Page 1 103 1-26 * ** * DOI:10.6166/TJPS.59(1-26) NSC 101-2410-H ...
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡Ɵࢱ 1-26
઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷ ᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё* щ̡ҩ̬**
ၡāāࢋ дϔࢭ֏ኢҖ۞֙ϻࢭ݈́Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ͅ၆ϔ ཌྷ҃೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷĂ࠹߀ߏ̖ܫା઼̚ˠᙷۤົ۞͞ڱĄ ࣇֶፂ̦ᆃᇹ۞நኢͅ၆ϔཌྷĉϔ۞ࠧ͵ᙯܼтңĉࣇٙ ೩࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷ̝ӣཌྷࠎңĉߏώ͛۞ࢋᙯᘃٙдĄ ώ͛ࢵАଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞ϔໄهĂͽ̈́ࣇٙ೩۞ ҹڇϔཌྷ̝͞ڱĄࣇᄮࠎϔߏѣϔপّ۞၁ᅫхдĂ҃ ֶፂ็઼̚۞̳ռኢᄮؠϔཌྷߏռ͕۞ܑனĂົጱϔ ઼ޓཌྷĄѨĂώ̶઼͛̚ژ߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍Ӕனֽ۞ޥჯ ሀёĂซ҃Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ՟ѣҋّ༊ү८͕நኢĂϤѩ дໂ۞நຐ͵ࠧ៍༊̚Ӕனڱჯ࣎វкّ̮۞˘̮͵ࠧ៍Ą ᙯᔣෟĈ߆عཌྷăϔཌྷă͵ࠧཌྷă઼ཌྷăᆒरૈ
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DOI:10.6166/TJPS.59(1-26)Ąώ̝͛ࡁտᄃᆷүĂᒔ઼ࡊົࡁտགྷ̝ྃӄĞNSC 101-2410-H-263-001-ğĂү۰ᖰᔁԢĄү۰֭ຏᔁˬҜઠЩᆶߤˠ೩ֻ̝ᚗෳຍ֍Ą ** நԫఙጯੰᑕϡ͟ᄬրӄநିĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ102 ѐ 8 ͡ 22 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ103 ѐ 3 ͡ 11 ͟
2ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ಥăጱኢ ઼ཌྷĞnationalismğ1 ߏன͵ࠧ۞ࢦࢋপҒ̝˘Ăனд۞͵ࠧۍ ဦૄώ˯ͽ઼઼छĞnation stateğࠎಏҜĂ՟ѣԛјૻধ઼ຍᙊĂಶ ᔌٺऴ๕ٕዎ՛Ąֲ߷Ч઼ҋଂҘ͞۞ᑝ̝ޢฟؕࢬ၆઼ཌྷ۞ય ᗟĂ઼઼̚˘̝̚ߏĄϤѩ઼̚ܕಶјࠎޥ҂઼ཌྷ۞ࢦࢋॡ۩ ࡦഀĂ೩ֻගԧࣇଣ઼ཌྷ۞̶ژՄफ़Ą ഈฟؕᄮۢҋ֗К๕۞гҜ̝ޢĂࠎ˞၆ԩҘ͞๕˧ĂವՐಱૻ̝ ͞ڱĂ߶ચྻજă̚វҘϡඈဘྏౌߏܑனĄ҃Ăѣֱۢᙊ̶̄ฟؕ ڦຍזĂ̚Ҙ۞मள่̙дٺԫఙ˯ࢬĂĶरл̝ܜԫͽטлķ̙֖֭ͽ ၆ԩҘ͞๕˧Ă҃ჟৠăޥຐă̼͛ඈЯ৵˵ߏጱमள۞ࢦࢋЯ৵Ă тࢦ̙ڍෛֱ٩෪۞ࢬШĂಶдϠхᚮ྆ࠧ͵۞ۋڱϠх˭ΝĄ઼ ຍᙊಶߏ̚ࠎࢦࢋ۞Я৵̝˘Ăग̋̚Ğ1986Ĉ210ğഅགྷтѩᄲĈ Ķϔཌྷ࣎ڌҘĂߏ઼छဦ൴྿ဦϠх۞ᚗ֓Ąķฟځ؟ཌྷг ઼ཌྷ۞ϒࢬүϡĂӈჸ˧Ą઼̚ࢬᓜх˸П̝፟ᅫĂဥඕߏ߀ ା઼̚۞ࢦࢋЯ৵̝˘Ăѩॡ઼ཌྷໂѣϒࢬຍཌྷĄ ҃Ăனˠ̏൴ᛇ઼ཌྷϺѣПᐍّĂӈૻধ۞ଵّĂटٽ ጱՒ͛ཌྷĞChauvinismğăऻγাĞxenophobiağඈĂ˵ົјࠎ͔൴ ጼࣧ۞ۋЯĞHeywood, 1998: 154ğĄৼოĞNationalsozialistische Deutsche ArbeiterparteiğӀϡฮӀщϔຍᙊૠ୭൘͉ˠ۞ְІᅛגд።Ϋጸ ̚Ăԧࣇ֍ᙋ઼ཌྷ൴णࠎཌྷĞracismğ۞้ШĂ઼ཌྷଂѩ ڱᕚ௲ࢬԛ෪ĄТॡĂд઼઼छ̚ј۞ܜனˠــ઼ຍᙊෛ 1
ĶϔཌྷķĶ઼ཌྷķౌజ༊ү nationalism ۞ᖙᛌෟĂ˵Ξ֍ϡĶϔķ Ķķ۞ଐԛĂϤѩጱϡෟใ۞ڶېĄᝦ ٺnationalism ۞࠹ᙯࡁտĂώˠ ᄮТ nation ࠎனன෪۞៍ᕇĂٙͽࠎ˞ᄃૄ ٺethnicity ۞ĶϔķໄهડĂ้Ш ٺĶ઼ķ༊ү nation ۞ᖙᛌෟĄ҃ĂϤ۞઼̚ܕٺᄬဩ̚૱ன۞ߏĶϔ ཌྷķ˘ෟĂ҃༊ॡ۞ۢᙊ̶̄˵ೀͼ՟ѣຍᙊ זnation ۞னຍཌྷĂٙͽֹܕ ઼̚۞࠹ᙯࡁտдϡෟ˯ᆧΐӧᙱޘĄߏ߇Ăώ͛д۞઼̚ܕਔඛֹ̚ϡĶϔķ ˘ෟĂ҃ຍᙊזன nationalism ࡁտ۞நኢෛ֎ॡĂүࠎ nation ۞ᖙᛌෟֹϡĶ઼ ķ˘ෟĄΩγĂ͔ٕᖼ۰֏ኢॡĂϺܲࣧү۰۞ϡෟĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ࠎҋĂд઼ᅫ۬৾൴ϠॡĂॡ૱Ξ֍ଐჰّ۞ͅड֏ኢĄԧࣇྍغזт ңࢬ၆઼ཌྷĉߏனˠڱᔖҺ۞ᙱᗟĄ дтѩ۞યᗟຍᙊ̝˭Ă઼̚߆عཌྷΞјࠎޥ҂઼ཌྷ۞˘࣎ शĄдϔࢭҖ۞઼̚ܕଐဩ྆Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ۰᎕ໂ೩ͅ ၆ϔཌྷ۞֏ኢâᕇࣃឰˠͅޥĂЯࠎ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰֭ͅܧ ၆Ķା઼ķĄனˠஎ઼צຍᙊ۞߾ᖃĂҋ҃гன۞઼ຍᙊ Ըडז࿅Ν።Ϋ༊̚Ăٙͽ༊ॡ۞Ķା઼ķநྋј߀ା઼छĂҭߏдإ Ϗԛј઼ཌྷ۞ॡĂା઼۞ຍ˘̙֭˵ޥᇹĂЯѩனܲă઼ܲă ܲିඈЧᄲڱĄႷгĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰̙֭ߏࢋ߀ା઼छĂ֤ᆃĂ ࣇтңඕЪĶା઼ķᄃ߆عཌྷநኢĉߏࣃࡁտ۞યᗟĄ҃д ࠹ᙯᛉᗟ༊̚Ăࣇтңࢬ၆ϔཌྷĂߏࠎࢦࢋ۞ᛉᗟĂЯࠎग̚ ̋ඈˠା઼ԛј઼ඈณᆅ៍Ăన઼̚߆عཌྷ̙ᄮТϔ ཌྷĂ֤ಶυื೩ା઼۞͞ڱĄࣇࠎңͅ၆ϔཌྷĉֶፂ̦ᆃᇹ ۞நኢͅ၆ĉಶߏώኢ͛۞ࢋᙯᘃ̝˘Ą֤ᆃĂଳ̦פᆃᇹ۞ෛ֎̖ ਕѣड̶़઼̚ژ߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯܼĉ̙ӸдѩАણҘ͞߆ عཌྷтң࠻ޞϔཌྷĂͽܮซ˘Վޥ҂߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞நኢ ᙯܼĄ
˘ăҘ͞߆عཌྷᄃϔ дధкҘ͞߆عཌྷ۰༊̚Ă͐ߜှĞMikhail BakuninğࠎዋЪ ༊үѩᛉᗟ۞̶ژ၆෪ĂЯࠎ͐ߜှѝഇ৭дజᑅ࢝ϔ۞ϲಞଂְ࿅ ͈ٛϔྋྻٸજâᕇΞͧᑢ۞઼̚ܕٺဩĄѐᅅॡ͐ߜှஎ צโॾႬޥຐ۞ᇆᜩĂ˵ޝѝಶᄃΩγ˘Ҝ߆عཌྷ۰ᄍጆڌĞPierre Joseph ProudhonğϹ߹࿅Ăҭߏ͐ߜှ֭˘ܧฟؕಶҋᛇјࠎ߆عཌྷ ۰Ąᔵѩॡ͐ߜှ̏གྷૣإҋϤ҃ͅ၆ֶᏥ߆عĂҭߏ֗ࠎ͈ٛϔ ۞ሤଐᄃๆ౼࿅ҋϤநኢ۞நّଣĂ˵̙ͅ၆͈ٛϔԛјҋϤ۞ ߆ڼᖐĄ ߜֽ͐ޢှ၆ϔྋྻٸજε୕҃ԼតࣧѣϲಞĂฟؕԛј߆ع ཌྷޥຐĄ֤ᆃĂд۞ޥຐ̚Ķϔķغזҫѣ̦ᆃᇹ۞Ҝཉĉ߆ع ཌྷᄃϔଐჰѣࡎĉ͐ߜှ֭՟ѣะ̚ኢ࿅࠹ᙯયᗟĂҭߏ၆ٺ
4ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
Ķຑ઼ķăĶϔķඈໄ៍۞هᕇརдЧ͛ౢĂଂ̚Ξ֍ޥຐ۞˘ ბĄҘ͞߆عཌྷ۞நຐۤົݭၗૄώ˯ΞͽϡĶᓑЪķֽԛटĂాໂ ბૻአ࣎ˠҋϤ۞߉འৼĞMax Stirnerğౌኢ̈́࿅˘۰۞ᓑЪĞ1995, 198-199ğĄ͐ߜှಶдIJᓑЪཌྷăۤົཌྷͽ̈́ͅৠጯཌྷij༊̚೩ ȈˬีᓑЪཌྷ۞ࣧĂ҃ௐȈ˟ี೩זĈĶᓑ༖ٚᄮϔّߏ˘ҋ ۞ְ၁Ăநٙ༊гጾѣҋϤϠх൴ण۞ᝋ˧Ăҭߏ̙ԯιෛࠎ˘ ࣧĂЯࠎٙѣ۞ࣧυืѣّ࿆Ăҭϔّݒѣଵّ̙҃ ّ࿆ķĞBakunin, 1980: 106ğĄ͐ߜှٚᄮϔّхд۞ְ၁Ăҭߏͅ၆ ĶϔཌྷķٕĶϔҋՙķඈϔّ༊үࣧ۞ૺĂЯࠎૺ ຳ̚ӎ઼̰ؠЧҾᖐ۞ҋڼᝋĄ၆͐ߜှֽᄲĂՐҋϤࣧ۞ඕڍጱ ϔྋߏ̖ٸҋ۞நྮĂ߇߆عཌྷ̙ͅ၆ϔĂҭࣧυืٸ дҋϤ۞ૄᖂ˯ࢬĄ ၁ᅫ˯Ă͐ߜှଂְ͈ٛϔྋྻٸજॡ̏གྷҋϤ༊үࣧ Ă֭ܧϔ༊үࣧĂҭߏԧࣇдѩΞ֍͐ߜှ̏གྷࢫҲϔ۞ࢦࢋ ّĄԧࣇд patriotism ۞ኢ̚ϺΞ֍ᙷҬ۞ޥჯĄ 2 дᓑЪཌྷ۞ௐȈ ˬี೩זĈĶ˘ߏˠᙷϤڱԩ١۞˧ณజ͔ጱ۞ઈ̂ϫᇾĂҭߏČČ نෛҋϤ҃Ր˘۞ patriotism ߏ̙р۞ patriotismČČᓑ༖ਕૉٚᄮ۞ ˘ ߏ Ă ጾ ѣ ҋ ڼᝋ ۞ ࣎ វ ᓑ Ъ ҃ ҋ Ϥ ԛ ј ۞ ˘ ķĞ Bakunin, 1980: 106-107 ğĄ ͐ ߜ ှ д ѩ ડ ̶ patriotism Ă ˘ ߏ ҋ ҋ ଐ ຏ ۞ patriotismĂಶрͧϔّхд۞ְ၁ĂՏ࣎ˠ၆߇ฏĞthe Fatherlandğ ጾѣ patriotism ۞ଐຏĞBakunin, 1953: 324ğĄҭߏĂт ڍpatriotism ઼ छຍᙊࢦᝑĂ֤ಶߏ̙ҋ۞ patriotismĂЯࠎ઼छ̙֭ඈ߇ٺฏĄ patriotism ߏࠎ઼छপᝋล৺ڇચ۞ patriotismĂԯι༊үՏ࣎ˠ۞ᇇ ཌྷચॡĂҋϤజࣤဳĂ࣎ˠ۞ҋّεΝຍཌྷĄ ଂͽ˯۞ኢΞ֍Ҙ͞߆عཌྷந߆عཌྷϔཌྷᙯܼ۞ ˘͞ёĄ͐ߜှͅ၆ϔཌྷĂҭߏ̙֭ӎؠϔώ֗Ăٚᄮϔ۞х
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Patriotism ఼૱ᖙᛌࠎຑ઼ཌྷĂҭ၁ᅫ˯ patriotism ۞ଐჰ઼छ۞ቑಛ̙˘ࢦؠ ᝑĂ͐ߜှ˵֭՟ѣ patriotism ۞၆෪నࠎ઼छĂЯѩĂࠎ˞ᔖҺᄱྋĂдѩֹ ϡࡻ͛ෟຉ۞͞ёӔனĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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д patriotism ۞ଐຏߏҋ۞хдĄ҃Ăтڍԯι೩̿ࠎࣧĞӈϔ ཌྷğĂಶົன patriotism ઼छ۞ࢦᝑĂϤѩனᑅ࢝࣎ˠҋϤ۞ ଐԛĂЯѩͅ၆ϔཌྷĄԧࣇ۞ቁΞͽநྋĂĶҋ̎ߏߙ઼ˠķ༊ү ߙІְ۞ҿᕝᇾॡޝटٽனεΝநം۞ҿᕝĂߏ˘ଐຏ˯۞ҿ ᕝĄϡଐຏҿᕝ۞ॡ࣏εΝҋҿᕝਕ˧ĂЯѩ৭дҋϤăҋ۞ࣧ˯Ă ߆عཌྷڱତৼϔཌྷĄ ͐ߜှ˘࣎ˠ۞ޥຐ̙˘ؠਕૉܑፋ࣎Ҙ͞߆عཌྷĂҭߏԧࣇ ଂ̚ᒔҘ͞߆عཌྷͅ၆ϔཌྷ۞ᙯᔣĂӈĈҋّĄϔཌྷٙ Ӕனֽ۞ଵّٺૄــଐຏĂϔཌྷ۰ͽו፬ଐຏ۞͞ёፆଠཏி ۞ҖࠎĂ҃၆ٺ߆عཌྷ۰ֽᄲಶߏࣤဳ࣎ˠҋҿᕝਕ˧۞߱͘Ą ˵ಶߏĂԧࣇΞͽᄲĂࣤဳҋّ˵ߏϔཌྷ۞ࢦࢋၑბ̝˘Ą ͐ߜှᄮࠎ၆֗̎ٺٙᛳ۞ϔଐຏߏҋ۞Ăѩॡٙᄲ۞ϔߏ၁ ᅫхд۞ϔĄҭߏĂன۞઼ཌྷࡁտĶ઼ķߏــˠࣇ۞ຐ ညٙԛјĂᄃ၁х۞Ķϔķ̙˘ؠԆБࢦᝑĄϔཌྷ۰ጯ۰၆ٺϔ Ğ઼ğໄ۞هᄮۢૺѣٙमளâᕇ઼ֹཌྷࡁտՀΐኑ ᗔĄࠎ˞எˢଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ၆ϔཌྷ۞ԲҿĂдѩАаᜪ֭ણ ன઼ཌྷࡁտĄ
˟ă࿅Νѣᙯ઼ཌྷ۞ࡁտ ϫ݈ࠎͤĂጯఙࠧன࿅̙౼ښᓝ۞઼ཌྷࡁտүĄѣᙯ઼ ཌྷ۞ኢ̂˯Ξͽ̶ࠎࠁĈ˘ࠁ઼ཌྷෛࠎனன෪Ăᄮࠎ઼ ཌྷߏ 18 ͵ࡔϐͽ̖ޢனćΩγ˘ࠁᄮࠎ઼۞дٺΟĂ ࢦڦЯ৵ĞethnicityğĄдጯఙࠧଳ݈פ۰ϲಞ۰اкĂ͍ 1983 ѐ щᇇĞBenedict Andersonğ۞Įຐည۞ВТវįཀྵႬৼĞErnest Gellnerğ ۞Į઼ᄃ઼ཌྷįય͵̝ޢĂᔌ๕តՀΐځពĞAnderson, 1991ć Gellner, 1983ğĄனдᓁඕ࿅Ν۞ࡁտјڍĂԧࣇΞͽͽ˭αᕇѣᙯ ઼ཌྷ۞ኢࢦᕇĈ˘ă઼ཌྷ˜ߏன۞யۏĂᄃனّĞmodernityğ ѣ̷۞ᙯܼć˟ăдԛј઼ཌྷ̝ᅫĂᅮࢋˠࠎг౹ౄ઼ّ ĞHobsbawm & Ranger, 1983ğćˬă઼ཌྷــ෦ኜٺăᄬ֏ă͛ ̼ඈЯ৵ćαăԛј઼۞јࣶࢋٱѣВТវ۞ຐညĄдѩࣃڦຍ۞ߏ
6ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
઼ཌྷனّ̝ม۞ᙯܼĂ࠻Ҭܧநّ۞઼ཌྷࠎңᄃனّѣᙯ ᓑâᕇԧࣇᅮࢋຍĄ ᙯ઼ٺ۞ኢĂ၁ѝд 19 ͵ࡔॡĂ̏ன࿅ࢦڦЯ৵۞ϲ ಞ઼ෛࠎனன෪۞ϲಞĄ݈۰ߏԓপĞJohann Gottlieb Fichteğ ଂ 1806 ז1807 ѐഇมซҖ۞˘րЕႊᓾĶӘᇇ઼઼ϔĞReden an die Deutsche NationğķĂޢ۰ߏઙݑĞJoseph Ernest Renanğ1882 ѐซҖ۞ ႊᓾĶ̦ᆃߏ઼ĞQu’est-ce qu’une nation?ğķ̚೩۞֍ྋĄ ԓপૻአ઼ຍᙊ۞ۤົࡦഀᄃ࠹઼̚ܕҬĂಶߏ༊ॡ۞ᇇ઼ϒ ٺజो૬ҫᅳ۞П፟ॡഇĄԓপૻአĶҋռķߏϞྋᇇ઼۞ॲώࣧ ЯĂЯ҃೩઼࣍ିֈĄдኢିֈ۞ࢦࢋّ۞ТॡĂԓপ˵ૻአᇇ઼ ઼۞পঅّĂྏဦခᄅຑ઼͕ĞFichte, 1978ğĄ࡚̼ᇇ઼઼۞ኢट ֹٽˠᓑຐזԓপઙĂҭߏ၁ԓপдΩγ˘ࢬܧ૱ૻአҋϤĂ࣎ˠ֭ ̙ߏд઼̚జପ՟ĄࣧݑᓄĂѝഇ۞ԓপஎ צ18 ͵ࡔୁᄋॡ Ķ͵ࠧཌྷķޥሗ̝ᇆᜩĂ҃ٙᄮࠎ۞઼၁̙֭ߏ።Ϋ˯វ۞х дĂ҃ߏ۞̼ه៍ޘໄهĂ઼۞ߏٺໄهਕૉᄃ͵ࠧཌྷඕЪĂ҃ நኢૄᖂߏϲҋ۞࣎ˠĞ1959Ĉ263-320ğĄࡶߏтѩĂϲҋ ۞ᇇ઼ˠ̖ਕૉᄮۢᇇ઼۞পঅّ҃ᛇᏹĂдĶᇇ઼઼ķ༊̚Ă࣎ˠᄃ ཏវԆ࡚ඕЪĄ˵ಶߏĂநኢ˯઼ཌྷ࣎ˠ۞ҋّ̢̙֭࠹ࡎĄ ઙૻݑአ઼۞៍ّهĂᄮࠎԞᄃ።Ϋ۞ᄱྋߏ౹ౄ઼۞Я ̄Ă࿅Ν۞Ϋ၁ᄃ઼̝ม֭՟ѣ၆۞ᙯܼĄ၆҃֏Ă઼ߏჟৠࣧ நĂ̂छВֳాଐຏ۞ॡ઼࣏ኚϠĂ҃ӈ઼ֹــ෦ኜٺ࿅ΝĂҭ ၁ᅫ˯ֽ͕ాҋனд༊˭۞ᅮࢋĂٙͽ઼۞хд̖ಝჍࠎĶՏ͇۞ ̳ϔԸைķĞルナンĞRenan, ErnestğĂ㉾ࣰᛌĂ1997Ĉ62ğĄԧࣇд ѩΞ֍ઙ̏ݑགྷځቁгᕇன઼ཌྷࡁտ۞८͕៍ᕇĂӈĈ઼ߏຐ ည۞ВТវĄઙݑٙᄲ۞ĶՏ͇۞̳ϔԸைķᄃᄲ઼۞ώኳĂᔘ̙т ᄲߏઙ۞ݑഇ୕Ą઼۞ჸ˧ــឰˠεΝҋҿᕝĂҭߏϤ઼ٺ֭ ܧ၁ᅫхдĂˠࣇ۞͑ຐٙޙၹĂٙͽநኢ˯઼۞ԛјώ֗̏གྷΒӣ࣎ ˠ۞ҿᕝĂઙݑಶԓ୕ԛј઼ޢՏ࣎ˠჯ࣎ˠ۞ҿᕝਕ˧ĂಶߏĶՏ ͇۞̳ϔԸைķ۞ຍޥĄ тѩ࠻ֽĂኢԓপᔘߏઙݑĂҋّߏԛјநຐ઼۞ࢦࢋЯ৵Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
7
҃Ăன၁˯ཏிــεΝҋّܑ҃னૻধ۞ଵّĂ͐ߜှಶᄮࠎ ߏυ۞ඕڍĂჯҋّ۞நຐ઼ڱхдĄΞ֍Ăҋّߏ઼ ཌྷࡁտ̙Ξٕ۞៍ᕇĂਕӎ൴೭֭ჯҋّ˜ߏ઼ཌྷࡁտ۞ᙯ ᔣ̝˘Ą
ˬă࿅Νѣᙯ઼̚ܕă઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ࡁտ ᙯ઼̚ܕٺᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯాّĂ˵ѣ̙౼ښᓝ۞ࡁտඕڍĂࡁ տቑಛঘ̈́זĈ઼̚ܕϔཌྷޥຐ۞ႊតăԛј઼ཌྷ۞࿅ăୖ ୁăౢ͉ۆăग̋̚ඈܑˠ۞ۏϔཌྷޥຐඈĞว̋ăඥᚥበĂ 1980ćѦἕĂ1993ćᆒܦपበĂ1994ćเҹڠĂ2000ćૺѬࣖĂ2001Ĉ 109-244ćՔڗဋĂ2002ćዑ̂රă࿊̈৭በĂ2007ć៍ܛᑾăᆒܦपĂ2009Ĉ 226-251ć༄ڗĂ2010ć̈ъΫࢡĂ2011ćР፨ྕ˘ࢡĂ2003ćLevenson, 1964ćLaitinen, 1990ćDikötter, 1992ğĄ̚Ă઼ཌྷᄃĶ͇˭ů͵ࠧ ៍ķᙯܼ۞ࡁտᄃώ͛۞࠹ᙯّྵஎĄࡁտ઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶̄ॡĂధкጯ ۰ڦຍࣇזӔனϔཌྷଐჰ۞ТॡĂ˵ٱѣ͵ࠧཌྷ۞நຐ ĞMeisner, 1967: 176-194ćCohen, 1974: 232ćᘲԠϣĂ1998Ĉ193-221ğĄ ԧࣇдۢ۞઼̚ܕᙊ̶̄֗˯૱Ξ֍ன෪Ă֤ᆃͺ࠻̝˭࠹ࡎ۞ ϔཌྷࠧ͵ཌྷࠎңдࣇޥຐ̚Тॡхдĉநኢᙯܼࠎңĉߏ ࣃࡁտ۞યᗟĂώ͛ଂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞֎ޘซ˘ՎଣĄ ઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ̝มᙯᓑّ۞ࡁտ˵ѣᖳಱ۞јڍĄд͟ ώጯఙࠧĂ઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯాޝѝಶјࠎኢᛉᗟĂΞ ਕߏЯࠎᆒरૈඈ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰д͟ώणฟ߿જĂ҃ᄃ͟ώ߆ع ཌྷ۰எˢϹ߹۞ᙯܼĄѻ̰චүаጸ༊ॡ۞ଐԛॡᄲĂᄃᆒरૈ˘ ۍĮ͇ཌྷį۞̳ᝋ؎ѻ̰ᇤᆷຑϡ઼ఱ۞͛็ކІॡĂ͟ώ߆ع ཌྷ۰̂Չၷ৯ᄲࣇᔘ՟ৌϒநྋۤົཌྷĞ1948Ĉ84-85ğĄࢬ၆т ѩ۞Ϲ߹ଐڶĂ͟ώጯఙࠧ۞ෞᆊ̶ࠎĈௐ˘ᄮࠎĂ߆عཌྷ Ҳϔཌྷ۞ࢦࢋຍཌྷĂ၆۞ࢭ઼̚ٺซण՟ѣז᎕ໂ۞үϡĞϮϓ ϣϒĂ1963Ĉ392ćবมۡፘĂ1976Ĉ200-201ğćΩγ˘ؠۺ߆ع ཌྷග̟ࣇĶͅޓķ۞ࢬШĂҭ˵ѣڦຍّࢨ݀זĞ˱̋ضڗĂ1982Ĉ 93-94ć̈फॢڼĂ1978Ĉ80-84ćॡޜĂ1978Ĉ167ğĄ
8ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ͽ˯۞аᜪᄃኢܑϯĂѣᙯ઼ཌྷࡁտјڍѭͱ·ഏĄ̙࿅Ă࠹ ྵ̏ٺѣధкଳ઼פཌྷࡁտјࡁ઼̚ܕ۞ڍտĂд઼̚߆عཌྷ ࡁտ̚ྵ͌࠻זଳפநኢෛ֎۞ࡁտĄ͍ߏ҂ᇋ઼̚ז߆عཌྷߏ ࠎ᎕ໂ೩࣍Ķ͵ࠧཌྷķ۞ޥሗĂԧࣇ̙Ξنர઼̚߆عཌྷăϔ ཌྷࠧ͵ཌྷ۞ᙯܼĄᝦٺѩĂώኢ͛ࢵАଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞ϔ ĞğໄهĂͽ̈́ࣇٙ೩۞ҹڇϔཌྷ۞͞ڱĂ઼҃̚ژ̶ޢ ߆عཌྷҹڇϔཌྷ̝ޢຐည۞͵ࠧӔனֽ۞ޥჯሀёĄд̶ޥژ ჯሀё۞࿅̚Ăώኢ͛ҋّ༊үࢦࢋ۞̶ژෛ֎Ă҃ᄮࠎ઼̚߆ عཌྷ՟ѣҋّ༊ү८͕நኢĂϤѩޢனڱჯ࣎វкّ̮۞ ˘̮͵ࠧ៍Ą ઼̚߆عཌྷ֭ܧѣ˘ّ۞̶ژ၆෪ĂՏҜ߆عཌྷ۰ဥ វౌѣޥຐপҒĄώኢ͛д֙ϻࢭ݈ன۞͇ཌྷࠁາ͵ࡔࠁ༊ү ࢋ۞̶ژ၆෪ĂߏЯࠎ֙ϻࢭޢѣᙯϔཌྷ۞ኢާిഴ͌Ăт रೇ൴Җ۞Įᆀᐂį൴ΏෟЕᓝ۞ჩࢋ̚Ă՟ѣĶͅ၆ϔཌྷķ˘ี ĞरೇĂ1984aĈ33ğĂΞ֍֙ϻࢭޢĂϔཌྷ՟ѣјࠎ઼̚߆ع ཌྷٙኢ۞ࢦࢋᛉᗟĄᔵтѩĂώኢ͛ᄮࠎ઼̚߆عཌྷֶጾѣ ߙВТপҒĂᕇޥჯሀё˜ߏώኢ͛۞ϫ۞ٙдĄ
෮ăϔໄهᄃҹڇϔཌྷ̝͞ڱ ϒт݈Ă͐ߜှᄮࠎϔߏ၁ᅫхдĂ֭՟ѣтТன઼ཌྷࡁ տٙ۞Ķ઼ߏຐည۞ВТវķ៍ᕇĄϔෛࠎĶ၁хķᔘߏĶຐ ညķĂۡତᇆᜩזҹڇϔཌྷ۞͞ڱĄ၆͐ߜှ҃֏ĂϤٺϔߏ၁ ᅫхдĂٙͽۡڱତӎٕؠԲҿϔώ֗Ăሤຑҋ֗ϔߏҋ۞ଐຏĄ ЯѩĂԲҿ۞ࢦᕇᖼொޥזຐࣧࢬ˯Ăͅ၆ϔཌྷ༊үޥຐࣧĂ ҃ԲҿϔཌྷӸᘣˠࣇ۞ҋّҋϤ۞ᓑЪĄԧࣇдѩͽᆒरૈࠎ ּĂଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞ϔໄهĂ֭тңԲҿϔཌྷĄ 20 ͵ࡔܐ߆عཌྷ็ˢ઼̚Ă1907 ѐдִ͐ڌጌன็ކܝ ߆عཌྷ۞Ώ݈̝ۏĂдЧΏ˯ۏΞ֍۞̬Ą̚Ă1903 ѐ ୃࣖ൴ܑ۞IJ˟Ȉ͵ࡔ̝າཌྷijྵࠎྎг̬߆عཌྷĂ҃ѩቔ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
9
̏གྷኢז߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯᓑĈĶ͈ҋ 19 ͵ࡔͽֽĂϔཌྷ ̂ૺĂ҃ͷܬซٺϔ઼ޓཌྷĂࡶࡻăࡶ࡚ăࡶڱăࡶᇇăࡶຍăࡶĂ ం̙ᝌ҃ܓခᄅ̝ČČك߆عᛨ۰Ă؟ўĂᙊ֍מĂԓ୕ઈĂ ઼ޓཌྷ࿃̝҃ݒՎĂϔཌྷዎ̝҃ੜ֕ķĞ1984Ĉ6ğĄܑϯâ ฟؕ็ˢ઼̝̚ᅫĂ߆عཌྷѝ̏జෛࠎٯԩϔཌྷ۞າཌྷĂ҃ϔ ཌྷᄃ઼ޓཌྷТᇹజኬ̟ࢬ۞ԛ෪Ą ̙࿅Ă̂ొ̶۞઼̚߆عཌྷ۰֭˘ܧฟؕಶ၆ԩϔཌྷĂ҃ѝ ഇ҃ͅિՙ೩࣍ϔཌྷ۰ࠤкĂᆒरૈߏ̚ࠎ˘۞ݭҜĄᆒरૈ ѝഇ۞ϔຍᙊͽ႔ࠎ͕̚ĂּтĈĶٙᏜݔਗ਼۰ĂݔТ̝Ꮬ˵Ăݔ য়઼̝Ꮬ˵ČČТ۰ĂӈӍ႔ߏ˵Ąয়઼۰ңĉӈӍ઼̚ߏ˵ČČ̚ ઼۰Ă႔઼̝̚˵Ąݔ႔̝ˠӈ઼̝̚ݔˠĂܲ႔̝ˠӈࠎх઼̚ ̝ˠķĞ1998Ĉ1-2ğĄдѩੵ˞ૻধ۞႔ຍᙊ̝γĂ˵Ξ֍үࠎয়઼۞ Ķ઼̚ķຍᙊĂ֏ኢಝჍࠎЩ၁۞ϔཌྷĄ ҃Ăᆒरૈ͟ᖼࠎܫ؇߆عཌྷ̝ޢĂฟؕԲҿϔཌྷĄд ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞Ч֏ኢ༊̚Ăᆒरૈঘ̈́זϔĞğ۞֏ኢྵ кĂΞਕߏЯࠎᆒरૈ༊ॡاҝдִڌĂ઼̚ጯϠ۞߹ࠎϔࢭĂ ٙͽࠎ˞็ކ߆عཌྷĂυืχϔࢭ۞ኢᕇĄԧࣇ̶ژᆒरૈт ңԲҿϔཌྷ̝݈ĂАቁᄮᆒरૈ۞ϔໄࠎهңĂЯࠎԧࣇቁ۞ؠ ᄮ̝ۢޢĂ̖ਕஎˢኢҹڱ͞۞ڇĄ ᆒरૈܫ؇߆عཌྷഇมᇤᆷధк͛ౢĂ̚дIJኢࢭᄃ ߆̝ࢭعεij̝̰ĂԧࣇΞ֍۞ϔໄهĄ͛ౢᇾᗟֹϡĶķĂ ҭ͛̚˵ѣֹϡĶϔķ̝ĂтĶϔ̝ࢭĂӈऴ၆˷ૻ̝ԩ˧ ҅ķĞ1984bĈ91ğĄ้Шٺдኢ̈́ϔࢭ֏ࠁኢ۞ਔඛ̝˭ֹϡĶϔ ķ˘ෟĂҭߏ၁ᅫ˯˵֭՟ѣᚑॾડ̶ĶķĶϔķ۞ϡڱĂӀ ϡֱໄૻֽهአ۞ౌߏĶ႔ˠķĶ႕ˠķ̶̝ĂтĶ่̫̝֏ࢭ ۰Ă୬ᙹᖬ႕э߆عĂͽ႔߆عķĞ1984bĈ92ğĄ ֤ᆃĂĶķٕĶϔķ۞ӣཌྷࠎңĉᆒरૈߏֹϡֱໄֽهડ ̶႔ˠᄃ႕ˠĂಶܑϯໄֶهፂٺᄬ֏ă̼͛ă௫ܸඈϔّĄ˵ಶ ߏĂᆒरૈᔵଂϔཌྷ۰ᖼࠎ߆عཌྷ۰Ăҭߏ၆ϔٕ۞ந ྋ˘ర՟ѣត̼Ąநྋᄃग̋̚࠹म̙ᅈĂग̋̚˵႔ˠჍࠎ።Ϋ
10ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ԛј۞ĶϔķĈĶಶ઼̚۞ϔᄲĂᓁᇴߏα༱༱ˠĂ༊̚ણᗔ۞̙࿅ ߏೀѺ༱ᄋΟˠĂѺк༱႕߷ˠĂೀѺ༱ҘᖟˠĂѺೀȈ༱аି̝ࡎ౿ˠĄ γֽ۞ᓁᇴ̙࿅˘˼༱ˠĄٙͽಶ̂кᇴᄲĂα༱༱઼̚ˠΞͽᄲԆБߏ ႔ˠĄТ˘ҕăТ˘֏ᄬ͛фăТ˘ି؟ăТ˘௫ၚĂԆБߏ˘࣎ϔķ Ğ1986Ĉ188ğĄ˵ಶߏĂᆒरૈग̋̚ౌϔෛࠎѣϔপّ۞ ၁ᅫхдĂֶ҃ፂপّ۞मளડ̶ϔĄநྋ˵ᄃ͐ߜှ۞ϔໄ ࠹هम̙ᅈĄ ϔߏ၁ᅫхдĂ֤ᆃϤѩֽ҃۞ϔཌྷྍтңҹڇĉࢵАԧࣇቁ ᄮ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ٙᄮ۞ؠϔཌྷ̝ၑბĄᆒरૈͅ၆ϔࢭ۞ॡ ࣏ૻአĂ߆عཌྷ੫၆۞ߏૻᝋĂ̙֭ߏĶளķ༊үͅ၆۞நϤĈ Ķ͈႕ˠ̝༊ଵĂͽܧள҃ଵ̝˵Ăপͽ൸ង઼̚ă೪઼̝̚পᝋĄ ߇่֏ϔયᗟĂ̙ࡶ֏ϔপᝋયᗟķĞ1984bĈ90ğĄᆒरૈ̙֭ߏ ͅ၆ଵ႕Ăଵ႕۞ϲಞ֭՟ѣԼតĂҭߏܫ؇߆عཌྷ̝ޢĂଵ႕۞ந Ϥனໂ̂۞ᖼតĄ̝ٙͽࢋଵ႕Ă̙֭ߏЯࠎளĂ҃Яࠎࣇдᑿϡ পᝋĄᄃૺᚶඈˠВТᓝᏱ۞ۤົཌྷᓾ௫ົ༊̚ĂᆒरૈՀࠎځቁг೩ ז߆ࢭعϔࢭĞଵ႕ࢭğ۞मளĈ ଘ߆عᐹ˷ଵ႕۰ĂϺѣˬბĈ่֏ϔཌྷĂυෳ̎҃ክ Ăࠎ߹ٽϔ઼ޓཌྷĄࡶ֏߆عĂ̝̫͟ଵ႕Ăд˷ଵ ႕ˠ̝পᝋĂ̙҃д˷ҩ႔̝পᝋĂච˘˵Ą่֏ϔࢭĂ ޢ̝ࢭĂ̪ѣ୬পᝋ̝ԓ୕ĂࢭϺ˷ռĄࡶ֏߆عĂ ޢͽࢭĂක୮ᝋӀ̝ΞဦĂ˷ѩ҃൘ࢭޥĂࢭ˷ৌ ྕĂච˟˵Ą̫̝֏ଵ႕ࢭ۰Ă่րጯϠ̈́ົᛨĂ࣐јΑϤ˷ ͌ᇴ̝ϔĂضֳ۰ĂϺࠎ͌ᇴ̝ϔćࡶ֏߆عĂυͽ౻જ ЪࠎᝋᄃĂֹБ઼̝ྺ̍Ăଉԩ˧Ăࢭ˷кᇴˠϔĂ҃ࢭ ޢͽĂϺυкᇴˠϔӮֳضĂචˬ˵Ą̂ࡗ่֏߆عĂ ࢭ̚˷ྍć่֏ࢭĂՙ̙֖ͽྍࢭ̝БĄѩӍዅ ٙϤͽ߆ࠎعϫ۞˵ĄĞ̳ᝋĂ1984Ĉ21ğ д͐ጌणฟ߿જ۞ӓ༴ິăՂϮഅඈາ͵ࡔࠁ۞֏ኢ̚ĂԧࣇϺΞ֍၆ٺ ଵ႕۞࠹Т࠻ڱĈĶՀޥӍዅ̝ࢭĂЯࠎ႕҃ଵ̝ࡠĉԺЯ҃࠱ࠎ ଵ̝ࡠĉࡶЯࠎ႕҃ଵ̝Ăన࠱ܧޓ႕ˠӈ̙ଵ̝ࡠĉࡶЯ҃࠱ࠎଵ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
11
̝Ă࠰࠱˲ଵ̝˵Ą߇ᄃ֏ଵ႕Ă̙ࡶ֏ଵ࠱ķ ĞՂϮഅĂ1984bĈ167ğĄ тѩ࠻ֽĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ᄮࠎĂϔཌྷϔ۞मளّ༊үଵ႕۞ ࢋநϤĂಶߏ̂۞યᗟٙдĄೱήྖᄲĂϔཌྷϔّ༊үޥ ຐࣧĂٙͽ߆عཌྷ۰ͅ၆Ąԧࣇ൴னĂ၆ϔཌྷၑბ۞ᄮۢ˯Ă ͐ߜှ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰˫ѣВТ̝Ą ҃ĂГซ˘Վଣϔཌྷጱયᗟ۞ॲ۞ॡ࣏Ă઼̚߆ع ཌྷѣᙯϔཌྷ۞ኢĂฟؕӔன઼̚ޥຐ̝পҒĄд˯ࢬ͔ٙ۞ௐ ˟ᕇ೩זĶĞϔğࢭϺ˷ռ˵ķĂ၆Ķռķ۞ޥ҂˜ߏ઼̚ ߆عཌྷͅ၆ϔཌྷ۞ॲώࣧЯĄኢ႕߆عᔘߏଵ႕ޙޢϲ۞߆ عĂΪࢋͽϔࠎ८͕۞߆វĂυົؠனপᝋયᗟĂЯࠎϔཌྷڱ ҹטˠ͕̚۞ռĈ Ӗᛳ˷႕ˠĂ႕൘ռТĂ߇႕ˠ̝পᝋĂӮ೯Ӗ҃Ąӈ ֹԗοጳ߆ĂΝ႕႔̝ࠧĂߊͽ႕ˠࠎӖĂ၆˷႕Ăӈ ̙ਕ༰ٙռČČ߇Ӎˠ̝၆˷႕߷Ăଘ༊ೇӖĂᆿع߆Ą ĞᆒरૈĂ1984bĈ90ğ ߊ୬˷טצ႔Ăᄃ̫͟႔ăᄋăаăᖟטצ႕߷۰उளĉ ͷϔ઼ޓཌྷ̝ᄲĂϺЯѩ҃൴ϠĄĞᆒरૈĂ1984bĈ91ğ ଂռ۞֎ޞ࠻ޘϔࢭಶ൴னĂϔཌྷ۰۞͕ၗᄃ႕ˠ۞ռ͕̂Т̈ ளĂົጱଵγ۞ϔ઼ޓཌྷĂҋ֗តјҋ̎ٙԲҿ۞ᑅ࢝۰Ąϔ ࢭڱৌϒྋՙˠᙷۤົ۞ॲώયᗟĂ߇̙ᑕྍଳפϔཌྷ۞ጯ ᄲĄ ၁Ăᆒरૈѩ݈൴ܑIJӀचπඈኢijăIJˠᙷӮ˧ᄲijăIJ߆ع ཌྷ̝πඈ៍ijඈ͛ౢॡĂኢ࿅ѣᙯˠᙷռ͕۞યᗟྋՙ۞͞ڱĄᆒ रૈᄮࠎˠ͕ѣӀ͕̎ă௧ԟ͕ă։ච͕۞ˬЯ৵Ă҃ࠎ˞ҹڇˠ͕ጱ ۞યᗟâ͞ࢬ೩Ķԧķ۞͈̍ĂΩ˘͞ࢬనࢍĶˠᙷӮ˧ᄲķ۞ ۤົᖡဦĄдѩࣃڦຍ۞ߏĂ࠹ྵߜ͐ٺှિჯ᜕࣎ˠҋϤĂᆒरૈ ଳפĶԧķ۞शĂߏ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ኢҋϤ̝ᅫ˵Ξ֍۞ পҒĞщ̡ҩ̬Ă2013Ĉ51-76ă13-49ğĄ ᆒरૈଂռ۞֎ޘԲҿ႕߆عᄃϔཌྷ۰Ăԧࣇдາ͵ࡔࠁ۞֏
12ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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ኢ༊̚˵Ξ֍ᙷҬ۞ϲኢ͞ёĄඊЩࠎĶϔķ3 ۞ү۰ᇤᆷIJҩኢϔă ϔᝋăۤົˬཌྷ̝ளТij҃ૺĂۤົཌྷ̙֭࿁ࡦϔཌྷᄃϔᝋ ཌྷĂҭߏ˵ѣᄃϔཌྷ̙Т۞г͞Ăӈۤົཌྷ՟ѣĶϔཌྷ̝ҋռķ Ĉ ͈ଵ႕ĂռջĄČČЯ႕ˠĂ̶̙චೋĂ҃˘შχႽĂռ˘ĄČČ Я႔ˠĂ̶̙චೋĂ҃ཉ̝̙યĂռ˟ĄČČ̙ጴ̳ৌநĂ ҃ଘЧͽܧӍᙷ۰̢࠹̩ĂռˬĄ̝ˬռ۰ĂၓၓΞ֍ĂӍ̙ ਕࠎϔཌྷ۰Ꮥ˵Ą߇͠Ĉϔཌྷ۰Ăೇ̩ཌྷ˵ćೇ̩ ཌྷ۰Ăҋռཌྷ˵ĄĞϔĂ1984aĈ174-175ğ ĶϔķᄃᆒरૈТᇹᄮࠎϔཌྷѣҋռ۞јЊĂЯѩૺĶҌ̳ ռķ۞ۤົཌྷĂ࿅ѩ˘ૺ̖ਕᔖҺռ͕۞ᕖ̂Ąາ͵ࡔࠁܑځ ࢋ߆عጯᄲ۞IJ߆عᄲij̚ĂϺѣ೩זϔཌྷࠎռ۞֏ኢĈĶຑ઼ ܲ۰Ă̙Ξᄃຑ֗ܲछ۰Т͟ᄬ˵Ąຑ઼ܲ۰Ă၆˷˘઼˘ ࠎ̳Ă၆˷͵ࠧࠎ̪ռĄਕӀӍ઼̙̙҃च઼كĂचك̙̙҃Ӏ ӍĂ̳˷˘઼˘̙҃ਕ̳˷͵ࠧĂ̙Ꮬ̝Ҍ̳ķ ĞϔĂ1984cĈ173ğĄ າ͵ࡔࠁ۞̳ռ៍ໂࠎૻধĂೀͼ̳ռ̝ҾෛࠎᏊณ˘̷યᗟ۞ᇾĈ Ķ͵ְචೋĂଘෛᕩৼ̝̳ռͽࠎᕝĄТ˘ְ˵Ă̙ኢ̂̈˳ᇶĂ ࠎ˘֗˘छ˘઼˘ࢍ۰ĂࠎೋćࠎБ͵ࠧிϠࢍ۰ĂࠎචĄᄏ ԧӀ҃ˠचĂְ̝̙̳˵ķĞϔĂ1984bĈ102ğĄд̳ռ៍̝˭ҹ ڇռ۞͞ߏڱĂੵ˞ᆿੵ߆عඈ̝γĂ˵ࢋԧ۞͈̍Ğщ̡ҩ̬Ă2013Ĉ 127-128ğĄ тѩ࠻ֽĂᆒरૈາ͵ࡔࠁӔனໂࠎ࠹Ҭ۞ޥჯĂӈĈϔཌྷ ˜ߏռ͕۞ܑனĂд႕дᑅ࢝႔۞ଐ˭ڶĂ೩࣍ϔཌྷ҃ဳᝋಶѣ Ξਕҋ̎តࠎᑅ࢝ϔ۞ϔ઼ޓཌྷ۰Ă߇ͅ၆ϔཌྷĄԧࣇд ѩΞ֍߆عཌྷ۞ࢦࢋ៍ᕇĈٯԩᝋ˧۞ˠဳפᝋ˧۞ᒠมҋ֗རࠎ ࣧῴ၆۞ૻᝋ۰ĄТᇹ۞ទᏭइϡдϔཌྷ۞યᗟ˯Ăಶਕଯኢ ٯԩ႕۞ϔཌྷயϠϔ઼ޓཌྷ۞நྮĄ ઼̚߆عཌྷଂ̳ռኢ۞֎ޘԲҿϔཌྷĂ҃።ֽጯఙࠧҖځ 3
ᙯٺĶϔķߏኡĂ՟ѣؠኢĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įᄮؠĶϔķࠎՂϮഅĂ҃Į߆ عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴįᄮࠎؠᄨϔኖĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
13
̳ռኢ࠹۞઼̚ܕᙯኢĄிٙۢĂд઼̚ޥຐ̚Ķ̳ռķ˜ߏ ѣᆊࣃઐШ۞˘၆ໄهâۡͽֽĶռķăĶ୬ķඈజኬ̟ࢬຍཌྷĄ ҃ĂдځϐܐॡഇҬͼฟؕனؠۺĶռķ۞֏ኢĂ˾ฯˬಶԯ ត̼༊ү൴ᕇĂ 4 ᄮࠎӈ઼ֹ̚ޥຐ՟ѣ൴णҘ͞ёه៍ܕĂҭ ߏѣࣖநຍཌྷ۞̳ռ៍๊هϠ઼̚প۞ޥܕຐĂ҃ޥຐਔඛޢ ాତזग͛ඈˠ۞઼ᅫཌྷٕۤົཌྷޥຐĄ֤ᆃĂд઼̚ё۞ܕ ޥຐ༊̚Ă࣎ˠѣ̦ᆃᇹ۞ຍཌྷĉ˾ฯˬĞ1995Ĉ34ğĈ Ϥٺռ۞ૺӎ۞ޓ࠱ߏ۞ؠռĂӈຳᖟͅ၆ҋռ۞̰உĂٙ ͽϔᝋ۞ૺٙᄲ۞ռڱঘ࣎វ˘ਠĂ҃జ࢝੨ЪĶռ઼̚ķ ઼ٕ̚ෛࠎĶԧ۞઼̚ķ۞кᇴ઼ϔٕϔܑٙ۞̳Ą˵ಶߏĂ ϔᝋܑ̙֭ϔ۞ռᝋӈ̳ϔᝋӀĂ҃ߏ઼ϔٕϔፋវ۞̳ᝋĄ ೱ֏̝ĂϔᝋŶռ۞ૺӎ࣎ޓ࠱ؠˠඈ۞̳ٺТॡĂ՟ѣռ۞ې ၗ˭൴ࠎ઼ϔّኳ۞͇˭̳Ğࢋڦຍ۞ߏĂᄃځϐॡഇ̙ТĂι ߏ߆ڼᆸѨ۞Ăӈͅטវ̳۞טğĄᓁ҃֏̝Ăᓲ൴ण۞ଐڶ ˭ֶΞ֍۞ߏ՟ѣ࣎វ۞͇˭̳Ą ˾ฯˬͅ၆ܕෛࠎΪᄃҘ͞ޥຐాତ۞៍هĂՐ۞ߏ઼̚প ۞ܕĂଂ઼̚ޞ࠻ޘ֎۞ؠۺĄߏЯࠎֽͽܕд͟ώጯఙࠧ߹۞ ៍ᕇ઼̚ෛࠎઃ႖ۤົĂಶѩຍཌྷ҃֏Ă˾ฯˬд͟ώጯఙࠧԸˢΩ γ˘ෛ֎Ą̙࿅ĂтڍԧࣇଵੵĶҘ͞ŶܕķٕĶ઼̚ёܕķඈĶܕ ଐඕķĂ҃৷ოᙯޥڦຐপኳĂಶ൴ன˾ฯˬ۞̶ ژǕǕ઼̚ޥຐ՟ ѣ࣎វ۞៍ᕇ ǕǕ̙࿅Ν၆઼̚ޥຐ۞நྋĄ ၁Ăд˾ฯˬ۞ኢ̚Հࣃᙯߏ۞ڦĂ՟ѣ࣎វ۞઼̚ޥຐट ٽĶϔķᄃĶ̳ķඈณᆅ៍Ăซ҃யϠૻধ۞ϔཌྷĄเҹ˵ڠТ ᇹϐ۞Ķ̳ķӣѣ၆ன઼छ۞ᄮТ̝ຍஉĞ2000Ĉ65ğĄтڍ՟ ѣ࣎វ۞઼̳̚ռ៍дܕଐဩ˭ԛјϔཌྷߏ˘୧ޥຐ൴ण̝ྮĂ֤ ᆃĂΩγ˘୧ޥຐਔඛߏĶԧķ۞Ķ̳ķຍᙊૣࠧ͵۞إཌྷĂ઼҃̚ ߆عཌྷಶߏࠎវனࠧ͵ཌྷ۞ޥຐĄ˭͛ԧࣇдϔཌྷ۞ᙯܼ ̝˭Ă̶઼̚ژ߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧཌྷӔனֽ۞ޥჯĂϤѩᑭෛ઼̚ 4
˵ѣጯ۰ኳႷត̼۞ࢦࢋຍཌྷĞჶԠјĂ2000Ĉ46ğĄ
14ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
߆عཌྷ՟ѣࢦෛ࣎វᄃҋّ۞ޥຐপҒĄ
ણă͵ࠧཌྷ۞ޥჯ дϔཌྷ֏ኢҖ۞ॡഇĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ೩ͅ၆ϔཌྷ۞֏ ኢĂЯࠎϔཌྷߏռ͕۞ܑனĂѣΞਕᕖ̂ռ҃ጱϔ઼ޓཌྷĄ ̝҃פĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰̂˧ࠧ͵็ކཌྷĂͽѩ၆ٺސϔཌྷĂ тĮາ͵ࡔį൴ΏෟځቁކϯĈĶώಡ৷ͽ͵ࠧࠎཌྷķ Ğү۰̙ځĂ1984Ĉ 15ğĂĮ͇ཌྷį۞ᖎౢ˵೩זĈĶੵ઼ࠧࠧ၁Җ͵ࠧཌྷķĞү۰̙ ځĂ1907Ĉ332ğĄଂ͵ࠧཌྷ۞֎៍ޘ၅઼̚߆عཌྷॡĂԧࣇटٽ ൴னĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ೀͼౌ೩࣍͵ࠧᄬĞEsperantoğĂߏٙᏜ͵ࠧ ཌྷ۞ វܑன ̝˘Ą͵ࠧᄬ ߏاҝд گᜋ۞ ൘͉ˠ ॻܝᐒ ͈ĞL. L. Zamenhofğ౹ౄ۞઼ᅫᄬĂ͵ࠧᄬ็ޢ઼̝̚זĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ಶ јࠎࠎ᎕ໂ೩࣍͵ࠧᄬ۞˘ཏˠĄּтĂд͛фԼࢭ۞ኢ༊̚Ăԧࣇ Ξ֍ᆒरૈăӓ༴ິඈˠ̬֭೩࣍͵ࠧᄬ۞ஶྫĂरೇӀϡ͵ࠧᄬЧ ઼߆عཌྷ۰ซҖϹ߹Ă͐˵ܛ᎕ໂࠧ͵็ކᄬ۞ჟৠĞщ̡ҩ̬Ă 2013Ĉ139-182ğĄ д઼̚߆عཌྷ۰၆઼ޓཌྷ۞Բҿ̚ĂԧࣇϺΞ֍͵ࠧཌྷ۞˘ ბĄ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰Բҿϔཌྷ҃ᄮТϔ۞хдĂдѩࣇಶԲҿ ன၁͵ࠧ҃೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷĄ၆઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ֽᄲĂĶ̫̝͟͵ࠧĂૻ ᝋፖҖ̝͵ࠧ˵ķĞᆒरૈĂ1984aĈ120ğĂன၁͵̳֭ࠧܧϒ۞͵ࠧĄ ૄٺᇹ۞ᄮۢĂᆒरૈдIJֲ߷ன๕ኢij̚ૻধԲҿ઼ޓཌྷ۞ҖĈ Ķᄏ઼ޓཌྷ˜ன̫͵̝ࠧっྣ˵ķĞ1984aĈ122ğĄன̫۞͵ࠧߏૻ۰ ᑅ࢝ऴ۰۞͵ࠧĂҭߏΪࢋऴ۰ᓑЪٯԩૻ۰ĂΞͽԼត͵ࠧĄ҃͵ࠧ ཌྷ˜ߏԼត͵ࠧ۞ᙯᔣĈĶᄏߊ͵ࠧཌྷĂυͽԬऴዝૻࠎ͇ᖚĂӈ၆ ٺώ઼ᛳг̝ϲĂϺυஎܑТଐķĞ1984aĈ128ğĄΞ֍Ă͵ࠧཌྷ˜ ߏଂϔ઼ޓཌྷᚢႝ۞Ķռķ͵ࠧĂซˢͽĶ̳ķࠎጱ۞̂Т͵̝ࠧ ޥຐࣧĂܳซˠᙷซˢĶ̳ķ͵ࠧ۞ޥჯĂܑ֭ܧĶռķ۞ϔཌྷĂ ҃ߏܑĶ̳ķ۞͵ࠧཌྷĄ ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷߏ̙टཉႷ۞ְ၁Ăҭߏ͵ࠧཌྷ۞
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ӣཌྷࠎغזңĉࠎ˞ซ˘Վଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍Ăдѩଂϔ۞ ֎઼̚ژ̶ޘ߆عཌྷ೩࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷ̝ޥჯሀёĄᝦٺĶ͇˭ķăĶ͵ ࠧķᄃĶϔķ៍۞هᙯܼߏጯఙࠧ۞ሤܝᛉᗟ̝˘ĂԧࣇАаᜪ࿅Νጯ ఙࠧ۞ኢĂͽܮஎˢநྋ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍Ą ᙯٺϤ͇˭៍Шϔཌྷ۞ᖼតĂЕ͛ĞJoseph R. Levensonğ೩ ۞ኢᕇᇆᜩ˧ྵ̂ĄᄮࠎĂд็઼̚Ăۢᙊ̶̄ѣ̼͛Ҍ˯۞͇ ˭៍Ă҃ࢬ၆Ҙ͞ன઼छ۞ᑝĂ઼ۢ̚ᙊ̶̄ड़۞م၆෪ଂ͇˭ ᖼொࠎ઼छĂѩॡ઼̚۞ϔཌྷኚϠĄдѩࡦޢΞ֍ϔཌྷᄃ็̝ มӻ۞ᙯܼâ͞ࢬϔཌྷ۞Ядٺᄃ็۞ழᗓĂӈ̼͛Ҍ˯ኢ क़ୀॡĂϔཌྷ̖ฟؕᎸĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬϔཌྷ็˫ѣᏉЪ۞˘ ࢬĞLevenson, 1964: 95-116ğĄ 5 ᔵᄲϤ͇˭៍ᖼШϔཌྷĂҭܑ̙֭۰่ߏ˟ፄ˘۞ᏴีĂ ҃၁ᅫ˯ۢ۞઼̚ܕᙊ̶ٕ̄кٕ͌Тॡѣϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ۞ଐ ჰĄᘲԠϣ˘Шᙯࠧ͵ڦཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᛉᗟĂ̶ࡧژዋޥຐ҃Ă ࡧዋૄώ˯ᕏ̂ـТ۞͵ࠧཌྷĂ˵̙͉ᓾϔཌྷĂҭߏ֗ࠎ઼̚ܕ ۞ۢᙊ̶̄Ă၁ᅫ˯ࡧዋ˵࠹༊ᙯ̚ڦරϔ۞ϏֽĂ͕̚ᔳᖟϔ ཌྷ۞ଐຏĞ1998Ĉ193-221ğĄдIJநຐᄃன၁ǕǕ؞ϔࠧ͵ܐཌྷᄃ ϔཌྷ۞ᙯᓑ̢જij̚ซ˘Վଣ۰۞ᙯܼ҃Ă઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶ ̄ଃ઼ٺޟछᄃ͵̝ࠧมĂٕкٕ͌ᕏـˠ઼۞ጯᄲĂҭ˫̙̙ޥ ҂тңĶซˢķன၁۞͵ࠧĞᘲԠϣĂ2007ğĄ Ϥ˘ٺਠ҃֏ϔཌྷࠧ͵ཌྷឰˠᛇ̢࠹ଵϋĂٙͽԧࣇҬͼ д۰۞Ᏼፄ̚࠻֍઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶̄࿃۞זĄ҃Ă࿅ᇴፂऱ۞ ̶ژĂ៍ܛᑾᄃᆒܦप͵ࠧᄃϔ۞៍̙֭هࡎĄࣇ۞ࡁտពϯĂ ઼̚ܕѣᙯ͵ࠧ۞ϡෟଂĶ͇˭ķགྷϤĶ༱઼ķ҃ޢᖼࠎĶ͵ࠧķĂ ҃ϡෟត̼ᄃޥຐሗ߹۞ႊត࠹၆ᑕĄ͔̚ˠ៘ϫ۞ߏĂ1900 ѐ ͽޢĶϔķ˘ෟ۞ֹϡதᇷᆧĂ҃ТॡĶ͵ࠧķ۞ֹϡத˵ᇷᆧĄܑ ϯĂĶϔķᄃĶ͵ࠧķߏ˘इໄهཏĂౌߏĶ͇˭ķϞྋ̝ޢன۞າ
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ಶனдጯఙࠧ۞ࡁտј࠻ֽڍĂਕӎ็۞͇˭៍ؠཌྷࠎ̼͛Ҍ˯ኢߏ˘࣎યᗟĂ тૺኰጼ઼ॡഇԛј۞͇˭ໄ˘ߏه߆ڼгநໄهĞ2009Ĉ241-242ğĄ
16ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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͵ࠧ៍̝јЯ৵Ą˵ಶߏĂтڍᄲරआ͕̚ཌྷ۞Ķ͇˭ķΪѣ˘࣎̚ ͕ᕇĂĶ͵ࠧķߏЧ࣎ϔԷႊ͕̚ᕇ۞к̮͵ࠧĂЯѩĂĶ͵ࠧķᄃĶϔ ķ֭ܧࡎ۞៍هĞ៍ܛᑾăᆒܦपĂ2009Ĉ226-251ğĄ ၁ĂᙷҬ۞ኢд઼̚߆عཌྷࡁտ̚˵Ξ֍ĄұৼႬĞMartin Bernalğ̶ژᆒरૈޥຐ̝ᅫĂኢזଂĶ͇˭ķᖼࠎĶ͵ࠧķ۞ត̼Ą Ă1907 ѐͽޢĂдѣ઼ֱۢ̚ᙊ̶̄༊̚ฟؕனᘃႷҘۤ͞ົ۞៍ᕇĂ ѩॡࣧώ۞Ķ็ཌྷķฟؕᖼࠎĶܲчཌྷķĄү۰ᄮࠎĂܲчཌྷߏ ҋᛇгᄮۢҋ֗็ᆊࣃ۞ၗޘĂϺӈĂТॡٚᄮᄃ઼֭̚ϲ۞ᆊࣃĂ ̖ಝჍࠎܲчཌྷĄд͵ࠧ៍۞ᆸѨ˯Ăරआ͕̚ཌྷ۞Ķ͇˭ķໄهᖼ ࠎк̮۞Ķ͵ࠧķĂ҃дѩᖼត࿅̚ĂĶ઼ოķޥຐฟؕனĄ˵ಶߏĂ ૺ઼ო۞ᆒरૈТॡૺ͵ࠧཌྷ֭ܧϬ࠼Ăᔵᆒरૈ۞߆ڼၗޘк ѨᖼតĂҭߏд۞ޥຐֶ̚ѣ˘ర۞઼ოޥຐĞBernal, 1976ğĄ ͽ˯۞ࡁտܑϯĂ઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶̄ࢬᓜͽـಏ˘͕̚ཌྷ۞Ķ͇˭ķ ៍Ϟྋ۞П፟ĂࢦາޙၹĶ͵ࠧķ៍۞ТॡĂ˵ҋ̎ఢቑࠎᄃЧ઼ ֭ϲ۞ĶϔĞ઼ğķĂซ҃ՐϔཌྷĄೱ֏̝ĂϤߏࠧ͵ٺк̮ ֭х۞៍هĂϔಶߏ͵ࠧ۞јಏҜĂЯѩࠎ˞дᇹ۞͵ࠧ̚ϠхĂ ϔཌྷߏυ̝ྮĂޙϲன઼छĂ઼̖̚జ͵ࠧᄮТĄ͵ࠧᄃϔΞ ͽ֭хĂ࣎நኢᙯܼឰԧࣇຐ݈۞઼ᄃϲҋ۞࣎វΞͽ֭х ۞ኢĂд͵ࠧᄃϔ۞ᙯܼ༊̚Ăϔߏϲҋ۞хдĂ֭࠹̢ܧϬ ࠼۞ໄهĄΪߏĂдѩԧࣇυืڦຍ۞ߏĂүࠎ͵ࠧјЯ৵۞ϔĂ̏ གྷ̙ߏ၁វхд۞ϔĂ҃ߏˠࠎԛј۞઼ĂЯѩ֭ܧ႔ٕ႕јࠎ ͵ࠧ۞ಏҜĂΪѣࢦາޙၹ۞Ķ̚රϔķ̖ਕૉјࠎ͵ࠧ۞˘ొ̶Ă ಶߏ઼ཌྷࡁտ೩ֻ۞ࢦࢋෛ֎Ą ֤ᆃĂତ˭ֽ۞યᗟߏĂдТᇹ۞ॡ۩ᒖဩĂԲҿϔཌྷ֭١ ԛј઼छ۞઼̚߆عཌྷĂтңޙϲ͵ࠧᄃϔ۞நኢᙯܼĉт݈ٙ ኢĂ઼̚߆عཌྷϔ༊ઇ၁ᅫхдĂኢߏ͇˭ᔘߏ͵ࠧĂϔ˘ ۡౌхдĄЯѩĂࣇӈֹͅ၆ϔཌྷĂ˵՟ѣࢋᆿੵϔώ֗ĂдϏ ֽ۞நຐۤົ̚ĂϔֶΞͽхдĄ҃Ăܑ̙֭ࣇٚᄮ႕۞ ϒ༊ّĂЯࠎࣇጾѣপᝋĂ̙ϒ༊гᑅ࢝႔ϔĄϔΞхдĂҭߏՏ ࣎ϔౌ̙ྍజᑅ࢝Ăߏ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞൴ᕇĂૄٺѩ˘ࣧܮ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ͅ၆ĶϔཌྷķĂЯࠎϔཌྷֹϔ۞ռ͕ᎶණĂυؠጱ ϔ઼ޓཌྷĄ˵ಶߏĂΪࢋϔ̙јࠎ઼छ۞ࢋજ˧Ăд߆͵۞ع ࠧ̚ĂϔߏΞͽк̮хд۞Ąд݈۞IJֲ߷ன๕ኢij̚Ăᆒरૈ˵೩ זтѩ۞நຐ͵ࠧĈĶ߇ऴϲ̝ޢĂυҖ߆ט̝عĂӀϡˠϔ̂Т ̝ޥຐĂٕଳ͐ߜှᓑ֣ཌྷĂٕ၁Җࡴጆ͐ܛҋϤඕЪ̝ᄲĂˠϔ̝ ضͽϖᅈჯķĞ1984aĈ131ğĄдѩĂ֭Еኢ̈́̂ТޥຐҘ͞ ߆عཌྷ۞ᓑЪޥຐĂ˵Ξͽຐညࠎࠧ͵ऴ๕ϔϲޢĂϔ֭х۞ ͵ࠧĄдѩᕇ˯Ăᆒरૈߜ͐ှ۞͵ࠧ៍̂Т̈ளĄ ҃Ăԧࣇซ˘Վ̶઼̚ژ߆عཌྷ۞நຐ͵ࠧ៍ॡĂឰˠᘃ ႷĶ̳ķ۞͵ࠧߏӎࠎ˘࣎к̮֭х۞͵ࠧĄೱ֏̝Ăд઼̚߆عཌྷ ۰ຐည۞நຐ͵ࠧ̚Ăϔ۞मளّߏӎֶхдĉ̝ٙͽயϠᇹ۞Ⴗ યĂߏЯࠎ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰̙ॡӔன˘̮۞ޥჯĂּтдϔ۞યᗟ ˯Ăࣇϔෛࠎ၁ᅫхдĂٚᄮϔ۞ᗔاĂҭߏ˫̙ͅ၆͌ᇴϔ జࢋϔ׀ӌĈ ̈́͌ᇴ̝ૻεপᝋĂ๕υᄃкᇴ̝ϔТ̼Ąેѩּͽޠ႕Ă ӖߊᖬͽޢĂѣ̙ᄃ႔ˠТ̼۰ͼĉĞᆒरૈĂ1984bĈ90ğ ᆒरૈ֭՟ѣિϔ۞к̮хдĂޥჯдᄬ֏યᗟ˯ϺΞ֍Ąт݈ Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ೀͼౌТॡ೩࣍͵ࠧᄬĄॻܝᐒ͈ૻአ͵ࠧᄬ۞̚ ϲّĂ͵ࠧᄬ֭՟ѣຍဦആϔᄬ֏Ă͵ࠧᄬ۞ϫᇾдٺЧϔܲҋ ̎۞ᄬ֏۞ТॡĂֹϡ͵ࠧᄬ̙ٺТϔ̝มĄ҃Ăᆒरૈበ۞ĮᏊ ಡį̬͵ࠧᄬ۞ॡ࣏೩זĈĶ͛֏ܧ˘Ă̙ਕ͵ࠧ̂ٺТķĞү۰ ̙ځĂ1908ğĂΞ֍۞நຐߏᕩٺ˘ّ۞̂Т͵ࠧĄ ԧࣇᔘΞͽଂ઼̚߆عཌྷ၆छ۞ኢ̚Ă࠻֍Тᇹ۞યᗟᄃޥ ჯĄग̋̚дIJϔཌྷij̚Բҿ઼̚ˠΪѣछཌྷ؟ཌྷ҃՟ѣ ઼ཌྷĂछཌྷ؟ཌྷ̙ҭ၆ٺା઼՟ѣᑒӄĂ˵ߏጱՒې ၗ۞ࣧЯĂЯࠎछ؟ߏռˠӀৈጱШĄ၁Ăͅ၆छཌྷߏࣧА ઼̚߆عཌྷ೩࣍۞ኢᕇĂՂϮഅѝд 1907 ѐ൴ܑIJˬჩࢭij҃Բ ҿ઼̚۞छ៍هĈĶຎԂ۰ռ̝ҾჍ˵ķĞ1984aĈ129ğĂଂ҃ૺछ लࢭĄᚶٚѩ៍ᕇ۞रೇځቁ೩࣍ͅ၆छཌྷĄ၆रೇֽᄲĂछ
18ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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઼छߏాତ۞ໄهĈĶϤ˘छ҃ҌٺՅ઼ٺ֠ٺĂࢦࢦὭાĂᓑᒖ҃ϠĄ ઼ࠧࠧͼߏٺČČˠˠ࠰ռछĂ҃ۤົ̝ซ̼྾ࠎ̝ઃ႖ķ Ğ1984bĈ 234-235ğĂдѩ˵Ξ֍ଂĶռķ۞֎ޘԲҿछཌྷ۞ኢ͞ёĄ˵ಶ ߏĂ၆઼̚߆عཌྷ۰҃֏Ăϔཌྷछཌྷౌߏᕖ̂ռ۞៍هĄ ֤ᆃĂтңྋՙछཌྷĉरೇᄲĈ ͵ࠧซ̼Ă઼ࠧࠧĂ̙˳ᕩٺঐໝĂ߇छलυАᆿĄ Ğ1984bĈ234ğ रೇૺঐໝܡᘣˠᙷᓑЪ۞ᙝࠧĂٙͽᏴፄ۞ྋՙ͞ёߏᆿੵछलĂЯ ѩरೇ˵ᆿੵҋ֗۞ؖĶᆒķ҃ΪჍࠎĶरೇķĄ҃Тᇹ۞ទᏭइдϔ ཌྷ۞યᗟ˯Ăಶົனࠧ˵ࢋঐໝ۞ඕኢĄᔵᇶॡ՟υࢋᆿੵᄬ ֏ă̼͛ඈϔّĂҭߏдវனĶ̳ķ۞͵ࠧ྆ĂϔҬͼ՟ѣк̮ хдĄ ߆عཌྷ̙࠹ܫ։ّ۞߆عĂᄮࠎΪࢋ઼छ߆عхдĂυؠᑅ࢝ˠ ࣇĂ߇ૺᆿੵ઼छ߆عĄֶፂѩទᏭଯኢĂछٕϔυؠᕖ̂ռ͕҃ னछཌྷٕϔཌྷĉΞߏĂҘ͞߆عཌྷ۰֭՟ѣૺᙷҬ۞៍ ᕇĂ၆ࣇ҃֏ĂԲҿ۞ࢦᕇдޘטٺᄃᖐ፟ၹĂᔵ͐ߜှԲҿ࿅ܻ ઼۞छͭטܜĂҭΪ೩࣍ฟ۞ّٸВТវĂ҃ଂ̙ૺᆿੵछĞBakunin, 1990: 211ğĄԧࣇдѩΞ֍̚Ҙ߆عཌྷ۞मளͽ઼̈́̚߆عཌྷ۞ ޥჯপᇈĄтڍछϔߏҋ۞хдĂ՟ѣυࢋૺᆿੵĂҭߏϤٺ ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰֭՟ѣѣк̮۞͵ࠧ៍ĂЯѩຐည۞ߏ˘̮۞ ˘វ͵ࠧĄ ᄃன۞͵ཌྷĞcosmopolitanismğ࠹ͧྵॡĂՀਕΎព઼̚߆ عཌྷ۞পҒĄдனҘ͞ޥຐࠧன۞ѣᙯ͵ཌྷ۞ኢ༊̚Ă ৼ֣ޥĞMartha Nussbaumğᄃኢ۰णฟ۞ѣᙯຑ઼ཌྷĞPatriotismğ ۞ኢໂѣણ҂ᆊࣃĄৼ֣ޥԲҿຑ઼ཌྷ۞நϤᅖҬ઼̚ٺ߆عཌྷ ۰၆ϔ઼ޓཌྷ۞ԲҿĂϺӈĂયᗟдٺҋռ۞ຑ઼ཌྷ઼ٕოཌྷ Ğjingoismğඈҋԧ͕̚۞ޥ҂Ą၁ᅫ˯Ăৼޙܧ֣֭ޥϲ၈າ۞͵ ཌྷநኢĂ҃с۞ϡຍΪдٺШ઼࡚̳ϔ೩ᛋӘĄ̙࿅Ăд͵ཌྷ۞ந ኢયᗟ˯Ăৼ̙֣ޥᕝгૻአĈ͵ཌྷ̙֭ӎؠгડّ۞ă࣎Ҿ۞ᄮТ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ຏĞNussbaum, 1996: 9ğĄ̝ٙͽсૻአ˘ᕇĂߏЯࠎ͵ཌྷ۞ͅ၆ ۰ــԲҿ͵ཌྷӎ۞ࠧ͵ؠкّ̮Ăซ̙҃ତ࣎צҾ۞ຑ઼ჟৠĄ၁ ᅫ˯ߏ၆͵ཌྷ۞ᄱྋĂЩ۞͵ཌྷ۰тᄿႬᇇĞDavid HeldğăDaniele Archibugi ඈˠĂౌૺ͵ཌྷ̙֭ӎ࣎ؠҾّĂࠤҌ ٚᄮன઼छ۞хдĂдѩ݈೩̝˭೩࣍ޙϲБቑಛ۞ᇇఢቑĞHeld, 2010ćArchibugi, 2008ğĄтѩ࠻ֽĂᔵд˘ਠˠ۞ᄮۢ̚Ă͵ཌྷ ــజᄱͽࠎጾѣӎؠкّ̮۞˘̮ޥჯĂҭߏ၁ᅫ˯͵ཌྷ۰ૺ۞ ߏĂдჯкّ̮۞݈೩̝˭ĂੵލҋռҋӀ۞͕ၗĂޙϲ઼ᅫۤົ۞ྼ ᑚఢĄ ኢҘ͞߆عཌྷᔘߏ͵ཌྷĂԧࣇ൴னࣇિкّ̮Ąк̮ ّ۞ૄᖂߏϲҋ۞࣎វĂᔵ࣎វ۞ಏҜѣޥຐ۞मளّĞ࣎ˠٕ ઼छğĂҭߏѣ˞િ࣎۞វޥຐĂ̖ਕன၆ٺкّ̮۞િĄтڍѩ ទᏭᄱĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ้Шٺຐည˘̮͵ࠧ۞ࣧЯдٺ՟ѣ࣎វ۞ޥ ຐĂ˵ಶߏĂ઼̚߆عཌྷӔனֽ۞পҒᄃ࿅Νጯఙࠧኢ̳ռ៍̝ ᅫ၆ޥ઼̚ٺຐ۞ّኳઇ۞ඕኢ࠹˘Ą၆઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ֽᄲĂ͇ ˭Ϟྋޢன۞̙֭ߏϔк̮֭х۞͵ࠧĂдໂ۞ޥჯ༊̚ᕏߏ۞ـ ˘̮۞͵ࠧĄүࠎ઼̚ܕன۞ࢋ߆ޥڼຐĂ઼̚߆عཌྷӔன ֽ۞ޥჯሀёԧࣇࣃᙯڦĄ
དྷăඕኢ ώ͛ણ࿅Ν࠹۞઼̚ܕᙯࡁտͽ઼̈́ཌྷă͵ཌྷඈநኢĂ ͽ઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔĞཌྷğ۞ᙯܼࠎคĂଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ೩ ࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷ̝ޥჯሀёĄ ࠹ྵٺϔཌྷ۰ــ෦ኜٺϔҋΟҌ̫۞˘రّĂன઼ཌྷ ࡁտ้Шٺ઼ෛࠎனன෪ĂᄃЯ৵ઇડĄԧࣇ̶઼̚ژ߆ عཌྷ۰۞ϡּಶ൴னĂ઼̚߆عཌྷٙᄲ۞ϔĞğ̙֭ӣѣன ຍཌྷ۞઼ӣཌྷĂ҃ߏѣ௫ܸă̼͛ăᄬ֏ඈϔّ۞ϔĞğĂ ٙͽΞͽᄲ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ᄃϔཌྷ۰ѣТᇹ۞ϔໄهĄҭߏĂ ઼̚߆عཌྷݒԲҿϔཌྷĂߏЯࠎࣇᄮࠎϔཌྷົጱ઼ޓ
20ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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ཌྷĄ͚ᇣ࣎ኢᕇ۞நኢߏд็઼̚ޥຐ̚૱֍۞̳ռ៍Ă઼̚߆ عཌྷϔཌྷ઼ޓཌྷౌෛࠎռ۞ܑனĂซ҃೩̳࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷĄ ధк࠹ᙯࡁտܑϯĂநኢ˯͵ࠧᄃϔٕϔᄃ࣎ˠ̝มĂ֭՟ѣଵّ ᙯܼĂ۰ߏΞͽ֭х۞ໄهĄ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷĂ˵̙֭ ඈٺଵϋϔ۞хдĂ҃ࣇԲҿ۞ߏϔཌྷϔ۞मளّ༊үଵ႕ ۞நϤĂኢ࠻ڱҬࢦෛϔ۞кّ̮ĄΞߏĂซ˘Վ̶ޥ۞ࣇژჯ ಶ൴னĂ઼̚߆عཌྷຐညநຐ͵ࠧॡĂڱઃдमளّВх۞ล߱Ă ҃ॡ૱ᄲमளّᏉЪࠎ˘វ۞̂ТநຐĂኢдᄬ֏ăछᔘߏϔ۞ ᛉᗟ˯ĂౌӔனૣإ˘ّ۞֏ኢĄдѩࡦޢΞਕᔳӣĂጯఙࠧܜഇ ͽֽኢ۞઼̚ޥຐ̰՟ѣ࣎វޥຐ۞̼͛পኳĂ࠹ྵٺҘ͞߆عཌྷ ჯ᜕ҋϤࠎޥຐࣧĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞நኢ൴ᕇдٺ၆ռ۞ԲҿĂ ߏ̚Ҙ߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧᖡဦனमள۞ࣧЯĄ д઼̚߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍༊̚Ăϔ̙֭Էႊࢋ۞֎ҒĂٙͽ дϔཌྷҖ۞ॡĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ــజᄮࠎࢫҲϔཌྷ۞ड़ ϡĂ၆ࢭ઼̚ٺ՟ѣז᎕ໂ۞үϡĄҭߏĂ၁ᅫ˯઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ ຐࢋ߀ା઼̚۞ຍᙊֲ̙ٺϔཌྷ۰ĂࣇΪߏྏဦ೩Ωγ˘͞ё ֽ߀ା҃̏Ą˵ಶߏĂд͇ႊኢ۞ᇆᜩ̝˭Ϡхᚮ៍ࠧ͵۞ۋᚢႝБ઼̚Ă ҃дѩ݈೩̝˭Ăϔཌྷ̖ߏ઼̚Ϡх۞ѣड़͞ڱĄ̙࿅Ăтҹጆڽপ ̢ͽܛӄኢֽ࣒ϒ྿Ⴌ͛ཌྷ۞Ϡхᚮ៍ۋĂ઼̚߆عཌྷಶ೩Ķ̢ ӄů͵ࠧཌྷķ۞ሀё၆ԩĶϠхᚮۋůϔཌྷķ۞ሀёĄࣇᄮࠎ̢ ӄߏĶᐹК࣌౼ķ۞͞ёĂ̢ӄಶਕ᜕ܲՏ࣎ϔĂ̖ߏ̙ᕖ̂ռ͕۞ ТॡĂਕૉ߀ା઼̚۞͞ڱĞϔĂ1984cĈ183ğĄ˵ಶߏĂ၆઼̚߆ع ཌྷ۰ֽᄲĂ߆عཌྷࣘᜪ߀ାϔ۞ኝᗟࠧ͵ཌྷĂ۰֭࠹̢ܧ Ϭ࠼۞ᙯܼĄனˠϠ߿д઼छᄃ઼ࢦᝑ۞ᒖဩ྆Ăٙͽѩ៍هԸ ड۞઼̚ܕזॡ۩ॡĂटٽᄱͽࠎ߆عཌྷᄃϔໄ࠹̢هࡎĂҭ ߏдᔘ՟ѣԛј઼۞͵ࠧ྆Ă߆عཌྷᄃϔਕૉВхĄ ҃ĂଂҋϤăҋ۞۞֎઼̚ޞ࠻ֽޘ߆عཌྷॡĂࣇٙ೩࣍ ۞͵ࠧཌྷĂᓁົឰˠயϠߏӎົጱໂᝋཌྷ۞ႷᇋĄЯѩĂଣ ޥ઼̚ܕຐ̝ᅫĂ࣎វᄃБវ۞ᙯܼಶјࠎኢ൏ᕇĄּтĂдᆒरૈ ۞ࡁտ˯ĂϮ̡ࣣଣдᆒरૈ֗˯ਕӎΞ֍ந઼̚ޥຐΫ˯۞ᙱᗟǕǕ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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םአՏ࣎ˠ۞୬Ğռğአ۞৩ԔĞ̳ğǕǕĂҭߏ۞ඕኢߏᆒरૈ՟ ѣѣड़நѩયᗟĞ2003Ĉ41ğĂᇇĂᆒरૈдĮ઼̚ϔࡗჟ ཌྷį̬̚ᎊୣϔࡗኢॡĂтңםአĶҋӀķĶ̳ຍķјࠎநኢᙯᔣĄ ᔵᆒरૈ֭՟ѣځቁኢѩયᗟĂҭᇇᄮࠎᆒरૈଳ˞פᇇ˯۞ ྋՙ͞ڱĞ2004Ĉ114-122ğĄώኢ͛۞̶ژඕ˵ڍੵލڱ၆઼̚߆ عཌྷ۞ႷᇋĂޥჯቁ၁ӔனПᐍّĂٕధߏ༊ॡॡ۩ࡦഀ˭۞Ԋ ࢨّĄ ̙࿅Ăԧࣇ̙ᅮࢋϤѩ˭ඕኢᄮޥ઼̚ؠຐͻ࣎ˠٕҋϤҋ۞ޥ ຐĄԧࣇ៍࠻Ο઼̚ޥຐಶ൴னĂΟ઼̚ޥຐ̙֭̚ߏ՟ѣҋϤҋ ۞ޥຐĂ҃ϒтղѺ༄ĞWilliam Theodore de Baryğдԇጏ̚൴னҋ൴ّ ޥຐ̝ஶྫĞ1983Ĉ43ğĂ၁ҋ൴ّ˜ߏΟ઼̚ޥຐ̚ҫѣໂࠎࢦࢋ ۞гҜĄּтĂ̄Ķ֗វຏءķĶ͕ķన̮˟ࠎؠ၆ϲ۞Я৵҃ᄲĈ Ķ҅ϫ̝ޥ̙ءĂ҃ትۏٺĂۏϹۏĂ̝͔̏҃ջĄ͕̝ޥءĂޥ ̝Ă̙˵̙ޥĄѩ͇̝ٙᄃԧ۰ĂАϲͼ̂۰Ă̈۰τਕဳ ˵Ąѩࠎ̂ˠ҃̏ջķĮ̄ĆӘ̄˯įĄдѩ̄ග̟͕ໂࠎࢦࢋ۞֎ ҒĂ҃ᙯᔣд͕ٺѣޥ҂ਕ˧Ąਰ̄˵Тᇹ֗វ͕၆ϲֽᄲĈĶ͕ ۰Ăԛ̝Ӗ˵Ă҃ৠ̝ځ˵Ă΄҃ٙ΄צĄҋ༰˵Ăҋֹ˵Ăҋဳ ˵Ăҋ˵פĂҋҖ˵Ăҋͤ˵ķĮਰ̄ĆྋትįĄਰ̄дѩ̙ҭග̟͕ ጱ۞гҜĂ˵ځቁҋਕ˧Ąពҋਕ˧ߏĶّ̼ંķ۞ ᙯᔣĂಶѩຍཌྷ҃֏Ăҋّߏਰ̄ޥຐ̙̚Ξٕ۞Я৵ĄΞ֍дਰ ۞ّ͕ኢ༊͕̚۞ҋਕ˧ߏநኢᙯᔣĂ҃ᇒ୕ಶߏӸᘣҋّ۞Я৵̝ ˘ĂϤѩனҹטᇒ୕۞υࢋĄԧࣇдĮგ̄įαቔ༊̚ĂΞ֍ѣᙯ͕ᄃ ୬۞ኢĂּтĈĶ͕̝дវĂӖ̝Ҝ˵Ą˝ᖈ̝ѣᖚĂ˵̶̝ءĄČČ ୬Ăৠˢ۽ķĮგ̄Ć͕ఙ˯įĄдѩᄃਰ̄Тᇹග̟͕ጱ֗វ ۞гҜĂ҃Ķ୬ķ༊ү˘Α͈Ąтڍԧࣇдѩ៍ᕇ˯इϡ̳ռໄ ྖ۞هĂͤܡ൴೭ҋਕ˧۞Ķ୬ķĂႷгᛳٺĶռķ۞ቑᘞĂࡶߏт ѩĂ͕۞ҋਕ˧ಶߏ၁னĶ̳ķ۞ਕ˧Ąϒтኜкኢ۰ٙኢĂٕధ઼̚ ޥຐ՟ѣ൴णҘ͞ຍཌྷ۞࣎ˠ៍هĂҭߏన͕۞ҋਕ˧ߏ၁னĶ̳ķ ۞݈೩۞ྖĂԧࣇֶд઼̚ޥຐ̚Աֽҋّ۞ࢦࢋຍཌྷĄҭώ͛ ࢨٺቔ̶಼·ڱந࠹ᙯᛉᗟĂࣃϏֽᚶᜈԸˢࡁտĄ
22ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ϔĂ1984aĂIJҩኢϔăϔᝋăۤົˬཌྷ̝ளТГඍֽ३ኢĮາ͵ࡔį ൴Ώ̝ຍijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 172-177Ą ϔĂ1984bĂIJܛijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂܜՒĈ സݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 101-107Ą ϔĂ1984cĂIJ߆عᄲijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂܜ ՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 161-212Ą щ̡ҩ̬Ă2013ĂĮ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞ޥຐૄᖂįĂέΔĈ̣ݑဦ३̳ۍ ΦĄ ѦἕĂ1993ĂIJГኢग̋̚۞ϔཌྷijĂĮ̚δࡁտੰܕΫࡁտٙะ ΏįĂ22: 325-356Ą ү۰̙ځĂ1907ĂIJᖎౢĞĮ͇ཌྷįௐ 16-19 ཱིЪΏğijĂበ̙ྎĂĮ઼̚ྤ फ़ᕍ३Ğௐ̱ܐ઼̚סഇۤົཌྷ͛ᚥะğįĂִڌĈ̂щĂࢱ 332Ą ү۰̙ځĂ1908ĂIJᚍТԠདྷ௫͵ࠧາᄬ ESPERANTOĞĮᏊಡįௐ˘ཱིğijĂ ঈ̡߶ΫăऩษĞበğĂĮࣧ̚国アナキズムྤफ़ะјĞௐ˛סğįĂ ִڌĈქቹ३ٗĂࢱ̙ྎĄ ү۰̙ځĂ1984ĂIJĮາ͵ࡔį൴Ώ̝ຍijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆ع ཌྷд઼̚įĂܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 15-16Ą ՂϮഅĂ1984aĂIJˬჩࢭijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂ ܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 126-132Ą ՂϮഅĂ1984bĂIJࢭijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆عཌྷޥ ຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 167-171Ą ̳ᝋĂ1984ĂIJۤົཌྷᓾ௫ົௐ˘ѨฟົࡔְijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂ Į߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 19-22Ą ՔڗဋĂ2002ĂIJ઼̚ܕϔཌྷ۞൴णĈࣘኢϔཌྷ۞࣎યᗟijĂ Į߆ڼᄃۤົࣰጯෞኢįĂ3: 49-119Ą ว̋ăඥᚥበĂ1980ĂĮޥ઼̚ܕຐˠۏኢĈϔཌྷįĂέΔĈॡ ಡ̼͛ۤۍĄ ៍ܛᑾăᆒܦपĂ2009ĂĮ៍هΫࡁտĈ઼̚னࢦࢋ߆ڼఙᄬ۞ԛјįĂ ΔִĈޠڱۤۍĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
23
ग̋̚Ă1986ĂIJˬϔཌྷijĂᇃࡊົۤ࠷ڌጯੰ።Ϋࡁտٙă઼ۤ̚ົࡊ ጯੰܕΫࡁտٙ̚රϔ઼Ϋࡁտވă̋̂̚ጯ።Ϋրग̋̚ࡁտވĞЪ በğĂĮग̋̚БะĞௐ˝סğįĂΔִĈ̚ර३ԊĂࢱ 183-427Ą रāೇĂ1984aĂIJĮᆀᐂį൴ΏෟijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷ д઼̚įĂܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 32-33Ą रāೇĂ1984bĂIJᆿछཌྷijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂ ܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 234-240Ą ୃࣖĂ1984ĂIJ˟Ȉ͵ࡔ̝າཌྷijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ ߆عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 6-16Ą ૺѬࣖĂ2001ĂĮன઼̚ޥຐࡁտįĂ˯ঔĈ˯ঔˠϔۤۍĄ ૺኰĂ2009ĂIJĶ઼̚ķᄃĶ͇˭ķໄهଣijĂĮڌӓ߆ڼጯಡįĂ27(3): 169-257Ą เҹڠĂ2000ĂIJଂՐϒזᄮТ઼ǕǕ ځϐҌϐ઼̳̚ռ៍ࢦ۞ه ፋijĂเҹڠăૺࣰလĞበğĂĮ̳ᄃռĈ઼࣎̚ܕវᄃཏវ̝ࢦ ޙįĂέΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕΫࡁտٙĂࢱ 58-112Ą ᇇĂ2004ĂIJଂĶԆБ̝ˠķזĶԆБ̝πඈķǕǕ ᆒरૈ۞ࢭޥຐ ̈́ຍஉijĂĮᄂ̂።ΫጯಡįĂ44: 93-152Ą ༄ڗĂ2010ĂĮঽ͈ăเᄃჂĈĶҘ͞ķෛ۞઼̚ԛ෪ᄃ઼̚ܕ ઼ኢຐညįĂέΔĈ߆̂ۤۍĄ ჶԠјĂ2000ĂIJԇځநጯ۞̳ռ̝Ᏸ̈́னຍஉijĂเҹڠăૺࣰလĞ በğĂĮ̳ᄃռĈ઼࣎̚ܕវᄃཏវ̝ࢦޙįĂέΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕ ΫࡁտٙĂࢱ 1-57Ą ᆒܦपበĂ1994ĂĮϔཌྷᄃ઼̚ன̼įĂࢶപĈࢶപ͛̂̚ጯۤۍĄ ᆒरૈĂ1984aĂIJֲ߷ன๕ኢijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆ع ཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 120-133Ą ᆒरૈĂ1984bĂIJኢࢭᄃ߆̝ࢭعεijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂ Ꮈ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯ ۤۍĂࢱ 86-98Ą ᆒरૈĂ1998ĂIJኢጯϠ̝ݔܧਗ਼ijĂՂӻॲĞበğĂĮᆒरૈ֙ϻ݈͛ ᏴįĂΔִĈˬᓑ३ظĂࢱ 1-2Ą ዑ̂රă࿊̈৭በĂ2007ĂĮ઼̚ܕΫ˯۞ϔཌྷįĂΔִĈۤົࡊጯ ͛ᚥĄ ᘲԠϣĂ1998ĂĮϔཌྷᄃޥ઼̚ܕຐįĂέΔĈ̂ڌဦ३̳ΦĄ ᘲԠϣĂ2007ĂIJநຐᄃன၁ǕǕ ؞ϔࠧ͵ܐཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯᓑ̢જijĂ
24ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ͳѶĞበğĂĮ઼̚ޥܕຐΫ۞ᖼݭॡįĂέΔĈᓑགྷĂࢱ 271-314Ą
˟ă͛͟ొ̶ ルナンĞRenan, ErnestğĂ㉾ࣰᛌĂ1997ĂIJ国ϔとはңかijĂĮ国ϔ とはңかįĂִڌĈインスクリプトĄᛌҋ “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?” In Œuvres Complètes, Vol. 1. N.p.: Calmann-Lèvy. 1887. ˱̋ضڗĂ1982ĂĮ̚国ܕのጌځįĂִڌĈࡁ͛ۍĄ ̈फ晋ڼĂ1978ĂIJ̚国ˠܐの͟ώޓ国ཌྷԲҿǕǕ ᆒरࢺĺ亜эன๕ ኢĻǕǕ ijĂ̈फॢڼĞበğĂĮアジアからみた近代日本įĂִڌĈ ֲࡔ३ٗĂࢱ 75-112Ą ̈ъΫࢡĂ2011ĂĮ国ၮĆ国ႇĆ国ᇉ ǕǕ ナショナリズムとシンボルの̚ 国ܕΫįĂִڌĈִ̂ڌጯົۍĄ Ϯ̡ࣣĂ2003ĂIJ̶かれてあるˠࣖǕǕ ᆒरૈのࣖந৩Ԕ観ǕǕ ijĂĮ̚ 国ࣰ学ࡁտįĂ19Ĉ1-55Ą ϮϓϣϒĂ1963ĂIJض徳ࡌͪと̚国ǕǕ ϔとຑ国͕のયᗟについてǕǕ ijĂ ѻ̰рĞበğĂĮアジアཌྷįĂִڌĈඑᇝ३ٗĂࢱ 384-410Ą Р፨ྕ˘ࢡĂ2003ĂĮຑ国ཌྷの౹јǕǕ ナショナリズムから̚ܕ国を みるįĂִڌĈگج३ظĄ ѻ̰චүĂ1948ĂIJڼځϐഇにおける̚͟ࢭྻજのϹ߹Ğڼځϐഇ۞̚ ͟ࢭྻજ۞Ϲ߹ğijĂĮ̚国ࡁտįĂ5: 74-95Ą ࣧݑᓄĂ1959ĂĮフィヒテの߆ࣰڼ学įĂִڌĈگج३ظĄ বมۡፘĂ1976ĂĮ̚国ۤ会ཌྷのጌځįĂִڌĈگج३ظĄ ॡޜĂ1978ĂIJϔཌྷと߆عཌྷǕǕ 国学のवăᆒरૈのࢭኢǕǕ ijĂ ̈̌ս࡚ăफϣѨĞበğĂĮ֙ϻࢭのࡁտįĂִڌĈඑᇝ३ٗĂ ࢱ 135-184Ą ˾ฯˬĂ1995ĂĮ̚国の̳とռįĂִڌĈࡁ͛ۍĄ
ˬăҘ͛ొ̶ Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: New York: Verso. Archibugi, Daniele. 2008. The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bakunin, Mikhail. 1953. The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism. Maximoff, G. P. ed. Glencoe III.: Free Press.
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Bakunin, Mikhail. 1980. Bakunin On Anarchism. Trans. Sam Dolgoff. Montrèal: Black Rose Books. Bakunin, Mikhail. 1990. Statism and Anarchy. Trans. Marshall S. Shatz. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bernal, Martin. 1976. “Liu Shih-p’ei and National Essence.” In The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservation Alternative in Republican China, ed. Charlotte Furth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 90-112. Cohen, Paul A. 1974. Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang T’ao and Reform in Late Ch’ing China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. de Bary, William Theodore. 1983. The Liberal Tradition in China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Dikötter, Frank. 1992. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Calif: Stanford University Press. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. 1978. Reden an die Deutsche Nation. Hamburg: Meiner. Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Held, David. 2010. Cosmopolitanism: Ideas and Realities. Malden: Polity Press. Heywood, Andrew. 1998. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hobsbawm, Eric & Terence Ranger ed. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Laitinen, Kauko. 1990. Chinese Nationalism in the Late Qing Dynasty: Zhang Binglin as an Anti-Manchu Propagandist. London: Curzon Press. Levenson, Joseph Richmond. 1964. Confucian China and its Modern Fate. Berkeley: University of California Press. Meisner, Maurice J. 1967. Li Ta-Chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Nussbaum, Martha C. 1996. “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism.” In For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Joshua Cohen. Boston: Beacon Press, 2-17. Stirner, Max. 1995. The Ego and its Own. David Leopold ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
26ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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Chinese Anarchism, Nationalism, and Universalism: An Inquiry into an Intellectual Approach within Modern Chinese Political Thought* Shinsuke Yasui **
Abstract In the years before the Xinhai Revolution, Chinese anarchists rejected nationalism, and instead advocated universalism and anarchism as the only way to save China and human society as a whole. What kind of theories were used to counter nationalism? What did they have to say about relations between individual nations and the world as a whole? What did the universalism they advocated mean? These are the main questions that this article tries to answer. First, this article explores the concept of the nation and the way to overcome nationalism as argued by the Chinese anarchists. They recognized a nation as being a substantial entity with distinct characteristics, and claimed that nationalism was a reflection of egoism and was prone to induce imperialism. These arguments were made under the influence of the gongsi theory (̳ռ ) that was popular in traditional Chinese thought. Second, this article analyzes the worldview of Chinese anarchism and points out that Chinese anarchists did not take autonomy as their core theory. Therefore, their vision of the ideal society was one of uniformity, without space for individual diversity. Keywords: Anarchism, Nationalism, Universalism, Liu Shipei
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.59(1-26). **Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Japanese, Chihlee Institute of Technology. E-mail: [email protected]
઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷ ᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё* щ̡ҩ̬**
ၡāāࢋ дϔࢭ֏ኢҖ۞֙ϻࢭ݈́Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ͅ၆ϔ ཌྷ҃೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷĂ࠹߀ߏ̖ܫା઼̚ˠᙷۤົ۞͞ڱĄ ࣇֶፂ̦ᆃᇹ۞நኢͅ၆ϔཌྷĉϔ۞ࠧ͵ᙯܼтңĉࣇٙ ೩࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷ̝ӣཌྷࠎңĉߏώ͛۞ࢋᙯᘃٙдĄ ώ͛ࢵАଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞ϔໄهĂͽ̈́ࣇٙ೩۞ ҹڇϔཌྷ̝͞ڱĄࣇᄮࠎϔߏѣϔপّ۞၁ᅫхдĂ҃ ֶፂ็઼̚۞̳ռኢᄮؠϔཌྷߏռ͕۞ܑனĂົጱϔ ઼ޓཌྷĄѨĂώ̶઼͛̚ژ߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍Ӕனֽ۞ޥჯ ሀёĂซ҃Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ՟ѣҋّ༊ү८͕நኢĂϤѩ дໂ۞நຐ͵ࠧ៍༊̚Ӕனڱჯ࣎វкّ̮۞˘̮͵ࠧ៍Ą ᙯᔣෟĈ߆عཌྷăϔཌྷă͵ࠧཌྷă઼ཌྷăᆒरૈ
*
DOI:10.6166/TJPS.59(1-26)Ąώ̝͛ࡁտᄃᆷүĂᒔ઼ࡊົࡁտགྷ̝ྃӄĞNSC 101-2410-H-263-001-ğĂү۰ᖰᔁԢĄү۰֭ຏᔁˬҜઠЩᆶߤˠ೩ֻ̝ᚗෳຍ֍Ą ** நԫఙጯੰᑕϡ͟ᄬրӄநିĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ102 ѐ 8 ͡ 22 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ103 ѐ 3 ͡ 11 ͟
2ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ಥăጱኢ ઼ཌྷĞnationalismğ1 ߏன͵ࠧ۞ࢦࢋপҒ̝˘Ăனд۞͵ࠧۍ ဦૄώ˯ͽ઼઼छĞnation stateğࠎಏҜĂ՟ѣԛјૻধ઼ຍᙊĂಶ ᔌٺऴ๕ٕዎ՛Ąֲ߷Ч઼ҋଂҘ͞۞ᑝ̝ޢฟؕࢬ၆઼ཌྷ۞ય ᗟĂ઼઼̚˘̝̚ߏĄϤѩ઼̚ܕಶјࠎޥ҂઼ཌྷ۞ࢦࢋॡ۩ ࡦഀĂ೩ֻගԧࣇଣ઼ཌྷ۞̶ژՄफ़Ą ഈฟؕᄮۢҋ֗К๕۞гҜ̝ޢĂࠎ˞၆ԩҘ͞๕˧ĂವՐಱૻ̝ ͞ڱĂ߶ચྻજă̚វҘϡඈဘྏౌߏܑனĄ҃Ăѣֱۢᙊ̶̄ฟؕ ڦຍזĂ̚Ҙ۞मள่̙дٺԫఙ˯ࢬĂĶरл̝ܜԫͽטлķ̙֖֭ͽ ၆ԩҘ͞๕˧Ă҃ჟৠăޥຐă̼͛ඈЯ৵˵ߏጱमள۞ࢦࢋЯ৵Ă тࢦ̙ڍෛֱ٩෪۞ࢬШĂಶдϠхᚮ྆ࠧ͵۞ۋڱϠх˭ΝĄ઼ ຍᙊಶߏ̚ࠎࢦࢋ۞Я৵̝˘Ăग̋̚Ğ1986Ĉ210ğഅགྷтѩᄲĈ Ķϔཌྷ࣎ڌҘĂߏ઼छဦ൴྿ဦϠх۞ᚗ֓Ąķฟځ؟ཌྷг ઼ཌྷ۞ϒࢬүϡĂӈჸ˧Ą઼̚ࢬᓜх˸П̝፟ᅫĂဥඕߏ߀ ା઼̚۞ࢦࢋЯ৵̝˘Ăѩॡ઼ཌྷໂѣϒࢬຍཌྷĄ ҃Ăனˠ̏൴ᛇ઼ཌྷϺѣПᐍّĂӈૻধ۞ଵّĂटٽ ጱՒ͛ཌྷĞChauvinismğăऻγাĞxenophobiağඈĂ˵ົјࠎ͔൴ ጼࣧ۞ۋЯĞHeywood, 1998: 154ğĄৼოĞNationalsozialistische Deutsche ArbeiterparteiğӀϡฮӀщϔຍᙊૠ୭൘͉ˠ۞ְІᅛגд።Ϋጸ ̚Ăԧࣇ֍ᙋ઼ཌྷ൴णࠎཌྷĞracismğ۞้ШĂ઼ཌྷଂѩ ڱᕚ௲ࢬԛ෪ĄТॡĂд઼઼छ̚ј۞ܜனˠــ઼ຍᙊෛ 1
ĶϔཌྷķĶ઼ཌྷķౌజ༊ү nationalism ۞ᖙᛌෟĂ˵Ξ֍ϡĶϔķ Ķķ۞ଐԛĂϤѩጱϡෟใ۞ڶېĄᝦ ٺnationalism ۞࠹ᙯࡁտĂώˠ ᄮТ nation ࠎனன෪۞៍ᕇĂٙͽࠎ˞ᄃૄ ٺethnicity ۞ĶϔķໄهડĂ้Ш ٺĶ઼ķ༊ү nation ۞ᖙᛌෟĄ҃ĂϤ۞઼̚ܕٺᄬဩ̚૱ன۞ߏĶϔ ཌྷķ˘ෟĂ҃༊ॡ۞ۢᙊ̶̄˵ೀͼ՟ѣຍᙊ זnation ۞னຍཌྷĂٙͽֹܕ ઼̚۞࠹ᙯࡁտдϡෟ˯ᆧΐӧᙱޘĄߏ߇Ăώ͛д۞઼̚ܕਔඛֹ̚ϡĶϔķ ˘ෟĂ҃ຍᙊזன nationalism ࡁտ۞நኢෛ֎ॡĂүࠎ nation ۞ᖙᛌෟֹϡĶ઼ ķ˘ෟĄΩγĂ͔ٕᖼ۰֏ኢॡĂϺܲࣧү۰۞ϡෟĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ࠎҋĂд઼ᅫ۬৾൴ϠॡĂॡ૱Ξ֍ଐჰّ۞ͅड֏ኢĄԧࣇྍغזт ңࢬ၆઼ཌྷĉߏனˠڱᔖҺ۞ᙱᗟĄ дтѩ۞યᗟຍᙊ̝˭Ă઼̚߆عཌྷΞјࠎޥ҂઼ཌྷ۞˘࣎ शĄдϔࢭҖ۞઼̚ܕଐဩ྆Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ۰᎕ໂ೩ͅ ၆ϔཌྷ۞֏ኢâᕇࣃឰˠͅޥĂЯࠎ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰֭ͅܧ ၆Ķା઼ķĄனˠஎ઼צຍᙊ۞߾ᖃĂҋ҃гன۞઼ຍᙊ Ըडז࿅Ν።Ϋ༊̚Ăٙͽ༊ॡ۞Ķା઼ķநྋј߀ା઼छĂҭߏдإ Ϗԛј઼ཌྷ۞ॡĂା઼۞ຍ˘̙֭˵ޥᇹĂЯѩனܲă઼ܲă ܲିඈЧᄲڱĄႷгĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰̙֭ߏࢋ߀ା઼छĂ֤ᆃĂ ࣇтңඕЪĶା઼ķᄃ߆عཌྷநኢĉߏࣃࡁտ۞યᗟĄ҃д ࠹ᙯᛉᗟ༊̚Ăࣇтңࢬ၆ϔཌྷĂߏࠎࢦࢋ۞ᛉᗟĂЯࠎग̚ ̋ඈˠା઼ԛј઼ඈณᆅ៍Ăన઼̚߆عཌྷ̙ᄮТϔ ཌྷĂ֤ಶυื೩ା઼۞͞ڱĄࣇࠎңͅ၆ϔཌྷĉֶፂ̦ᆃᇹ ۞நኢͅ၆ĉಶߏώኢ͛۞ࢋᙯᘃ̝˘Ą֤ᆃĂଳ̦פᆃᇹ۞ෛ֎̖ ਕѣड̶़઼̚ژ߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯܼĉ̙ӸдѩАણҘ͞߆ عཌྷтң࠻ޞϔཌྷĂͽܮซ˘Վޥ҂߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞நኢ ᙯܼĄ
˘ăҘ͞߆عཌྷᄃϔ дధкҘ͞߆عཌྷ۰༊̚Ă͐ߜှĞMikhail BakuninğࠎዋЪ ༊үѩᛉᗟ۞̶ژ၆෪ĂЯࠎ͐ߜှѝഇ৭дజᑅ࢝ϔ۞ϲಞଂְ࿅ ͈ٛϔྋྻٸજâᕇΞͧᑢ۞઼̚ܕٺဩĄѐᅅॡ͐ߜှஎ צโॾႬޥຐ۞ᇆᜩĂ˵ޝѝಶᄃΩγ˘Ҝ߆عཌྷ۰ᄍጆڌĞPierre Joseph ProudhonğϹ߹࿅Ăҭߏ͐ߜှ֭˘ܧฟؕಶҋᛇјࠎ߆عཌྷ ۰Ąᔵѩॡ͐ߜှ̏གྷૣإҋϤ҃ͅ၆ֶᏥ߆عĂҭߏ֗ࠎ͈ٛϔ ۞ሤଐᄃๆ౼࿅ҋϤநኢ۞நّଣĂ˵̙ͅ၆͈ٛϔԛјҋϤ۞ ߆ڼᖐĄ ߜֽ͐ޢှ၆ϔྋྻٸજε୕҃ԼតࣧѣϲಞĂฟؕԛј߆ع ཌྷޥຐĄ֤ᆃĂд۞ޥຐ̚Ķϔķغזҫѣ̦ᆃᇹ۞Ҝཉĉ߆ع ཌྷᄃϔଐჰѣࡎĉ͐ߜှ֭՟ѣะ̚ኢ࿅࠹ᙯયᗟĂҭߏ၆ٺ
4ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
Ķຑ઼ķăĶϔķඈໄ៍۞هᕇརдЧ͛ౢĂଂ̚Ξ֍ޥຐ۞˘ ბĄҘ͞߆عཌྷ۞நຐۤົݭၗૄώ˯ΞͽϡĶᓑЪķֽԛटĂాໂ ბૻአ࣎ˠҋϤ۞߉འৼĞMax Stirnerğౌኢ̈́࿅˘۰۞ᓑЪĞ1995, 198-199ğĄ͐ߜှಶдIJᓑЪཌྷăۤົཌྷͽ̈́ͅৠጯཌྷij༊̚೩ ȈˬีᓑЪཌྷ۞ࣧĂ҃ௐȈ˟ี೩זĈĶᓑ༖ٚᄮϔّߏ˘ҋ ۞ְ၁Ăநٙ༊гጾѣҋϤϠх൴ण۞ᝋ˧Ăҭߏ̙ԯιෛࠎ˘ ࣧĂЯࠎٙѣ۞ࣧυืѣّ࿆Ăҭϔّݒѣଵّ̙҃ ّ࿆ķĞBakunin, 1980: 106ğĄ͐ߜှٚᄮϔّхд۞ְ၁Ăҭߏͅ၆ ĶϔཌྷķٕĶϔҋՙķඈϔّ༊үࣧ۞ૺĂЯࠎૺ ຳ̚ӎ઼̰ؠЧҾᖐ۞ҋڼᝋĄ၆͐ߜှֽᄲĂՐҋϤࣧ۞ඕڍጱ ϔྋߏ̖ٸҋ۞நྮĂ߇߆عཌྷ̙ͅ၆ϔĂҭࣧυืٸ дҋϤ۞ૄᖂ˯ࢬĄ ၁ᅫ˯Ă͐ߜှଂְ͈ٛϔྋྻٸજॡ̏གྷҋϤ༊үࣧ Ă֭ܧϔ༊үࣧĂҭߏԧࣇдѩΞ֍͐ߜှ̏གྷࢫҲϔ۞ࢦࢋ ّĄԧࣇд patriotism ۞ኢ̚ϺΞ֍ᙷҬ۞ޥჯĄ 2 дᓑЪཌྷ۞ௐȈ ˬี೩זĈĶ˘ߏˠᙷϤڱԩ١۞˧ณజ͔ጱ۞ઈ̂ϫᇾĂҭߏČČ نෛҋϤ҃Ր˘۞ patriotism ߏ̙р۞ patriotismČČᓑ༖ਕૉٚᄮ۞ ˘ ߏ Ă ጾ ѣ ҋ ڼᝋ ۞ ࣎ វ ᓑ Ъ ҃ ҋ Ϥ ԛ ј ۞ ˘ ķĞ Bakunin, 1980: 106-107 ğĄ ͐ ߜ ှ д ѩ ડ ̶ patriotism Ă ˘ ߏ ҋ ҋ ଐ ຏ ۞ patriotismĂಶрͧϔّхд۞ְ၁ĂՏ࣎ˠ၆߇ฏĞthe Fatherlandğ ጾѣ patriotism ۞ଐຏĞBakunin, 1953: 324ğĄҭߏĂт ڍpatriotism ઼ छຍᙊࢦᝑĂ֤ಶߏ̙ҋ۞ patriotismĂЯࠎ઼छ̙֭ඈ߇ٺฏĄ patriotism ߏࠎ઼छপᝋล৺ڇચ۞ patriotismĂԯι༊үՏ࣎ˠ۞ᇇ ཌྷચॡĂҋϤజࣤဳĂ࣎ˠ۞ҋّεΝຍཌྷĄ ଂͽ˯۞ኢΞ֍Ҙ͞߆عཌྷந߆عཌྷϔཌྷᙯܼ۞ ˘͞ёĄ͐ߜှͅ၆ϔཌྷĂҭߏ̙֭ӎؠϔώ֗Ăٚᄮϔ۞х
2
Patriotism ఼૱ᖙᛌࠎຑ઼ཌྷĂҭ၁ᅫ˯ patriotism ۞ଐჰ઼छ۞ቑಛ̙˘ࢦؠ ᝑĂ͐ߜှ˵֭՟ѣ patriotism ۞၆෪నࠎ઼छĂЯѩĂࠎ˞ᔖҺᄱྋĂдѩֹ ϡࡻ͛ෟຉ۞͞ёӔனĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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д patriotism ۞ଐຏߏҋ۞хдĄ҃Ăтڍԯι೩̿ࠎࣧĞӈϔ ཌྷğĂಶົன patriotism ઼छ۞ࢦᝑĂϤѩனᑅ࢝࣎ˠҋϤ۞ ଐԛĂЯѩͅ၆ϔཌྷĄԧࣇ۞ቁΞͽநྋĂĶҋ̎ߏߙ઼ˠķ༊ү ߙІְ۞ҿᕝᇾॡޝटٽனεΝநം۞ҿᕝĂߏ˘ଐຏ˯۞ҿ ᕝĄϡଐຏҿᕝ۞ॡ࣏εΝҋҿᕝਕ˧ĂЯѩ৭дҋϤăҋ۞ࣧ˯Ă ߆عཌྷڱତৼϔཌྷĄ ͐ߜှ˘࣎ˠ۞ޥຐ̙˘ؠਕૉܑፋ࣎Ҙ͞߆عཌྷĂҭߏԧࣇ ଂ̚ᒔҘ͞߆عཌྷͅ၆ϔཌྷ۞ᙯᔣĂӈĈҋّĄϔཌྷٙ Ӕனֽ۞ଵّٺૄــଐຏĂϔཌྷ۰ͽו፬ଐຏ۞͞ёፆଠཏி ۞ҖࠎĂ҃၆ٺ߆عཌྷ۰ֽᄲಶߏࣤဳ࣎ˠҋҿᕝਕ˧۞߱͘Ą ˵ಶߏĂԧࣇΞͽᄲĂࣤဳҋّ˵ߏϔཌྷ۞ࢦࢋၑბ̝˘Ą ͐ߜှᄮࠎ၆֗̎ٺٙᛳ۞ϔଐຏߏҋ۞Ăѩॡٙᄲ۞ϔߏ၁ ᅫхд۞ϔĄҭߏĂன۞઼ཌྷࡁտĶ઼ķߏــˠࣇ۞ຐ ညٙԛјĂᄃ၁х۞Ķϔķ̙˘ؠԆБࢦᝑĄϔཌྷ۰ጯ۰၆ٺϔ Ğ઼ğໄ۞هᄮۢૺѣٙमளâᕇ઼ֹཌྷࡁտՀΐኑ ᗔĄࠎ˞எˢଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ၆ϔཌྷ۞ԲҿĂдѩАаᜪ֭ણ ன઼ཌྷࡁտĄ
˟ă࿅Νѣᙯ઼ཌྷ۞ࡁտ ϫ݈ࠎͤĂጯఙࠧன࿅̙౼ښᓝ۞઼ཌྷࡁտүĄѣᙯ઼ ཌྷ۞ኢ̂˯Ξͽ̶ࠎࠁĈ˘ࠁ઼ཌྷෛࠎனன෪Ăᄮࠎ઼ ཌྷߏ 18 ͵ࡔϐͽ̖ޢனćΩγ˘ࠁᄮࠎ઼۞дٺΟĂ ࢦڦЯ৵ĞethnicityğĄдጯఙࠧଳ݈פ۰ϲಞ۰اкĂ͍ 1983 ѐ щᇇĞBenedict Andersonğ۞Įຐည۞ВТវįཀྵႬৼĞErnest Gellnerğ ۞Į઼ᄃ઼ཌྷįય͵̝ޢĂᔌ๕តՀΐځពĞAnderson, 1991ć Gellner, 1983ğĄனдᓁඕ࿅Ν۞ࡁտјڍĂԧࣇΞͽͽ˭αᕇѣᙯ ઼ཌྷ۞ኢࢦᕇĈ˘ă઼ཌྷ˜ߏன۞யۏĂᄃனّĞmodernityğ ѣ̷۞ᙯܼć˟ăдԛј઼ཌྷ̝ᅫĂᅮࢋˠࠎг౹ౄ઼ّ ĞHobsbawm & Ranger, 1983ğćˬă઼ཌྷــ෦ኜٺăᄬ֏ă͛ ̼ඈЯ৵ćαăԛј઼۞јࣶࢋٱѣВТវ۞ຐညĄдѩࣃڦຍ۞ߏ
6ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
઼ཌྷனّ̝ม۞ᙯܼĂ࠻Ҭܧநّ۞઼ཌྷࠎңᄃனّѣᙯ ᓑâᕇԧࣇᅮࢋຍĄ ᙯ઼ٺ۞ኢĂ၁ѝд 19 ͵ࡔॡĂ̏ன࿅ࢦڦЯ৵۞ϲ ಞ઼ෛࠎனன෪۞ϲಞĄ݈۰ߏԓপĞJohann Gottlieb Fichteğ ଂ 1806 ז1807 ѐഇมซҖ۞˘րЕႊᓾĶӘᇇ઼઼ϔĞReden an die Deutsche NationğķĂޢ۰ߏઙݑĞJoseph Ernest Renanğ1882 ѐซҖ۞ ႊᓾĶ̦ᆃߏ઼ĞQu’est-ce qu’une nation?ğķ̚೩۞֍ྋĄ ԓপૻአ઼ຍᙊ۞ۤົࡦഀᄃ࠹઼̚ܕҬĂಶߏ༊ॡ۞ᇇ઼ϒ ٺజो૬ҫᅳ۞П፟ॡഇĄԓপૻአĶҋռķߏϞྋᇇ઼۞ॲώࣧ ЯĂЯ҃೩઼࣍ିֈĄдኢିֈ۞ࢦࢋّ۞ТॡĂԓপ˵ૻአᇇ઼ ઼۞পঅّĂྏဦခᄅຑ઼͕ĞFichte, 1978ğĄ࡚̼ᇇ઼઼۞ኢट ֹٽˠᓑຐזԓপઙĂҭߏ၁ԓপдΩγ˘ࢬܧ૱ૻአҋϤĂ࣎ˠ֭ ̙ߏд઼̚జପ՟ĄࣧݑᓄĂѝഇ۞ԓপஎ צ18 ͵ࡔୁᄋॡ Ķ͵ࠧཌྷķޥሗ̝ᇆᜩĂ҃ٙᄮࠎ۞઼၁̙֭ߏ።Ϋ˯វ۞х дĂ҃ߏ۞̼ه៍ޘໄهĂ઼۞ߏٺໄهਕૉᄃ͵ࠧཌྷඕЪĂ҃ நኢૄᖂߏϲҋ۞࣎ˠĞ1959Ĉ263-320ğĄࡶߏтѩĂϲҋ ۞ᇇ઼ˠ̖ਕૉᄮۢᇇ઼۞পঅّ҃ᛇᏹĂдĶᇇ઼઼ķ༊̚Ă࣎ˠᄃ ཏវԆ࡚ඕЪĄ˵ಶߏĂநኢ˯઼ཌྷ࣎ˠ۞ҋّ̢̙֭࠹ࡎĄ ઙૻݑአ઼۞៍ّهĂᄮࠎԞᄃ።Ϋ۞ᄱྋߏ౹ౄ઼۞Я ̄Ă࿅Ν۞Ϋ၁ᄃ઼̝ม֭՟ѣ၆۞ᙯܼĄ၆҃֏Ă઼ߏჟৠࣧ நĂ̂छВֳాଐຏ۞ॡ઼࣏ኚϠĂ҃ӈ઼ֹــ෦ኜٺ࿅ΝĂҭ ၁ᅫ˯ֽ͕ాҋனд༊˭۞ᅮࢋĂٙͽ઼۞хд̖ಝჍࠎĶՏ͇۞ ̳ϔԸைķĞルナンĞRenan, ErnestğĂ㉾ࣰᛌĂ1997Ĉ62ğĄԧࣇд ѩΞ֍ઙ̏ݑགྷځቁгᕇன઼ཌྷࡁտ۞८͕៍ᕇĂӈĈ઼ߏຐ ည۞ВТវĄઙݑٙᄲ۞ĶՏ͇۞̳ϔԸைķᄃᄲ઼۞ώኳĂᔘ̙т ᄲߏઙ۞ݑഇ୕Ą઼۞ჸ˧ــឰˠεΝҋҿᕝĂҭߏϤ઼ٺ֭ ܧ၁ᅫхдĂˠࣇ۞͑ຐٙޙၹĂٙͽநኢ˯઼۞ԛјώ֗̏གྷΒӣ࣎ ˠ۞ҿᕝĂઙݑಶԓ୕ԛј઼ޢՏ࣎ˠჯ࣎ˠ۞ҿᕝਕ˧ĂಶߏĶՏ ͇۞̳ϔԸைķ۞ຍޥĄ тѩ࠻ֽĂኢԓপᔘߏઙݑĂҋّߏԛјநຐ઼۞ࢦࢋЯ৵Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
7
҃Ăன၁˯ཏிــεΝҋّܑ҃னૻধ۞ଵّĂ͐ߜှಶᄮࠎ ߏυ۞ඕڍĂჯҋّ۞நຐ઼ڱхдĄΞ֍Ăҋّߏ઼ ཌྷࡁտ̙Ξٕ۞៍ᕇĂਕӎ൴೭֭ჯҋّ˜ߏ઼ཌྷࡁտ۞ᙯ ᔣ̝˘Ą
ˬă࿅Νѣᙯ઼̚ܕă઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ࡁտ ᙯ઼̚ܕٺᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯాّĂ˵ѣ̙౼ښᓝ۞ࡁտඕڍĂࡁ տቑಛঘ̈́זĈ઼̚ܕϔཌྷޥຐ۞ႊតăԛј઼ཌྷ۞࿅ăୖ ୁăౢ͉ۆăग̋̚ඈܑˠ۞ۏϔཌྷޥຐඈĞว̋ăඥᚥበĂ 1980ćѦἕĂ1993ćᆒܦपበĂ1994ćเҹڠĂ2000ćૺѬࣖĂ2001Ĉ 109-244ćՔڗဋĂ2002ćዑ̂රă࿊̈৭በĂ2007ć៍ܛᑾăᆒܦपĂ2009Ĉ 226-251ć༄ڗĂ2010ć̈ъΫࢡĂ2011ćР፨ྕ˘ࢡĂ2003ćLevenson, 1964ćLaitinen, 1990ćDikötter, 1992ğĄ̚Ă઼ཌྷᄃĶ͇˭ů͵ࠧ ៍ķᙯܼ۞ࡁտᄃώ͛۞࠹ᙯّྵஎĄࡁտ઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶̄ॡĂధкጯ ۰ڦຍࣇזӔனϔཌྷଐჰ۞ТॡĂ˵ٱѣ͵ࠧཌྷ۞நຐ ĞMeisner, 1967: 176-194ćCohen, 1974: 232ćᘲԠϣĂ1998Ĉ193-221ğĄ ԧࣇдۢ۞઼̚ܕᙊ̶̄֗˯૱Ξ֍ன෪Ă֤ᆃͺ࠻̝˭࠹ࡎ۞ ϔཌྷࠧ͵ཌྷࠎңдࣇޥຐ̚Тॡхдĉநኢᙯܼࠎңĉߏ ࣃࡁտ۞યᗟĂώ͛ଂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞֎ޘซ˘ՎଣĄ ઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ̝มᙯᓑّ۞ࡁտ˵ѣᖳಱ۞јڍĄд͟ ώጯఙࠧĂ઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯాޝѝಶјࠎኢᛉᗟĂΞ ਕߏЯࠎᆒरૈඈ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰д͟ώणฟ߿જĂ҃ᄃ͟ώ߆ع ཌྷ۰எˢϹ߹۞ᙯܼĄѻ̰චүаጸ༊ॡ۞ଐԛॡᄲĂᄃᆒरૈ˘ ۍĮ͇ཌྷį۞̳ᝋ؎ѻ̰ᇤᆷຑϡ઼ఱ۞͛็ކІॡĂ͟ώ߆ع ཌྷ۰̂Չၷ৯ᄲࣇᔘ՟ৌϒநྋۤົཌྷĞ1948Ĉ84-85ğĄࢬ၆т ѩ۞Ϲ߹ଐڶĂ͟ώጯఙࠧ۞ෞᆊ̶ࠎĈௐ˘ᄮࠎĂ߆عཌྷ Ҳϔཌྷ۞ࢦࢋຍཌྷĂ၆۞ࢭ઼̚ٺซण՟ѣז᎕ໂ۞үϡĞϮϓ ϣϒĂ1963Ĉ392ćবมۡፘĂ1976Ĉ200-201ğćΩγ˘ؠۺ߆ع ཌྷග̟ࣇĶͅޓķ۞ࢬШĂҭ˵ѣڦຍّࢨ݀זĞ˱̋ضڗĂ1982Ĉ 93-94ć̈फॢڼĂ1978Ĉ80-84ćॡޜĂ1978Ĉ167ğĄ
8ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ͽ˯۞аᜪᄃኢܑϯĂѣᙯ઼ཌྷࡁտјڍѭͱ·ഏĄ̙࿅Ă࠹ ྵ̏ٺѣధкଳ઼פཌྷࡁտјࡁ઼̚ܕ۞ڍտĂд઼̚߆عཌྷ ࡁտ̚ྵ͌࠻זଳפநኢෛ֎۞ࡁտĄ͍ߏ҂ᇋ઼̚ז߆عཌྷߏ ࠎ᎕ໂ೩࣍Ķ͵ࠧཌྷķ۞ޥሗĂԧࣇ̙Ξنர઼̚߆عཌྷăϔ ཌྷࠧ͵ཌྷ۞ᙯܼĄᝦٺѩĂώኢ͛ࢵАଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞ϔ ĞğໄهĂͽ̈́ࣇٙ೩۞ҹڇϔཌྷ۞͞ڱĂ઼҃̚ژ̶ޢ ߆عཌྷҹڇϔཌྷ̝ޢຐည۞͵ࠧӔனֽ۞ޥჯሀёĄд̶ޥژ ჯሀё۞࿅̚Ăώኢ͛ҋّ༊үࢦࢋ۞̶ژෛ֎Ă҃ᄮࠎ઼̚߆ عཌྷ՟ѣҋّ༊ү८͕நኢĂϤѩޢனڱჯ࣎វкّ̮۞ ˘̮͵ࠧ៍Ą ઼̚߆عཌྷ֭ܧѣ˘ّ۞̶ژ၆෪ĂՏҜ߆عཌྷ۰ဥ វౌѣޥຐপҒĄώኢ͛д֙ϻࢭ݈ன۞͇ཌྷࠁາ͵ࡔࠁ༊ү ࢋ۞̶ژ၆෪ĂߏЯࠎ֙ϻࢭޢѣᙯϔཌྷ۞ኢާిഴ͌Ăт रೇ൴Җ۞Įᆀᐂį൴ΏෟЕᓝ۞ჩࢋ̚Ă՟ѣĶͅ၆ϔཌྷķ˘ี ĞरೇĂ1984aĈ33ğĂΞ֍֙ϻࢭޢĂϔཌྷ՟ѣјࠎ઼̚߆ع ཌྷٙኢ۞ࢦࢋᛉᗟĄᔵтѩĂώኢ͛ᄮࠎ઼̚߆عཌྷֶጾѣ ߙВТপҒĂᕇޥჯሀё˜ߏώኢ͛۞ϫ۞ٙдĄ
෮ăϔໄهᄃҹڇϔཌྷ̝͞ڱ ϒт݈Ă͐ߜှᄮࠎϔߏ၁ᅫхдĂ֭՟ѣтТன઼ཌྷࡁ տٙ۞Ķ઼ߏຐည۞ВТវķ៍ᕇĄϔෛࠎĶ၁хķᔘߏĶຐ ညķĂۡତᇆᜩזҹڇϔཌྷ۞͞ڱĄ၆͐ߜှ҃֏ĂϤٺϔߏ၁ ᅫхдĂٙͽۡڱତӎٕؠԲҿϔώ֗Ăሤຑҋ֗ϔߏҋ۞ଐຏĄ ЯѩĂԲҿ۞ࢦᕇᖼொޥזຐࣧࢬ˯Ăͅ၆ϔཌྷ༊үޥຐࣧĂ ҃ԲҿϔཌྷӸᘣˠࣇ۞ҋّҋϤ۞ᓑЪĄԧࣇдѩͽᆒरૈࠎ ּĂଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞ϔໄهĂ֭тңԲҿϔཌྷĄ 20 ͵ࡔܐ߆عཌྷ็ˢ઼̚Ă1907 ѐдִ͐ڌጌன็ކܝ ߆عཌྷ۞Ώ݈̝ۏĂдЧΏ˯ۏΞ֍۞̬Ą̚Ă1903 ѐ ୃࣖ൴ܑ۞IJ˟Ȉ͵ࡔ̝າཌྷijྵࠎྎг̬߆عཌྷĂ҃ѩቔ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
9
̏གྷኢז߆عཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯᓑĈĶ͈ҋ 19 ͵ࡔͽֽĂϔཌྷ ̂ૺĂ҃ͷܬซٺϔ઼ޓཌྷĂࡶࡻăࡶ࡚ăࡶڱăࡶᇇăࡶຍăࡶĂ ం̙ᝌ҃ܓခᄅ̝ČČك߆عᛨ۰Ă؟ўĂᙊ֍מĂԓ୕ઈĂ ઼ޓཌྷ࿃̝҃ݒՎĂϔཌྷዎ̝҃ੜ֕ķĞ1984Ĉ6ğĄܑϯâ ฟؕ็ˢ઼̝̚ᅫĂ߆عཌྷѝ̏జෛࠎٯԩϔཌྷ۞າཌྷĂ҃ϔ ཌྷᄃ઼ޓཌྷТᇹజኬ̟ࢬ۞ԛ෪Ą ̙࿅Ă̂ొ̶۞઼̚߆عཌྷ۰֭˘ܧฟؕಶ၆ԩϔཌྷĂ҃ѝ ഇ҃ͅિՙ೩࣍ϔཌྷ۰ࠤкĂᆒरૈߏ̚ࠎ˘۞ݭҜĄᆒरૈ ѝഇ۞ϔຍᙊͽ႔ࠎ͕̚ĂּтĈĶٙᏜݔਗ਼۰ĂݔТ̝Ꮬ˵Ăݔ য়઼̝Ꮬ˵ČČТ۰ĂӈӍ႔ߏ˵Ąয়઼۰ңĉӈӍ઼̚ߏ˵ČČ̚ ઼۰Ă႔઼̝̚˵Ąݔ႔̝ˠӈ઼̝̚ݔˠĂܲ႔̝ˠӈࠎх઼̚ ̝ˠķĞ1998Ĉ1-2ğĄдѩੵ˞ૻধ۞႔ຍᙊ̝γĂ˵Ξ֍үࠎয়઼۞ Ķ઼̚ķຍᙊĂ֏ኢಝჍࠎЩ၁۞ϔཌྷĄ ҃Ăᆒरૈ͟ᖼࠎܫ؇߆عཌྷ̝ޢĂฟؕԲҿϔཌྷĄд ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞Ч֏ኢ༊̚Ăᆒरૈঘ̈́זϔĞğ۞֏ኢྵ кĂΞਕߏЯࠎᆒरૈ༊ॡاҝдִڌĂ઼̚ጯϠ۞߹ࠎϔࢭĂ ٙͽࠎ˞็ކ߆عཌྷĂυืχϔࢭ۞ኢᕇĄԧࣇ̶ژᆒरૈт ңԲҿϔཌྷ̝݈ĂАቁᄮᆒरૈ۞ϔໄࠎهңĂЯࠎԧࣇቁ۞ؠ ᄮ̝ۢޢĂ̖ਕஎˢኢҹڱ͞۞ڇĄ ᆒरૈܫ؇߆عཌྷഇมᇤᆷధк͛ౢĂ̚дIJኢࢭᄃ ߆̝ࢭعεij̝̰ĂԧࣇΞ֍۞ϔໄهĄ͛ౢᇾᗟֹϡĶķĂ ҭ͛̚˵ѣֹϡĶϔķ̝ĂтĶϔ̝ࢭĂӈऴ၆˷ૻ̝ԩ˧ ҅ķĞ1984bĈ91ğĄ้Шٺдኢ̈́ϔࢭ֏ࠁኢ۞ਔඛ̝˭ֹϡĶϔ ķ˘ෟĂҭߏ၁ᅫ˯˵֭՟ѣᚑॾડ̶ĶķĶϔķ۞ϡڱĂӀ ϡֱໄૻֽهአ۞ౌߏĶ႔ˠķĶ႕ˠķ̶̝ĂтĶ่̫̝֏ࢭ ۰Ă୬ᙹᖬ႕э߆عĂͽ႔߆عķĞ1984bĈ92ğĄ ֤ᆃĂĶķٕĶϔķ۞ӣཌྷࠎңĉᆒरૈߏֹϡֱໄֽهડ ̶႔ˠᄃ႕ˠĂಶܑϯໄֶهፂٺᄬ֏ă̼͛ă௫ܸඈϔّĄ˵ಶ ߏĂᆒरૈᔵଂϔཌྷ۰ᖼࠎ߆عཌྷ۰Ăҭߏ၆ϔٕ۞ந ྋ˘ర՟ѣត̼Ąநྋᄃग̋̚࠹म̙ᅈĂग̋̚˵႔ˠჍࠎ።Ϋ
10ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ԛј۞ĶϔķĈĶಶ઼̚۞ϔᄲĂᓁᇴߏα༱༱ˠĂ༊̚ણᗔ۞̙࿅ ߏೀѺ༱ᄋΟˠĂѺк༱႕߷ˠĂೀѺ༱ҘᖟˠĂѺೀȈ༱аି̝ࡎ౿ˠĄ γֽ۞ᓁᇴ̙࿅˘˼༱ˠĄٙͽಶ̂кᇴᄲĂα༱༱઼̚ˠΞͽᄲԆБߏ ႔ˠĄТ˘ҕăТ˘֏ᄬ͛фăТ˘ି؟ăТ˘௫ၚĂԆБߏ˘࣎ϔķ Ğ1986Ĉ188ğĄ˵ಶߏĂᆒरૈग̋̚ౌϔෛࠎѣϔপّ۞ ၁ᅫхдĂֶ҃ፂপّ۞मளડ̶ϔĄநྋ˵ᄃ͐ߜှ۞ϔໄ ࠹هम̙ᅈĄ ϔߏ၁ᅫхдĂ֤ᆃϤѩֽ҃۞ϔཌྷྍтңҹڇĉࢵАԧࣇቁ ᄮ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ٙᄮ۞ؠϔཌྷ̝ၑბĄᆒरૈͅ၆ϔࢭ۞ॡ ࣏ૻአĂ߆عཌྷ੫၆۞ߏૻᝋĂ̙֭ߏĶளķ༊үͅ၆۞நϤĈ Ķ͈႕ˠ̝༊ଵĂͽܧள҃ଵ̝˵Ăপͽ൸ង઼̚ă೪઼̝̚পᝋĄ ߇่֏ϔયᗟĂ̙ࡶ֏ϔপᝋયᗟķĞ1984bĈ90ğĄᆒरૈ̙֭ߏ ͅ၆ଵ႕Ăଵ႕۞ϲಞ֭՟ѣԼតĂҭߏܫ؇߆عཌྷ̝ޢĂଵ႕۞ந Ϥனໂ̂۞ᖼតĄ̝ٙͽࢋଵ႕Ă̙֭ߏЯࠎளĂ҃Яࠎࣇдᑿϡ পᝋĄᄃૺᚶඈˠВТᓝᏱ۞ۤົཌྷᓾ௫ົ༊̚ĂᆒरૈՀࠎځቁг೩ ז߆ࢭعϔࢭĞଵ႕ࢭğ۞मளĈ ଘ߆عᐹ˷ଵ႕۰ĂϺѣˬბĈ่֏ϔཌྷĂυෳ̎҃ክ Ăࠎ߹ٽϔ઼ޓཌྷĄࡶ֏߆عĂ̝̫͟ଵ႕Ăд˷ଵ ႕ˠ̝পᝋĂ̙҃д˷ҩ႔̝পᝋĂච˘˵Ą่֏ϔࢭĂ ޢ̝ࢭĂ̪ѣ୬পᝋ̝ԓ୕ĂࢭϺ˷ռĄࡶ֏߆عĂ ޢͽࢭĂක୮ᝋӀ̝ΞဦĂ˷ѩ҃൘ࢭޥĂࢭ˷ৌ ྕĂච˟˵Ą̫̝֏ଵ႕ࢭ۰Ă่րጯϠ̈́ົᛨĂ࣐јΑϤ˷ ͌ᇴ̝ϔĂضֳ۰ĂϺࠎ͌ᇴ̝ϔćࡶ֏߆عĂυͽ౻જ ЪࠎᝋᄃĂֹБ઼̝ྺ̍Ăଉԩ˧Ăࢭ˷кᇴˠϔĂ҃ࢭ ޢͽĂϺυкᇴˠϔӮֳضĂචˬ˵Ą̂ࡗ่֏߆عĂ ࢭ̚˷ྍć่֏ࢭĂՙ̙֖ͽྍࢭ̝БĄѩӍዅ ٙϤͽ߆ࠎعϫ۞˵ĄĞ̳ᝋĂ1984Ĉ21ğ д͐ጌणฟ߿જ۞ӓ༴ິăՂϮഅඈາ͵ࡔࠁ۞֏ኢ̚ĂԧࣇϺΞ֍၆ٺ ଵ႕۞࠹Т࠻ڱĈĶՀޥӍዅ̝ࢭĂЯࠎ႕҃ଵ̝ࡠĉԺЯ҃࠱ࠎ ଵ̝ࡠĉࡶЯࠎ႕҃ଵ̝Ăన࠱ܧޓ႕ˠӈ̙ଵ̝ࡠĉࡶЯ҃࠱ࠎଵ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
11
̝Ă࠰࠱˲ଵ̝˵Ą߇ᄃ֏ଵ႕Ă̙ࡶ֏ଵ࠱ķ ĞՂϮഅĂ1984bĈ167ğĄ тѩ࠻ֽĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ᄮࠎĂϔཌྷϔ۞मளّ༊үଵ႕۞ ࢋநϤĂಶߏ̂۞યᗟٙдĄೱήྖᄲĂϔཌྷϔّ༊үޥ ຐࣧĂٙͽ߆عཌྷ۰ͅ၆Ąԧࣇ൴னĂ၆ϔཌྷၑბ۞ᄮۢ˯Ă ͐ߜှ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰˫ѣВТ̝Ą ҃ĂГซ˘Վଣϔཌྷጱયᗟ۞ॲ۞ॡ࣏Ă઼̚߆ع ཌྷѣᙯϔཌྷ۞ኢĂฟؕӔன઼̚ޥຐ̝পҒĄд˯ࢬ͔ٙ۞ௐ ˟ᕇ೩זĶĞϔğࢭϺ˷ռ˵ķĂ၆Ķռķ۞ޥ҂˜ߏ઼̚ ߆عཌྷͅ၆ϔཌྷ۞ॲώࣧЯĄኢ႕߆عᔘߏଵ႕ޙޢϲ۞߆ عĂΪࢋͽϔࠎ८͕۞߆វĂυົؠனপᝋયᗟĂЯࠎϔཌྷڱ ҹטˠ͕̚۞ռĈ Ӗᛳ˷႕ˠĂ႕൘ռТĂ߇႕ˠ̝পᝋĂӮ೯Ӗ҃Ąӈ ֹԗοጳ߆ĂΝ႕႔̝ࠧĂߊͽ႕ˠࠎӖĂ၆˷႕Ăӈ ̙ਕ༰ٙռČČ߇Ӎˠ̝၆˷႕߷Ăଘ༊ೇӖĂᆿع߆Ą ĞᆒरૈĂ1984bĈ90ğ ߊ୬˷טצ႔Ăᄃ̫͟႔ăᄋăаăᖟטצ႕߷۰उளĉ ͷϔ઼ޓཌྷ̝ᄲĂϺЯѩ҃൴ϠĄĞᆒरૈĂ1984bĈ91ğ ଂռ۞֎ޞ࠻ޘϔࢭಶ൴னĂϔཌྷ۰۞͕ၗᄃ႕ˠ۞ռ͕̂Т̈ ளĂົጱଵγ۞ϔ઼ޓཌྷĂҋ֗តјҋ̎ٙԲҿ۞ᑅ࢝۰Ąϔ ࢭڱৌϒྋՙˠᙷۤົ۞ॲώયᗟĂ߇̙ᑕྍଳפϔཌྷ۞ጯ ᄲĄ ၁Ăᆒरૈѩ݈൴ܑIJӀचπඈኢijăIJˠᙷӮ˧ᄲijăIJ߆ع ཌྷ̝πඈ៍ijඈ͛ౢॡĂኢ࿅ѣᙯˠᙷռ͕۞યᗟྋՙ۞͞ڱĄᆒ रૈᄮࠎˠ͕ѣӀ͕̎ă௧ԟ͕ă։ච͕۞ˬЯ৵Ă҃ࠎ˞ҹڇˠ͕ጱ ۞યᗟâ͞ࢬ೩Ķԧķ۞͈̍ĂΩ˘͞ࢬనࢍĶˠᙷӮ˧ᄲķ۞ ۤົᖡဦĄдѩࣃڦຍ۞ߏĂ࠹ྵߜ͐ٺှિჯ᜕࣎ˠҋϤĂᆒरૈ ଳפĶԧķ۞शĂߏ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ኢҋϤ̝ᅫ˵Ξ֍۞ পҒĞщ̡ҩ̬Ă2013Ĉ51-76ă13-49ğĄ ᆒरૈଂռ۞֎ޘԲҿ႕߆عᄃϔཌྷ۰Ăԧࣇдາ͵ࡔࠁ۞֏
12ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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ኢ༊̚˵Ξ֍ᙷҬ۞ϲኢ͞ёĄඊЩࠎĶϔķ3 ۞ү۰ᇤᆷIJҩኢϔă ϔᝋăۤົˬཌྷ̝ளТij҃ૺĂۤົཌྷ̙֭࿁ࡦϔཌྷᄃϔᝋ ཌྷĂҭߏ˵ѣᄃϔཌྷ̙Т۞г͞Ăӈۤົཌྷ՟ѣĶϔཌྷ̝ҋռķ Ĉ ͈ଵ႕ĂռջĄČČЯ႕ˠĂ̶̙චೋĂ҃˘შχႽĂռ˘ĄČČ Я႔ˠĂ̶̙චೋĂ҃ཉ̝̙યĂռ˟ĄČČ̙ጴ̳ৌநĂ ҃ଘЧͽܧӍᙷ۰̢࠹̩ĂռˬĄ̝ˬռ۰ĂၓၓΞ֍ĂӍ̙ ਕࠎϔཌྷ۰Ꮥ˵Ą߇͠Ĉϔཌྷ۰Ăೇ̩ཌྷ˵ćೇ̩ ཌྷ۰Ăҋռཌྷ˵ĄĞϔĂ1984aĈ174-175ğ ĶϔķᄃᆒरૈТᇹᄮࠎϔཌྷѣҋռ۞јЊĂЯѩૺĶҌ̳ ռķ۞ۤົཌྷĂ࿅ѩ˘ૺ̖ਕᔖҺռ͕۞ᕖ̂Ąາ͵ࡔࠁܑځ ࢋ߆عጯᄲ۞IJ߆عᄲij̚ĂϺѣ೩זϔཌྷࠎռ۞֏ኢĈĶຑ઼ ܲ۰Ă̙Ξᄃຑ֗ܲछ۰Т͟ᄬ˵Ąຑ઼ܲ۰Ă၆˷˘઼˘ ࠎ̳Ă၆˷͵ࠧࠎ̪ռĄਕӀӍ઼̙̙҃च઼كĂचك̙̙҃Ӏ ӍĂ̳˷˘઼˘̙҃ਕ̳˷͵ࠧĂ̙Ꮬ̝Ҍ̳ķ ĞϔĂ1984cĈ173ğĄ າ͵ࡔࠁ۞̳ռ៍ໂࠎૻধĂೀͼ̳ռ̝ҾෛࠎᏊณ˘̷યᗟ۞ᇾĈ Ķ͵ְචೋĂଘෛᕩৼ̝̳ռͽࠎᕝĄТ˘ְ˵Ă̙ኢ̂̈˳ᇶĂ ࠎ˘֗˘छ˘઼˘ࢍ۰ĂࠎೋćࠎБ͵ࠧிϠࢍ۰ĂࠎචĄᄏ ԧӀ҃ˠचĂְ̝̙̳˵ķĞϔĂ1984bĈ102ğĄд̳ռ៍̝˭ҹ ڇռ۞͞ߏڱĂੵ˞ᆿੵ߆عඈ̝γĂ˵ࢋԧ۞͈̍Ğщ̡ҩ̬Ă2013Ĉ 127-128ğĄ тѩ࠻ֽĂᆒरૈາ͵ࡔࠁӔனໂࠎ࠹Ҭ۞ޥჯĂӈĈϔཌྷ ˜ߏռ͕۞ܑனĂд႕дᑅ࢝႔۞ଐ˭ڶĂ೩࣍ϔཌྷ҃ဳᝋಶѣ Ξਕҋ̎តࠎᑅ࢝ϔ۞ϔ઼ޓཌྷ۰Ă߇ͅ၆ϔཌྷĄԧࣇд ѩΞ֍߆عཌྷ۞ࢦࢋ៍ᕇĈٯԩᝋ˧۞ˠဳפᝋ˧۞ᒠมҋ֗རࠎ ࣧῴ၆۞ૻᝋ۰ĄТᇹ۞ទᏭइϡдϔཌྷ۞યᗟ˯Ăಶਕଯኢ ٯԩ႕۞ϔཌྷயϠϔ઼ޓཌྷ۞நྮĄ ઼̚߆عཌྷଂ̳ռኢ۞֎ޘԲҿϔཌྷĂ҃።ֽጯఙࠧҖځ 3
ᙯٺĶϔķߏኡĂ՟ѣؠኢĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įᄮؠĶϔķࠎՂϮഅĂ҃Į߆ عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴįᄮࠎؠᄨϔኖĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
13
̳ռኢ࠹۞઼̚ܕᙯኢĄிٙۢĂд઼̚ޥຐ̚Ķ̳ռķ˜ߏ ѣᆊࣃઐШ۞˘၆ໄهâۡͽֽĶռķăĶ୬ķඈజኬ̟ࢬຍཌྷĄ ҃ĂдځϐܐॡഇҬͼฟؕனؠۺĶռķ۞֏ኢĂ˾ฯˬಶԯ ត̼༊ү൴ᕇĂ 4 ᄮࠎӈ઼ֹ̚ޥຐ՟ѣ൴णҘ͞ёه៍ܕĂҭ ߏѣࣖநຍཌྷ۞̳ռ៍๊هϠ઼̚প۞ޥܕຐĂ҃ޥຐਔඛޢ ాତזग͛ඈˠ۞઼ᅫཌྷٕۤົཌྷޥຐĄ֤ᆃĂд઼̚ё۞ܕ ޥຐ༊̚Ă࣎ˠѣ̦ᆃᇹ۞ຍཌྷĉ˾ฯˬĞ1995Ĉ34ğĈ Ϥٺռ۞ૺӎ۞ޓ࠱ߏ۞ؠռĂӈຳᖟͅ၆ҋռ۞̰உĂٙ ͽϔᝋ۞ૺٙᄲ۞ռڱঘ࣎វ˘ਠĂ҃జ࢝੨ЪĶռ઼̚ķ ઼ٕ̚ෛࠎĶԧ۞઼̚ķ۞кᇴ઼ϔٕϔܑٙ۞̳Ą˵ಶߏĂ ϔᝋܑ̙֭ϔ۞ռᝋӈ̳ϔᝋӀĂ҃ߏ઼ϔٕϔፋវ۞̳ᝋĄ ೱ֏̝ĂϔᝋŶռ۞ૺӎ࣎ޓ࠱ؠˠඈ۞̳ٺТॡĂ՟ѣռ۞ې ၗ˭൴ࠎ઼ϔّኳ۞͇˭̳Ğࢋڦຍ۞ߏĂᄃځϐॡഇ̙ТĂι ߏ߆ڼᆸѨ۞Ăӈͅטវ̳۞טğĄᓁ҃֏̝Ăᓲ൴ण۞ଐڶ ˭ֶΞ֍۞ߏ՟ѣ࣎វ۞͇˭̳Ą ˾ฯˬͅ၆ܕෛࠎΪᄃҘ͞ޥຐాତ۞៍هĂՐ۞ߏ઼̚প ۞ܕĂଂ઼̚ޞ࠻ޘ֎۞ؠۺĄߏЯࠎֽͽܕд͟ώጯఙࠧ߹۞ ៍ᕇ઼̚ෛࠎઃ႖ۤົĂಶѩຍཌྷ҃֏Ă˾ฯˬд͟ώጯఙࠧԸˢΩ γ˘ෛ֎Ą̙࿅ĂтڍԧࣇଵੵĶҘ͞ŶܕķٕĶ઼̚ёܕķඈĶܕ ଐඕķĂ҃৷ოᙯޥڦຐপኳĂಶ൴ன˾ฯˬ۞̶ ژǕǕ઼̚ޥຐ՟ ѣ࣎វ۞៍ᕇ ǕǕ̙࿅Ν၆઼̚ޥຐ۞நྋĄ ၁Ăд˾ฯˬ۞ኢ̚Հࣃᙯߏ۞ڦĂ՟ѣ࣎វ۞઼̚ޥຐट ٽĶϔķᄃĶ̳ķඈณᆅ៍Ăซ҃யϠૻধ۞ϔཌྷĄเҹ˵ڠТ ᇹϐ۞Ķ̳ķӣѣ၆ன઼छ۞ᄮТ̝ຍஉĞ2000Ĉ65ğĄтڍ՟ ѣ࣎វ۞઼̳̚ռ៍дܕଐဩ˭ԛјϔཌྷߏ˘୧ޥຐ൴ण̝ྮĂ֤ ᆃĂΩγ˘୧ޥຐਔඛߏĶԧķ۞Ķ̳ķຍᙊૣࠧ͵۞إཌྷĂ઼҃̚ ߆عཌྷಶߏࠎវனࠧ͵ཌྷ۞ޥຐĄ˭͛ԧࣇдϔཌྷ۞ᙯܼ ̝˭Ă̶઼̚ژ߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧཌྷӔனֽ۞ޥჯĂϤѩᑭෛ઼̚ 4
˵ѣጯ۰ኳႷត̼۞ࢦࢋຍཌྷĞჶԠјĂ2000Ĉ46ğĄ
14ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
߆عཌྷ՟ѣࢦෛ࣎វᄃҋّ۞ޥຐপҒĄ
ણă͵ࠧཌྷ۞ޥჯ дϔཌྷ֏ኢҖ۞ॡഇĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ೩ͅ၆ϔཌྷ۞֏ ኢĂЯࠎϔཌྷߏռ͕۞ܑனĂѣΞਕᕖ̂ռ҃ጱϔ઼ޓཌྷĄ ̝҃פĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰̂˧ࠧ͵็ކཌྷĂͽѩ၆ٺސϔཌྷĂ тĮາ͵ࡔį൴ΏෟځቁކϯĈĶώಡ৷ͽ͵ࠧࠎཌྷķ Ğү۰̙ځĂ1984Ĉ 15ğĂĮ͇ཌྷį۞ᖎౢ˵೩זĈĶੵ઼ࠧࠧ၁Җ͵ࠧཌྷķĞү۰̙ ځĂ1907Ĉ332ğĄଂ͵ࠧཌྷ۞֎៍ޘ၅઼̚߆عཌྷॡĂԧࣇटٽ ൴னĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ೀͼౌ೩࣍͵ࠧᄬĞEsperantoğĂߏٙᏜ͵ࠧ ཌྷ۞ វܑன ̝˘Ą͵ࠧᄬ ߏاҝд گᜋ۞ ൘͉ˠ ॻܝᐒ ͈ĞL. L. Zamenhofğ౹ౄ۞઼ᅫᄬĂ͵ࠧᄬ็ޢ઼̝̚זĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ಶ јࠎࠎ᎕ໂ೩࣍͵ࠧᄬ۞˘ཏˠĄּтĂд͛фԼࢭ۞ኢ༊̚Ăԧࣇ Ξ֍ᆒरૈăӓ༴ິඈˠ̬֭೩࣍͵ࠧᄬ۞ஶྫĂरೇӀϡ͵ࠧᄬЧ ઼߆عཌྷ۰ซҖϹ߹Ă͐˵ܛ᎕ໂࠧ͵็ކᄬ۞ჟৠĞщ̡ҩ̬Ă 2013Ĉ139-182ğĄ д઼̚߆عཌྷ۰၆઼ޓཌྷ۞Բҿ̚ĂԧࣇϺΞ֍͵ࠧཌྷ۞˘ ბĄ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰Բҿϔཌྷ҃ᄮТϔ۞хдĂдѩࣇಶԲҿ ன၁͵ࠧ҃೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷĄ၆઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ֽᄲĂĶ̫̝͟͵ࠧĂૻ ᝋፖҖ̝͵ࠧ˵ķĞᆒरૈĂ1984aĈ120ğĂன၁͵̳֭ࠧܧϒ۞͵ࠧĄ ૄٺᇹ۞ᄮۢĂᆒरૈдIJֲ߷ன๕ኢij̚ૻধԲҿ઼ޓཌྷ۞ҖĈ Ķᄏ઼ޓཌྷ˜ன̫͵̝ࠧっྣ˵ķĞ1984aĈ122ğĄன̫۞͵ࠧߏૻ۰ ᑅ࢝ऴ۰۞͵ࠧĂҭߏΪࢋऴ۰ᓑЪٯԩૻ۰ĂΞͽԼត͵ࠧĄ҃͵ࠧ ཌྷ˜ߏԼត͵ࠧ۞ᙯᔣĈĶᄏߊ͵ࠧཌྷĂυͽԬऴዝૻࠎ͇ᖚĂӈ၆ ٺώ઼ᛳг̝ϲĂϺυஎܑТଐķĞ1984aĈ128ğĄΞ֍Ă͵ࠧཌྷ˜ ߏଂϔ઼ޓཌྷᚢႝ۞Ķռķ͵ࠧĂซˢͽĶ̳ķࠎጱ۞̂Т͵̝ࠧ ޥຐࣧĂܳซˠᙷซˢĶ̳ķ͵ࠧ۞ޥჯĂܑ֭ܧĶռķ۞ϔཌྷĂ ҃ߏܑĶ̳ķ۞͵ࠧཌྷĄ ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷߏ̙टཉႷ۞ְ၁Ăҭߏ͵ࠧཌྷ۞
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
15
ӣཌྷࠎغזңĉࠎ˞ซ˘Վଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍Ăдѩଂϔ۞ ֎઼̚ژ̶ޘ߆عཌྷ೩࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷ̝ޥჯሀёĄᝦٺĶ͇˭ķăĶ͵ ࠧķᄃĶϔķ៍۞هᙯܼߏጯఙࠧ۞ሤܝᛉᗟ̝˘ĂԧࣇАаᜪ࿅Νጯ ఙࠧ۞ኢĂͽܮஎˢநྋ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍Ą ᙯٺϤ͇˭៍Шϔཌྷ۞ᖼតĂЕ͛ĞJoseph R. Levensonğ೩ ۞ኢᕇᇆᜩ˧ྵ̂ĄᄮࠎĂд็઼̚Ăۢᙊ̶̄ѣ̼͛Ҍ˯۞͇ ˭៍Ă҃ࢬ၆Ҙ͞ன઼छ۞ᑝĂ઼ۢ̚ᙊ̶̄ड़۞م၆෪ଂ͇˭ ᖼொࠎ઼छĂѩॡ઼̚۞ϔཌྷኚϠĄдѩࡦޢΞ֍ϔཌྷᄃ็̝ มӻ۞ᙯܼâ͞ࢬϔཌྷ۞Ядٺᄃ็۞ழᗓĂӈ̼͛Ҍ˯ኢ क़ୀॡĂϔཌྷ̖ฟؕᎸĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬϔཌྷ็˫ѣᏉЪ۞˘ ࢬĞLevenson, 1964: 95-116ğĄ 5 ᔵᄲϤ͇˭៍ᖼШϔཌྷĂҭܑ̙֭۰่ߏ˟ፄ˘۞ᏴีĂ ҃၁ᅫ˯ۢ۞઼̚ܕᙊ̶ٕ̄кٕ͌Тॡѣϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ۞ଐ ჰĄᘲԠϣ˘Шᙯࠧ͵ڦཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᛉᗟĂ̶ࡧژዋޥຐ҃Ă ࡧዋૄώ˯ᕏ̂ـТ۞͵ࠧཌྷĂ˵̙͉ᓾϔཌྷĂҭߏ֗ࠎ઼̚ܕ ۞ۢᙊ̶̄Ă၁ᅫ˯ࡧዋ˵࠹༊ᙯ̚ڦරϔ۞ϏֽĂ͕̚ᔳᖟϔ ཌྷ۞ଐຏĞ1998Ĉ193-221ğĄдIJநຐᄃன၁ǕǕ؞ϔࠧ͵ܐཌྷᄃ ϔཌྷ۞ᙯᓑ̢જij̚ซ˘Վଣ۰۞ᙯܼ҃Ă઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶ ̄ଃ઼ٺޟछᄃ͵̝ࠧมĂٕкٕ͌ᕏـˠ઼۞ጯᄲĂҭ˫̙̙ޥ ҂тңĶซˢķன၁۞͵ࠧĞᘲԠϣĂ2007ğĄ Ϥ˘ٺਠ҃֏ϔཌྷࠧ͵ཌྷឰˠᛇ̢࠹ଵϋĂٙͽԧࣇҬͼ д۰۞Ᏼፄ̚࠻֍઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶̄࿃۞זĄ҃Ă࿅ᇴፂऱ۞ ̶ژĂ៍ܛᑾᄃᆒܦप͵ࠧᄃϔ۞៍̙֭هࡎĄࣇ۞ࡁտពϯĂ ઼̚ܕѣᙯ͵ࠧ۞ϡෟଂĶ͇˭ķགྷϤĶ༱઼ķ҃ޢᖼࠎĶ͵ࠧķĂ ҃ϡෟត̼ᄃޥຐሗ߹۞ႊត࠹၆ᑕĄ͔̚ˠ៘ϫ۞ߏĂ1900 ѐ ͽޢĶϔķ˘ෟ۞ֹϡதᇷᆧĂ҃ТॡĶ͵ࠧķ۞ֹϡத˵ᇷᆧĄܑ ϯĂĶϔķᄃĶ͵ࠧķߏ˘इໄهཏĂౌߏĶ͇˭ķϞྋ̝ޢன۞າ
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ಶனдጯఙࠧ۞ࡁտј࠻ֽڍĂਕӎ็۞͇˭៍ؠཌྷࠎ̼͛Ҍ˯ኢߏ˘࣎યᗟĂ тૺኰጼ઼ॡഇԛј۞͇˭ໄ˘ߏه߆ڼгநໄهĞ2009Ĉ241-242ğĄ
16ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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͵ࠧ៍̝јЯ৵Ą˵ಶߏĂтڍᄲරआ͕̚ཌྷ۞Ķ͇˭ķΪѣ˘࣎̚ ͕ᕇĂĶ͵ࠧķߏЧ࣎ϔԷႊ͕̚ᕇ۞к̮͵ࠧĂЯѩĂĶ͵ࠧķᄃĶϔ ķ֭ܧࡎ۞៍هĞ៍ܛᑾăᆒܦपĂ2009Ĉ226-251ğĄ ၁ĂᙷҬ۞ኢд઼̚߆عཌྷࡁտ̚˵Ξ֍ĄұৼႬĞMartin Bernalğ̶ژᆒरૈޥຐ̝ᅫĂኢזଂĶ͇˭ķᖼࠎĶ͵ࠧķ۞ត̼Ą Ă1907 ѐͽޢĂдѣ઼ֱۢ̚ᙊ̶̄༊̚ฟؕனᘃႷҘۤ͞ົ۞៍ᕇĂ ѩॡࣧώ۞Ķ็ཌྷķฟؕᖼࠎĶܲчཌྷķĄү۰ᄮࠎĂܲчཌྷߏ ҋᛇгᄮۢҋ֗็ᆊࣃ۞ၗޘĂϺӈĂТॡٚᄮᄃ઼֭̚ϲ۞ᆊࣃĂ ̖ಝჍࠎܲчཌྷĄд͵ࠧ៍۞ᆸѨ˯Ăරआ͕̚ཌྷ۞Ķ͇˭ķໄهᖼ ࠎк̮۞Ķ͵ࠧķĂ҃дѩᖼត࿅̚ĂĶ઼ოķޥຐฟؕனĄ˵ಶߏĂ ૺ઼ო۞ᆒरૈТॡૺ͵ࠧཌྷ֭ܧϬ࠼Ăᔵᆒरૈ۞߆ڼၗޘк ѨᖼតĂҭߏд۞ޥຐֶ̚ѣ˘ర۞઼ოޥຐĞBernal, 1976ğĄ ͽ˯۞ࡁտܑϯĂ઼ۢ̚ܕᙊ̶̄ࢬᓜͽـಏ˘͕̚ཌྷ۞Ķ͇˭ķ ៍Ϟྋ۞П፟ĂࢦາޙၹĶ͵ࠧķ៍۞ТॡĂ˵ҋ̎ఢቑࠎᄃЧ઼ ֭ϲ۞ĶϔĞ઼ğķĂซ҃ՐϔཌྷĄೱ֏̝ĂϤߏࠧ͵ٺк̮ ֭х۞៍هĂϔಶߏ͵ࠧ۞јಏҜĂЯѩࠎ˞дᇹ۞͵ࠧ̚ϠхĂ ϔཌྷߏυ̝ྮĂޙϲன઼छĂ઼̖̚జ͵ࠧᄮТĄ͵ࠧᄃϔΞ ͽ֭хĂ࣎நኢᙯܼឰԧࣇຐ݈۞઼ᄃϲҋ۞࣎វΞͽ֭х ۞ኢĂд͵ࠧᄃϔ۞ᙯܼ༊̚Ăϔߏϲҋ۞хдĂ֭࠹̢ܧϬ ࠼۞ໄهĄΪߏĂдѩԧࣇυืڦຍ۞ߏĂүࠎ͵ࠧјЯ৵۞ϔĂ̏ གྷ̙ߏ၁វхд۞ϔĂ҃ߏˠࠎԛј۞઼ĂЯѩ֭ܧ႔ٕ႕јࠎ ͵ࠧ۞ಏҜĂΪѣࢦາޙၹ۞Ķ̚රϔķ̖ਕૉјࠎ͵ࠧ۞˘ొ̶Ă ಶߏ઼ཌྷࡁտ೩ֻ۞ࢦࢋෛ֎Ą ֤ᆃĂତ˭ֽ۞યᗟߏĂдТᇹ۞ॡ۩ᒖဩĂԲҿϔཌྷ֭١ ԛј઼छ۞઼̚߆عཌྷĂтңޙϲ͵ࠧᄃϔ۞நኢᙯܼĉт݈ٙ ኢĂ઼̚߆عཌྷϔ༊ઇ၁ᅫхдĂኢߏ͇˭ᔘߏ͵ࠧĂϔ˘ ۡౌхдĄЯѩĂࣇӈֹͅ၆ϔཌྷĂ˵՟ѣࢋᆿੵϔώ֗ĂдϏ ֽ۞நຐۤົ̚ĂϔֶΞͽхдĄ҃Ăܑ̙֭ࣇٚᄮ႕۞ ϒ༊ّĂЯࠎࣇጾѣপᝋĂ̙ϒ༊гᑅ࢝႔ϔĄϔΞхдĂҭߏՏ ࣎ϔౌ̙ྍజᑅ࢝Ăߏ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰۞൴ᕇĂૄٺѩ˘ࣧܮ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ͅ၆ĶϔཌྷķĂЯࠎϔཌྷֹϔ۞ռ͕ᎶණĂυؠጱ ϔ઼ޓཌྷĄ˵ಶߏĂΪࢋϔ̙јࠎ઼छ۞ࢋજ˧Ăд߆͵۞ع ࠧ̚ĂϔߏΞͽк̮хд۞Ąд݈۞IJֲ߷ன๕ኢij̚Ăᆒरૈ˵೩ זтѩ۞நຐ͵ࠧĈĶ߇ऴϲ̝ޢĂυҖ߆ט̝عĂӀϡˠϔ̂Т ̝ޥຐĂٕଳ͐ߜှᓑ֣ཌྷĂٕ၁Җࡴጆ͐ܛҋϤඕЪ̝ᄲĂˠϔ̝ ضͽϖᅈჯķĞ1984aĈ131ğĄдѩĂ֭Еኢ̈́̂ТޥຐҘ͞ ߆عཌྷ۞ᓑЪޥຐĂ˵Ξͽຐညࠎࠧ͵ऴ๕ϔϲޢĂϔ֭х۞ ͵ࠧĄдѩᕇ˯Ăᆒरૈߜ͐ှ۞͵ࠧ៍̂Т̈ளĄ ҃Ăԧࣇซ˘Վ̶઼̚ژ߆عཌྷ۞நຐ͵ࠧ៍ॡĂឰˠᘃ ႷĶ̳ķ۞͵ࠧߏӎࠎ˘࣎к̮֭х۞͵ࠧĄೱ֏̝Ăд઼̚߆عཌྷ ۰ຐည۞நຐ͵ࠧ̚Ăϔ۞मளّߏӎֶхдĉ̝ٙͽயϠᇹ۞Ⴗ યĂߏЯࠎ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰̙ॡӔன˘̮۞ޥჯĂּтдϔ۞યᗟ ˯Ăࣇϔෛࠎ၁ᅫхдĂٚᄮϔ۞ᗔاĂҭߏ˫̙ͅ၆͌ᇴϔ జࢋϔ׀ӌĈ ̈́͌ᇴ̝ૻεপᝋĂ๕υᄃкᇴ̝ϔТ̼Ąેѩּͽޠ႕Ă ӖߊᖬͽޢĂѣ̙ᄃ႔ˠТ̼۰ͼĉĞᆒरૈĂ1984bĈ90ğ ᆒरૈ֭՟ѣિϔ۞к̮хдĂޥჯдᄬ֏યᗟ˯ϺΞ֍Ąт݈ Ă઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ೀͼౌТॡ೩࣍͵ࠧᄬĄॻܝᐒ͈ૻአ͵ࠧᄬ۞̚ ϲّĂ͵ࠧᄬ֭՟ѣຍဦആϔᄬ֏Ă͵ࠧᄬ۞ϫᇾдٺЧϔܲҋ ̎۞ᄬ֏۞ТॡĂֹϡ͵ࠧᄬ̙ٺТϔ̝มĄ҃Ăᆒरૈበ۞ĮᏊ ಡį̬͵ࠧᄬ۞ॡ࣏೩זĈĶ͛֏ܧ˘Ă̙ਕ͵ࠧ̂ٺТķĞү۰ ̙ځĂ1908ğĂΞ֍۞நຐߏᕩٺ˘ّ۞̂Т͵ࠧĄ ԧࣇᔘΞͽଂ઼̚߆عཌྷ၆छ۞ኢ̚Ă࠻֍Тᇹ۞યᗟᄃޥ ჯĄग̋̚дIJϔཌྷij̚Բҿ઼̚ˠΪѣछཌྷ؟ཌྷ҃՟ѣ ઼ཌྷĂछཌྷ؟ཌྷ̙ҭ၆ٺା઼՟ѣᑒӄĂ˵ߏጱՒې ၗ۞ࣧЯĂЯࠎछ؟ߏռˠӀৈጱШĄ၁Ăͅ၆छཌྷߏࣧА ઼̚߆عཌྷ೩࣍۞ኢᕇĂՂϮഅѝд 1907 ѐ൴ܑIJˬჩࢭij҃Բ ҿ઼̚۞छ៍هĈĶຎԂ۰ռ̝ҾჍ˵ķĞ1984aĈ129ğĂଂ҃ૺछ लࢭĄᚶٚѩ៍ᕇ۞रೇځቁ೩࣍ͅ၆छཌྷĄ၆रೇֽᄲĂछ
18ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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઼छߏాତ۞ໄهĈĶϤ˘छ҃ҌٺՅ઼ٺ֠ٺĂࢦࢦὭાĂᓑᒖ҃ϠĄ ઼ࠧࠧͼߏٺČČˠˠ࠰ռछĂ҃ۤົ̝ซ̼྾ࠎ̝ઃ႖ķ Ğ1984bĈ 234-235ğĂдѩ˵Ξ֍ଂĶռķ۞֎ޘԲҿछཌྷ۞ኢ͞ёĄ˵ಶ ߏĂ၆઼̚߆عཌྷ۰҃֏Ăϔཌྷछཌྷౌߏᕖ̂ռ۞៍هĄ ֤ᆃĂтңྋՙछཌྷĉरೇᄲĈ ͵ࠧซ̼Ă઼ࠧࠧĂ̙˳ᕩٺঐໝĂ߇छलυАᆿĄ Ğ1984bĈ234ğ रೇૺঐໝܡᘣˠᙷᓑЪ۞ᙝࠧĂٙͽᏴፄ۞ྋՙ͞ёߏᆿੵछलĂЯ ѩरೇ˵ᆿੵҋ֗۞ؖĶᆒķ҃ΪჍࠎĶरೇķĄ҃Тᇹ۞ទᏭइдϔ ཌྷ۞યᗟ˯Ăಶົனࠧ˵ࢋঐໝ۞ඕኢĄᔵᇶॡ՟υࢋᆿੵᄬ ֏ă̼͛ඈϔّĂҭߏдវனĶ̳ķ۞͵ࠧ྆ĂϔҬͼ՟ѣк̮ хдĄ ߆عཌྷ̙࠹ܫ։ّ۞߆عĂᄮࠎΪࢋ઼छ߆عхдĂυؠᑅ࢝ˠ ࣇĂ߇ૺᆿੵ઼छ߆عĄֶፂѩទᏭଯኢĂछٕϔυؠᕖ̂ռ͕҃ னछཌྷٕϔཌྷĉΞߏĂҘ͞߆عཌྷ۰֭՟ѣૺᙷҬ۞៍ ᕇĂ၆ࣇ҃֏ĂԲҿ۞ࢦᕇдޘטٺᄃᖐ፟ၹĂᔵ͐ߜှԲҿ࿅ܻ ઼۞छͭטܜĂҭΪ೩࣍ฟ۞ّٸВТវĂ҃ଂ̙ૺᆿੵछĞBakunin, 1990: 211ğĄԧࣇдѩΞ֍̚Ҙ߆عཌྷ۞मளͽ઼̈́̚߆عཌྷ۞ ޥჯপᇈĄтڍछϔߏҋ۞хдĂ՟ѣυࢋૺᆿੵĂҭߏϤٺ ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰֭՟ѣѣк̮۞͵ࠧ៍ĂЯѩຐည۞ߏ˘̮۞ ˘វ͵ࠧĄ ᄃன۞͵ཌྷĞcosmopolitanismğ࠹ͧྵॡĂՀਕΎព઼̚߆ عཌྷ۞পҒĄдனҘ͞ޥຐࠧன۞ѣᙯ͵ཌྷ۞ኢ༊̚Ă ৼ֣ޥĞMartha Nussbaumğᄃኢ۰णฟ۞ѣᙯຑ઼ཌྷĞPatriotismğ ۞ኢໂѣણ҂ᆊࣃĄৼ֣ޥԲҿຑ઼ཌྷ۞நϤᅖҬ઼̚ٺ߆عཌྷ ۰၆ϔ઼ޓཌྷ۞ԲҿĂϺӈĂયᗟдٺҋռ۞ຑ઼ཌྷ઼ٕოཌྷ Ğjingoismğඈҋԧ͕̚۞ޥ҂Ą၁ᅫ˯Ăৼޙܧ֣֭ޥϲ၈າ۞͵ ཌྷநኢĂ҃с۞ϡຍΪдٺШ઼࡚̳ϔ೩ᛋӘĄ̙࿅Ăд͵ཌྷ۞ந ኢયᗟ˯Ăৼ̙֣ޥᕝгૻአĈ͵ཌྷ̙֭ӎؠгડّ۞ă࣎Ҿ۞ᄮТ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ຏĞNussbaum, 1996: 9ğĄ̝ٙͽсૻአ˘ᕇĂߏЯࠎ͵ཌྷ۞ͅ၆ ۰ــԲҿ͵ཌྷӎ۞ࠧ͵ؠкّ̮Ăซ̙҃ତ࣎צҾ۞ຑ઼ჟৠĄ၁ ᅫ˯ߏ၆͵ཌྷ۞ᄱྋĂЩ۞͵ཌྷ۰тᄿႬᇇĞDavid HeldğăDaniele Archibugi ඈˠĂౌૺ͵ཌྷ̙֭ӎ࣎ؠҾّĂࠤҌ ٚᄮன઼छ۞хдĂдѩ݈೩̝˭೩࣍ޙϲБቑಛ۞ᇇఢቑĞHeld, 2010ćArchibugi, 2008ğĄтѩ࠻ֽĂᔵд˘ਠˠ۞ᄮۢ̚Ă͵ཌྷ ــజᄱͽࠎጾѣӎؠкّ̮۞˘̮ޥჯĂҭߏ၁ᅫ˯͵ཌྷ۰ૺ۞ ߏĂдჯкّ̮۞݈೩̝˭ĂੵލҋռҋӀ۞͕ၗĂޙϲ઼ᅫۤົ۞ྼ ᑚఢĄ ኢҘ͞߆عཌྷᔘߏ͵ཌྷĂԧࣇ൴னࣇિкّ̮Ąк̮ ّ۞ૄᖂߏϲҋ۞࣎វĂᔵ࣎វ۞ಏҜѣޥຐ۞मளّĞ࣎ˠٕ ઼छğĂҭߏѣ˞િ࣎۞វޥຐĂ̖ਕன၆ٺкّ̮۞િĄтڍѩ ទᏭᄱĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ้Шٺຐည˘̮͵ࠧ۞ࣧЯдٺ՟ѣ࣎វ۞ޥ ຐĂ˵ಶߏĂ઼̚߆عཌྷӔனֽ۞পҒᄃ࿅Νጯఙࠧኢ̳ռ៍̝ ᅫ၆ޥ઼̚ٺຐ۞ّኳઇ۞ඕኢ࠹˘Ą၆઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ֽᄲĂ͇ ˭Ϟྋޢன۞̙֭ߏϔк̮֭х۞͵ࠧĂдໂ۞ޥჯ༊̚ᕏߏ۞ـ ˘̮۞͵ࠧĄүࠎ઼̚ܕன۞ࢋ߆ޥڼຐĂ઼̚߆عཌྷӔன ֽ۞ޥჯሀёԧࣇࣃᙯڦĄ
དྷăඕኢ ώ͛ણ࿅Ν࠹۞઼̚ܕᙯࡁտͽ઼̈́ཌྷă͵ཌྷඈநኢĂ ͽ઼̚߆عཌྷᄃϔĞཌྷğ۞ᙯܼࠎคĂଣ઼̚߆عཌྷ೩ ࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷ̝ޥჯሀёĄ ࠹ྵٺϔཌྷ۰ــ෦ኜٺϔҋΟҌ̫۞˘రّĂன઼ཌྷ ࡁտ้Шٺ઼ෛࠎனன෪ĂᄃЯ৵ઇડĄԧࣇ̶઼̚ژ߆ عཌྷ۰۞ϡּಶ൴னĂ઼̚߆عཌྷٙᄲ۞ϔĞğ̙֭ӣѣன ຍཌྷ۞઼ӣཌྷĂ҃ߏѣ௫ܸă̼͛ăᄬ֏ඈϔّ۞ϔĞğĂ ٙͽΞͽᄲ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ᄃϔཌྷ۰ѣТᇹ۞ϔໄهĄҭߏĂ ઼̚߆عཌྷݒԲҿϔཌྷĂߏЯࠎࣇᄮࠎϔཌྷົጱ઼ޓ
20ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ཌྷĄ͚ᇣ࣎ኢᕇ۞நኢߏд็઼̚ޥຐ̚૱֍۞̳ռ៍Ă઼̚߆ عཌྷϔཌྷ઼ޓཌྷౌෛࠎռ۞ܑனĂซ҃೩̳࣍۞͵ࠧཌྷĄ ధк࠹ᙯࡁտܑϯĂநኢ˯͵ࠧᄃϔٕϔᄃ࣎ˠ̝มĂ֭՟ѣଵّ ᙯܼĂ۰ߏΞͽ֭х۞ໄهĄ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰೩࣍͵ࠧཌྷĂ˵̙֭ ඈٺଵϋϔ۞хдĂ҃ࣇԲҿ۞ߏϔཌྷϔ۞मளّ༊үଵ႕ ۞நϤĂኢ࠻ڱҬࢦෛϔ۞кّ̮ĄΞߏĂซ˘Վ̶ޥ۞ࣇژჯ ಶ൴னĂ઼̚߆عཌྷຐညநຐ͵ࠧॡĂڱઃдमளّВх۞ล߱Ă ҃ॡ૱ᄲमளّᏉЪࠎ˘វ۞̂ТநຐĂኢдᄬ֏ăछᔘߏϔ۞ ᛉᗟ˯ĂౌӔனૣإ˘ّ۞֏ኢĄдѩࡦޢΞਕᔳӣĂጯఙࠧܜഇ ͽֽኢ۞઼̚ޥຐ̰՟ѣ࣎វޥຐ۞̼͛পኳĂ࠹ྵٺҘ͞߆عཌྷ ჯ᜕ҋϤࠎޥຐࣧĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞நኢ൴ᕇдٺ၆ռ۞ԲҿĂ ߏ̚Ҙ߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧᖡဦனमள۞ࣧЯĄ д઼̚߆عཌྷ۞͵ࠧ៍༊̚Ăϔ̙֭Էႊࢋ۞֎ҒĂٙͽ дϔཌྷҖ۞ॡĂ઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ــజᄮࠎࢫҲϔཌྷ۞ड़ ϡĂ၆ࢭ઼̚ٺ՟ѣז᎕ໂ۞үϡĄҭߏĂ၁ᅫ˯઼̚߆عཌྷ۰ ຐࢋ߀ା઼̚۞ຍᙊֲ̙ٺϔཌྷ۰ĂࣇΪߏྏဦ೩Ωγ˘͞ё ֽ߀ା҃̏Ą˵ಶߏĂд͇ႊኢ۞ᇆᜩ̝˭Ϡхᚮ៍ࠧ͵۞ۋᚢႝБ઼̚Ă ҃дѩ݈೩̝˭Ăϔཌྷ̖ߏ઼̚Ϡх۞ѣड़͞ڱĄ̙࿅Ăтҹጆڽপ ̢ͽܛӄኢֽ࣒ϒ྿Ⴌ͛ཌྷ۞Ϡхᚮ៍ۋĂ઼̚߆عཌྷಶ೩Ķ̢ ӄů͵ࠧཌྷķ۞ሀё၆ԩĶϠхᚮۋůϔཌྷķ۞ሀёĄࣇᄮࠎ̢ ӄߏĶᐹК࣌౼ķ۞͞ёĂ̢ӄಶਕ᜕ܲՏ࣎ϔĂ̖ߏ̙ᕖ̂ռ͕۞ ТॡĂਕૉ߀ା઼̚۞͞ڱĞϔĂ1984cĈ183ğĄ˵ಶߏĂ၆઼̚߆ع ཌྷ۰ֽᄲĂ߆عཌྷࣘᜪ߀ାϔ۞ኝᗟࠧ͵ཌྷĂ۰֭࠹̢ܧ Ϭ࠼۞ᙯܼĄனˠϠ߿д઼छᄃ઼ࢦᝑ۞ᒖဩ྆Ăٙͽѩ៍هԸ ड۞઼̚ܕזॡ۩ॡĂटٽᄱͽࠎ߆عཌྷᄃϔໄ࠹̢هࡎĂҭ ߏдᔘ՟ѣԛј઼۞͵ࠧ྆Ă߆عཌྷᄃϔਕૉВхĄ ҃ĂଂҋϤăҋ۞۞֎઼̚ޞ࠻ֽޘ߆عཌྷॡĂࣇٙ೩࣍ ۞͵ࠧཌྷĂᓁົឰˠயϠߏӎົጱໂᝋཌྷ۞ႷᇋĄЯѩĂଣ ޥ઼̚ܕຐ̝ᅫĂ࣎វᄃБវ۞ᙯܼಶјࠎኢ൏ᕇĄּтĂдᆒरૈ ۞ࡁտ˯ĂϮ̡ࣣଣдᆒरૈ֗˯ਕӎΞ֍ந઼̚ޥຐΫ˯۞ᙱᗟǕǕ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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םአՏ࣎ˠ۞୬Ğռğአ۞৩ԔĞ̳ğǕǕĂҭߏ۞ඕኢߏᆒरૈ՟ ѣѣड़நѩયᗟĞ2003Ĉ41ğĂᇇĂᆒरૈдĮ઼̚ϔࡗჟ ཌྷį̬̚ᎊୣϔࡗኢॡĂтңםአĶҋӀķĶ̳ຍķјࠎநኢᙯᔣĄ ᔵᆒरૈ֭՟ѣځቁኢѩયᗟĂҭᇇᄮࠎᆒरૈଳ˞פᇇ˯۞ ྋՙ͞ڱĞ2004Ĉ114-122ğĄώኢ͛۞̶ژඕ˵ڍੵލڱ၆઼̚߆ عཌྷ۞ႷᇋĂޥჯቁ၁ӔனПᐍّĂٕధߏ༊ॡॡ۩ࡦഀ˭۞Ԋ ࢨّĄ ̙࿅Ăԧࣇ̙ᅮࢋϤѩ˭ඕኢᄮޥ઼̚ؠຐͻ࣎ˠٕҋϤҋ۞ޥ ຐĄԧࣇ៍࠻Ο઼̚ޥຐಶ൴னĂΟ઼̚ޥຐ̙֭̚ߏ՟ѣҋϤҋ ۞ޥຐĂ҃ϒтղѺ༄ĞWilliam Theodore de Baryğдԇጏ̚൴னҋ൴ّ ޥຐ̝ஶྫĞ1983Ĉ43ğĂ၁ҋ൴ّ˜ߏΟ઼̚ޥຐ̚ҫѣໂࠎࢦࢋ ۞гҜĄּтĂ̄Ķ֗វຏءķĶ͕ķన̮˟ࠎؠ၆ϲ۞Я৵҃ᄲĈ Ķ҅ϫ̝ޥ̙ءĂ҃ትۏٺĂۏϹۏĂ̝͔̏҃ջĄ͕̝ޥءĂޥ ̝Ă̙˵̙ޥĄѩ͇̝ٙᄃԧ۰ĂАϲͼ̂۰Ă̈۰τਕဳ ˵Ąѩࠎ̂ˠ҃̏ջķĮ̄ĆӘ̄˯įĄдѩ̄ග̟͕ໂࠎࢦࢋ۞֎ ҒĂ҃ᙯᔣд͕ٺѣޥ҂ਕ˧Ąਰ̄˵Тᇹ֗វ͕၆ϲֽᄲĈĶ͕ ۰Ăԛ̝Ӗ˵Ă҃ৠ̝ځ˵Ă΄҃ٙ΄צĄҋ༰˵Ăҋֹ˵Ăҋဳ ˵Ăҋ˵פĂҋҖ˵Ăҋͤ˵ķĮਰ̄ĆྋትįĄਰ̄дѩ̙ҭග̟͕ ጱ۞гҜĂ˵ځቁҋਕ˧Ąពҋਕ˧ߏĶّ̼ંķ۞ ᙯᔣĂಶѩຍཌྷ҃֏Ăҋّߏਰ̄ޥຐ̙̚Ξٕ۞Я৵ĄΞ֍дਰ ۞ّ͕ኢ༊͕̚۞ҋਕ˧ߏநኢᙯᔣĂ҃ᇒ୕ಶߏӸᘣҋّ۞Я৵̝ ˘ĂϤѩனҹטᇒ୕۞υࢋĄԧࣇдĮგ̄įαቔ༊̚ĂΞ֍ѣᙯ͕ᄃ ୬۞ኢĂּтĈĶ͕̝дវĂӖ̝Ҝ˵Ą˝ᖈ̝ѣᖚĂ˵̶̝ءĄČČ ୬Ăৠˢ۽ķĮგ̄Ć͕ఙ˯įĄдѩᄃਰ̄Тᇹග̟͕ጱ֗វ ۞гҜĂ҃Ķ୬ķ༊ү˘Α͈Ąтڍԧࣇдѩ៍ᕇ˯इϡ̳ռໄ ྖ۞هĂͤܡ൴೭ҋਕ˧۞Ķ୬ķĂႷгᛳٺĶռķ۞ቑᘞĂࡶߏт ѩĂ͕۞ҋਕ˧ಶߏ၁னĶ̳ķ۞ਕ˧Ąϒтኜкኢ۰ٙኢĂٕధ઼̚ ޥຐ՟ѣ൴णҘ͞ຍཌྷ۞࣎ˠ៍هĂҭߏన͕۞ҋਕ˧ߏ၁னĶ̳ķ ۞݈೩۞ྖĂԧࣇֶд઼̚ޥຐ̚Աֽҋّ۞ࢦࢋຍཌྷĄҭώ͛ ࢨٺቔ̶಼·ڱந࠹ᙯᛉᗟĂࣃϏֽᚶᜈԸˢࡁտĄ
22ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
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ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ϔĂ1984aĂIJҩኢϔăϔᝋăۤົˬཌྷ̝ளТГඍֽ३ኢĮາ͵ࡔį ൴Ώ̝ຍijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 172-177Ą ϔĂ1984bĂIJܛijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂܜՒĈ സݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 101-107Ą ϔĂ1984cĂIJ߆عᄲijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂܜ ՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 161-212Ą щ̡ҩ̬Ă2013ĂĮ઼̚߆عཌྷ۞ޥຐૄᖂįĂέΔĈ̣ݑဦ३̳ۍ ΦĄ ѦἕĂ1993ĂIJГኢग̋̚۞ϔཌྷijĂĮ̚δࡁտੰܕΫࡁտٙะ ΏįĂ22: 325-356Ą ү۰̙ځĂ1907ĂIJᖎౢĞĮ͇ཌྷįௐ 16-19 ཱིЪΏğijĂበ̙ྎĂĮ઼̚ྤ फ़ᕍ३Ğௐ̱ܐ઼̚סഇۤົཌྷ͛ᚥะğįĂִڌĈ̂щĂࢱ 332Ą ү۰̙ځĂ1908ĂIJᚍТԠདྷ௫͵ࠧາᄬ ESPERANTOĞĮᏊಡįௐ˘ཱིğijĂ ঈ̡߶ΫăऩษĞበğĂĮࣧ̚国アナキズムྤफ़ะјĞௐ˛סğįĂ ִڌĈქቹ३ٗĂࢱ̙ྎĄ ү۰̙ځĂ1984ĂIJĮາ͵ࡔį൴Ώ̝ຍijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆ع ཌྷд઼̚įĂܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 15-16Ą ՂϮഅĂ1984aĂIJˬჩࢭijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂ ܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 126-132Ą ՂϮഅĂ1984bĂIJࢭijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆عཌྷޥ ຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 167-171Ą ̳ᝋĂ1984ĂIJۤົཌྷᓾ௫ົௐ˘ѨฟົࡔְijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂ Į߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 19-22Ą ՔڗဋĂ2002ĂIJ઼̚ܕϔཌྷ۞൴णĈࣘኢϔཌྷ۞࣎યᗟijĂ Į߆ڼᄃۤົࣰጯෞኢįĂ3: 49-119Ą ว̋ăඥᚥበĂ1980ĂĮޥ઼̚ܕຐˠۏኢĈϔཌྷįĂέΔĈॡ ಡ̼͛ۤۍĄ ៍ܛᑾăᆒܦपĂ2009ĂĮ៍هΫࡁտĈ઼̚னࢦࢋ߆ڼఙᄬ۞ԛјįĂ ΔִĈޠڱۤۍĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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ग̋̚Ă1986ĂIJˬϔཌྷijĂᇃࡊົۤ࠷ڌጯੰ።Ϋࡁտٙă઼ۤ̚ົࡊ ጯੰܕΫࡁտٙ̚රϔ઼Ϋࡁտވă̋̂̚ጯ።Ϋրग̋̚ࡁտވĞЪ በğĂĮग̋̚БะĞௐ˝סğįĂΔִĈ̚ර३ԊĂࢱ 183-427Ą रāೇĂ1984aĂIJĮᆀᐂį൴ΏෟijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷ д઼̚įĂܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 32-33Ą रāೇĂ1984bĂIJᆿछཌྷijĂౘະĞయЇበᏭğĂĮ߆عཌྷд઼̚įĂ ܜՒĈസݑˠϔۤۍĂࢱ 234-240Ą ୃࣖĂ1984ĂIJ˟Ȉ͵ࡔ̝າཌྷijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ ߆عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 6-16Ą ૺѬࣖĂ2001ĂĮன઼̚ޥຐࡁտįĂ˯ঔĈ˯ঔˠϔۤۍĄ ૺኰĂ2009ĂIJĶ઼̚ķᄃĶ͇˭ķໄهଣijĂĮڌӓ߆ڼጯಡįĂ27(3): 169-257Ą เҹڠĂ2000ĂIJଂՐϒזᄮТ઼ǕǕ ځϐҌϐ઼̳̚ռ៍ࢦ۞ه ፋijĂเҹڠăૺࣰလĞበğĂĮ̳ᄃռĈ઼࣎̚ܕវᄃཏវ̝ࢦ ޙįĂέΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕΫࡁտٙĂࢱ 58-112Ą ᇇĂ2004ĂIJଂĶԆБ̝ˠķזĶԆБ̝πඈķǕǕ ᆒरૈ۞ࢭޥຐ ̈́ຍஉijĂĮᄂ̂።ΫጯಡįĂ44: 93-152Ą ༄ڗĂ2010ĂĮঽ͈ăเᄃჂĈĶҘ͞ķෛ۞઼̚ԛ෪ᄃ઼̚ܕ ઼ኢຐညįĂέΔĈ߆̂ۤۍĄ ჶԠјĂ2000ĂIJԇځநጯ۞̳ռ̝Ᏸ̈́னຍஉijĂเҹڠăૺࣰလĞ በğĂĮ̳ᄃռĈ઼࣎̚ܕវᄃཏវ̝ࢦޙįĂέΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕ ΫࡁտٙĂࢱ 1-57Ą ᆒܦपበĂ1994ĂĮϔཌྷᄃ઼̚ன̼įĂࢶപĈࢶപ͛̂̚ጯۤۍĄ ᆒरૈĂ1984aĂIJֲ߷ன๕ኢijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂᎸ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆ع ཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯۤۍĂࢱ 120-133Ą ᆒरૈĂ1984bĂIJኢࢭᄃ߆̝ࢭعεijĂཀྵᑙߋăቼܷăՂ Ꮈ̝ĞበğĂĮ߆عཌྷޥຐྤफ़ᏴĞ˯ΊğįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯ ۤۍĂࢱ 86-98Ą ᆒरૈĂ1998ĂIJኢጯϠ̝ݔܧਗ਼ijĂՂӻॲĞበğĂĮᆒरૈ֙ϻ݈͛ ᏴįĂΔִĈˬᓑ३ظĂࢱ 1-2Ą ዑ̂රă࿊̈৭በĂ2007ĂĮ઼̚ܕΫ˯۞ϔཌྷįĂΔִĈۤົࡊጯ ͛ᚥĄ ᘲԠϣĂ1998ĂĮϔཌྷᄃޥ઼̚ܕຐįĂέΔĈ̂ڌဦ३̳ΦĄ ᘲԠϣĂ2007ĂIJநຐᄃன၁ǕǕ ؞ϔࠧ͵ܐཌྷᄃϔཌྷ۞ᙯᓑ̢જijĂ
24ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
ͳѶĞበğĂĮ઼̚ޥܕຐΫ۞ᖼݭॡįĂέΔĈᓑགྷĂࢱ 271-314Ą
˟ă͛͟ొ̶ ルナンĞRenan, ErnestğĂ㉾ࣰᛌĂ1997ĂIJ国ϔとはңかijĂĮ国ϔ とはңかįĂִڌĈインスクリプトĄᛌҋ “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?” In Œuvres Complètes, Vol. 1. N.p.: Calmann-Lèvy. 1887. ˱̋ضڗĂ1982ĂĮ̚国ܕのጌځįĂִڌĈࡁ͛ۍĄ ̈फ晋ڼĂ1978ĂIJ̚国ˠܐの͟ώޓ国ཌྷԲҿǕǕ ᆒरࢺĺ亜эன๕ ኢĻǕǕ ijĂ̈फॢڼĞበğĂĮアジアからみた近代日本įĂִڌĈ ֲࡔ३ٗĂࢱ 75-112Ą ̈ъΫࢡĂ2011ĂĮ国ၮĆ国ႇĆ国ᇉ ǕǕ ナショナリズムとシンボルの̚ 国ܕΫįĂִڌĈִ̂ڌጯົۍĄ Ϯ̡ࣣĂ2003ĂIJ̶かれてあるˠࣖǕǕ ᆒरૈのࣖந৩Ԕ観ǕǕ ijĂĮ̚ 国ࣰ学ࡁտįĂ19Ĉ1-55Ą ϮϓϣϒĂ1963ĂIJض徳ࡌͪと̚国ǕǕ ϔとຑ国͕のયᗟについてǕǕ ijĂ ѻ̰рĞበğĂĮアジアཌྷįĂִڌĈඑᇝ३ٗĂࢱ 384-410Ą Р፨ྕ˘ࢡĂ2003ĂĮຑ国ཌྷの౹јǕǕ ナショナリズムから̚ܕ国を みるįĂִڌĈگج३ظĄ ѻ̰චүĂ1948ĂIJڼځϐഇにおける̚͟ࢭྻજのϹ߹Ğڼځϐഇ۞̚ ͟ࢭྻજ۞Ϲ߹ğijĂĮ̚国ࡁտįĂ5: 74-95Ą ࣧݑᓄĂ1959ĂĮフィヒテの߆ࣰڼ学įĂִڌĈگج३ظĄ বมۡፘĂ1976ĂĮ̚国ۤ会ཌྷのጌځįĂִڌĈگج३ظĄ ॡޜĂ1978ĂIJϔཌྷと߆عཌྷǕǕ 国学のवăᆒरૈのࢭኢǕǕ ijĂ ̈̌ս࡚ăफϣѨĞበğĂĮ֙ϻࢭのࡁտįĂִڌĈඑᇝ३ٗĂ ࢱ 135-184Ą ˾ฯˬĂ1995ĂĮ̚国の̳とռįĂִڌĈࡁ͛ۍĄ
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߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ̣Ȉ˝ഇƟϔ઼ 103 ѐ 3 ͡
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Bakunin, Mikhail. 1980. Bakunin On Anarchism. Trans. Sam Dolgoff. Montrèal: Black Rose Books. Bakunin, Mikhail. 1990. Statism and Anarchy. Trans. Marshall S. Shatz. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bernal, Martin. 1976. “Liu Shih-p’ei and National Essence.” In The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservation Alternative in Republican China, ed. Charlotte Furth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 90-112. Cohen, Paul A. 1974. Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang T’ao and Reform in Late Ch’ing China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. de Bary, William Theodore. 1983. The Liberal Tradition in China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Dikötter, Frank. 1992. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Calif: Stanford University Press. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. 1978. Reden an die Deutsche Nation. Hamburg: Meiner. Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Held, David. 2010. Cosmopolitanism: Ideas and Realities. Malden: Polity Press. Heywood, Andrew. 1998. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hobsbawm, Eric & Terence Ranger ed. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Laitinen, Kauko. 1990. Chinese Nationalism in the Late Qing Dynasty: Zhang Binglin as an Anti-Manchu Propagandist. London: Curzon Press. Levenson, Joseph Richmond. 1964. Confucian China and its Modern Fate. Berkeley: University of California Press. Meisner, Maurice J. 1967. Li Ta-Chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Nussbaum, Martha C. 1996. “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism.” In For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Joshua Cohen. Boston: Beacon Press, 2-17. Stirner, Max. 1995. The Ego and its Own. David Leopold ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
26ā ઼̚߆عཌྷăϔཌྷᄃ͵ࠧཌྷ ǕǕ ଣޥڼ߆઼̚ܕژຐ̚۞˘ޥჯሀё
щ̡ҩ̬
Chinese Anarchism, Nationalism, and Universalism: An Inquiry into an Intellectual Approach within Modern Chinese Political Thought* Shinsuke Yasui **
Abstract In the years before the Xinhai Revolution, Chinese anarchists rejected nationalism, and instead advocated universalism and anarchism as the only way to save China and human society as a whole. What kind of theories were used to counter nationalism? What did they have to say about relations between individual nations and the world as a whole? What did the universalism they advocated mean? These are the main questions that this article tries to answer. First, this article explores the concept of the nation and the way to overcome nationalism as argued by the Chinese anarchists. They recognized a nation as being a substantial entity with distinct characteristics, and claimed that nationalism was a reflection of egoism and was prone to induce imperialism. These arguments were made under the influence of the gongsi theory (̳ռ ) that was popular in traditional Chinese thought. Second, this article analyzes the worldview of Chinese anarchism and points out that Chinese anarchists did not take autonomy as their core theory. Therefore, their vision of the ideal society was one of uniformity, without space for individual diversity. Keywords: Anarchism, Nationalism, Universalism, Liu Shipei
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.59(1-26). **Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Japanese, Chihlee Institute of Technology. E-mail: [email protected]
