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Chapter 11 (4th edition) Chapter 10 (5th edition) Finding Knowledge in the Digital Library Haystack
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Digital Library Basics – Knowledge-based digital database • Index to published literature • Focus on a given area (e.g., health sciences, business, history, government, law, ethics) • Specialized by number and type of resources indexed; span of years indexed; words database uses to describe resources for searching
– Factual digital database: replace reference books with searchable and updatable online information (e.g., drug and lab manuals) Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Digital Library Basics (Cont.) • Library vendors sell database bundles (e.g., EBSCO, Ovid, and ProQuest).
• Index system used to file or catalog references • Electronic databases searchable by different attributes such as title, author name, and year • Keywords used for searches • Federated search: searching more than one database at a time
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Personal Reference Manager • Database software that allows the user to create a personal collection of citations
– Export feature on most library database interfaces – Examples: EndNote®, ProCite®, Reference Manager®, and RefWorks® • Efficient means of managing citation information • Also available free online: Zotero, CiteULike
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Library Guides and Tutorials • Guides and tutorials important due to rapid and continual changes in technology for library resources
• Librarians: most efficient way to develop/improve library competencies • Subject headings: standardized terms for indexing or catalog referencing
• MeSH Terms: controlled vocabulary terms used to index materials in PubMed and Medline databases, CINAHL
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • Knowledge-based digital databases are designed to replace reference books with searchable and updatable online information.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: Knowledge-based digital databases focus on a specific area; factual digital databases focus on replacing reference books with searchable and updatable online information.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Library Guides and Tutorials (Cont.) • Search interface: search features vary for each library vendor – Familiarity of how vendor handles Boolean terminology
– Truncation (to search for spelling variations), wildcards, asterisk, question mark (to replace single unknown character or letter anywhere in the word) used with some search engines – Some allow restriction to peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals, articles with references, articles with abstracts, research, or full text.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bibliographic Databases for Nursing • Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
• MEDLINE/PubMed • Cochrane Library • PsychINFO (see Tables 11-2 and 11-3)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CINAHL • Citations and abstracts for over 500 nursing journals and 400 allied health journals from 1982 to now
• CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Plus: selected full-text documents in addition to citations and abstracts • Use Library of Medicine medical subject headings (MeSH)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Which of the following refers to the use of spelling variations when completing a search with a search engine? – A. Wildcard – B. Question mark – C. Truncation – D. Boolean term
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • C. Truncation • Rationale: Truncation is used to search for spelling variations. Wildcards, such as asterisk or question marks, can be used to replace an unknown. Boolean terminology involves the use of and, or, or not.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
MEDLINE • Service through the National Library of Medicine • Free service; proprietary library database • Accessible via PubMed
– Citations to literature not yet included in Medline – Other services – PubMed Central: access to free full-text articles
• Over 5,400 journals worldwide • Comprehensive collection of citations from biomedical articles dating back to the 1950s Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cochrane Library • Cochrane Collaboration: model for synthesizing evidence to inform healthcare decision making • Cochrane Library – Gold standard for meta-analysis of medical research – Access to systematic reviews of best research evidence (reduction of selection, indexing, and publication biases)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
PsychINFO • Psychosocial database • Service of American Psychological Association • Citations and abstracts for psychology and psychosocial aspects of other disciplines dating back to 1600s and 1700s • Access to full-text articles
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Quest for Knowledge • Questioning practice; recognizing need for information • Searching for appropriate evidence (systematic and comprehensive process)
– Select appropriate library databases. – Identify search terms. – Search results (use most current citations [within past 3 to 5 years]); seminal work (frequently cited by others and seems to influence others’ opinions); revise search if necessary – Save or download citation information for use in analysis and summary of literature search. – Use of personal reference manager software Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Quest for Knowledge (Cont.) • Critically analyze literature findings. – Obtain full-text versions of relevant citations. – Review article; highlight key points; identify gaps in knowledge; determine relevancy and currentness to search topic. – Assess quality of evidence (systematic review, metaanalysis). • Apply and implement search findings. • Evaluate results and effectiveness of practice changes.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • Searching for appropriate evidence is the first step in the quest for knowledge.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: Questioning practice (i.e., recognizing the need for information) is the first step in the quest for knowledge. This is followed by searching for appropriate evidence to help gain information.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Challenges to Adoption of Evidence-Based Nursing • Access to resources (lack of universal recommendation as to what constitutes resources of best practice) • Culture of clinical practice settings (situations in which management, physicians, and other nurses do not value or support information-seeking and research) • Nurses’ preferences for obtaining information from other colleagues • Other barriers: lack of research skills, lack of information literacy skills, lack of information technology competencies • Institutional barriers: goals with a higher priority, staffing issues, budgets, organizational perceptions about nurse preparation, organizational perceptions about unrealistic use of research Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Digital Library Basics – Knowledge-based digital database • Index to published literature • Focus on a given area (e.g., health sciences, business, history, government, law, ethics) • Specialized by number and type of resources indexed; span of years indexed; words database uses to describe resources for searching
– Factual digital database: replace reference books with searchable and updatable online information (e.g., drug and lab manuals) Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Digital Library Basics (Cont.) • Library vendors sell database bundles (e.g., EBSCO, Ovid, and ProQuest).
• Index system used to file or catalog references • Electronic databases searchable by different attributes such as title, author name, and year • Keywords used for searches • Federated search: searching more than one database at a time
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Personal Reference Manager • Database software that allows the user to create a personal collection of citations
– Export feature on most library database interfaces – Examples: EndNote®, ProCite®, Reference Manager®, and RefWorks® • Efficient means of managing citation information • Also available free online: Zotero, CiteULike
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Library Guides and Tutorials • Guides and tutorials important due to rapid and continual changes in technology for library resources
• Librarians: most efficient way to develop/improve library competencies • Subject headings: standardized terms for indexing or catalog referencing
• MeSH Terms: controlled vocabulary terms used to index materials in PubMed and Medline databases, CINAHL
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • Knowledge-based digital databases are designed to replace reference books with searchable and updatable online information.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: Knowledge-based digital databases focus on a specific area; factual digital databases focus on replacing reference books with searchable and updatable online information.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Library Guides and Tutorials (Cont.) • Search interface: search features vary for each library vendor – Familiarity of how vendor handles Boolean terminology
– Truncation (to search for spelling variations), wildcards, asterisk, question mark (to replace single unknown character or letter anywhere in the word) used with some search engines – Some allow restriction to peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals, articles with references, articles with abstracts, research, or full text.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bibliographic Databases for Nursing • Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
• MEDLINE/PubMed • Cochrane Library • PsychINFO (see Tables 11-2 and 11-3)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CINAHL • Citations and abstracts for over 500 nursing journals and 400 allied health journals from 1982 to now
• CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Plus: selected full-text documents in addition to citations and abstracts • Use Library of Medicine medical subject headings (MeSH)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Which of the following refers to the use of spelling variations when completing a search with a search engine? – A. Wildcard – B. Question mark – C. Truncation – D. Boolean term
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • C. Truncation • Rationale: Truncation is used to search for spelling variations. Wildcards, such as asterisk or question marks, can be used to replace an unknown. Boolean terminology involves the use of and, or, or not.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
MEDLINE • Service through the National Library of Medicine • Free service; proprietary library database • Accessible via PubMed
– Citations to literature not yet included in Medline – Other services – PubMed Central: access to free full-text articles
• Over 5,400 journals worldwide • Comprehensive collection of citations from biomedical articles dating back to the 1950s Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cochrane Library • Cochrane Collaboration: model for synthesizing evidence to inform healthcare decision making • Cochrane Library – Gold standard for meta-analysis of medical research – Access to systematic reviews of best research evidence (reduction of selection, indexing, and publication biases)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
PsychINFO • Psychosocial database • Service of American Psychological Association • Citations and abstracts for psychology and psychosocial aspects of other disciplines dating back to 1600s and 1700s • Access to full-text articles
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Quest for Knowledge • Questioning practice; recognizing need for information • Searching for appropriate evidence (systematic and comprehensive process)
– Select appropriate library databases. – Identify search terms. – Search results (use most current citations [within past 3 to 5 years]); seminal work (frequently cited by others and seems to influence others’ opinions); revise search if necessary – Save or download citation information for use in analysis and summary of literature search. – Use of personal reference manager software Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Quest for Knowledge (Cont.) • Critically analyze literature findings. – Obtain full-text versions of relevant citations. – Review article; highlight key points; identify gaps in knowledge; determine relevancy and currentness to search topic. – Assess quality of evidence (systematic review, metaanalysis). • Apply and implement search findings. • Evaluate results and effectiveness of practice changes.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • Searching for appropriate evidence is the first step in the quest for knowledge.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: Questioning practice (i.e., recognizing the need for information) is the first step in the quest for knowledge. This is followed by searching for appropriate evidence to help gain information.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Challenges to Adoption of Evidence-Based Nursing • Access to resources (lack of universal recommendation as to what constitutes resources of best practice) • Culture of clinical practice settings (situations in which management, physicians, and other nurses do not value or support information-seeking and research) • Nurses’ preferences for obtaining information from other colleagues • Other barriers: lack of research skills, lack of information literacy skills, lack of information technology competencies • Institutional barriers: goals with a higher priority, staffing issues, budgets, organizational perceptions about nurse preparation, organizational perceptions about unrealistic use of research Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
