Hierarchical Organization of Memory
Introduction—the basics of psychological learning and memory theory. From Mechanisms of Memory by J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
Definitions Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus. Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored. Recall: altered
The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this behavior is manifest.
Sensitization in the Venus’ Flytrap
Image courtesy of Muriel Weinerman, New York Botanical Gardens
Vernalization
Cabbage – biennial plant Courtesy Richard M Amasino, U Wisconsin
Arabidopsis thaliana
Subdivisions of Human Memory HUMAN MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) FACTS
NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)
EVENTS PROCEDURAL (SKILLS AND HABITS)
PRIMING
SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
EMOTIONAL SKELETAL RESPONSES MUSCULATURE
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE
STRIATUM
NEOCORTEX AMYGDALA
CEREBELLUM
REFLEX PATHWAYS
Milner B, Squire LR, Kandel ER: "Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory". Neuron 1998, 20:445-468.
Hierarchical Organization of Memory Unconscious Learning Storage (unconscious)
Subject to conscious Recall
• • •
• •
Trace conditioning Operant conditioning Hippocampusdependent contextual fear conditioning Taste learning Conditioned taste aversion
Unconscious Recall
Conscious Learning Storage (unconscious)
Subject to conscious Recall
Working Memory
Conscious Storage and conscious recall
•Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning •Conscious associative conditioning
Non-associative learning •Habituation •Sensitization •Dishabituation
Associative Learning •Pavlovian Conditioning •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear conditioning
Motor learning
Aplysia californica
Image courtesy of Dr. John Byrne
Dr. Eric Kandel Nobel Laureate, Columbia University
Aplysia Sensitization
Image courtesy of Dr. Terry Walters
Response
Simple Forms of Learning
The Graded Nature of Learning
Kandel ER: "The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses". Science 2001, 294:1030-1038
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Disrupt Long-term Memory Consolidation
Training
Control
Inhibitor
Testing at 24 Hrs.
Control
Inhibitor
Vianna MR, Szapiro G, McGaugh JL, Medina JH, Izquierdo I: "Retrieval of memory for fear-motivated training initiates extinction requiring protein synthesis in the rat hippocampus". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:12251-12254
Ivan Pavlov with his canine subjects
Image courtesy of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute
Pavlovian Associative Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response
Categories of Associative Conditioning Delay Conditioning US CS Time
Trace Conditioning CS Time
US
Fear Conditioning TRAINING
•Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock CONTEXTUAL TEST
•Animal is returned to same context •Test for freezing behavior
CUED TEST
•Animal is placed in modified context •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior
Hermissenda
Image courtesy of Mike Johnson
Lifelong Single-trial Learning
Taste Learning NEOPHOBIA
?
DAY 1 10’
DAY 2 10’
TASTE AVERSION DAY 1 10’
LiCl DAY 2 10’
Measure increased consumption Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory as index of long-term memory of novel taste of novel taste
Conditioned Taste Aversion DAY 1
B 1.0
1st Exposure to Food Item
Injection of LiCl or NaCl
DAY 2
grams blueberry bar
A
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
LiCl
NaCl
Grams Ingested on 2nd Exposure 2nd Exposure to Food Item
(LiCl treated group compared to NaCl treated control)
Neophobia DAY 1
B 0.8
1st Exposure to Food Item
grams blueberry bar
A
0.6 0.4
DAY 2
0.2 0.0
1st intake
2nd Exposure to Food Item
2nd intake
Grams Ingested (1st exposure compared to second exposure)
Non-graded Acquisition of Memory
Four Types of Experiments
Hypothesis: A→B→C Experiment
• • • •
Determine Block Mimic Measure
Prediction
• • • •
None (A makes C happen) Blocking B should block A causing C Activating B should cause C A makes B happen
The World’s “Deadliest” Marine Animal
BOX Jellyfish Sea Wasp Species - Chironex Fleckeri
Synonyms - Box Jellyfish, Fire Medusa, Indringa. The Box Jellyfish projects pedaliums, each of which may contain up to as many as fifteen tentacles each 3 metres in length
For mobility, the Box Jellyfish contracts with a jet-like motion, shooting itself along up to speeds of 4 knots. It is presumed to have “eyes” connected to a nerve ring and the creature can take evasive action or move towards its prey.
Nematocyst (400X) ~4000/animal
The World’s Deadliest Marine Animal
Definitions Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus. Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored. Recall: altered
The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this behavior is manifest.
Sensitization in the Venus’ Flytrap
Image courtesy of Muriel Weinerman, New York Botanical Gardens
Vernalization
Cabbage – biennial plant Courtesy Richard M Amasino, U Wisconsin
Arabidopsis thaliana
Subdivisions of Human Memory HUMAN MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) FACTS
NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)
EVENTS PROCEDURAL (SKILLS AND HABITS)
PRIMING
SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
EMOTIONAL SKELETAL RESPONSES MUSCULATURE
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE
STRIATUM
NEOCORTEX AMYGDALA
CEREBELLUM
REFLEX PATHWAYS
Milner B, Squire LR, Kandel ER: "Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory". Neuron 1998, 20:445-468.
Hierarchical Organization of Memory Unconscious Learning Storage (unconscious)
Subject to conscious Recall
• • •
• •
Trace conditioning Operant conditioning Hippocampusdependent contextual fear conditioning Taste learning Conditioned taste aversion
Unconscious Recall
Conscious Learning Storage (unconscious)
Subject to conscious Recall
Working Memory
Conscious Storage and conscious recall
•Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning •Conscious associative conditioning
Non-associative learning •Habituation •Sensitization •Dishabituation
Associative Learning •Pavlovian Conditioning •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear conditioning
Motor learning
Aplysia californica
Image courtesy of Dr. John Byrne
Dr. Eric Kandel Nobel Laureate, Columbia University
Aplysia Sensitization
Image courtesy of Dr. Terry Walters
Response
Simple Forms of Learning
The Graded Nature of Learning
Kandel ER: "The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses". Science 2001, 294:1030-1038
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Disrupt Long-term Memory Consolidation
Training
Control
Inhibitor
Testing at 24 Hrs.
Control
Inhibitor
Vianna MR, Szapiro G, McGaugh JL, Medina JH, Izquierdo I: "Retrieval of memory for fear-motivated training initiates extinction requiring protein synthesis in the rat hippocampus". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:12251-12254
Ivan Pavlov with his canine subjects
Image courtesy of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute
Pavlovian Associative Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response
Categories of Associative Conditioning Delay Conditioning US CS Time
Trace Conditioning CS Time
US
Fear Conditioning TRAINING
•Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock CONTEXTUAL TEST
•Animal is returned to same context •Test for freezing behavior
CUED TEST
•Animal is placed in modified context •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior
Hermissenda
Image courtesy of Mike Johnson
Lifelong Single-trial Learning
Taste Learning NEOPHOBIA
?
DAY 1 10’
DAY 2 10’
TASTE AVERSION DAY 1 10’
LiCl DAY 2 10’
Measure increased consumption Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory as index of long-term memory of novel taste of novel taste
Conditioned Taste Aversion DAY 1
B 1.0
1st Exposure to Food Item
Injection of LiCl or NaCl
DAY 2
grams blueberry bar
A
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
LiCl
NaCl
Grams Ingested on 2nd Exposure 2nd Exposure to Food Item
(LiCl treated group compared to NaCl treated control)
Neophobia DAY 1
B 0.8
1st Exposure to Food Item
grams blueberry bar
A
0.6 0.4
DAY 2
0.2 0.0
1st intake
2nd Exposure to Food Item
2nd intake
Grams Ingested (1st exposure compared to second exposure)
Non-graded Acquisition of Memory
Four Types of Experiments
Hypothesis: A→B→C Experiment
• • • •
Determine Block Mimic Measure
Prediction
• • • •
None (A makes C happen) Blocking B should block A causing C Activating B should cause C A makes B happen
The World’s “Deadliest” Marine Animal
BOX Jellyfish Sea Wasp Species - Chironex Fleckeri
Synonyms - Box Jellyfish, Fire Medusa, Indringa. The Box Jellyfish projects pedaliums, each of which may contain up to as many as fifteen tentacles each 3 metres in length
For mobility, the Box Jellyfish contracts with a jet-like motion, shooting itself along up to speeds of 4 knots. It is presumed to have “eyes” connected to a nerve ring and the creature can take evasive action or move towards its prey.
Nematocyst (400X) ~4000/animal
The World’s Deadliest Marine Animal
