Laser Scribed 3D Graphene Anodes for Advanced
Laser Scribed 3D Graphene Anodes for Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries Fan Zhang, Eman Alhajji, and Husam N. Alshareef Materials Science and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Motivation
Fabrication
•With the limited sources of Li and its high cost ($5000/ton), an alternative solution to Li ion batteries (LIBs) is needed to meet the demand of energy storage. •Na is abundant worldwide and inexpensive ($150/ton); hence, Na ion batteries (NIBs) are a good alternative. •Although NIBs have lower energy density than LIBs, size is not an issue for home-based or grid-based energy storage. •Graphite anodes work well for LIBs, but not for NIBs due to a larger ionic radius of Na (1.02 Å) compared to Li (0.76 Å); thus, a new form of carbon for NIB anodes is necessary. •We report a new process that turns polymers into 3D graphene doped with nitrogen as an excellent anode for NIBs.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of fabrication.
• The sample without nitrogen doping is referred to as LSG. • The sample doped by urea without nitrogen gas protection during laser treatment is referred as NLSG-1. • The sample doped by urea under with nitrogen gas protection during laser treatment is referred as NLSG-2.
Material Characterization
Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2; (b) Raman spectra of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2; (c) and (d) High resolution XPS C 1s spectrum of NLSG-1 and NLSG-2; (e) and (f) High resolution XPS N 1s spectrum of NLSG-1 and NLSG-2.
NLSG Performance
Figure 3. (a-c) SEM images of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2, respectively; (d) TEM images of NLSG-2; (e) and (f) HRTEM images of NLSG-2.
Comparison with Other Carbon Anodes
Figure 5. Comparison of NLSG-2 capacity with other carbon anodes at (a) 0.1 A g-1 and at (b) 10.0 A g−1 .
Conclusions
Figure 4. (a) CV curve of NLSG-2 electrodes;(b) Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of NLSG-2 electrode in the 1st, 5th, 20th, 50th and 100th cycles at 0.1 A g-1; (c) Cycling performances of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2 electrodes at 0.1 A g-1 for 100 cycles; (d) Rate performances of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2 electrodes.
• Laser scribed graphene with high nitrogen doping (12.85%) expands the graphene interlayer space, which in turn increases the Na ions insertion and battery capacity. •Our optimized anodes show one of the best obtained carbon anode performances to date for Na ion batteries: a reversible capacity of 425 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, and even 148 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1 .
Motivation
Fabrication
•With the limited sources of Li and its high cost ($5000/ton), an alternative solution to Li ion batteries (LIBs) is needed to meet the demand of energy storage. •Na is abundant worldwide and inexpensive ($150/ton); hence, Na ion batteries (NIBs) are a good alternative. •Although NIBs have lower energy density than LIBs, size is not an issue for home-based or grid-based energy storage. •Graphite anodes work well for LIBs, but not for NIBs due to a larger ionic radius of Na (1.02 Å) compared to Li (0.76 Å); thus, a new form of carbon for NIB anodes is necessary. •We report a new process that turns polymers into 3D graphene doped with nitrogen as an excellent anode for NIBs.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of fabrication.
• The sample without nitrogen doping is referred to as LSG. • The sample doped by urea without nitrogen gas protection during laser treatment is referred as NLSG-1. • The sample doped by urea under with nitrogen gas protection during laser treatment is referred as NLSG-2.
Material Characterization
Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2; (b) Raman spectra of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2; (c) and (d) High resolution XPS C 1s spectrum of NLSG-1 and NLSG-2; (e) and (f) High resolution XPS N 1s spectrum of NLSG-1 and NLSG-2.
NLSG Performance
Figure 3. (a-c) SEM images of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2, respectively; (d) TEM images of NLSG-2; (e) and (f) HRTEM images of NLSG-2.
Comparison with Other Carbon Anodes
Figure 5. Comparison of NLSG-2 capacity with other carbon anodes at (a) 0.1 A g-1 and at (b) 10.0 A g−1 .
Conclusions
Figure 4. (a) CV curve of NLSG-2 electrodes;(b) Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of NLSG-2 electrode in the 1st, 5th, 20th, 50th and 100th cycles at 0.1 A g-1; (c) Cycling performances of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2 electrodes at 0.1 A g-1 for 100 cycles; (d) Rate performances of LSG, NLSG-1 and NLSG-2 electrodes.
• Laser scribed graphene with high nitrogen doping (12.85%) expands the graphene interlayer space, which in turn increases the Na ions insertion and battery capacity. •Our optimized anodes show one of the best obtained carbon anode performances to date for Na ion batteries: a reversible capacity of 425 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, and even 148 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1 .
