAGE The treatment of surface water depends on the system being used either combined or separate. Local Authorities prefer the separate system as this is the most eco-friendly and does not overload the Treatment Plants in times of flooding.
2/26/2010
37
DRAINAGE All drainage systems should be ventilated by a flow of air circulating between the lowest point and the highest point. This is done to prevent the water seal from being broken by the pressures which can develop in the system, i.e. Syphonic Action or Bubbling, due to the build up of gases. 2/26/2010
38
DRAINAGE There are two methods for treating Soil and Waste water: Treatment Plant (Towns and Cities) Septic Tanks (Rural Areas)
2/26/2010
39
DRAINAGE Soakaways are one type of "Infiltration Device", a simple way of dispersing surface and storm water in situations where connection to the SW system is impractical or unwarranted. The basic principle is that of a 'reverse well' i.e. a 'hole-in-the-ground' that loses water rather than collecting water. 2/26/2010
40
DRAINAGE
The depth and size of the pit depends on the volume of water discharging into the soakaway.
2/26/2010
41
DRAINAGE Falls Pipes should be laid to falls that give a selfcleansing velocity:
2/26/2010
100mm. pipe laid to a fall of 1: 40 150mm. pipe laid to a fall of 1: 60 225mm. pipe laid to a fall of 1: 90
42
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
All joints must be airtight, watertight and free from internal obstruction. All inlets to drains must have a water seal of at least 50mm
43
DRAINAGE
All branches should be made with the flow
2/26/2010
44
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
Inspection Chambers should be placed at changes of direction or gradient. Pipes must be laid to a minimum depth of 300mm. and be protected by Haunching.
45
DRAINAGE
Drains should not pass under buildings unless this is unavoidable, if so the following precautions should be taken. All pipes that pass through walls should be bridged over using concrete lintels, and haunched in 150mm. of concrete.
2/26/2010
46
DRAINAGE
The Drains can be laid ensuring the Invert levels are correctly aligned.
2/26/2010
47
DRAINAGE There are two classes of pipe used in drainage: Rigid pipe Flexible pipe Flexible pipes are the most common in use. They are usually made from uPVC.
2/26/2010
48
DRAINAGE The three main advantages flexible have over rigid are:
2/26/2010
They are easier to handle & cut.
Joints are easily fitted together.
Labour costs are less when fitting
49
BLOCK SIZES Concrete blocks come in various strengths, sizes and colours. It is important to select the correct block for the type of construction to be carried out.
2/26/2010
50
BLOCK SIZES This a 100mm solid concrete block. It can be laid either on it’s edge to give a 100mm thick wall or on the flat to give a 215mm thick wall. 2/26/2010
51
BLOCK SIZES The 100mm solid concrete block is widely used in construction in Ireland. When calculating for blockwork or brickwork always include a 10mm mortar joint. 2/26/2010
52
BLOCK SIZES Therefore a block including mortar joints in a 100mm thick wall becomes 450mm long X 225mm high. To calculate the number of blocks per m2 Find the area of 1 Block: 0.45m X 0.225m = 0.101m2 2/26/2010
53
BLOCK SIZES Then divide 1 by 0.101 = 9.90 It can now be seen that 1 m2 of 100 mm thick blockwork consists of 9.90 blocks. This can be rounded up to 10 for calculation purposes. 2/26/2010
54
BLOCK SIZES Because Fairfaced blocks are not to be plastered jointing must be of a good standard. The following joint finishes can be used on Fairfaced blocks. 2/26/2010
55
CURVED RAMPS
A Convex Ramp is one which curves outwards 2/26/2010
56
CURVED RAMPS
A Concave Ramp is one which curves inwards 2/26/2010
57
RETAINING WALLS The major function of any retaining wall is to act as an earth retaining structure for the whole or part of its height on one face. The other face is exposed to the elements.
2/26/2010
58
RETAINING WALLS
2/26/2010
Small height retaining walls are up to 1m high. Medium height retaining walls are from 1m – 6m high.
59
RETAINING WALLS Most small height retaining walls are built of brickwork or blockwork or a combination of brickwork facing and blockwork or mass concrete backing.
2/26/2010
60
RETAINING WALLS An adequate drainage system in the form of weep holes or subsoil drainage behind the wall should be used to reduce hydrostatic pressure on the wall from water.
2/26/2010
61
RETAINING WALLS Weep holes consist of uPVC pipe built into the wall to allow water from the soil to drain through the wall into a channel. They are positioned at 2.000m centres and 75mm above the channel
2/26/2010
62
RETAINING WALLS Small height retaining walls must be stable. The usual rule of thumb is for the height to lie between 2 & 4 times the thickness of the wall.
2/26/2010
63
2/26/2010
64
REINFORCED BRICKWORK Introduction The designers of modern buildings are constantly using new techniques, methods and materials to provide structures with increased strength and reduction in loading.
2/26/2010
65
REINFORCED BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
Because of this trend the use of reinforcement in walling is becoming a common practice. The reinforcement of brick walls allows for a reduction in wall thickness.
66
REINFORCED BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
67
REINFORCED BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
68
PLANNING If you are going to build a house in Ireland you will need planning permission. If you are going to build an extension or make other changes to an existing house you may need planning permission.
2/26/2010
69
PLANNING The newspaper notice shall be published in newspaper within two weeks prior to the lodgement of the application. The newspaper notice must state the following: Dublin City Council as its heading Name of Applicant Address/ location of land structure 2/26/2010
70
PLANNING Type of permission sought: Permission Outline Permission Permission for retention Permission on foot of outline (stating ref. no. of outline permission).
2/26/2010
71
PLANNING Nature and extent of development That the application may be inspected at the offices of Dublin City Council and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. 2/26/2010
72
PLANNING
2/26/2010
The Site Notice must be erected not more than two weeks prior to the lodgement and must state all of the same information as appears in the newspaper. The Site Notice must be signed by the applicant or the applicant’s agent with a contact address. The Site Notice must state the date on which it was erected. 73
PLANNING The information must be: Inscribed or printed in indelible ink on a white background. Affixed on rigid durable material. Secured against damage from bad weather and other causes. 2/26/2010
74
PLANNING Securely erected or fixed in a conspicuous position on or near the main entrance (s) Visible & legible by persons using the public road and not be concealed or obscured at any time.
2/26/2010
75
PLANNING Inscribed on a yellow background for a second application within 6 months. Kept in place for 5 weeks from date of lodgement of application.
2/26/2010
76
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Terms used in bricklaying: Arris: any straight edge of a brick formed by the junction of its faces Bat: a part brick, i.e. quarter brick, half brick or three quarter brick. Batching: the accurate proportioning of materials for a mortar mix
2/26/2010
2
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Bed joint: a horizontal joint in brickwork Bolster: a wide faced chisel used for cutting bricks Bond: the arrangement of bricks in a wall Brick hammer: hand tool with a hammer head at one end and a blade at the other for cutting and trimming bricks
2/26/2010
3
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Cavity wall: a wall of two leaves Concrete: a mixture of sand, gravel, cement & water that sets and hardens Course: a row bricks laid in mortar Cross joint (perpend): vertical mortar joints between bricks Damp proof course (DPC): a layer or strip of impervious material to prevent the passage of water 2/26/2010
4
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Damp proof membrane (DPM): a layer or sheet of impervious material below a floor or vertically within or on a wall to prevent the passage of moisture Foundation: a sub-structure to bear on supporting subsoil Gauge rod: timber batten marked with the heights of brickwork courses.
2/26/2010
5
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Header: the end face of a brick Hollow block: concrete block with voids Jointer: a tool used to form a mortar joint Jointing: the finish surface profile of a mortar joint Line: a string line used to guide the setting of bricks
2/26/2010
6
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Lump hammer: heavy hammer for hitting bolster when cutting bricks or blocks Mortar: a mixture of sand, cement and lime or sand, cement & plasticiser Pier: local thickening of a wall to improve its stiffness
2/26/2010
7
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Pins: flat bladed nails temporarily pressed into mortar joints to secure bricklayers line Plasticiser: admixture added to mortars to improve workability Plumb: the control of brickwork vertically Pointing: finishing of a mortar joint by raking out part and filling it with additional mortar
2/26/2010
8
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Portland cement: a fine powdered material which, when mixed with water sets and binds together to form a hard solid material Quoin: the external corner of a wall Racking back: a stepped diagonal line to be joined with later work Sand: a fine aggregate which forms the bulk of mortar 2/26/2010
9
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Sill: the lower horizontal edge of an opening Soldier: a brick laid vertically on end Spirit level: framed device with sealed glass tubes containing liquid and an air bubble used for checking level horizontality or verticality
2/26/2010
10
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Spot board: board on which fresh mortar is placed ready to use Stretcher: the longer face of a brick Trowel: hand tool with thin flat blade for applying mortar Weep hole: hole through brickwork through which mortar can drain
2/26/2010
11
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Bonding Bonding is the term given to the various arrangements of brickwork. The reason for bonding is to evenly distribute the load that the wall is carrying along its entire length. This ensures that the wall reaches its maximum stability. 2/26/2010
12
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
13
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
14
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Dry bonding It is a good idea to set out the first course of bricks dry before starting to build. This is called dry bonding. This is done by placing the bricks in line along the length of the wall with a 10mm gap between each one. 2/26/2010
15
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Dry bonding can help identify possible problems that may occur during the construction of the wall. i.e. the position of openings in the wall. the size of perpends.
2/26/2010
16
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Stretcher bond Stretcher Bond is half bond. This means that the bricks in course two should overlap the bricks in course one by half its length. This process is repeated through the full height of the wall.
2/26/2010
17
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
Work Size the size of a brick or block specified for its manufacture. 2/26/2010
18
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Gauge Often when working on a building project the brickwork has to work in with the sizes of other components. One of the most important characteristics is to be at the correct height. This is referred to as gauge. 2/26/2010
19
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Standard gauge for brickwork is 75mm per course or four courses to 300mm.
2/26/2010
20
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK The same problems that occur with the length of a brick can also happen with the height.
2/26/2010
21
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK English Bond English bond is one of the strongest bonds. It is formed by laying alternate courses of headers and stretchers.
2/26/2010
22
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN COURSE 1
PLAN COURSE 2
ENGLISH BOND 2/26/2010
23
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK English Garden Wall Bond English garden wall bond consists of three courses of stretchers and one course of headers. The advantages of this bond is that a good finish can be achieved on both sides of a one brick thick wall and it can save bricks by using blocks on the inside.
2/26/2010
24
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN COURSE 3 PLAN COURSE 4
ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND 2/26/2010
25
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK Flemish Bond Flemish bond although not as strong as English bond but it is considered to be aesthetically superior. It is formed by laying headers and stretchers alternately in each course.
2/26/2010
26
INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK
ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN COURSE 1 PLAN COURSE 2
Flemish Bond 2/26/2010
27
DRAINAGE The objective of any Drainage system is to convey foul, waste, or surface water to the sewer or other place of disposal without danger to health. This means that the pipe work must be air tight and water tight in order that both solid and liquid matter are removed from a building without foul odours escaping.
2/26/2010
28
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
The local authority has the power to order the removal or repair of any drain which is not up to standard. Drainage systems should be capable of carrying the maximum loads to which it is exposed.
29
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
They should be constructed of durable material. All joints must remain watertight under all working conditions The joints must not form any obstruction in the interior of the drain. 30
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
No part of a drainage system conveying foul water shall be connected to a sewer reserved for surface water and no part of a drainage system conveying surface water shall be connected to a sewer reserved for foul water
31
DRAINAGE
Surface Water
Subsoil Water
Waste Water
2/26/2010
Soil Water
32
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
All points of discharge into a drainage system should be fitted with a water seal [trap] to prevent foul air from the system entering the building.
33
DRAINAGE
A gully trap this is where the surface water enters the drainage system. 2/26/2010
34
DRAINAGE
This is where the Soil Water enters the drainage system. 2/26/2010
35
DRAINAGE The two main types of drainage system used are
2/26/2010
The Combined System
The Separate System
36
DRAINAGE The treatment of surface water depends on the system being used either combined or separate. Local Authorities prefer the separate system as this is the most eco-friendly and does not overload the Treatment Plants in times of flooding.
2/26/2010
37
DRAINAGE All drainage systems should be ventilated by a flow of air circulating between the lowest point and the highest point. This is done to prevent the water seal from being broken by the pressures which can develop in the system, i.e. Syphonic Action or Bubbling, due to the build up of gases. 2/26/2010
38
DRAINAGE There are two methods for treating Soil and Waste water: Treatment Plant (Towns and Cities) Septic Tanks (Rural Areas)
2/26/2010
39
DRAINAGE Soakaways are one type of "Infiltration Device", a simple way of dispersing surface and storm water in situations where connection to the SW system is impractical or unwarranted. The basic principle is that of a 'reverse well' i.e. a 'hole-in-the-ground' that loses water rather than collecting water. 2/26/2010
40
DRAINAGE
The depth and size of the pit depends on the volume of water discharging into the soakaway.
2/26/2010
41
DRAINAGE Falls Pipes should be laid to falls that give a selfcleansing velocity:
2/26/2010
100mm. pipe laid to a fall of 1: 40 150mm. pipe laid to a fall of 1: 60 225mm. pipe laid to a fall of 1: 90
42
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
All joints must be airtight, watertight and free from internal obstruction. All inlets to drains must have a water seal of at least 50mm
43
DRAINAGE
All branches should be made with the flow
2/26/2010
44
DRAINAGE
2/26/2010
Inspection Chambers should be placed at changes of direction or gradient. Pipes must be laid to a minimum depth of 300mm. and be protected by Haunching.
45
DRAINAGE
Drains should not pass under buildings unless this is unavoidable, if so the following precautions should be taken. All pipes that pass through walls should be bridged over using concrete lintels, and haunched in 150mm. of concrete.
2/26/2010
46
DRAINAGE
The Drains can be laid ensuring the Invert levels are correctly aligned.
2/26/2010
47
DRAINAGE There are two classes of pipe used in drainage: Rigid pipe Flexible pipe Flexible pipes are the most common in use. They are usually made from uPVC.
2/26/2010
48
DRAINAGE The three main advantages flexible have over rigid are:
2/26/2010
They are easier to handle & cut.
Joints are easily fitted together.
Labour costs are less when fitting
49
BLOCK SIZES Concrete blocks come in various strengths, sizes and colours. It is important to select the correct block for the type of construction to be carried out.
2/26/2010
50
BLOCK SIZES This a 100mm solid concrete block. It can be laid either on it’s edge to give a 100mm thick wall or on the flat to give a 215mm thick wall. 2/26/2010
51
BLOCK SIZES The 100mm solid concrete block is widely used in construction in Ireland. When calculating for blockwork or brickwork always include a 10mm mortar joint. 2/26/2010
52
BLOCK SIZES Therefore a block including mortar joints in a 100mm thick wall becomes 450mm long X 225mm high. To calculate the number of blocks per m2 Find the area of 1 Block: 0.45m X 0.225m = 0.101m2 2/26/2010
53
BLOCK SIZES Then divide 1 by 0.101 = 9.90 It can now be seen that 1 m2 of 100 mm thick blockwork consists of 9.90 blocks. This can be rounded up to 10 for calculation purposes. 2/26/2010
54
BLOCK SIZES Because Fairfaced blocks are not to be plastered jointing must be of a good standard. The following joint finishes can be used on Fairfaced blocks. 2/26/2010
55
CURVED RAMPS
A Convex Ramp is one which curves outwards 2/26/2010
56
CURVED RAMPS
A Concave Ramp is one which curves inwards 2/26/2010
57
RETAINING WALLS The major function of any retaining wall is to act as an earth retaining structure for the whole or part of its height on one face. The other face is exposed to the elements.
2/26/2010
58
RETAINING WALLS
2/26/2010
Small height retaining walls are up to 1m high. Medium height retaining walls are from 1m – 6m high.
59
RETAINING WALLS Most small height retaining walls are built of brickwork or blockwork or a combination of brickwork facing and blockwork or mass concrete backing.
2/26/2010
60
RETAINING WALLS An adequate drainage system in the form of weep holes or subsoil drainage behind the wall should be used to reduce hydrostatic pressure on the wall from water.
2/26/2010
61
RETAINING WALLS Weep holes consist of uPVC pipe built into the wall to allow water from the soil to drain through the wall into a channel. They are positioned at 2.000m centres and 75mm above the channel
2/26/2010
62
RETAINING WALLS Small height retaining walls must be stable. The usual rule of thumb is for the height to lie between 2 & 4 times the thickness of the wall.
2/26/2010
63
2/26/2010
64
REINFORCED BRICKWORK Introduction The designers of modern buildings are constantly using new techniques, methods and materials to provide structures with increased strength and reduction in loading.
2/26/2010
65
REINFORCED BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
Because of this trend the use of reinforcement in walling is becoming a common practice. The reinforcement of brick walls allows for a reduction in wall thickness.
66
REINFORCED BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
67
REINFORCED BRICKWORK
2/26/2010
68
PLANNING If you are going to build a house in Ireland you will need planning permission. If you are going to build an extension or make other changes to an existing house you may need planning permission.
2/26/2010
69
PLANNING The newspaper notice shall be published in newspaper within two weeks prior to the lodgement of the application. The newspaper notice must state the following: Dublin City Council as its heading Name of Applicant Address/ location of land structure 2/26/2010
70
PLANNING Type of permission sought: Permission Outline Permission Permission for retention Permission on foot of outline (stating ref. no. of outline permission).
2/26/2010
71
PLANNING Nature and extent of development That the application may be inspected at the offices of Dublin City Council and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. 2/26/2010
72
PLANNING
2/26/2010
The Site Notice must be erected not more than two weeks prior to the lodgement and must state all of the same information as appears in the newspaper. The Site Notice must be signed by the applicant or the applicant’s agent with a contact address. The Site Notice must state the date on which it was erected. 73
PLANNING The information must be: Inscribed or printed in indelible ink on a white background. Affixed on rigid durable material. Secured against damage from bad weather and other causes. 2/26/2010
74
PLANNING Securely erected or fixed in a conspicuous position on or near the main entrance (s) Visible & legible by persons using the public road and not be concealed or obscured at any time.
2/26/2010
75
PLANNING Inscribed on a yellow background for a second application within 6 months. Kept in place for 5 weeks from date of lodgement of application.
2/26/2010
76
