Page 1 69 105 27-74 * ** *** Shugart and Carey Polsby * DOI:10.6166 ...
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡Ɵࢱ 27-74
Ηᓁ˭ט ઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ* ၐ྿൝**ăౘࣦ͡***
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ώ͛ͽଣͧྵ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁ۞ົ઼˭טႾ༛үࠎĂ֭ͽ Shugart and Carey ۞Ķᓁůᛉົķ̈́ĶᓁநůᓁķѨᙷͧࠎݭ ྵमள۞நኢଯኢޥ҂ૄᖂĂГֶ Polsby ̝ໄهĂ೩Ķܑႊů၁үķ ۞Ⴞ༛้ШЍᙉĂͽࠎෞณώ͛ٙͧྵܑĶᓁůᛉົķ۞טέ៉ ϲੰڱĂܑ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁķ઼઼ڱ۞טϔᛉົႾ༛үࠎ้Ш۞ֶ ፂĄώ͛Гֶ۞ݭᙷநኢទᏭĂ̶ҾᏴĶੜᇬޘטķ ă ĶᔉયᗟķĂ ̈́Ķ८ਕ८ķඈˬᛉᗟĂֽଣീᑭෛέă۞ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛үࠎĄ έăົ઼ڱдˬᛉᗟ߆ٺᛨ˘۞៍၅ഇมĂд 7 ี࠹ᙯᖚᝋ ٙणன۞Ⴞ༛үࠎߏĈέ៉ϲྵੰڱᛳٺĶܑႊ้Шķ Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົ णனྵૻ۞Ķ၁ү้Шķ Ą̙࿅Ă̝ົ઼Ⴞ༛˵ѣВТӧဩćώ͛ ޢᄲځѩࡁտ۞ࢨ̈́ט၆၁ચΞਕ۞ᚥĄ ᙯᔣෟĈ Ηᓁטăᓁůᛉົטăᓁநůᓁטă઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫү ࠎăέ៉ϲੰڱă઼઼ڱϔᛉົ
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DOI:10.6166/TJPS.69(27-74)Ąώ͛ຏᔁҜઠЩᆶߤˠٙ೩ֻ۞ᚗෳຍ֍ĄѩγĂώ ͛࠹ᙯྤफ़۞ᕜ̈́פநඈ࠹ᙯྤੈԫఙ۞೩ֻĂౌϤ̋̂̚ጯ߆ڼٙ౾࣏̀ᏴˠՂ ٚАϠםӄĂপѩᔁĄ ** ̋̂̚ጯ߆ڼጯࡁտٙିĂEmail: [email protected]Ą ***̋̂̚ጯ߆ڼጯࡁտٙ౾̀ĂEmail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 5 ͡ 27 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 8 ͡ 15 ͟
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ಥă݈֏ ώ͛ྏဦଣͧྵ࣎Ηᓁ઼טछ઼̚ົ۞၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎĄ઼࣎ छߏ઼̈́ڱέ៉Ă઼ົ̶Ҿߏ઼ϔᛉົ̈́ϲੰڱĂ ĶႾ༛ķଳᇃཌྷ̝ᄲĂ ӈ၆Җ߆ొءٕܝဈਕౄј߉߆ٕҖજ˯۞ᑅ˧ĂࠤٕԼត۞Їң߿જĄ ͧྵࡁտഇมჸ൏ ٺ2007-2012 5 ѐ̝มĄ1 ώ͛ٙͽઇѩΗᓁ˭ט ྵજၗࢬ۞઼ົႾ༛үࠎଣĂࢋநϤΞ̶ࠎαბĂͽ˭̶Ҿᄲ̝ځĄ ࢵАĂΗᓁ۞טপኳкჸ൏ٺᗕҖ߆ࢵܜĂЯ็ጳ߆វᙷ̶˟ט ˭۞ᓁ̰̈́טᅦטӮࠎ˘̮Җ߆ᅳጱĂ҃జෛࠎ̬˟ٺ۰̝ม۞ĶΗᓁ טķ Ăੵ˞ѣϔᏴ઼ົ఼̈́૱ܧϔᏴ۞ᓁநγĂ˵ѣϔᏴᓁĂᓁநᄃᓁ ࢋ̶ࢴҖ߆ᝋĂ҃࣎Җ߆ࢵܜม۞ᝋ˧ᨋॾᄃ઼ົ̚߆ᛨ֎Ғ۞ా જĂкјࠎ͛ᚥଣ۞ࢦᕇĂ͌ޝݒѣ͛ᚥଣ৶Ηᓁົ઼۞˭טтңႾ ༛Җ߆ᝋĞၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013Ĉ51-97ğĄ ѨĂ ĶႾ༛ķ̏ߏ 20 ͵ࡔͽࢫϔ઼छ઼ົࢦࢋ۞ΑਕĄЯࠎĶႾ ༛ķᔵߏĶ̰ᅦטķҖ߆ăϲڱᝋ˧Ъ˘˭ٙనؠග઼ົࢋ۞Αਕć ҭͽĶˬᝋ̶ϲķ۞நኢទᏭ҃ޙၹ۞Ķᓁטķ Ăܐᔵߏనົ઼ؠ ࢋ۞ΑਕߏĶϲڱķ ĂҭҖ߆ᝋ͟ৈᘀ̂Ăᖚਕᕖૺߏᓝ͵࠰۞ᔌ๕Ăͷ к၁ᅫΒឦ˞ϲ̍۞ڱĂ߇үࠎĶᓁטķቑ۞઼࡚Ăౌତົ઼צ ͽЧϲڱᆶᛉ۞Ԕ̈́೩९ăᙋඈүࠎĂֽ྿זѣĶႾ༛ķҖ߆۞Ķט Ꮚķड़ڍĞ߉ਕĂ1987ğĄ ௐˬĂΗᓁົ઼۞˭טႾ༛ĂдࢬޘטĂ͍็ͽߏטڱश۞ ෛ֎ֽྋژĂ͛ᚥ˯ᔵ̙кĂ̙࿅Ăၐ྿൝ඈഅဘྏέă۞ົ઼઼ڱ Ⴞ༛ޘטĂ̶ј઼ົፋវă؎ࣶົ̈́࣎Ҿᛉࣶˬᆸࢬ఼ֽሹͧྵĂ˵൴ன έ៉ϲੰڱдႾ༛ᖚᝋ۞ЧࢬШనࢍ˯ྵ้ШᓁטĂ઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົ ྵ้Ш̰ᅦטĂྍֶ֭͛ѩҿᕝϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛ਕณᑕૻ࿅઼ϔᛉົĞ2013Ĉ 51-97ğćҭ۞ࢬޘטనࢍߏӎਕᄃ၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎ࠹ײᑕĉྍ֭͛Ϗஎˢ
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ࢋߏͽ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ۞Їഇࠎ҂ณĂௐ 13 ۞بЇഇߏଂ 2007-2012 ѐĂԧ઼ϲੰڱ ߏௐ 7 ۞ب2008-2012 ѐĄᏴፄநϤົ͛ޢᄲځĄ
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ଣĄ͍Ă̰ᅦؕࣧ۞ົ઼טჟৠߏĶႾ༛ķ ĂĶႾ༛ķ̍۞నࢍ˵ кֱć2 Ķᓁטķ۞ĶႾ༛ķ ĂߏᅃӄĶϲڱķ۞፟ၹĞтӄநበЕă ࡁտᏙྙ፟ၹ۞ޙཉğౌৼˢĂ̖ਕᄃ̰ᅦܜྵ˘טൺĞFish and Kroenig, 2009ğ ć҃Ηᓁົ઼۞˭טĂߏтң၁ᅫซҖႾ༛ĉ˫тңͅᑕ̙Т۞ Ηᓁົ઼˭ݭᙷטႾ༛۞मளĉߏၐ྿൝ඈ˘͛Ă่ͽ็ࢬޘט ֽᏊณ઼ົႾ༛ਕณٙڱаඍ۞Ă˵ֹܳώ͛Ћဦͽ၁ᙋ۞Җࠎࡁտֽ ઇซ˘Վଣ৶Ą ௐαĂ Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķ۞၁ᅫүࠎߏજၗࢬ۞̷ˢĂੵ˞ߏؼᜈ݈ᐖၗ ۞ࢬޘטଣ৶Ă˵ԓ୕аᑕ߆ڼጯ 90 ѐͽࢫٙᎸ۞Ķາޘטཌྷķ शĂᏉЪޘטᄃҖࠎĂ֭࠹ޘטܫᄃҖࠎ۞̢જّćٙͽώ͛۞ဘྏĂ˵ ߏૄߊٺέăົ઼۞ڱѣ࠹༊̙Т۞Ⴞ༛ޘטనࢍĂநኢ˯˵ົͅߍд ၁ᅫ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎ̚Ăҭտౣтңͅᑕĉέ៉ϲੰڱઐᓁטనࢍٙᏜ۞ ĶૻķႾ༛ਕณĂтңᛖٸĉ઼઼ڱϔᛉົઐ̰ᅦטనࢍĂజෞࠎྵĶऴķ ۞Ⴞ༛ਕณĂ˫ৌߏĶऴႾ༛ķĉ͍Ăт݈͛ٙ೩Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົઐ Ķ̰ᅦטķপኳĂߏܑϯѣͽĶႾ༛ķࠎࢋᖚԠ۞็ٚĂĶႾ༛ķ̝ ၁ᅫүࠎĂӈֹЯҖ߆ϲ۞ڱЪ˘ّĂٕ̙ົૻ˧ၓពĶႾ༛ķ˧Ğт ͽ˾ᐝኳྙֽዩᛶğ Ăҭᙱ̙ົд࠹ᙯᝋయቑಛ̰Ӆ˧ਆਅĞтੰ ົٕ؎ࣶົ̝ᆶᛉğ ĉֱѣޞซ˘Վᗃ۞યᗟĂӈၹјᇤᆷώ͛۞ॲώ જЯĄ ώ͛ᔵૄ˯ͽٺٙᕩৼ۞αีநϤĂຍ୬ଣ͛ᚥ˯ࠤ͌ଣ৶Ăજၗ ڶېՀ͌ᛈ̈́۞̙ТᙷݭΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛۞၁ᅫүࠎĂҭ˵நྋ ีဘྏ۞ӧᙱᄃࢨטĄტЪֽĂώ͛࿃۞זӧᙱϺΞ̶ࠎα̂ᙷĂͽ ˭ᖎ̝Ă֭˘׀ᄲځώ͛۞Яᑕନ߉ٕࢨטĄ ࢵАಶߏ̙ТΗᓁົ઼˭ݭᙷטႾ༛үࠎ࠹ᙯநኢଣ۞ೀܕৌ۩ ېၗĄѣᙯĶΗᓁטķ۞Ѩᙷݭᔵ̙ͻଣĞָڒᐷĂ2002ćӓϜ̋Ă 2001ćૺधᄹĂ2011ćShugart and Carey, 1992ğĂ Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķ۞ޘטᝋࢨͧ 2
ּт̰ᅦ઼טछ۞Ⴞ༛̍ЍߏĶኳྙķಶ˫Ξ̶ࠎĶྙયķĞquestionğᄃĶኳયķ Ğinterpellationğᙷݭćࣆᅦᝋ۞ޘטనࢍ˫Ξ̶ࠎᓁந۞ܫЇ९೩ᝋĂͽ઼̈́ ົᛉࣶ۞̙ܫЇ९೩ᝋ͞ёĄЯѩĂ࿆҃֏Ă̰ᅦ઼טछ۞Ⴞ༛Ķ̍ķົ ྵкĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ྵ˵ᅲѣ˘ֱĞFish and Kroening, 2009ćMessick, 2002ćHagg and McCubbins, 2001ćPelizzo and Stapenhurst, 2004, 201ćၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğĂҖࠎࢬ۞઼ ົ၁ᅫүࠎ̝நኢ̈́၁ᙋ̶ژĂ˵അனд͛ᚥ˯ĂপҾߏͽҖࠎཌྷ༊ ۞̱〇̈́˛〇ѐࠎкĞPolsby, 1975ćMezey, 1979ćLoewenberg et al., 1985ğĄܕѐ੫၆ಏ˘઼ົĂ˵ѣ Lazardeux (2009: 287-309) ଣົ઼઼ڱ Ⴞ༛Җࠎ̝ႊតĂ3 ҭࢋĶ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁטķăĶ઼ົႾ༛ķĂ̈́Ķ၁ᅫ үࠎķˬ۰ΐд˘۞͛ᚥĂٕਕॶۊ࠹ᙯநኢໄ۞هĂ࠻ֽߏଂĄ ώ͛ࢬ၆ีᛉᗟ۞நኢৌ۩ېၗĂٙଳ۞פନ߉ߏᏴፄ˘ี̶ޘט ᙷநኢĂਕͅߍέăڱĶΗᓁטķ۞ޘטमளઇࠎؕᕇĂГֶѩ ޘטमள۞̰உΝၹࡁޥտඉரćГଂ઼ົႾ༛Җࠎ၁ᅫࢬ͛ᚥ̚Ăᕜפ Ξͽྭᙷ۞֭ͧݭநኢ॰ߛĂͽઇࠎ၁ᅫҖࠎͧྵ۞ֶፂĄ݈۰ώ͛Ᏼ۞ ߏ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992) ۞ĶᓁůᛉົטķĞpresident-parliamentarismğ ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ Ğ premier-presidentialismğ۞ีѨᙷݭĂޢ۰ ߏPolsby ᛉົܑனΑਕ۞ЍᙉໄهĞ1975Ĉ277ğĄࠎңઇᇹ۞Ᏼፄ̈́тңྻϡĂ ົ̶Ҿд˭ࢬ۞˟ăˬ༼Ѩ̚ᄲځĄ ѨĂώ͛ࢬ၆۞ᙱᗟߏྭ઼ͧྵ۞၆ඈّĂέăڱᔵТజᕩᙷࠎĶΗ ᓁטķĂҭЧҋ൴ण۞ྫ̈́ॡม̙ТĂ4 ઼઼̰ڱጯ۰ࠤͷ̙ಈజइϡ ᕩᙷࠎĶΗᓁטķĂͷૻአ۞઼ڱጳ߆វૄטώᏲ؇۞ߏĶкᇴڼநķ Ğmajority ruleğĂ̙ߏˬᝋ̶ϲĞMillard, 2013ğĄ҃έ៉۞ጳ߆វטĂĶк ᇴڼநķࣧ።གྷкѨ࣒ጳ̈́߆ᛨആ۞ზࢍĂѝ̙̏ߏਕѣВᙊ۞ྻү ࣧĂ҃ͅĶˬᝋ̶ϲķᄲࠤᛱဧ˯Ğၐ྿൝ඈĂ2006ğ ćϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱ ົ۞ؠҜ֎ҒĂྕт݈̏೩̈́۞ၐ͛ٙĂ݈۰ྵઐᓁົ઼۞טĂྵߏ 3
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Lazardeux അ၆ົ઼઼ڱซҖ઼ົႾ༛۞ࡁտĂࡁտពϯĂົ઼઼ڱдྻү˯ѣֽ кͷֽஎˢ۞઼ົႾ༛ҖࠎĂͽ̈́ͅ၆ᛨјᾼ၆߆عҖજ۞ᐛதᆧΐĄ҃Ă Җ߆ᝋдௐ̣Вጳֳ̚ڱѣᐹ๕Ă઼ົ۞ྻүϺͽѣड़кᇴࠎྻүૄᖂĂϤѩଯኢĂ ଂޘט൴۞నᄃͽ߆ᛨ߆ૄࠎڼᖂ۞઼ົႾ༛ࡁտ̝నĂд઼ڱϏਕᒔགྷរᙋ ፂ۞͚ĄЯѩᄮࠎĂͅ၆ᛨᔵ̪ߏ઼ົႾ༛۞˧Ăҭ઼ົ̰ొкᇴᛨώ֗۞ ̶ෘ̖ߏጱົ઼઼ڱܕႾ༛Җࠎႊត۞ЯĄ ԧ઼ҋ 1997 ѐ࣒ጳ̝ޢĂጳ߆វ̖טјࠎĶΗᓁטķ ć ٺߏ઼ڱ1958 ѐ఼࿅၁Җ ௐ̣ВጳڱಶฟؕซˢٙᏜĶΗᓁטķ۞ጳ߆ॡഇĂЧҋ൴णྫĂέ៉ኛણ֍ ăӓϜ̋Ğ2006ć2012ğ ć઼ڱኛણ֍ૺέអĞ2010ğ ăૈۿĞ2010ğĄ ౘາϔĞ2002ğ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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ͽ֭ϲĶטᏊķֽႾ༛Ăޢ۰ۢͽߏଐםүֽ၁ኹĶႾ༛ķᖚయĄ ۰Ξ၆ඈͧྵĉтڍГĶ઼ົķ۞ԛё˯ޘטщଵˢኢĂ˫ߏ Ω˘યᗟĄЯੰ˟ߏົ઼۞઼ڱĂ˯ੰߏણᛉੰĞSénatğĂ˭ੰߏ઼ϔᛉ ົĂέ៉ϫ่݈ѣϲੰڱಏੰćҭࢋ၆ඈͧྵĂߏੰ၆˘ੰĉᔘߏ˘ ၆˘ĉ ੫၆࣎Ķ၆ඈͧྵķયᗟĂώ͛၆ّኳ̙Т۞઼ົયᗟĂଳ۞פ ߏ Lijphart (1988: 54-70)ĶΞͧྵ࣎९ķ۞ඉரĂலౣனѣధк͛ᚥ̏ڱ ઼ৼˢĶΗᓁטķᙷݭĂͷᄃέ៉Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķྵͧ۞ࢬޘטĂ˵̏ј ͛Ğၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğ Ăώ͛୬ଂְ۞Ⴞ༛၁ᅫүࠎ۞ҖࠎࢬͧྵĂՀߏྵ Νਔඛ̼۞ͧྵࡁտඉரĄҌٺௐ˟࣎ԛё̙ТયᗟĂώ͛˘тၐ྿൝ඈ Ğ2013ğٙଳ̝ඉரĂͽߏ઼̪ڱѣ၁ᝋ۞Ķ઼ϔᛉົķࠎಏ˘ͧྵᇾ۞Ă έ៉ಶߏϲੰڱĄ ௐˬ࣎ᙱᗟώ͛ࢬ၆۞ߏĶ઼ົႾ༛үࠎķፆү۞ӧᙱĄтώ͛ٙଳ ৼ۞Ⴞ༛ؠཌྷĂΪࢋਕĶ၆Җ߆ొءٕܝဈౄј߉߆ٕҖજ˯۞ᑅ˧Ăࠤ ٕԼត۞Їң߿જķౌზĂдѩ˘ᇃ˭ؠࠧھĂ઼ົ̚ᄃҖ߆ొܝϒёٕ ܧϒёତᛈҖࠎҬౌѣజ៍၅۞υࢋĂЯࠎౌѣΞਕԛјᑅ˧ٕԼតćҭ ಶࡁտ၁ચ҃֏ĂԆБઇ̙זĄࢬ၆ѩ˘ᙱᗟĂώ͛ଳ۞פඉரߏͽֶ ઼ົϒёטڱᖚᝋٙயϠ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂઇѣր۞៍၅̈́ᐂĄٙᏜ઼ົ ϒёטڱᖚᝋĂΒ߁ኳྙă೩९ăڱ९ᆶᛉăᙋඈඈćέăົ઼઼ڱ дֱᖚᝋ˯ٕѣֱˢĂώ͛ົдௐણ༼Ķࡁտనࢍ̈́͞ڱķ̚ГᄲځĄ ҌֱٺϒёᖚᝋயϠ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂѣ՟ѣ၆Җ߆ొܝౄјᑅ˧Ăࠤ ٕԼតĂώ͛ٚᄮߏࢨטĂͽώ͛ϫ݈ᇤᆷ۞ఢሀ̈́ਕϡ۞ྤ҃֏Ă إڱѣड़ᏊณĶႾ༛үࠎķ၁ᅫயϠ۞ᇆᜩĂٙͽώ͛дᇾᗟ˵่ᇾϯĈ Ķ઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣķĄ ௐα࣎ᙱᗟಶߏ࠹ᙯྤफ़ᄓะ۞ӧᙱ˞Ąӈֹώ͛న៍ؠ၅ົ઼Ⴞ ༛үࠎ۞ᇾ۞ߏĶֶϒёᖚᝋயϠ۞ķ Ă࠹ᙯྤफ़۞ྭ઼ᄓะĂᔘࢋਕͧ׀Ă Ȉ̶̙ٽĂͷྤफ़ณᘀ̂ᓄᗔĂӈֹѣྤੈԫఙˠ˧םӄᕜפፋநĂϺᙱ ઇܜॡมٕፖᕝࢬБొ࠹ᙯүࠎ۞ፋĄώ͛ଳ۞פඉரдॡഇ͞ࢬߏͽ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܕഇਕᄓะזԆፋྤफ़۞ົഇĂ֭ੵΝ߆ᛨЯ৵۞̒ᕘĂ 5 ˵ಶߏͽҖ߆ ᝋ̈́ϲڱᝋӮࠎ˘߆ᛨ۞઼ົЇഇĂͷ઼ਕྵТՎઇॡม̷ᕇĂᏴ ۞ॡഇߏέ៉۞ௐ 7 بϲੰڱĞ2008-2012ğ Ăߏ઼ڱௐ 13 ઼۞بϔᛉົ Ğ2007-2012ğĄдѩ˘ॡഇ̰Ăώ͛˫ֶĶາޘטཌྷķशٙૻአ۞ט ޘᄃҖࠎ۰۞̢જّĂֶೈĶᓁůᛉົķ̈́ĶᓁநůᓁķѨᙷ۞ݭ ጳ߆ఢቑទᏭ઼̈́ົᛉࣶநّҋӀ۞ࣧநĞMayhew, 1974ğ Ăֽ߄ءဈ͞ ࢬ۞ĶੜᇬķĂ८ਕ͞ࢬ۞Ķ८ķĂ઼̈́֨͞ࢬ۞ĶᔉķඈĂઇࠎܑ ᛉᗟซҖͧྵĂᏴፄֱᛉᗟࠎ̶ژ၆෪۞វநϤĂົᄲځдௐણ༼Ķࡁ տనࢍ̈́͞ڱķ̚Ą ፋ҃֏Ăώ͛ྏဦଣͧྵ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛۞၁ᅫү ࠎĂ֭Ᏼፄ Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķࠎט ۞ࢬ͞ޘҋតีĂГͽ Polsby ۞ᛉົΑਕЍᙉໄهĂӔன઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫү ࠎଂĶܑႊķזĶ၁үķ۞ݭϹᖐត้̼ШĂઇࠎநኢ˯ޘטצᇆᜩ۞៍ ၅ᇾĞֶតีğ ćҌٺĶᓁůᛉົטķٕĶᓁநůᓁטķົౄјͧྵ ĶܑႊķٕĶ၁үķົ઼۞ݭႾ༛үࠎĉЯ࠹ᙯ۞ࡁտ͛ᚥ၁͉ංᓠĂ ̙֖ͽᕩৼଯኢѣड़۞நኢనć߇ώ͛ᔵፋЪޘטᄃགྷរࡁտ۞ इநኢĂҭ̪ͽୁ൴ёĞheuristicğ۞ࡁտؠҜĂ6 ӈဘྏଂѣࢨ۞၁ᙋ९ ּĂֽଣ৶Ηᓁ̙˭טТѨᙷݭనࢍᄃົ઼Ⴞ༛үࠎ۞ΞਕᙯᓑĄྎ ۞நኢࡦഀ̈́࠹ᙯ၁ᙋࡁտඈĂӮᄲ༼۞ࢬ˭ٺځѨ̚Ą
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Яࠎ߆ᛨົᇆᜩΗᓁྻ۞טүĂ̈́Җ߆ϲڱᙯܼĂтೠҖ߆ăϲ߆۞ڱᛨ̙˘Ă д઼ڱഅѣνΠВڶې۞ڼĂдέ៉ ߏ2000-2008 ѐม۞ഈ̈̂ԩۋԊࢬćጯ۰ ˵૱ֶ߆ᛨೠᝋଐڶĂ̶ᙷ̙Тݭၗ۞ΗᓁטĞтӓϜ̋Ă2001ćૺधᄹĂ2011 ඈ ࡁտğ Ąҭέăڱϫ݈Ч͞ޘטనࢍౌనڱдഴ͌Җ߆ăϲڶې˘̙۞ڱĂ઼͍ڱ ҋ 2000 ѐͽࢫĂᖣ࣒ጳᒺൺᓁЇഇ֭ᄃ઼ົࡗரТՎᏴᓝĂͽഴ͌νΠВ۞ڼ፟ ົć҃ѣٙᏜጳ߆វטĶᓁ̼ķ้ШĞૈۿĂ2010ğĄΞᄲ̏ያܕĶᓁ઼ົטķ ˭ᓁڶې۞߆઼ڼĂҭЯጳ߆Ԕ˯Ă̰ᅦᔘߏͽ၆઼ົయࠎࢋĂᓁ఼૱д ༊ᏴޢĂົֶၚּކοੜ߆ᛨĂГΐ˯έ៉۞ᓁ઼ົ̰۞˭טᅦ఼૱ᄃ઼ົˠְ ྵ̙Ϲ߹Ă҃۞઼ڱᓁநᓁ̰۞˭טᅦᄃ઼ົˠְϹ߹ྵღĞၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğĂ ߇ᄃέ៉̪ᛳݭᙷٺĄ ୁ൴ёࡁտڱຍĂૄٺགྷរٕҿᕝ˧۞ࡁտ͞ڱĂᔵܲڱᙋߏָྋՙᏱڱĂ ҭ̙εࠎਕྋՙયᗟ۞р͞ڱĞFoulds, 1983: 929ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
33
෮ăநኢ̈́၁ᙋаᜪ тĶ݈֏ķٙ̚೩ĂᄃĶΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎķѣᙯ۞͛ᚥĂ ͍ᔘঘྵ઼ͧྭזĂߏޝց֍۞Ăтᔘࢋኢ̈́Ķநኢķ ĂՀೀ۩ܕϨĄ ώ͛۞͛ᚥаᜪ˜ಶΞਕѣᙯĂͷᔘѣநኢຍஉ۞ࡁտĂ̂វ̶јΗᓁ טѨᙷݭă઼ົႾ༛ࢬޘטă઼̈́ົႾ༛Җࠎࢬˬ̂ડֽፋநĂ֭ᄲځ ώ͛Ᏼྻפϡ࠹ᙯநኢ̝ࣧϤĄ ಶĶΗᓁטѨᙷݭķ۞ଣ͞ࢬĂѝ೩̶ᙷ۞ߏ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992)Ăૄώଳϡ၆Ηᓁྵטᚑॾ۞ؠཌྷᇾĂ7 ଂĶᓁ۞ᝋ˧ķᄃ Ķ̰ᅦయ۞၆෪ķ ĂΗᓁࠎ̶טĶᓁůᛉົטķᄃĶᓁநůᓁטķ Ą ̚Ăᓁᝋ˧˫Ξડ̶ࠎĶϲڱᝋķᄃĶܧϲڱᝋķćϲڱᝋΒӣ ӎՙᝋĞБొٕొ̶ğăڱఢ΄ᝋăҫ೩९ᝋĞܲপ߆ؠඉᅳાğă ზ೩९ᝋĂᄃ̳ϔኑՙᝋćܧϲڱᝋΒӣј̰ᅦăྋੵ̰ᅦᖚચă઼ ົ᜔యᝋĂᄃྋ઼ົᝋĞ1992Ĉ150-51ğĄĶ̰ᅦయ۞၆෪ķ̶јШ ઼ົయĂٕТॡࢋШᓁ઼̈́ົయᙷ̂ĄShugart ̈́ Carey ˟̶ᙷ۞ ࢦᕇࢋٸдĶ̰ᅦ၆ኡయķ˘ีĂΪᅮШ઼ົయ۞ࠎĶᓁநůᓁ טķĂࢋШ઼ົ̈́ᓁᗕࢬయ۞ӈࠎĶᓁůᛉົטķĂЯࠎᓁᝋ˧ ˘ีĂЩϫ˯ᔵ̶ϲܧٕڱϲڱᝋĂҭдΗᓁ۞טጳ߆నࢍ̚Ăౌᙱ Һঘ̈́Ą ֶ Shugart ̈́ Carey ̶̝ᙷĂ Ķᓁநůᓁטķ۞পᇈΞᄲߏĈ ĶᓁϤ ϔᏴ͞ёயϠĂᓁጾѣ࠹༊ࢦࢋ۞ᝋ˧Ăͽ̈́Ϥᓁந̰ᅦેҖҖ߆Α ਕĂ֭Ш઼ົయķĄ҃ĶᓁůᛉົטķߏĈĶᓁϤϔᏴ͞ёயϠă ᓁЇҺ̰ᅦᅦࣶă̰ᅦᅦࣶܫ۞ົ઼ٺטצĂͽ̈́ᓁѣྋ઼ົᝋ ٕϲڱᝋĂٕߏ۰ౌѣķ Ğ1992Ĉ23-24ğĄдᇹ۞̶ᙷߛၹ˭Ăέ៉ͧ 7
ྵᚑॾ۞ؠཌྷߏϤ Duverger (1980: 161) ٙ೩۞Ηᓁؠ۞טཌྷĂᄮࠎĂΗᓁט ၹј۞୧ІืΒӣˬ࣎୧ІĂ̶ҾߏĈᓁϤˠϔۡᏴăᓁጾѣࢦࢋ۞ᝋ˧Ăͽ̈́ Тॡхд˘Ҝᓁநᄃ̰ᅦĂࣇܫົ઼צЇ۞͚੨Ă֭ેҖҖ߆˯۞Αਕćྵᆵᗫ۞ ؠཌྷߏϤ Elgie (2008: 249) ٙ೩ĂᄮࠎĂΪࢋ႕֖ĈᓁϤˠϔۡᏴͷѣؠЇ ഇĂͽ̈́Тॡхд˘࣎Шᛉົయ۞̰ᅦĂܮΞజᕩৼࠎΗᓁ઼טछĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ྵ้ШᕩᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ ĂЯࠎ 1997 ࣒ጳޢĂᓁΞಏЇᅦĂ ̙ืϲੰڱТຍćΞᄲૻ̼˞̰ᅦυื၆ᓁ̈́ϲੰڱᗕࢦయ۞፟טĄ ྵ઼ڱᛳٺĶᓁநůᓁטķ Ăс۞ᓁ˘͞ࢬᔵѣજྋ઼ົඈࢦࢋ ᝋ˧ĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬс۞ጳ߆నࢍ̈́ྻүૻአ၆઼ົయ۞ᓁந̰̈́ᅦĂ֭ ̙Βӣ၆ᓁ˵య۞࠹ᙯఢؠĄ8 Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞˟̶ڱĂᔵഅዎ˘ֱԲෞĂ 9 ҭ̪ߏ࿆జ͔ ϡ۞̶ᙷ͞ёĂ͍ୁજޢᜈֶࣇ̶ᙷ۞̮৵Ă˫Яᑕ၁ચ˯ត̼Ăᆧ ˘ֱଐဩតᇴֽᕖ·ᙷ۞̶˟ҾĄͧтӓϜ̋Ğ2001ğӈͽĶ̰ᅦˠ ְᝋķ̈́Ķ߆ᛨវրķ˟̮৵ĂΗᓁࠎ̶טĶ̰ᅦטķ ă ĶೱВڼķă Ķ̶ᝋԁםķ ă ĶᓁᐹķඈαݭĂΞᄲЯᑕԧ઼̳̮ 2000 ѐॡϔซᛨ ౘͪ༊ᏴᓁĂѣᅦЇᝋ҃࠹༊ޘೠ೪̰ᅦˠְĂҭ઼ົ̪̚ߏ ઼ϔᛨ̈́Ꮠϔᛨඈ۞ھᖡᓑ༖ࠎкᇴ۞ଐ˭ڶĂЋဦֶͧྵજၗڶېĂ͍ ߆ߏᛨߏӎТॡೠଠҖ߆ăϲڱĂͽ̈́ᓁ၆̰ᅦˠְᏴፄ۞ΞਕĂઇ ࠎ̶ᙷ۞ޥ҂Ą 10 ᔵֱֽޢΐˢଐဩ୧ІĞ͍߆ߏᛨ֎Ғğ۞̶ᙷ ͞ёĂՀቜ۞णனΗᓁטд၁ચ˯۞ΞਕᙷݭĂҭ˵ឰΗᓁ۞טѨ ᙷߛᙷ̶̝ݭၹྭ˞ጳ߆୧͛ώ֗۞ఢቑ˧Ăซˢ၁ચᅳાĂͷд˘઼ ̝̰ĂಶΞਕЯ̙Тॡഇ̝߆ڼଐဩĂ҃ᕩᛳ̙ٺТ۞ѨᙷݭĂ၆ྭ઼ ͧྵ҃֏Ăᆧ˞̙υࢋ۞ኑᗔޘĂ˵ҬͼҲҤጳ߆ఢቑώ֗۞ᇆᜩ˧Ą ٙͽĂώ͛ᔘߏаᕩĶΗᓁטķ˟̶ᙷ۞ࣧݭĂͽ Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞៍ ᕇࠎֶፂĂྏဦଂ̚Աವă៍၅̙Тᙷົ઼˭ݭႾ༛үࠎ۞˧ᕇĄ ̙Т۞ΗᓁטѨᙷߏݭӎᇆᜩ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĉ͛ᚥ˯՟ѣۡତ
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ௐ̣В۞ጳ֭ڱϏఢቑᓁநื၆ᓁయĂд၁ᅫྻү˯Ăᓁֳ̪ѣ̙͌ᐹ๕Ă ͍д˘߆۞عॡഇĂՀߏтѩĄ ၆ Shugart and Carey Ηᓁࠎ̶טĶᓁநůᓁטķᄃĶᓁůᛉົטķ Ăѣጯ۰ᄮ ࠎࠤ̙ᙷ̶υࢋĂҭ˵ѣጯ۰ᛇᙷ͉͌ݭĄௐ˘࠻۞ڱጯ۰т Giovanni SartoriĂᄮࠎĂϤ઼ڱٺវ˘ߏטΞᐌ߆ڼଐ๕дᓁטᄃ̰ᅦ̝טมᖼೱ۞វ טĂЯѩ֭ᓁᓁநኡѣ၁ᝋ۞યᗟхдćͽ̈́Ă ĶᓁůᛉົטķЯ၁ᅫ˯۞࣎ ९͉͌Ă̝ଂΗᓁ̚טГ̶ᙷֽ֭ຍཌྷĞ1994Ĉ132）Ą˘ޢ࠻۞ڱጯ۰ т Alan SiaroffĂᄮࠎĂᓁ۞֎ҒؠҜд̙Тጳ߆វ̝טมѣٙमளĂЯѩĂ Ѩᙷݭ၁̙֖ͽणனкΗᓁྻטү۞кᇹّ（2003Ĉ287）Ą ၆ΗᓁྻטүѨᙷݭ೩̶ᙷ۞ࡁտإѣૺधᄹĞ2011） ăָڒᐷĞ2002）ඈࡁտĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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۞ඍ९ĄͧྵѣВᙊ۞ߏĈТᇹ۞ޘטనࢍĂݒд၁үॡĂౌົனརम ĞElgie, 1999: 20ćDuverger, 1980: 177ğĂң̙ߏڶТ۞ѨᙷݭĂӈֹٺ ࠹Т۞ĶΗᓁטķᄏ˭Ăົ̙ᇆᜩ၁үĉГΐͽώ͛ଳפາޘט ཌྷ៍ᕇĈޘטᄃҖࠎົ̢࠹જĂטڱ୧͛۞̙ТĂӈܧܮᙯᔣĂ˵ѣү ϡ˧ĄયᗟҋߏтңᇆᜩĂ͍ߏд઼ົႾ༛үࠎ˯Ą ֤ᆃ̙ТΗᓁטѨᙷݭ၆઼ົႾ༛үࠎ۞ᇆᜩߏңĉ͛ᚥ˯ඍ ̙ځቁĂώ͛ྏඍՀჟ˘ֱĂҭ࠹ᙯ͛ᚥАଂ઼ົႾ༛ޘטᝋ˧۞ ଣ͘Ą઼ົႾ༛Ăт݈ٙĂώߏ̰ᅦ͇۞ົ઼טᖚĂᓁˬֶטᝋ ̶ϲࣧĂ઼ົߏͽĶϲڱķࠎᖚԠĂҭᓝ͵ሗ߹ߏ઼ົΑਕଯШͽĶႾ ༛ķࠎĂ҃дҤࢍႾ༛ਕ˧۞ૻऴ˯Ă˵ЯĶ̰ᅦטķ̈́Ķᓁטķ ۞̷ˢෛ֎̝̙Т҃ѣෞҤ۞मளĄт͵ࠧᅙҖጯੰᄃᛉົᓑ༖ĞWorld Bank Institute and Inter-parliamentary Unionğഅ၆Бᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛ᝋࢨซҖ አߤĂෞҤ̙Т߆វ˭۞઼ົႾ༛ሕ˧Ğoversight potentialğĂ 11 ีአߤ ̶ژࢋଂᛉົٙጾѣႾ༛̍ᇴณăᙷᄃֹϡઐрĂֽӔன̙Т߆ڼ វטĞӈᓁטă̰ᅦ̈́טΗᓁטğ۞઼ົႾ༛ሕਕ̝मளĂٙඕڍ ពϯᓁົ઼טٙѣ۞Ⴞ༛ሕਕमĂ̰ᅦטᐹĂΗᓁٺ̬טม ĞPelizzo and Stapenhurst, 2004: 19ć2012: 19ğĄҭีአߤ۞̶ژĂ12 ᅲ ֱ˘צኳႷĂᄮࠎ՟ѣᜪᇋጳ߆វטనࢍ۞ទᏭ၆઼ົႾ༛۞ޘטᇆᜩĂ ͧтᓁົ઼טĂᖚߏĶϲڱķ҃ܧĶႾ༛ķ ĂЯ҃дĶႾ༛̍۞ᇴ ณķ˯ົ̙т̰ᅦົ઼טĂҭ၁ኹႾ༛үࠎ۞Ķ˧ķ̰ͧົ֍̙ᅦ ົ઼טमĞFish and Kroenig, 2009ğĄ ࠹၆̰݈ٺᅦטෛ֎۞઼ົႾ༛ሕ˧አߤĂFish ̈́ Kroenig (2009) ྵଂᓁࢦົ઼טෛĶϲڱᝋķ۞ෛ֎̷ˢĂ࿅၆ᛉົٙѣᄃϲڱᝋ ѣᙯ۞ᝋࢨซҖአߤĞLegislative Powers Survey, LPSğ Ă13 ֭ͽѩአߤࠎૄ
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12 13
͵ࠧᅙҖᄃᛉົᓑ༖۞አߤඕڍ൴னĂᄃ઼ົႾ༛߆ع࠹ᙯ۞ˣ઼ົႾ༛̶̍ ăኢă؎ࣶົᙋăనཉአߤ؎ࣶົă ҾߏĈ३ࢬᄃ˾ᐝኳྙăኳયĞinterpellations） ਨ९ಡӘăࠁܑဥҌ߆ܝొعĂͽ̈́ߏӎѣ᜕ϔޘט۞ءĞombudsman）Ą ͵ࠧᅙҖአߤ۞၆෪̙Β߁έ៉Ą 32 ࣎ᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧ᇾีϫ̶ҾߏĈᇅךᝋăࣘЇొܜᝋăኳયᝋăአߤᝋăଐ ፟ᙯႾ༛ᝋăЇᓁநᝋăЇܜొᝋăᓁٕᓁϤ઼ົᏴăࣆᅦᝋă઼ົ̙
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ᖂĂࢍზĶЧ઼ᛉົķ۞Ķ઼ົ˧ณᇴķĞParliamentary Powers Index, PPIğ Ą14 ֶፂีአߤ̶ژĂ Ķᓁטķ۞઼ົቁ၁ѣૻ۞ϲڱᝋ˧Ă˵ Ξᄲѣૻ۞Ⴞ༛˧ĂЯᛉࣶ۞ྤ੨ཉĞт৪३ă߆ඉ၌ဈඈğ઼̈́ ົѣϲ۞ᒔੈྤפᝋਕĞтአߤᝋğඈӮৼˢć Ķ̰ᅦטķ۞઼ົ̙ͅ ѩᐹ๕Ą҃ᕩᙷٺĶΗᓁטķ۞έ៉઼ڱĂֶѩࡁտĂ݈۰̶ᇴ ࠎ 0.59Ă 15 ޢ۰ࠎ 0.56Ą 16 ЯѩĂϲ࠹ੰڱ၆઼ٺϔᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛˧ĂΞ ᄲர౼˘ᚯĄ ݈ีѣᙯ઼ົႾ༛˧ෞҤ۞ࡁտĂЯ̷ˢෛ֎̝̙ТĂ҃ѣ̙Т ෞҤඕڍĂᔵѣણ҂ᆊࣃĂҭ੫၆ώ͛ᙯ̷۞Ηᓁ̙טТѨᙷ۞˭ݭႾ ༛үࠎ̙إਕ೩ֻྋඍĂЯࠎࡁีտӮͽྵᇃޘט۞ھᝋ˧ઇࠎҿֶ
14
15
16
ΞజྋᝋăҖ߆ᝋο΄ڱᝋăҖ߆ᝋೀܕϲڱӎՙᝋă࿁ጳᆶߤޘטă೩ ९ᝋă၆Җ߆፟ၹ۞ܲഠѣଠטᝋăੑ߆ҋᝋăᔄҺᝋăᛉࣶ࠰ࠎˠϔۡᏴă࣒ ጳᝋăކጼᝋă୧ࡗТຍᝋă̂వᝋăవҺᝋă̂ءڱЇТຍᝋăδҖᓁЇᝋă ҋѣಫវᝋăؠะົᝋăՏҜᛉࣶౌѣ৪३ăՏҜᛉࣶҌ͌ѣ˘Ҝܧ৪३۞߆ඉ छᜪયăᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉࣶΞವՐాЇăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរĄ PPI (Parliamentary Powers Index) ώ̝͛ᛌࠎĶ઼ົ˧ณᇴķ ĂЯٙΒӣ۞ีϫĂ ่̙ࢨۡٺତϤጳڱኬ̟۞ᝋ˧ĂּтĈኳྙᝋăአߤᝋඈඈć˵ѣ˘ֱีϫᔵ̙ ߏۡତϤጳڱኬᝋֽ҃Ăҭֶጳޙཉ۞ޘטѣឰ઼ົΞͽயϠᇆᜩ˧۞ड़ڍĂּтĈ ᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរඈඈĂ߇ώ̝͛ᛌࠎĶ઼ົ˧ณ ᇴķ ĂͽૻአࠎТॡΒӣᝋ˧ᇆᜩ˧۞ᇾĄѩγĂд Fish ̈́ Kroenig (2009) ۞ ࡁտ̚ĂPPI ᇴࠎ̬ ٺ0（̙ᝋ˧ᄃᇆᜩ˧ğҌ 1（ᝋ˧ᄃᇆᜩ˧ğ̝มć ϺӈĂт˘઼࣎छ۞઼ົд 32 ࣎ᇾีϫ̚႕֖ 16 ีĂ PPI ᇴࠎ 0.5Ą д 32 ࣎ᇾีϫ̚ĂϲੰڱВѣѣ 19 ีᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧Ă̶ҾߏĈኳયᝋăአߤᝋă ଐ፟ᙯႾ༛ᝋăҖ߆ᝋο΄ڱᝋă೩९ᝋă၆Җ߆፟ၹ۞ܲഠѣଠטᝋăੑ ߆ҋᝋăᔄҺᝋăᛉࣶ࠰ࠎˠϔۡᏴăކጼᝋă୧ࡗТຍᝋă̂వᝋă̂ءڱЇ ТຍᝋăؠะົᝋăՏҜᛉࣶౌѣ৪३ăՏҜᛉࣶҌ͌ѣ˘Ҝܧ৪३۞߆ඉछᜪ યăᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉࣶΞವՐాЇăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរĄЯѩĂֶ ፂ Fish and Kroenig (2009: 644) ۞ࢍზĂϲ۞ੰڱᝋ˧ᇾ̶ᇴࠎ 0.59 ̶Ą ၁Ăϲੰڱጾѣ̙ܫЇ९ԸைᝋĂϺӈࣆᅦᝋĂдЊྤफ़֭̚ϏజࢍˢĂЯѩ၁ ኳ˯Ăϲੰڱᑕጾѣ 20 ีᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧Ăᇾ̶ᇴᑕߏ 0.63Ą д 32 ࣎ᇾีϫ̚Ă઼ϔᛉົВጾѣ 18 ีᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧Ă̶ҾߏĈኳયᝋăአߤᝋă ̙ܫЇ९ԸைᝋăҖ߆ᝋο΄ڱᝋăҖ߆ᝋೀܕϲڱӎՙᝋă೩९ᝋăੑ߆ҋ ᝋăᔄҺᝋăᛉࣶ࠰ࠎˠϔۡᏴăކጼᝋă୧ࡗТຍᝋă̂వᝋăؠะົᝋăՏ Ҝᛉࣶౌѣ৪३ăՏҜᛉࣶҌ͌ѣ˘Ҝܧ৪३۞߆ඉछᜪયăᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉ ࣶΞವՐాЇăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរĞFish ̈́ Kroenig, 2009: 240ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
37
ፂĂ 17 ᔵѣк઼ͧྵ۞ᐹ๕Ăҭ၁ᅫүࠎࢬᔘߏᙱͽஉ߁ĄѨĂࡁี տЧҋଂ̰ᅦ۞ົ઼טႾ༛ᝋĞтኳྙğ̈́ᓁ۞ົ઼טϲڱᝋĞтአߤ ඈğ̷ˢĂ˵ז၆ЧҋវטѣӀ۞ෞҤĂҭ̬ٺ۰ม۞ĶΗᓁטķ д઼ົᝋ˧˯Ă఼૱˵ࣘ۰Ğтኳྙ̈́አߤğ ĂݒҬᐝར۩Ă͍၆ Ѩᙷ۞˭ݭमளĂ̙ߏځޝពΞ࠻ĄFish ̈́ Kroenig ۞ࡁտᔵઇ˞ώ͛ ᙯ̷۞έ៉̝ົ઼઼ڱෞͧĂҭЯΪৼˢϲڱᝋ࠹ᙯᇾĂϏৼˢĶኳ ྙķᝋ۞ෞҤĂ˵ޝᙱؠኢέ៉ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛үࠎಶ˘ؠᐹ۞઼ڱٺĄ ᄃώ͛ᙯᘃତ͛۞ܕᚥߏၐ྿൝ඈٙෞҤ۞έăࢬޘטົ઼ڱႾ༛ ਕณĞ2013Ĉ51-97ğĂྍ͛ଂ઼ົፋវă؎ࣶົ࣎זҾᛉࣶˬᆸѨĂГଂ טڱᝋࢨăྻүఢĂ̈́ྤ੨ཉˬࢬШፋͧྵ̈́ෞҤέ៉ϲڱ̈́ੰڱ ઼઼ϔᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛ਕณĂٙඕߏڍϲྵࠎੰڱઐᓁົ઼۞˭טĂѣྵ ૻ۞Ⴞ༛ਕณć઼ϔᛉົࠎઐШ̰ᅦົ઼۞טĂਕೠ೪۞ᝋࢨăྻүఢ Ă̈́ྤྵऴ˘ֱĄၐ͛۞ඕڍᔵᄃ Fish ̈́ Kroenig (2009) ۞ෞͧᅲਕ ײᑕĂͷၐ͛ଂĶΗᓁטķ۞֎ޥޘ҂ĂྵԆፋ۞ৼˢ઼ົЧีΞਕய ϠႾ༛˧۞ᝋࢨăఢྤ̈́ĂٙඕڍᑕՀ෭̙ܕТᙷݭΗᓁ˭ט ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛నࢍćၐ่͛ਕಶྵᐖၗ۞ĶࢬޘטķઇෞͧĂෞϲੰڱ ૻĂ઼ϔᛉົऴ̝ඕڍĂ̪ߏទᏭ˯۞ଯҤĂགྷរְ၁ߏӎтѩĂߏѣޞ រᙋ۞ć͍טڱֶᝋࢨயϠ۞Ⴞ༛၁үҖࠎĂտౣтңͅᑕᙷ۞˯ݭ मளĂࣃଣ৶Ą ઼ົႾ༛۞གྷរҖࠎࡁտĂдҖࠎཌྷྵߏពጯ۞ 60 ̈́ 70 ѐྵк ĞRockman, 1985: 519-572ğĂ༊ॡкଂĶ֎ҒΑਕķ۞शֽᑭෛ઼ົ ĞHedlund, 1985: 325-27ğĂצྵ̚៘ϫ۞઼ົ֎Ғ̶ᙷ̶ٕژĂ͍Ξ ϡֽઇྭ઼ͧྵߛၹĂ֭ਕ͔ࠎĶႾ༛ķΑਕܑனෞҤ۞நኢֶፂ۰Ă༊ ଯ Polsby (1975) ۞ాᜈЍᙉ̶ᙷໄهĂ18 Polsby ᑕϡໂბ઼ົᙷֽݭઇ Ѝᙉ۞ბâბߏᖼೱݭĞtransformativeğ۞ᛉົâბߏܑႊݭĞarenağ Ą 17
18
྆۞Ķᇃھķޘטᝋ˧ߏТॡΒӣĶາᖞޘטཌྷķ̚၆Ķޘטķ۞៍ᕇĂੵߊ ѣј͛۞טڱĂ˵ѣٕ̙ј͛۞ఢቑٕఢޠĞroutineğ Ăͧт၌ဈ۞੨ཉଐԛĂ઼̈́ົ ᛉࣶాЇଐԛĄ 1960-1970 ѐ˵ѣࡁտ۰೩Αਕ۞நኢĂּт Loewenberg and Patterson (1979) ̈́ Mezey (1979) ඈඈĂՀྎ۞̶ژኛ֍ၐ྿൝ඈĞ2006Ĉ27-57ğĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
݈۰ᛉົѣགྷ૱ϲྻү۞ਕ˧Ăͷ֖ͽЧᛉᗟᖼೱјڱ९Ăԛ јޠڱćޢ۰ᛉົࢋઇࠎధк߆˧ڼณ̢જྵ۞ݏϒёܑႊಞЪ ĞPolsby, 1975: 277ğĄ҃ٙᏜĶЍᙉķ۞ໄهĂߏдĶܑႊķ̈́Ķᖼೱķ ۞ໂბมĂѣᇴ۰̙ТјЊּͧĂϹᖐ۞ᙷݭĄໄهဦΞᘱ т˭Ĉ ဦ1
઼ົ֎ҒଂĶܑႊķזĶᖼೱķ۞Ѝᙉໄهဦ
ܑႊ
ᖼೱ
ྤफ़ֽĈֶ Polsby ໄهĂү۰ҋᘱ
˘Ѝᙉ̶ᙷᔵߏͽፋ઼࣎ົ֎Ғࠎ၆෪Ăҭಶ઼ົႾ༛ีΑਕ҃ ֏Ăϫ݈̏ߏ̶̙វטăЇң઼ົ۞ВТคЇચĂٙͽ˘ໄهဦᑕΞ ͔ˢֽםӄෞณ઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ้Ш۞நኢֶፂĄ Polsby д೩ѩ˘ ЍᙉໄهॡĂк͌ᔳࡗѣĶ̰ᅦטķ̈́Ķᓁטķ˟̶ޥ҂д̚Ăٙͽ ĶܑႊķݭᛉົҬߏ̰ᅦ۞˭טপኳĂ҃Ķᖼೱķݭᛉົ࠻ֽည઼઼࡚ ົ۞நݭࣧهĞideal typeğ Ăૻአ۞ߏ౹טĶϲڱķΑਕĂҭĶ઼ົႾ༛ķ ۞༊˭൴णĂӈܮдᓁ઼טछĂ˵кߏĶϲڱķᆶᛉ࿅۞ෛࠎ ߏĶႾ༛ķ Ă̙҃ߏٸд౹ڱט९˯Ą19 ЯѩĂ઼ົႾ༛үࠎ۞ЍᙉໂბĂ ˘̪͞ΞߏĶܑႊķ้ШĂӈд઼ົ̚Җֹϒё࠹ᙯᖚᝋ۞үϡĂࢋਕ ઼ܑົ̚ߙ߆˧ڼณֽᄃ˧ณྵݏĂт˾ᐝኳྙᝋ̝ҖֹĄҭΩ˘ ͞آ̙ЩࠎĶᖼೱķ ĂЯтώ݈͛̏೩̈́Ăϫ݈ਕ៍၅ົ઼۞זႾ༛၁ᅫ үࠎĂΪਕઇזѣᖚᝋֶፂ۞ϒёүࠎĂтኳྙă೩९ă؎ࣶົٕੰົᆶ ᛉĂ̳ົඈĂإᙱֶѩኢᕝĶᖼೱķј۞ޠڱޘć߇Ω˘ბĂώ͛ ЩࠎĶ၁үķ้ШĂܑϯߙ઼ົдႾ༛̍ү၁ચ˯ĂֶᖚᝋҖֹٙྤ
19
ᔵᓁ˘˭טҜᛉࣶಶΞ೩९Ăҭ೩९кΗߏĶઇຽᒻķ Ă̙҃ߏࠎ˞౹ڱט९Ąּ т 2013-2015 ѐௐ 113 ઼࡚۞بிᛉੰĂᓁВ೩ 5,885 ࣎ڱ९Ăҭ၁ᅫ఼࿅۞Ϊѣ 388 ࣎Ğ઼࡚ϲڱࢍྤफ़ऱğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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फ़Ăពϯͽฟ̳ົ̈́؎ࣶົඈࠎคĂ҃дĶኳྙķҖֹ˯̙֭᎕ໂĂ ͍ߏĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ ćᇹ۞үࠎ้Шߙޘពϯྍ઼ົдႾ༛˯ྵͽĶ၁ үķࠎጱШĂүս۞јЊྵ͌Ăҭ̙֭ਕܑĶ၁үķ̝Ⴞ༛үࠎಶߏѣ Հૻ۞Ķᖼೱķड़ڍĄ тڍ Polsby ۞ໄ࣒هԼјዋЪώ͛Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķ၁ᅫүࠎ̝ᏊณЍ ᙉĂӈͽĶܑႊķᄃĶ၁үķࠎໂბĂ̚มᗔ̙Тּͧ۞ЪᙷݭĂ ΪߏԆј઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ۞ᕩᙷֶፂܑĂҌֱֶࣹٺᖚᝋٙயϠ۞઼ ົႾ༛үࠎᛳٺĶܑႊķĉֱࣹ˫ྵઐٺĶ၁үķĉื̪ᑭෛέă઼ڱ ົጾѣᄃႾ༛၁үѣᙯ۞ᖚᝋĂ̶ޢҾֶநᕩᙷĄ˘ొ̶ົдௐણ༼ Ķࡁտనࢍ̈́͞ڱķ̚ϹޞĄҌٺޢέăົ઼ڱႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ۞ᓁෞٕ дЍᙉ˯۞ؠҜĂυืֶЧᖚᝋҖֹ۞ଐԛઇࢍ̶ژĂГΐᓁᕩৼĂ ొᖚᝋҖֹ۞ྤफ़ᄓะ̈́ࢍზ͞ڱĂϺ֍ࢬ˭ٺௐણ༼Ą
ણăࡁտనࢍ̈́͞ڱ ˘ăዋЪѨᙷ̝ྵͧݭᛉᗟᏴፄ т݈ٙĂώ͛Ᏼፄֹϡ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992) ၆ΗᓁטѨᙷ۞ݭ ̶ᙷઇࠎͧྵ॰ߛĂᄮࠎέ៉ᄃ̶઼ڱᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķᄃĶᓁநů ᓁטķ Ąֶ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992) ۞̶ᙷᇾĂ Ķᓁůᛉົטķ۞ྻү পّߏᓁົѣྵ̂۞ጱّĂЯѩĂԧ઼۞Җ߆ੰੰ̈́ܜٙᅳጱ۞̰ ᅦĂ၁ᅫ˯ᅮТॡШᓁᄃϲੰڱయć Ķᓁநůᓁטķ۞ྻүপّߏ ᓁநົѣྵ̂۞ጱّĂ߇઼ڱᓁந̈́ٙᅳጱ۞̰ᅦĂΪᅮШ઼ົయĄ ֶ࣎ѨᙷݭĂώ͛ซ˘Վࢋ߄ᏴྵਕĶ̳πķͅߍ࣎Ѩᙷ ݭႾ༛үࠎ˧۞ᛉᗟĄтңਕ̳πĉώ͛۞ޥ҂ߏͽѨᙷ۞ݭጳ߆ ޘטপҒ઼̈́ົᛉࣶ۞நّᏴፄࠎ߄ᏴૄĄٙᏜ۞ޘטপኳ̏т݈Ă Ķᓁůᛉົטķߏ̰ᅦ၆ᓁ̈́ᛉົౌయĂͷᛉົᄃ̰ᅦˠְૄώࠎ ̶ϲĂ̙͉Ϲ߹ć҃Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̰ᅦ၆઼ົయĂͷᗕ͞ˠ̀ྵ ѣϹ߹Ă઼҃ົᛉࣶ۞நّᏴፄߏ၆ҋԧᝋ˧ਕѣड़Җֹ۞ໄهĂтኳ ྙਕၓពҋ̎۞̖ٕۢЩޘඈĂ҃ѣᏴைड़ৈĞKingdon, 1989ćMayhew,
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
1974ğĄ Ҍٺᛉᗟώ֗Ăࢋਕͅߍ̙Т̙۞˭ݭᙷޘטТႾ༛ᄵЯĂ˵ಶߏ ߙᛉᗟдĶᓁůᛉົטķ۞઼ົ̚Ξਕ၆ᛉࣶѣႾ༛ᄵЯĂҭдĶᓁந ůᓁטķ̚֍̙ćтৢ͞˘ݓĂ̳̙πĂυืГ߄˘ᗟĂֶ֭ ޘטទᏭĂ̈́ᛉࣶ۞நّҋӀࣧĂᑕྍߏ၆Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ ົᛉࣶྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯ۞ĂͽՐ̳̯Ąੵ˞߄ᛉᗟЧΞਕѣӀ͞˘ٺĂώ ͛˵ྏဦ߄˘̚ϲᛉᗟĂ˵ಶߏ၆ົ઼۞˭ݭᙷᛉࣶӮ̙ၹјځព۞Ⴞ ༛ᄵЯĂͽௐˬ͞۞ݻၗֽᑭෛֶ݈ᛉᗟٙயϠႾ༛үࠎ۞ᘦܑٕؠ ّĄͽ˭̶Ҿᄲځѩˬᛉᗟ̝߄ᏴĄ ώ͛ࢵА߄Ᏼ۞ߏءဈ͞ࢬ۞ĶੜᇬķᛉᗟĂЯѩᛉᗟдĶᓁůᛉ ົטķ˭Ă̰ᅦ၆ᛉົ̈́ᓁࢬయĂͷ̰ᅦᄃᛉົม۞̶ϲᙯܼ̂ٺ ᏉЪĄ 20 ѣᙯ͛ءĶੜᇬķᛉᗟĂᛉົᄃҖ߆ءဈϹ߹ۢଐ۞გ̙кĂ ͛ءĶੜᇬķ˫ְᙯۤົ̚Ϩᅳᆸ۞Ӏৈٕ͔ٽЧลᆸ۞ᙯ̷Ăֱౌ ົాજזᏴைĂ߇ᛉࣶѣྵк۞ᄵЯֶϒёᖚᝋΝႾ༛ĂٙͽֶទᏭĂѩ ᛉᗟྵਕ፬൴Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̚۞ᛉࣶΝႾ༛Ąͅ៍дĶᓁநůᓁטķ ̚Ăੵ̰ᅦ၆ᛉົԆБయγĂ۰ᙯܼྵ้ШᏉЪĂ21 Їңѣᙯ͛ءĶੜ ᇬķ۞טڱតࢭĂ۰ม఼૱ѣк͞ຍ֍Ϲ߹۞გĂᛉົЯΞۢଐ۞ֽ кĂ 22 ֶ҃ϒёᖚᝋႾ༛၆ᛉࣶώ֗۞Ӏৈ̙֍ߏዋ̷ᏴፄĂ߇ᕧ ࢬ˯ૻ˧Ⴞ༛۞ᄵЯ̙֭̂Ą ௐ˟࣎߄Ᏼͧྵ۞ᛉᗟߏ઼֨͞ࢬ۞Ķᔉķ Ą઼ְ֨ᝋд࣎Ѩ ᙷ۞̚ݭᝋయᕩᛳĂҬѣֱડ̶Ą 23 дĶᓁநůᓁטķ̚Ăᓁᔵࠎ
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ᓁ఼૱ѣ̰ᅦ۞ˠְЇᝋĂҭ̰ᅦᄃ઼ົ֍̙ѣˠְϹ߹Ăּтԧ઼۞ϲ؎ ̙ࣘЇءСĂᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ۞ܻᘲϺĄ ̰ᅦ̚۞ˠְЇᄃᛉົ۞Ϲ߹ྵкĂּт઼ڱᛉࣶགྷ૱జ߄ᏴࠎᅦࣶĂЇ۞ࣶء ᛉࣶᅮᇶॡᙜΝᛉࣶ֗ЊĂ֭ΞעٺЇ߂ࢦޢćтЇᆸ৺ྵҲ۞гࣶ͞ءᖚચĂ ᅮᙜᖚ҃ΞТॡࣘᛉࣶĄ ፂࢍĂ˯˘بĞௐ 13 بğ઼઼ڱϔᛉົᛉࣶࣘЇг͞Җ߆ᖚ۞ͧத྿ 84%Ğၐ྿ ൝ඈĂ2013Ĉ75ğ ĄᛉࣶࣘЇг͞Җ߆ᖚ۞ଐԛд઼ڱȈ̶࿆ĂᛉົΞۢଐ۞გЯ ѩޝкĄ ּтдĶᓁநůᓁטķ̚Ă̰ᅦΪᅮ၆઼ົయĂЯѩĂд઼֨ᛉᗟ˯Ă̰ᅦѣޝ ۞߆Ⴞ༛ᝋćҭдĶᓁůᛉົטķ̚Ă̰ᅦТॡࢋ၆ᓁᄃ઼ົయĂЯѩ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
41
ޔĂҭЯ̰ᅦ่၆઼ົయĂ઼ົ၆ѩ˘ᔉᛉᗟĂЯ̰ۢᅦυืࢬ၆઼ ົٙѣҖ߆үࠎ۞యЇĂ઼ົ˵ѣԆБۢଐ۞ᝋ˧ĂҋѣᄵЯΝҖֹ Ⴞ༛ᖚᝋĄҭ࠹၆۞ĂдĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭Ă઼ְ֨Щϫ˯̝΄ᝋ ٕ̪ᛳᓁგᔑĂҭᄃ̰ᅦ۞߆ᝋтң̷౷Ă̙ࠤځቁĂͷ̰ᅦ˫Тॡ ࢋШᓁ઼̈́ົయĂѣᙯтĶᔉķᇹ۞ᛉᗟĂ̰ᅦֶఢטШ઼ົᄲ ٕځಡӘĂҭЯ̰ᅦјࣶĞӣᅦğٕϤᓁЇĂͷ઼ົϺ̪ۢޢࡦ ѣᓁ̝ຍўĂ̂˧Ⴞ༛۞ඕڍĂ̪ҬдχቌਨˠĂ҃ڱտזдࡦޢ ۞ᓁćᔵĂᙯ͕Ķᔉķ۞кܼ̈ிĂ̙ኢдࣹ˘វౌטमள̙̂Ă ҭ࠹ԛ̝˭Ă Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ົᛉࣶĂͧĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞ྵ ѣຍᙸႾ༛ĂЯ˧۞൴೭̙ར۩Ą ௐˬ࣎̚ϲᗟĂώ͛߄Ᏼ۞ߏ८ਕ̚۞Ķ८ķᛉᗟĄѩ˘ᛉᗟঘ̈́ ኑᗔຽĂӈܮдҖ߆វր̚ౌкϤຽಏҜֽநଯજć҃ͽ઼ົᇹ ྵπĂͽͅߍϔຍࠎ۞ᖐၹјĂࢋдܧ૱ຽ۞ᛉᗟ˯णனႾ༛˧ Ăऻ̙ߏ઼ົᛉࣶ۞˯ᏴĂ 24 ЯтܑႾ༛˧۞ᆶᛉڱ९ăኳྙăࠤ ٕ೩ޠڱ९Ăᛉࣶࣇౌ̙ਕ೩ჟ֍ྋĂऻُົҋᘉൺĂ˵̙ӀᏴைĂ ၆ĶᓁůᛉົטķٕĶᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ົᑕౌዋϡĄ߇ώ͛ͽ ѩᛉᗟĂֽᑭෛ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛үࠎ۞ᘦޘؠĄ ͽ˯Ķੜᇬķ ă Ķᔉķ̈́Ķ८ķˬᛉᗟ۞ᏴፄĂࢋߏֶޘטទᏭĂ ၁ચ˯ᔘࢋ҂ณࢋ࣎జͧྵ۞઼ົĂдజͧ۞ॡ߱̚Ăѣ՟ѣ࠹ᙯᛉᗟ ̝ᆶᛉඈĂώ͛ౌАઇ˞࠹ᙯфෟ۞ᑭ৶Ăቁᄮྤफ़۞ΞਕĄ
˟ăͧྵέăڱயϠႾ༛үϡ۞ϒёีϫᏴפ ώ͛၆઼ົႾ༛ٙଳৼ۞ؠཌྷߏĂ ĶΪࢋਕ၆Җ߆ొءٕܝဈౄј߉߆ ٕҖજ˯۞ᑅ˧ĂࠤٕԼត۞Їң߿જĂౌზߏႾ༛Җࠎķ Ăѩ˘ؠཌྷಶࡁ տ၁ચ҃֏Ăܧ૱ᙱͽઇזĂЯ઼ົ̚ᄃҖ߆ొܝϒёٕܧϒё۞ତᛈҖ ࠎĂҬͼౌѣజ៍၅۞υࢋĄЯѩĂώࡁտଳ۞פඉரߏͽ઼ֶົϒёڱ
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дѩ˭ޘטĂ઼ົ۞߆Ⴞ༛ᝋ̙Ą ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡Ğ2012ğഅ၆ົ઼઼၆८ਕᛉᗟ۞Ⴞ༛ଐԛซҖ၁ᙋࡁտĂඕڍ൴ னĂ၆࣎ٺᛉᗟĂέă۞ڱঘ֖ౌ̙எĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
טᖚᝋٙயϠ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂઇѣր۞៍၅̈́ᐂĂֱϒёטڱᖚᝋ̚Ă ͽĶኳྙᝋķ ă Ķڱ९೩९ᝋķ ăͽ̈́Ķڱ९ᆶᛉᝋķٙࢉҩ۞઼ົႾ༛үࠎĂ ֖̏ͽஉᄏкᇴ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛ҖࠎĄ҃έ៉ᄃົ઼۞઼ڱдͽ˯ˬ࣎ᝋ˧۞ ޘטనࢍᄃֹϡఢቑ˯ѣֱ̙ТĂ25 ͽ˭̶̝Ą
ᨧ ኳྙᝋ έ៉ᄃົ઼۞઼ڱдኳྙ۞ޘטనࢍ˯ĂౌߏĶྙયķĞquestionğ҃ ܧĶኳયķ ĞinterpellationğĂ26 ٙͽΞͧ׀Ąдኳྙᙷ˯ݭĂૄώ˯ౌΞᕩ ৼјĶ˾ᐝኳྙķᄃĶ३ࢬኳྙķĄ˾ᐝኳྙд۞઼ఢቑѣֱ̙ТĂ ҭ̙ᇆᜩͧ׀Ą 27 ̙̈́аᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙĂΞͽᖼϤ३ࢬඍᖬĂҭԧ઼၆ ᖼࠎ३ࢬаᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙ۞аᖬഇࢨྵܜĂͷఢቑ۞ᇅّྵ̂Ăߏ઼ڱ ྵൺĂ28 ҭϺ̙ᇆᜩົ઼઼дĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ͞ࢬ۞ΞͧྵّĄ
ᨨ ڱ९೩९ᝋ έ៉ᄃ઼ڱдڱ९೩९ᝋ۞˯ޘטĂౌኬ̟ᛉࣶ࣎ˠ̈́ᛨဥѣڱ९۞ ೩९ᝋĂҭ၆ٺ೩९۞ᙷĂЧѣˬѣ̙Т۞ᙷݭఢቑĄԧ઼ֹϡ۞ ЩჍࠎĈ Ķޠڱ೩९ķ ă Ķᓜॡ೩९ķ ĂᄃĶ࣒ϒજᛉķ ć઼ֹڱϡ۞ЩჍࠎĈ Ķޠڱ೩९ķăĶ࣒ϒ९ķĞamendmentğᄃĶՙᛉ९ķĞrésolutionğĄଂֹϡ ۞ЩჍ˯ΞۢĂѣΞͧྵૄᖂ۞ߏĶޠڱ೩९ķ Ăᙷ۞ݭᛉ९ ߏౌϲڱᝋ۞ؼҩĂҭྵᙱјࠎΞͽͧྵ۞ૄᖂĂࣧЯߏԧ઼۞Ķᓜॡ 25
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઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛ᝋΒӣኳྙᝋăአߤᝋăܫЇᄃ̙ܫЇ९ᝋăᇅךᝋăቪҺᝋăᛖጳᝋă ̳Ը೩९ᝋă۬ᓝᝋඈĂ֍ၐ྿൝ඈĞ2013Ĉ51-97ğĄ ኳયĞinterpellationğߏ઼ڱௐˬăௐαВᛉົ̰ᅦטॡഇĂ઼ົᛉࣶགྷ૱ֹϡ۞Ⴞ ༛̍Ăᛉࣶ೩ኳྙĂኢޢ;ኜܑՙĂтܑՙඕڍ၆߆̙عӀĂ࠹༊ܫ̙ٺЇ ९Ăع߆υืᓁᙜĂЯѩĂــౄјࣆᅦ۞ڍޢĂซ҃ౄј߆ሗᐛ̪Ąϫ݈۞ௐ̣ Вפ̏ঐޘטĄ ּт˾ᐝኳྙдԧ઼˫Ξ̶ࠎ߆ᛨኳྙᄃ࣎ˠኳྙĂ߆ٺᛨኳྙ۞ఢቑ˭Ăԧ઼ߏͽ Ч߆ᛨᛨဥ೩ኳྙ۞ˠᇴࢷͽ 30 ̶ᛗ۞ఢቑֽܲᅪ̈ᛨ۞൴֏ᝋćߏ઼ڱ࿅ ĶՏѨົᛉĂՏ࣎ᛨဥҌ͌ౌυื೩˘࣎યᗟķ۞ఢቑֽܲᅪ̈ᛨ۞൴֏ᝋĂҭ൴ ֏۞ॡมᄃˠᇴϤĶयົᛉķĞConférence de Présidentğՙ̝ؠĄ ԧ઼၆Ϗ̈́ඍᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙᖼࠎ३ࢬኳྙ۞аᖬഇࢨࠎ 20 ͟Ăтኳྙְีঘ࿅ᇃĂ ѣ 5 ͟۞ᆵࢨć઼ڱ၆ѩᙷݭኳྙ۞ඍᖬഇࢨ ߏ10 ͟Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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೩९ķ఼૱่ϡдࡎ൴ّăᓜॡְّІ̝நĂ߇ͽޞܨྋՙְีࠎࢨĂ ͷޠڱ९̙ͽᓜॡ೩९۞ԛё೩ć Ķ࣒ϒજᛉķ่ߏਕдڱ९˟ົ ᇃھኢˬٕޢົ̚೩Ă֭ืѣ 10 ˠͽ˯۞ాཌٕܢᛉĄڱ۞઼ڱ९ ᙷݭĂੵ˞Ķޠڱ೩९ķ̝γĂ઼ົ̚۞ે߆ᛨᄃͅ၆ᛨᛉࣶགྷ૱೩̂ ณ۞Ķ࣒ϒ९ķ Ăٺ˫ޢഇࢨ݈ၣаĂүࠎ߆ڼજү۞ކϯĞֹϡ۞ॡ ፟ѣᙷٺԧ઼۞Ķ࣒ϒજᛉķğ ć Ķՙᛉ९ķ่ϡ࣒Լ઼ົ̰ఢăͽ̈́నཉ አߤ؎ࣶົϫ۞۞ڱ९˯ĄЯѩĂଂЩჍ˯ΞۢĂੵ˞Ķޠڱ೩९ķ γĂዶᙷ۞ݭᛉ९Ă఼૱ͽຍ֍ܑ྿ăၓព߆ڼҖજࠎϫ۞Ă̙҃ ߏͽซˢ၁ኳ۞ϲڱԔࠎϫ۞ĂྵᙱѣΞͧྵ۞ૄᖂĂώࡁտ˜ͽ઼ ઼ົ၆ᛉᗟ۞Ķޠڱ೩९ķᇴณซҖͧྵĄ
ᨩ ڱ९ᆶᛉᝋ ઼ົ۞ڱ९ᆶᛉ࿅఼૱Βӣੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤ࣎ล߱Ă؎ࣶ ົᆶߤߏຽᆶߤ۞ࢦࢋล߱Ăੰົᆶᛉ఼ߏ૱ߏ࿅ಡӘăኢĂͽ ܑ̈́ՙඈԔĂֽԆјϲڱԔć؎ࣶົߏ࿅ኢăळኘົٕ۰ᙋ ົ۞ᓝҖăࡁտಡӘ۞யඈ͞ёĂ྿זஎˢᒢྋ۞ϫ۞Ăซ҃ޙϲຽ ᆶߤ۞ԛ෪Ąࠎ˞྿˯זϫ۞Ăڱ९ᆶᛉᝋ఼૱ລ੨઼ົ۞አߤᝋĞ͛ Іአዦᝋğᄃᙋᝋă઼ົϲࡁտ፟ၹ۞నཉĂٕ۰পঅϲڱԔ۞щ ଵĂֽၓព઼ົ۞ڱ९ᆶᛉᝋĄϲੰڱдڱ९ᆶᛉ۞࿅̚Ăੵ˞Ξᔛء ࣶयඍྙĂإѣᅃӄّᝋ˧Ğּтአߤᝋᄃᙋᝋğ Ăͽ̈́প۞ᛨ ဥםથޘטćߏ઼ڱĶࡁտಡӘķϺЕࠎ઼ົႾ༛߆۞عయЇ̝˘Ă ҭέ៉ᄃ઼ڱдࡁտಡӘ˯ఢቑ۞मளᅲ̂Ąϲࡁ۞ੰڱտಡӘ఼૱Ϥϲ טڱ۞ੰڱԊయĂҭϏૻטᛉࣶણᄃĂϲ؎఼૱˵͉̙ણᄃćд઼ڱ ߏϤ઼ϔᛉົ۞ĶࡊԫෞҤķ ĞOffice parlementaire d’évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiquesğᄃĶ߆߆عඉႾ༛؎ࣶົķ ĞComité d’évaluation et de contrôleğయĂЯࠎ ઼ڱ2008 ѐ 7 ͡۞࣒ጳ̚Ăົ઼ࠎี˘̚ѣ ෞҤ߆߆عඉ۞యЇĄЯѩĂົࣶ؎۞઼ڱϫ݈Ϻѣయᇤᆷڱ९ࡁտಡ Ә۞ཌྷચĄ29 ઼ϔᛉົͽ˯࣎፟ၹགྷ૱࿅јϲĶࡁտ̈ķ Ğgroupes d’ 29
઼ϔᛉົ ٺ2009 ѐ 9 ͡Ă੫၆̂ొ̶Ϥ߆ع೩۞ڱ९ซҖ߆ඉ۞ዋϡّෞҤĄ
44
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
étudesğ۞͞ёĂ၆ࡁտᗟซҖஎˢ۞አߤᄃଣĂͷ఼૱ϤᛉࣶᅳĂ ϫ۞ߏ೩̿ᛉࣶ၆ڱ९ঘᛉᗟ۞˞ྋă߆ඉؠט࿅۞ણᄃăͽ̈́ᛉࣶ ຽّ۞ૈዳĄҭ઼ڱдڱ९۞ᆶᛉԔ̚Ă֭ϏࢋՐҖ߆ొܝѣזಞ౯ ྙ۞యЇĂ่ఢቑ؎ࣶົᄃੰົΞͽ࿅ᙋົ۞ᓝҖĂࢋՐ߆זࣶءع ಞ၆ڱ९ซҖᄲځĄЯѩĂ઼ϔᛉົдڱ९۞ᆶᛉ࿅̚Ăགྷ૱ҡᐌ̂ ณ۞ᙋົᄃࡁտಡӘ۞யĂ҃Ăέ៉۞ϲ֭ੰڱ՟ѣ࠹Ҭ۞Ԕఢ ቑֽࢋՐଂְĶᙋķٕĶࡁտಡӘķ̝Ⴞ༛߿જĄᓁវ࠻ֽĂ઼дڱ ९ᆶᛉ۞Ԕ˯Ă࠹Т۞ѣĶ؎ࣶົᆶߤķͽ̈́ĶੰົᆶᛉķćĶ؎ࣶົ ᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķેߏҖԔ̙ТĂҭົ઼ᑕ̪Ξͧ׀ćΪѣдϲ ੰڱѣĶᛨဥםથķ۞Ԕ˯ĂϤ઼ٺϔᛉົԆБ՟ѣีԔĂЯѩ ͧ׀ڱĂ߇ώ่̝͛Еࠎણ҂Ą ͽ˯۞ͧᙷͽົ઼઼Ⴞ༛ᝋࢨĂᓁࢍΞ۞ͧ׀ѣĈ˾ᐝኳྙă३ ࢬኳྙăޠڱ೩९ăੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋĂͽ̈́ࡁտಡӘ ඈ 7 ีĄҌ̙ٺਕ۞ͧ׀έĶᓜॡ೩९ķ ĂڱĶ࣒ϔ́ՙᛉ९ķඈĂ̈́ϲڱ ੰѣ۞ĶᛨဥםથķĄώ͛АֱีϫΞਕ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎ้ШЕˢ˭ࢬ Polsby Ѝᙉ̚ؠҜĂઇࠎநኢ˯۞ણ҂Ăҭд၁ᅫྤफ़ᄓะॡĂΪЕέ ៉Ķᛨဥםથķ۞ࡔᐂĂ̙ГЕĶᓜॡ೩९ķඈྵᘀᗔ˫ొ̝ྵͧڱ ̶Ą
ˬăPolsby ЍᙉᄃႾ༛үࠎ้Ш۞ؠҜ ώࡁտણ҂ Polsby (1975) ٙ೩۞ЍᙉໄهĂ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛͞ёͽ ໂბᙷݭүࠎЍᙉ۞ბĂໂბ۞̚มѣᇴ۞ϹᙷݭĂЍᙉ ۞ბ̶Ҿߏܑႊ้Шᄃ၁ү้ШĂଂܑႊ้Шז၁ү้Ш۞઼ົႾ༛͞ ёĂώ͛ؠҜ۞ѨԔ̶ҾߏĈ˾ᐝኳྙăᓜॡ೩९ă३ࢬኳྙăޠڱ೩९ă ੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋăࡁտಡӘăͽ̈́ᛨဥםથĞኛણ֍ ˭ဦ 2ğĄҌٺέ៉۞Ķᓜॡ೩९ķᄃ۞઼ڱĶ࣒ϒ९ăՙᛉ९ķᔵ̙ਕ׀ ͧĂҭౌߏ൴Ϡᐛத̙͌۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂώ͛д˭ࢬֱႾ༛ᖚᝋܑٙ ۞ĶܑႊķٕĶ၁үķ้ШؠҜॡĂ˵ົৼˢઇໄهႊቚĂҭд၁ᙋྤफ़ ˯࠷ரĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
ဦ2
45
઼ົႾ༛้ШЍᙉ
ܑႊ้Ш
၁ү้Ш ᛨဥםથ
ࡁտಡӘ
؎ࣶົᙋ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
ੰົᆶᛉ
ޠڱ೩९
३ࢬኳྙ
Ġ࣒ϒ९ăՙᛉ९ġ ᓜॡ೩९
˾ᐝኳྙ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋᄦ
ͽ˭̶Ҿ၆˝Ⴞ༛үࠎдЍᙉ˯ؠҜ̝ࣧЯซҖᄲځĄ
ᨧ ˾ᐝኳྙ ࠎ઼ົҖֹኳྙᝋ۞˘͞ёĂߏ·႕ܑႊ้Ш۞˘઼ົႾ༛ү ࠎĂЯࠎਕ၆Җ߆ᝋౄјۡତ۞ᑅ˧ĂͷटٽԛјࢲሗĂ͔ᔕኢ၆প ؠᗟ۞ᙯڦĄᔵĂέ៉ᄃ઼ڱ၆˾ᐝኳྙ۞ఢቑѣֱధमளĂҭ̙ᇆ ᜩĶ˾ᐝኳྙķдߏ઼࣌ѣĶܑႊ้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛ᝋ˧ҖֹĂ͍˾ᐝ ኳྙдົ઼གྷ૱࿅ۡᇫ۞͞ёӔனĄ
ᨨ ᓜॡ೩९ ࠎ઼ົ೩९ᝋ۞˘ᙷݭĂޠڱ˞ੵھ೩९γ۞೩९ᙷݭĂѩ ᙷ۞ݭ೩९఼૱̙ົซˢ၁ኳ۞ϲڱԔĂּтдԧ઼۞၁ኹజჍ̝ࠎ Ķᓜॡ೩९ķ Ă఼૱่ϡдࡎ൴ّăᓜॡְّІ̝ந҃೩ćੵߏ઼ڱ ˞ޠڱ೩९̝γĂᔘѣĶ࣒ϒ९ķĞamendmentğᄃĶՙᛉ९ķĞrésolutionğ ᙷݭĂᔵܑࢬ˯ౌߏᛉࣶϲڱᝋ۞ؼҩĂҭֹϡֽϲڱј९۞፟ தޝҲĄϤޠڱٺ೩९γ۞೩९ᙷݭĂ఼૱ͽܑ྿ຍ֍ăၓព߆ڼҖજࠎ ϫ۞ĂЯѩࠎܑႊ้ШاѨ۞Ⴞ༛͞ёĄдέ៉ĂࠤͷĶᓜॡ೩९ķజᄮ ࠎߏϲ؎၆ᏴડᏴϔϹ۞˘ઇĶຽᒻķ͞ёĞՃൊĂ2000Ĉ37-70ğĂ
46
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܑႊ้Ш̝ྵૻĂ̙֏ΞಔĄέ៉ᄃົ઼۞઼ڱĂдѩࢬШ˯ֹϡଐ ԛ۞मளྵ̂ĂᙱͽᙷͧĂώ͛߇̙̝ЕˢͧྵĄ
ᨩ ३ࢬኳྙ ࠎ઼ົҖֹኳྙᝋ۞Ω˘͞ёĂϡຍߏឰҖ߆፟ᙯགྷ࿅˘߱ॡม ۞౯ޢĂГ̟ͽаᖬኳྙ۞યᗟĄ˵ЯтѩĂᄃ˾ᐝኳྙ࠹ͧĂගҖ ߆ᝋ۞ᑅ˧ົ̈˘ֱĄ҃ѣֱϏਕ̈́ॡᒔаᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙĂ˵ΞͽᖼϤ ३ࢬඍᖬĂͽ྿זႾ༛۞ड़ڍĄ҃Ă३ࢬኳྙགྷ૱ឰ߆عѣ١аᖬٕ ۰ؼᏵаᖬ۞۩มĂּт߆عΞͽͽኳྙְีঘ઼̈́छщБᄃְ፟ࠎ ϤĂ̙̟аᖬĂЯѩಶ઼ົႾ༛۞֎࠻ֽޘĂ၁ү۞۩ม̙̂ĂͷϤٺ ගҖ߆ᝋ۞ᑅ˧ྵ˾ᐝኳྙ̈Ă೩̝ϫ۞Ă˵ѣᙷĶᓜॡ೩९ķ۞ ຽᒻϫ۞ĂҭЯ၆Җ߆͞ᔘѣֱүϡĂ߇ଵԔдĶᓜॡ೩९ķ̝ޢĂൾያ ֱ˘ܕĶ၁ү้ШķĄ
ᨪ ޠڱ೩९ ࠎۡତणன઼ົϲڱᝋ۞˘Ⴞ༛ҖࠎĂᅮᑢϲڱўă୧̰͛टă ֭ͷཌЩĂ೩९۞ϫ۞ߏࢋឰڱ९ਕซˢ၁ኳϲڱԔĂࢋՐҖ߆ᝋેҖĂ Яѩ࠹ྵٺᓜॡ೩९Ă၁үّ۞Ғ૾ྵĂҭ˵̙ߏȈ̶ᅅٽಶਕјΑĂ ͍ᄃҖ߆፟ᙯ࠹ͧĂϲڱ፟ᙯٙጾѣ۞ྤᄃᖐ੨౯Ă၁ᙱᄃҖ߆፟ ᙯ࠹ԩᏊĂҭᛉࣶ۞ޠڱ೩९ቁ၁Ξͽᇆᜩ߆߆عඉ۞͞ШĄέ៉ᄃ઼ڱ ۞Ηᓁົ઼טĂ၆೩९ᝋ۞నཉ࠰ߏᛉࣶᄃ߆ౌعѣ೩९ᝋĂҭ઼၆ ޠڱ೩९۞Ԕఢቑѣֱ̙ТĂԧ઼၆ᛉࣶ೩۞ޠڱ೩९ѣాཌˠᇴ۞ ࢨטć 30 ઼ڱѩఢቑĄ҃ົ೩Ķޠڱ९ķ۞ᛉࣶĂ࠹༊ߏ˵ޘѣ ĶܑႊķّኳĂЯΞаᑕ࠹ᙯဥវ۞ࢋՐٕШߙֱཏிܑၓҋ̎၆ᛉᗟ ۞ᙯ̷̈́Ӆ˧Ą
30
ֶĮϲੰڱᛉְఢįௐ 8 ୧̝ఢؠĂޠڱ೩९ืѣ 15 Щͽ˯ϲా̝ࣶ؎ڱཌĄೱ֏ ̝â࣎ޠڱ೩९Ҍ͌ᅮࢋ 1 Ҝ೩९؎ࣶĂγΐ 15 Ҝాཌ؎ࣶĂ͞ЪᛉְఢؠĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
47
ᨫ ੰົᆶᛉ ࠎܑႊ้Шᄃ၁ү้ШႾ༛͞ё۞ϹࠧĂΞᄲࣘপኳĄϤੰٺ ົࠎٙѣᛉࣶะЪ۞ಞٙĂдڱ९ᆶᛉ࿅̚ĂΞͽߏүսё۞Ϥᛉࣶ൴ ֏Ă˵Ξͽߏྵᚑᖰચ၁۞˘̈́ˬڱ९Ă߇నົੰؠᆶᛉࠎܑႊݭႾ ༛ᄃ၁үݭႾ༛۞ϹࠧĂϤѩͽࢫĂ၁үݭႾ༛۞้ШৈΐځពĄ
ᨬ ؎ࣶົᆶߤ ؎ࣶົᆶߤࠎొ̶ᛉࣶ۞ะົĂᄃБវᛉࣶะົಞા۞ੰົ̙ТĂͷ ؎ࣶົᆶߤ఼૱̙ซҖۡᇫĂ˵̙ฟٸय़Ăࠎ۞ߏᔖҺᆶߤॡ̒זצᕘĂ ЯѩĂ఼૱ྵੰົᆶᛉՀ၁үݭҒ૾Ą઼ົ۞؎ࣶົ၆ڱ९ٙซҖ۞ᆶ ߤĂ఼૱˵ߏڱ९၁ኳᆶᛉ۞८͕Ăͽέ៉ᄃ۞઼ڱଐԛֽ࠻Ăົ઼઼ ̚؎ࣶົ࠰ߏ૱నّኳĂѣခᐽ؎ࣶົᆶᛉຽ̼̝ഇధĄፋវ҃֏Ă؎ ࣶົᆶߤणன۞ߏ઼ົ၁үݭႾ༛۞ࢬШĂܑႊ۩มྵ̈Ą
ᨭ ؎ࣶົᙋ ࠎ઼ົซҖႾ༛Җࠎ۞ᅃӄّ̍˘̝Ăࢋ۞ϫ۞ߏᄓะྤੈĂͽ ӄົࣶ؎ٺઇᆶߤޙᛉĄЯѩĂᙋົ۞ϫᇾځቁăᗟࢨؠĂٺ၁ኹ ॡϺѣ˘इԔّఢቑĂᛉࣶдಞાྵүս۩มĂ߇ߏྵ؎ࣶົᆶߤ Հ၁ү้Ш۞˘Ⴞ༛үࠎĄ
ᨮ ࡁտಡӘ ࠎ઼ົྻϡࡁտྤĂ੫၆পؠᗟٙ൴ο۞ࡁտಡӘĂߏ઼ົण னੈྤᄓะඕ˘۞ڍԛёĂ˵ߏᅃӄّႾ༛̍˘۞Ąయࡁտಡ Әᇤᆷ۞፟ᙯȈ̶к̮ĂΞͽϤ઼ົ۞ϲࡁտ፟ၹయĂ˵ΞͽϤ઼ົ ̚۞؎ࣶົయĄࡁտಡӘ۞யĂ఼૱ᅮࢋ˘߱ॡม۞౯ĂૄώԔ ಶΒӣࡁտયᗟ۞ᎡᏴăྤफ़۞ᄓะăྤफ़۞ፋநᄃ̶ژĂͽ̈́၆ࡁտ ᗟ̝ෞҤޙᛉඈඈĄЯѩĂдĶࡁտಡӘķ͞ࢬĂᛉࣶਕүս۞ј̶ĂΞ ᄲܧ૱ංᓠĄ
48
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ᨯ ᛨဥםથ ᛨဥםથߏϲੰڱٙѣĂૄώ˯ߏ˘Б۞โቐүຽĂ̚ᛉ ࣶΞᖣѩܑၓүࠎĂםથඕڍͷΞͽଯᖙ؎ࣶົ۞ᆶߤޙᛉĂߏૻ˧ړཀྵ Җ߆͞ࢬڱ९۞ӀጡĂЯѩώࡁտᄮࠎĂߏ၁ү้Ш۞Ⴞ༛ҖࠎĄ ͽ˯ࠎώࡁտ၆ 9 Ⴞ༛͞ё۞้ШؠҜ̝ᄲځĂώࡁտљੵĶᓜॡ ೩९ķ ĂĶᛨဥםથķ̝γ۞ዶ 7 ีႾ༛ีϫĂซҖέ៉ᄃ઼ڱдˬ࣎ ᛉᗟ˯۞၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎѨᇴซҖͧྵĂέ៉ѣ۞Ķᛨဥםથķྤफ़ ̝Еઇࠎણ҂Ą
αăႾ༛үࠎ۞ྤफ़ᄓะ дͧྵഇม۞Ᏼፄ˯Ăώࡁտ่߄Ᏼب઼ഇྵࠎ࠹ب˘۞ܕซҖͧ ྵĂٺέ៉ߏௐ 7 بĞ2008.02.01-2012.01.31ğ۞ϲੰڱĂߏ઼ڱٺௐ 13 ب ۞઼ϔᛉົĞ2007.06.19-2012.06.20ğâᏴፄ˵ਕᔖฟ̶ෘ߆عॡഇ၆ ઼ົႾ༛үࠎٙΞਕౄј۞ᇆᜩĄώࡁտٙѣ۞ྤफ़࠰ֽҋ۞ົ઼઼ٺ ͞ءშ৭ٙᛖ۞̄ྤफ़Ąϲྤ۞ੰڱफ़ֽҋٺϲੰڱБྤੈშĂͽ ̈́ϲົ઼ੰڱဦ३ᐡć31 ઼ϔᛉົ۞̄ྤफ़ֽҋ઼ٺϔᛉົءშĂͽ̈́ ઼ϔᛉົቢ˯ۡᇫშ৭Ɵᇆࢰྤफ़ऱĄ32 ྤ઼फ़ᓁᇴኛણ֍˭ܑ 1Ą
31
32
ϲੰڱѣ̳ੈྤ࣎ฟ۞შ৭Ă̶ҾߏĶϲੰڱБྤੈშķᄃĶϲົ઼ੰڱဦ३ᐡķ Ă ώࡁտࢋ۞ྤफ़ֽࠎĈϲੰڱБྤੈშ྆۞Ķᛉְၱ̳ಡგநրķ Ăᄃϲੰڱ ઼ົဦ३ᐡ྆۞ĶϲੰڱኳྙߤྙրķĄྎშӬኛ֍ܢᐂ 1Ą ઼ϔᛉົϫ݈ࢋѣˬ࣎ࢋྤੈ̳ฟ۞შ৭Ă̶ҾߏĈ઼ϔᛉົءშĞAssemblée Nationaleğă઼ϔᛉົቢ˯ۡᇫშ৭/ᇆࢰྤफ़ऱĞVidos de l’Assemblée Nationaleğă̈́ Ąώࡁտࢋֹϡ݈ࢬ࣎შ৭۞ྤ ઼ϔᛉົᑫ९ऱĞAssemblée Nationale - Archivesğ फ़ĄྎშӬኛ֍ܢᐂ 1Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
ܑ1
49
Ⴞ༛үࠎѨᇴࢍܑ ಏҜĈѨᇴ
ᛉᗟᅳા
઼ ௐ˛بϲੰڱ
ົ ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ
ءဈੜᇬ
537
3,495
઼֨ᔉ
53
541
८ਕ८
224
1,974
ፋبᓁᇴ
20,343
132,894
ොĈϲྤ۞ੰڱफ़ࠎΒӣᛨဥםથ 8 ีႾ༛үࠎ۞ᓁᇴĂ઼ϔᛉົ ۞ྤफ़ࠎ 7 ีႾ༛үࠎ۞ᓁᇴĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍ
དྷăᛉᗟ९ּ̝ྋ̈́ژෞҤ ώࡁտ၆࣎ˬ۞઼ᛉᗟ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎซҖྤफ़۞ᄓะĂௐ 7 ۞بϲ ੰڱᄃௐ 13 ઼۞بϔᛉົдੜᇬᛉᗟăᔉᛉᗟĂͽ̈́८ᛉᗟ˯۞Ⴞ༛ үࠎĂፋநј 12 ܑ࣎Ă̰टΒӣдͧྵبഇ̚ 8 ࣎Ⴞ༛ีϫĞ7 ࣎έăڱ Ξีͧ׀ϫĂΐ˯έѣ۞ᛨဥםથğ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎᓁѨᇴăبྍົ઼઼ ።ѐႾ༛үࠎ۞̶οଐԛᄃˠӮᇴĂϤྤٺफ़ณᘀ̂ĂٙΚቔ಼ϺкĂ ٺѩ̙ЕĞྎ֍ܢᐂ 2 Ҍܢᐂ 13ğĂώ༼่Е઼၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎ៍၅ ഇՏѐˠӮᇴ۞ඕڍĞኛણ֍˭ܑ 2ğĂͽ˭̶Ҿᄲ̝ځĄ
50
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܑ2
ϲੰڱᄃ઼ϔᛉົ၆ˬ࣎ᛉᗟ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎͧྵܑ * ಏҜĈՏѐˠӮ
ܑႊ้Ш ੨ ̶
ᛉᗟᙷ!ݭ ઼छ Ⴞ༛ᇾ
ੜᇬᛉᗟ! ϲੰڱ
઼ϔᛉົ
ᔉᛉᗟ! ϲੰڱ
८ᛉᗟ!
઼ϔᛉົ
ϲੰڱ
઼ϔᛉົ
1
˾ᐝኳྙ
0.2
0.034
0.01
0.0004
0.125
0.004
2
३ࢬኳྙ
0.665
0.74
0.095
0.046
0.213
0.406
3
ޠڱ೩९
0.093
0.016
-
0.0002
0.015
0.01
4
ੰົᆶᛉ
0.115
0.186
0.01
0.038
0.023
0.124
5
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
0.080
0.158
0.005
0.052
0.105
0.072
6
؎ࣶົᙋ
0.005
0.094
-
0.03
-
0.04
7
ࡁտಡӘ
0.035
0.078
-
0.05
0.013
0.068
ᛨဥםથ
0.005
-
-
-
0.005
-
ᓁࢍ
1.188
1.212
0.12
0.186
0.494
0.684
ᛉᗟᓁ̶
4
22
3
25
9
19
၁ү้Ш
* ͞॰ᇴࣃ઼ܑརम྿ 1.5 ࢺͽ˯Ą33 ՏѐˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈႾ༛үࠎᓁᇴƟᛉࣶᓁᇴƟЇഇѐᇴĞέ៉ߏ 113 Ҝϲ؎Ă4 ѐ˘Їć ઼ڱ577 ҜĂ5 ѐ˘ЇğĄ Ҝ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈ˾ᐝኳྙŮ३ࢬኳྙŮޠڱ೩९ŮੰົᆶᛉŮ؎ࣶົᆶߤŮࡁտಡ ӘĂϏࢍˢ؎ࣶົᙋᄃᛨဥםથĂЯ؎ࣶົᆶߤٙӔன۞ᇴࣃࠎ̏ৼˢ؎ࣶົᙋ۞ፋ វඕڍĄ ˢ؎ࣶົᙋĂࢦኑࢍზćᛨဥםથ่Еࠎણ҂Ă߇Ϻ̙ЕˢᓁࢍࢍზĄ ᇴࣃפҌ̈ᇴᕇௐˬҜĂтᇴࣃ̈ ٺ0.001ĂפҌ̈ᇴᕇௐαҜĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋᄦ
33
Ϥٺ࿅Ν۞͛ᚥϏ၆઼ᇹ۞ͧྵ೩ֻΞણ҂۞ͧྵૄĂώࡁտᄮࠎĂ઼Տѐ ˠӮᇴࣃརम྿ 1.5 ࢺĂ̏ਕࡎព઼̝मளĂ߇ώ͛ͽ 1.5 ࢺࠎᇾϯૄĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
51
ࢵАĂдءဈᛉᗟ۞Ķੜᇬޘטķ˯ĂϲੰڱдĶ˾ᐝኳྙķᄃĶڱ ޠ೩९ķ˯۞Ⴞ༛ܑன઼ͧϔᛉົ᎕ໂధкć઼ϔᛉົߏдੰົᆶᛉă ؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋĂͽ̈́ࡁտಡӘ˯ͧϲੰڱ᎕ໂć҃дءဈᛉᗟ ۞ੜᇬ࠹ޘטᙯڱ९˯Ăϲੰڱѣᛨဥםથ۞ࡔᐂĄፋវ҃֏Ă઼ϔᛉົ дءဈᛉᗟ۞ੜᇬޘטႾ༛ᆶᛉ˯ĂᔵҬͧϲੰڱ᎕ໂֱĂ͍дĶ၁ү ้Шķ۞Чᖚᝋ˯Ăҭϲੰڱдܑႊ้Шૻ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķૻݏᑝĂֹ ϡᐛதߏ ܕ۞઼ڱ6 ࢺĞ0.2 /0.034ğ ćѨĂߏѣྵ̂۞၁ү้ШĂҭ̪ѣ ս۞קĶޠڱ೩९ķĂϲੰڱ೩Іᇴ˵ߏ ܕ۞઼ڱ6 ࢺĞ0.093 /0.016ğĄ ˘ĶੜᇬޘטķᛉᗟĂֶĶᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̝ט ទᏭĂᛳĶᓁůᛉົטķ۞ϲੰڱĂᑕྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯĂଂ၁ᅫүࠎ࠻Ă ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛˧ྵणனдܑႊຍྵק፧۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķ Ă҃ޠڱ೩९Ϻᅲ ᎕ໂĂҬͼ˵ͅߍϲ้ੰڱᓁͽ˭טĶϲڱķࠎᖚ۞পኳĄಶЧᖚᝋ Ⴞ༛ѨᇴΐᓁѐˠӮࢍზĂϲੰڱᔵரᅊ઼ٺϔᛉົĂҭᗕͧ͞ࣃໂତܕ Ğ1.212/1.188Ż1.02ğĂᑕᛳ̙࠹˯˭Ąώ͛ଯኢ۞Ķᓁ—ᛉົטķ˭઼ ົ၆ءဈᛉᗟྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯĂᑕᛳЪநĂΪߏႾ༛˧۞ܑனઐШܑႊ ّĂҭ˵ѣͽĶϲڱķֽणன۞้ШĄ ѨĂдĶ઼֨ᛉᗟķ۞ᔉ͞ࢬĂώֶ͛Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̈́Ķᓁ ůᛉົטķ̝ទᏭĂᄮࠎѩᛉᗟᑕߏ၆Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ົྵѣ Ⴞ༛̝ᄵЯĂଂܑ 2 ࠻ֽĂᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞έ៉дĶ၁ү้Шķ ͞ࢬ۞Ⴞ༛ҖֹĂೀ۩ܕϨĂΒ߁؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋăࡁտಡӘඈĂ ৢѣ؎ࣶົᆶߤரѣ߿જĞ0.005ƟՏѐˠӮğćҭдĶܑႊ้Шķྵૻ۞ Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķ̈́Ķ३ࢬኳྙķĂӮૻ࿅઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົĂ͍˾ᐝኳྙ྿ 25 ࢺ۞ֹϡᐛதĂҭޠڱ೩९ߏࡔᐂĄߏӎΞֶѩኢᕝᛳĶᓁநůᓁ טķ۞઼઼ڱϔᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎಶ̙˧˞ĉܑ 2 ̚ޝ۞णனдͧྵ ߏĶ၁ү้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛ᖚᝋ͞ࢬĈ؎ࣶົᆶߤăᙋăࡁտಡӘඈĂГΒ ߁ྵ̚มّኳ۞ੰົᆶᛉĂ̈́ѣᕇүսّኳ۞ޠڱ೩९Ă઼۞઼ڱϔᛉ ົౌᅈྵϲੰڱ᎕ໂĂޘӮ྿ 1.5 ࢺͽ˯Ă34 ͍ĂдĶ؎ࣶົᙋķ
34
Ⴞ༛ีϫՏѐˠӮĈ؎ࣶົᆶߤĈ ڱ0.052 vs. έ 0.005ć؎ࣶົᙋĈ ڱ0.03 vs. έ 0ćࡁ տಡӘĈ ڱ0.05 vs. έ 0ćੰົᆶᛉĈ ڱ0.038 vs. έ 0.01ćޠڱ೩९Ĉ ڱ0.0002 vs. έ 0Ą
52
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķ˯ĂϲੰڱБࡔᐂĂࠤҌдءဈᛉᗟĶੜᇬޘטķ̂ณ ֹϡ۞Ķޠڱ೩९ķĂдѩᔉᛉᗟ͞ࢬĂϲߏ˵ੰڱଭĄ ᓁඕᄲֽĂĶᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ϔᛉົቁ၁၆઼֨͞ࢬ۞ᔉᛉ ᗟĂѣྵ᎕ໂ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂЯࠎᓁࢍ۞ՏѐˠӮѨᇴߏ࿅ϲ۞ੰڱ Ğ0.1866 >0.12ğĂͷࢺᇴ྿ 1.55 ࢺĞ0.186 /0.12ğĂৢߏႾ༛͞Шྵࢦ၁ үĂ҃ϲੰڱдĶܑႊ้Шķ፧۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķĂ̪ߏᅌᅌᅳА྿ 25 ࢺ Ğ0.01/0.0004ğĂࠤͷдүսຍקѨ፧۞Ķ३ࢬኳྙķĂϺѣ᎕ໂܑனćͅ ҃ߏྵѣĶ၁үķຍஉ۞Ķޠڱ೩९ķ̈́Ķੰົᆶᛉķ Ăϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛үࠎ ౌ࠹၆ੜ̼Ă͍Ķޠڱ೩९ķ Ă઼ϔᛉົౌᔘਕѣܑٙனĂϲݒੰڱԆБ ۩ٸĂк͌ពϯĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞઼ົ၆઼֨ᛉᗟ˘̰ ——ٺטצؠ ᅦ˵၆ᓁయĂҭᓁ̙Ш઼ົయ——۞؉Ą ௐˬ࣎Ᏼፄ۞ᛉᗟߏ८ਕ͞ࢬ۞८ᛉᗟĂώ͛ࢋ۞ޥ҂ࠎຽ ّĂ઼ົႾ༛̙ٽĂ၆ࣹ֏҃ޘטĂౌᛳܝᕣ̝ᛉᗟĂ߇ώ͛Ⴭ̝ ࠎĶ̚ϲّķᛉᗟĄ͞ࢬᑭෛ۞ඕڍĂܑ 2 ពϯĂέ៉ϲͽߏ̪ੰڱĶܑ ႊķ้Шૻ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķֽࠈކႾ༛˧ĂֹϡπӮᐛதߏ۞઼ڱ 31.25 ࢺĞ0.125/0.004ğ ćѨѣս۞קĶ३ࢬኳྙķ Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົֹϡྵ кĂߏϲ ۞ੰڱ1.91 ࢺĞ0.406 /0.213ğćѣսקҭ˵ѣ၁үຍஉ۞Ķޠڱ ೩९ķĂϲ઼ྵ˫ੰڱϔᛉົ᎕ໂĂͧᇴ˵྿ 1.5 ࢺĞ0.015/0.01ğćᛳٺ ̚ ม ۞ Ķ ੰ ົ ᆶ ᛉ ķĂ ઼ ϔ ᛉ ົ ྵ ᐛ ᓄ ᓝ Җ Ă ߏ ϲ ۞ ੰ ڱ5.39 ࢺ Ğ0.124/0.023ğ ćҭд၁ү้Шྵૻ۞Чᖚᝋ̚Ăϲੰڱᙱ۞дĶ؎ࣶົ ᆶߤķ۞ᐛத˯Ăߏ࿅઼ϔᛉົࡗ 1.5 ࢺĞ0.105 /0.072ğ۞ć҃дĶ؎ ࣶົᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķࢬ͞ĂӮᅈ઼̙̈́ϔᛉົĞдĶᙋķࡔᐂ ˯ՀߏଭğĄҭࠎ˞Ķ८ķ࠹ᙯᛉᗟĂϲߏࣆੰڱѣĶᛨဥםથķĂᔵ ᐛத̙ზĄ ᓁඕᄲֽĂ८ਕ̚۞८˘̚ϲᛉᗟĂ၆ࢋົ઼۞˭ޘטႾ༛Ă ౌѣ˘۞ؠᙱޘĂົ઼࣎ՏѐˠӮ۞Ⴞ༛ᐛதĂ઼ڱᔵரĂҭᄃέ៉ ࠹Ν̙ᅈĞϏ྿ 1.5 ࢺğĂ҃ᄃᛉᗟ࠹ྵĂͧĶੜᇬķႾ༛͌Ăҭ̪ кٺĶ઼֨ķ̚۞ᔉᛉᗟĂலౣΗᓁ˭ט၆઼֨۞Ⴞ༛ĂҬᓁѣᓁ ˘ᆸ۞มĂ҃ᙱБ˧߉ࠎĄ࠹ྵ̝˭Ăέ៉ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛үࠎĂ̪ߏ ͽĶܑႊຍקķ፧۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķࠎࢵᏴĂૻ˧ֹϡĂҭ˵ѣ˘ֱྵѣ၁
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
53
үຍஉ۞үࠎĂтĶޠڱ೩९ķ̈́Ķ؎ࣶົᆶᛉķ ćд઼઼ڱϔᛉົ͞ࢬĂ Ҭ˵̙ਕ̙үսĂдĶ३ࢬኳྙķ͞ࢬপҾ᎕ໂĂд၁ү้Ш۞Ķ؎ ࣶົᙋķ ă ĶࡁտಡӘķ͞ࢬĂ̈́Ҝ̚ٺม۞Ķੰົᆶᛉķ Ă˵ౌт˟ ᛉᗟ˘ਠĂྵϲੰڱՀ᎕ໂĄ ޢĂώ͛ଂፋវֽෞณົ઼࣎дˬ࣎ᛉᗟ˯ٙणன۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ ᕩৼ࣎͞ШĈ˘࣎ߏፖྭˬᛉᗟ۞ВТᔌ๕ĂΩ˘࣎ົ઼˟ߏᛳٺ ̙ТѨᙷ۞ݭᇆᜩෞҤĄಶፖྭˬᛉᗟ۞ВТᔌ๕҃֏Ăܑ 2 ၁࠹༊ ۞ӔனĂέ៉ϲ้ྵੰڱШͽܑႊّૻ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķֽणனႾ༛˧ Ăֹϡᐛதдˬᛉᗟ˯ౌᅈ࿅઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົćѨĂϲੰڱ૱ֹ ϡ۞ߏĶޠڱ೩९ķĂ˵ߏѣĶܑႊ้ШķĂҭк͌णனઐᓁˬטᝋ̶ϲ ˭઼ົপّĂͽĶϲڱķࠎĶႾ༛ķٕĶטᏊķҖ߆۞߱͘ćͅ៍۞઼ڱ ઼ϔົᛉĂࢋ้ШֹϡͽĶ၁үķࠎ۞إႾ༛ᖚᝋĂΒ߁Ĉ Ķ؎ࣶົᆶ ߤķ ă Ķ؎ࣶົᙋķ ă ĶࡁտಡӘķඈඈĄࠤͷ̚ٺاҜ۞Ķੰົᆶᛉķ Ăڱ ઼дˬᛉᗟֹϡ۞ᐛதౌྵϲੰڱкֱĄ ࠎ˞Հჟ۞ቁᄮέăົ઼ڱĶႾ༛үࠎķ۞้ШĂώܑ͛ႊז၁ ү้Ш۞˛ᖚᝋĞᛨဥםથੵγğĂ̶Ҿኬ̶ĂĶ˾ᐝኳྙķࠎ 1ĂĶ३ࢬķ 2ĂֶԔЕĶࡁտಡӘķࠎ 7ĂГ̶Ҿࢷͽέăົ઼ڱ౼ 1.5 ࢺ۞ีϫĞт ءဈᛉᗟ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķีĂέ 1Ă ڱ0ć઼֨ᛉᗟ۞ĶࡁտಡӘķีĂ έ 0Ă ڱ7Ăֶѩᙷଯğ ĂΐᓁࢍზޢĂ̶ᇴດ͌۰ĂܑĶܑႊ้Шķ ૻć̝ͅĂߏĶ၁ү้Шķ ĄٙඕڍĞтܑ 2 ٙϯğࠎέ៉ϲ ੰڱ16Ă 35
઼઼ڱϔົᛉ 66Ă 36 ݈۰ࢦĶܑႊķё۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂޢ۰֕Ķ၁үķ
ྮቢĂ߰ႷཌྷĊΪߏĶܑႊķᄃĶ၁үķ۞Ⴞ༛Ăң۰ྵਕᇆᜩ̈́ᖼត ߆߆عඉĂಶ̙ߏώ͛Ξඍᖬ˞Ą ГಶĶᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˟࣎ΗᓁטѨᙷ֏҃ݭĂ έ៉ϲੰڱдᕩᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭Ăઐˬᝋ̶ϲё઼ົ۞൴णྫĂ ͷ̰ᅦᄃᛉົˠְ۞̙Ϲ߹Ăдءဈᛉᗟ۞ੜᇬ˯ޘטĂߏྵѣ᎕ໂႾ༛ ۞જ˧ĂҭࢋܑனдĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ̈́Ķޠڱ೩९ķᖚᝋ˯ćᕩᛳٺĶᓁ
35 36
έ៉ᛉᗟᓁ̶Ĉ1*3 + 2*1 + 3*2 + 4*0 + 5*1 + 6*0 + 7*0 = 16Ą ઼ڱᛉᗟᓁ̶Ĉ1*0 + 2*1 + 3*1 + 4*3 + 5*2 + 6*3 + 7*3 = 66Ą
54
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
நůᓁķ઼઼ڱ۞˭טϔົᛉቁ၁၆઼֨͞ࢬ۞ᔉᛉᗟдĶ၁үķ Ⴞ༛ЧࢬШĂពͧέ៉ϲੰڱ᎕ໂࠤкĂࠤͷдĶޠڱ೩९ķ˵ѣܑٙ னĂέ៉ϲੰڱдѩ͞ࢬ۞ར۩Ă˵к͌ពϯႾ༛઼֨дĶᓁůᛉົטķ ̚ᙱͽ˧۞ӧဩĄ நኢ˯ྵ̙ޘטצᇆᜩ۞ຽᛉᗟů८ਕ̚۞८Ăέ៉ϲੰڱᄃ ઼઼ڱϔᛉົĂΞਕពனႾ༛үࠎ۞ώ้ШĂέ៉ϲͽߏ̪ੰڱĶܑ ႊķࠎࢦĂҭѣᓁ˭טઐĶϲڱķ̝পኳĂΒ߁Ķޠڱ೩९ķ̈́Ķ؎ࣶ ົᆶߤķӮྵ઼઼ڱϔົᛉࠎ᎕ໂĂ҃ޢ۰ͽߏ̪Ķ၁үķࠎႾ༛ࢦᕇĂ ΪѣĶ३ࢬኳྙķ˘ܑႊ้Шྵ፧۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ઼ϔᛉົ౼࿅˞ϲੰڱĄ ޢፋវ࠻ֽĂ઼઼ڱϔᛉົдˬีᛉᗟ۞ᓁႾ༛ѐˠӮᐛதზߏ ٺϲ۞ੰڱĂᔵдĶءဈੜᇬķ̈́Ķ८ਕ८ķ͞ࢬĂརम၁̙̂ĞϏ ࿅ 1.5 ࢺğĂҭд઼֨۞Ķᔉķᛉᗟ˯Ă࿅ϲ ੰڱ1.5 ࢺĄ၆઼֨ᛉ ᗟ۞Ⴞ༛̙˧ߏĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭઼ົ۞࿆ன෪ĉώ̙͛ូඍć ΩγĂ၆Ķ઼֨ᛉᗟķ۞πӮႾ༛ᐛதдˬᛉᗟ̚ྭߏౌ઼ҲĞࠤͷ Ҳٺຽ۞८ᛉᗟğ Ă၆઼֨ᛉᗟҲႾ༛۞ޘன෪Ă˫ߏӎࠎΗ ᓁ۞טВТĂώ͛˵ϏؠۺĂѣޞϏֽՀкࡁտቁᄮĄ
Ёăඕኢ ώ͛ͽଣͧྵ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁ۞ົ઼˭טႾ༛үࠎѣңमளࠎયᗟ ൴ᕇĂ֭ͽ Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ Ѩᙷྵͧࠎݭमள۞நኢଯኢޥ҂ᕇĂГൾְ࣒ϒ Polsby ੫၆ᛉົΑਕٙ ೩۞ĶܑႊůᖼೱķЍᙉࠎĶܑႊů၁үķ۞Ⴞ༛้ШЍᙉĂͽࠎෞณ ώ͛ٙͧྵܑĶᓁůᛉົķ۞טέ៉ϲੰڱĂܑ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁķ ઼઼ڱ۞טϔᛉົႾ༛үࠎ้Ш۞ֶፂĄ ώ͛੫၆Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̚Ă̰ᅦᄃᛉົˠְྵ͌Ϲ߹Ăͷ̰ᅦื ၆ᓁ̈́ᛉົౌయ۞পّĂ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̚Ă̰ᅦᄃᛉົˠְϹ ߹ྵ̷Ăͷ̰ᅦ่ื၆ᛉົయ̝ទᏭĂ̈́நኢ˯ᛉࣶӮநّҋӀ̝ࣧ Ă̶ҾᏴ၆Ķᓁůᛉົטķ઼ົྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯ۞ءဈᛉᗟ͞ࢬ۞Ķੜ ᇬޘטķ Ă̈́၆Ķᓁநůᓁטķ઼ົྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯ઼̝֨ᛉᗟ۞Ķᔉય
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
55
ᗟķ ĂֽπᏊᑭෛ၆ѨᙷݭЧҋநኢ˯ѣӀ̝ᛉᗟ۞၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎć֭Г ΐ˘̚ϲᛉᗟ —Ķ८ਕ८ķ ĂͽຽّĂ၆Їңౌົ઼۞˭ޘטᛳྵ ᙱႾ༛۞ّኳĂֽଣീٙ៍၅ົ઼ĶႾ༛үࠎķ้Ш۞ᘦޘؠĄд၁ᅫႾ ༛үࠎ۞ෞͧ˯Ăώ͛ᕩৼፋநέăົ઼ڱΞ ۞ͧ׀7 ีᖚᝋĂ̶ҾߏĈ ˾ᐝኳྙă३ࢬኳྙăޠڱ೩९ăੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋă ࡁտಡӘĂΩέѣ۞ĶᛨဥםથķϺЕˢઇણ҂ีϫĄ˯ٙЕΞ൴೭ Ⴞ༛˧۞ᖚᝋĂֶّኳĂϺֶ݈ึԔĂ̶ҾؠҜдĶܑႊů၁үķ Ⴞ༛้Ш۞Ѝᙉ˯ćӈĶ˾ᐝኳྙķܑႊّૻĂֶԔᅍഴć҃၁ү้Ш ֶԔᅍᆧĄ ĶᛨဥםથķЯܼโቐүຽĂᛉࣶүս۩มĂͷѣԼតҖ ߆ొ߆ܝඉ۞၁˧Ă߇ЕࠎĶ၁ү้Шķ̝Ⴞ༛үࠎ۞ໂბણ҂ีĄ έăົ઼ڱдˬᛉᗟ߆ٺᛨ˘۞៍၅ഇมĂдЧีᖚᝋٙणன۞ Ⴞ༛үࠎ้ШĂགྷ఼ሹፋநࢍ̶ژĂ۞ז൴னࠎĈέ៉ϲੰڱдˬ࣎ ᛉᗟ˯ĂౌणனֹϡĶܑႊ้Шķૻ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ͍ߏĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ۞ ҖֹᐛதĂరࡍˬᛉᗟ۞ᅈ઼઼ڱٺϔᛉົ۞ҖֹଐԛĂѨߏĶޠڱ ೩९ķ Ăϲ࠹˵ੰڱ၆Җֹྵ᎕ໂćҌ઼઼ڱٺϔᛉົĂፋវणனྵૻ۞ Ķ၁ү้ШķႾ༛үࠎĂੵ˞Ķ؎ࣶົᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķֶี ̰ఢĂ 37 ̙ຍγ۞ᅈྵϲੰڱҖֹ۞кĂҭдĶ؎ࣶົᆶߤķ̈́Ķੰົᆶ ߤķྵ˵ีĶ၁ү้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎ˯Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົ˵ྵ᎕ໂֱĄ ͽܑႊז၁үĂଂҲזЧีϫኬ̶ĂტЪࢍ۞ᇴࣃĂέ 16Ă ڱ66Ă ᄮົ઼઼ۺႾ༛үࠎâࢦĶܑႊķâᓾĶ၁үķ۞̶ڡĄ ᇹ۞ࡁտ൴னΞᄲܐՎаඍ˞ώ͛۞ࡁտયᗟ—ӈ̙ТΗᓁטѨ ᙷ۞ົ઼˭ݭႾ༛үࠎቁ၁ѣमளĂमளֶώ̝͛ଣ̶ߏژĈ Ķᓁ ůᛉົטķ˭۞઼ົĂтέ៉ϲੰڱĂྵઐШĶܑႊķёֽႾ༛Ă͍̂ ณྻϡĶ˾ᐝኳྙķĂ၆Ķޠڱ೩९ķ˵ѣઐрćĶᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ ົĂт઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົĂઐШĶ၁үķ۞ݭႾ༛Ăੵ˞ѣᐛᓄ۞Ķᙋķ ᓝᏱ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķயĂдĶੰົķᄃĶ؎ࣶົķ۞ᆶᛉΡฟѨᇴ˯Ă ˵ͧྵ᎕ໂĄ ̙࿅Ăੵ˞Ѩᙷ̝ົ઼۞˭ݭႾ༛үࠎቁ၁ѣमளγĂώ͛۞ࡁտ 37
ኛણ֍ώ͛۞Ķણķ̝Ķ˟ķ۞ௐ (ˬ) ีĶڱ९ᆶᛉᝋķ̝ᄲځĄ
56
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
൴ன˵ពϯĈ̝ົ઼Ⴞ༛ѣВТӧဩĂӈдࢬ၆ˬ࣎ᛉᗟ̚۞઼֨ᔉ યᗟĂౌពனႾ༛ᐛதҲ۞ன෪ĂࠤͷҲٺ၆ຽ̝Ķ८ਕ८ķ۞Ⴞ ༛ޘćТॡĂѨᙷྵ࠹ݭĂ Ķᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞ϲੰڱҬՀѣĶऴ̚ ̝ऴķ۞Ⴞ༛ܑனĄ ͽ˯൴னߏӎѣ࿆ଯኢّĉώ͛ϫ݈ܲၗޘĄЯࠎώ͛ͽĶΗ ᓁטѨᙷݭķ̝ಏ˘Я৵൴ĂֽವՐΞͧྵ࣎९Ă֭՟ѣΞਕ ᇆᜩវྻטү۞Я৵ˢޥ҂Ăтጳט൴ण۞ॡม።ĂҖጳ۞ᒖဩࡦഀ ඈĂٙඕڍΞᄲᙯᓑّૻĂЯޞّڍϏֽՀк۞९ּ̈́གྷរᑭᙋ̖ਕ ѣٙቁᄮĄѨĂώ͛۞ͧྵࢦд઼ົٺጳ߆טڱఢቑࢬ۞ᝋࢨ̈́၁ᅫ ᖚᝋҖֹ̝Җࠎࢬ۞ܑனĂ҃̚ม̪ѣధк࠹ᙯ۞ొఢĂтέăڱĶ˾ ᐝኳྙķᝋ̝ҖֹĂ Ķᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķ̝࠹ᙯఢؠඈĂӮѣ࠹༊मளĂ ώ͛ϏઇଠטநĂҭֱĶ̚มఢቑķ۞̙ТĂ၆έăڱᗕ઼͞ົдႾ ༛үࠎ۞้Ш˯Ăᑕѣ˘ؠүϡĄтέ៉ϲ؎۞ኳྙĂдੰົٕ؎ࣶົĂ ౌߏؠڱυҖ۞Ăҭ઼ڱд؎ࣶົ̙ߏć઼઼҃ڱϔᛉົ۞Ķᙋķ̈́Ķࡁ տಡӘķ Ăߏజఢࢋ̼ૻטઇ۞ԔĄֱఢቑߙޘΞᄲૻ̼˞઼ ઼ົֹϡႾ༛ᖚᝋ۞͞ШĞтέ้ШĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ ĂڱĶᙋķ̈́Ķࡁտಡ Әķณ̂ğ Ă˵រᙋ˞ĶޘטᇆᜩҖࠎķ۞ૄώᗟć֭࠹༊ײޘᑕ˞έă ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛ࡁޘטտٙពϯ۞ඕڍĈྻ۞ົ઼઼ڱүྵ้Ш̰ᅦטĂ έ៉้ྵߏШᓁטĞၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğ ć߇۞ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛ҖࠎᇹၗĂ ົྵ้Шםٺӄ߆۞߆߉ع၁ኳᆶߤĂ҃έ៉ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛ҖࠎሀёĂ ྵ൴णјͽኳྙֽၓព̶ϲ҃ރᑂّ۞Ⴞ༛ĄҭЯֱొ۞࠹ᙯఢቑ ߏᔳᖟ࣎ٺѨᙷ˭ݭĂޝᙱኢؠд࠹ТѨᙷߏ˭ݭӎѣ࠹Т۞ఢ ĂЯѩ˵ᙱͽώࡁտ۞ඕڍĂូઇྵᇃ۞ھଯኢĄ ޢĂώ͛ࢋГ˘ѨϦځώ͛۞ࢨטĄώ͛ٙീณ̈́Ӕன۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ ΞͽѣĶܑႊķ̈́Ķ၁үķ้Ш۞ଯᕝĂҭᙱፂͽᏊณႾ༛۞ड़˧ĂӈĶܑ ႊ้Шķૻ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎߏӎಶܑ၆Җ߆Җજٕ߆ඉ۞Լត˧ྵऴĂ҃ Ķ၁ү้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛ड़˧ಶྵૻĂٕ̝ͅϺćώ͛۞ࡁտඕ̙إڍਕଯ ኢҌѩĊΪߏт၆έ៉ϲ؎࿅ޘϡĶ˾ᐝኳྙķܑႊႾ༛۞үࠎຏ̙ז ۞Ч͞ˠ̀ĂٕΞણ҂ώ͛۞ࡁտĂ઼઼͍ڱϔᛉົтңϡ̼ૻޘט၁ үႾ༛۞ొ̶ĂઇࠎԼࢭϲޥ۞ੰڱ҂͞Ш̝˘Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
57
ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ӓϜ̋Ă2001Ă IJЪүᔘߏ၆ϲĉΗᓁ̶ົعטϲ˭۞ጳ߆ྻүij Ăاځϒă ६Ğበğ Ă Įጳ߆វ۞טາ֕Шį ĂέΔĈੑဥڱˠາέ៉ˠ͛ିૄܛ ົĂࢱ 165-209Ą ӓϜ̋Ă2006ĂIJ߆ᝋЪّڱᄃጳԼሀёĈͧྵᄂ៉ᄃለ߷ޢВາᎸϔ઼ छij ĂӓࢦᖃăӓϜ̋Ğበğ Ă Įጳ߆ԼࢭĈࡦഀăྻүᄃᇆᜩį ĂέΔĈ ̣ݑĂࢱ 59-62Ą ӓϜ̋Ă2012ĂĮᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎࠻ޘΗᓁטįĂέΔĈ̣ݑĄ ָڒᐷᛌĂ2002ĂIJጱĈΗᓁטăкᛨវրᄃ̙ᘦ۞ؠϔijĂഅ̮ޙă ᘲૈࣝăңഀၷăᔁۧጳăౘഀಜăͳ͕ᆇĞᛌğĂĮᓁᄃ઼ົĈጳ߆ నࢍᄃᏴᓝજ˧įĂέΔĈࢮұĂࢱ v-xxxviiiĄ ૈۿĂ2010Ă IJ઼ڱΗᓁ۞טႊ̼Ĉ ઼ڱ2008 ѐ࣒ጳ۞ጳ߆ᇆᜩ̶ژijĂ ĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ49(2): 65-98Ą ߉ਕĂ1987Ă Į઼ົႾ༛ᄃ߆ඉેҖ—઼࡚གྷរ̝ࡁտ֭ࣘኢԧ઼۞൴णį Ă έΔĈᄂ៉થચО३ᐡĄ ૺधᄹĂ2011ĂIJΗᓁྻטүᙷࡁ઼ྭ۞ݭտijĂĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ50(2): 107-142Ą ૺέអĂ2010ĂIJ2008 ѐ઼࣒ڱጳ̰ट̈́၆ԧ઼۞ୁϯijĂੑဥڱˠ઼छ߆ ඉࡁտૄົܛĂhttp://www.npf.org.tw/3/8296Ă2016/05/03Ą ՃൊĂ2000ĂIJ߆ᛨٕᏴડĉϲפܑ۞ࣶ؎ڱШᄃҖࠎijĂĮᏴᓝࡁտįĂ 7(2): 37-70Ą ౘາϔĂ2002Ă Į1997-2000έ៉࣒ጳࡔ၁—Ȉѐጳ߆൴ण̝֍ᙋį ĂέΔĈጯڒĄ ၐ྿൝ăเԠӔăᔁٚራĂ2006Ă IJ࣒ጳ၆ϲੰڱΑਕᄃ֎Ғ̝ᇆᜩ—ଂܑႊ ಞܑזႊಞijĂĮᄂ៉ϔ؞ΏįĂ3(1): 25-58Ą ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡Ă2012Ă IJܧᙯ઼ົĉǕǕ ଂ८ਕ߆ඉͧྵΗᓁ˭טέ៉ă ઼ڱᄃᘲκ઼ֲົ۞Ⴞ༛˧ณijĂĶࢦາؠҜ۞ѐĈҩૺϒཌྷăਕ ൴णăᄃ઼ᅫᔌ๕ጯఙࡁົķኢ͛Ğ12 ͡ 9 ͟ğĂέΔĈरቑ̂ጯĄ ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡ăՂٚĂ2013Ă IJΗᓁົ઼۞˭טႾ༛ůଂྵͧࢬטڱέ ៉ᄃ۞ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛ਕณijĂĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ52(2): 51-97Ą
58
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
˟ăࡻ͛ొ̶ Duverger, Maurice. 1980. “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government.” European Journal of Political Research 8(2): 165-187. Elgie, Robert. 1999. Semi-Presidentialism in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. Elgie, Robert. 2008. “Semi-Presidentialism: An Increasing Common Constitutional Choice.” Paper presented at the Conference on Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy: Institutional Choice, Performance, and Evolution, Institute of Political Science, Academic Sinica, October 17-18, Taipei. Fish, M. Steven and Matthew Kroenig. 2009. The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. Foulds, Leslie Richar. 1983. “The Heuristic Problem-Solving Approach.” The Journal of Operational Research 34(10): 927-934. Haggard, Stephan and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2001. Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy. London: Cambridge University Press. Hedlund, Ronald D. 1985. “Organizational Attributes of Legislative Institutions: Structure, Rules, Norms, Resources.” In The Handbook of Legislative Research, eds. G. Loewenberg, Samuel C. Patterson, and Malcolm E. Jewell. Boston: Harvard University Press, 321-394. Kingdon, John. 1989. Congressman’s Voting Decisions. 3rd edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lazardeux, Sébastien G. 2009. “The French National Assembly’s Oversight of the Executive: Changing Role, Partisanship and Intra-Majority Conflict.” West European Politics 32(2): 287-309. Lijphart, Arend. 1988. “The Comparative Method: The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research.” In Comparative Politics in the Post-Behavioral Era, eds. Louis J. Cantori and Andrew H. Ziegler. Jr. London: Lynne Rienner, 54-70. Loewenberg, Gerhard, and Samuel C. Patterson. 1979. Comparing Legislatures. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Loewenberg, Gerhard, Samuel, C. Patterson and Malcolm E. Jewell. 1985. The Handbook of Legislative Research. Boston: Harvard University Press. Mayhew, David. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press. Mezey, Michael L. 1979. Comparative Legislatures. North Carolina, Durham: Duke University Press. Messick, Richard E. 2002. “Strengthening Legislatures: Implications from Industrial Countries.” in http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/916761468322172163/ pdf/2484. Latest update 12 September 2016.
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59
Millard, Eric. 2013. “Le Modèle Français: Deux Formes de Présidentialisation du Régime Parlementaire.” Teoria Politica 3: 211-231. Polsby, Nelson W. 1975. “Legislatures.” In Handbook of Political Science, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 257-319. Pelizzo, Richard and Rick Stapenhurst. 2004. Tools for Legislative Oversight: An Empirical Investigation, Washington, DC: The World Bank. Pelizzo, Richard and Frederick Stapenhurst. 2012. Parliamentary Oversight Tools: A Comparative Analysis. UK, Abington: Routledge. Rockman, Bert. A. 1985. “Legislative-Executive Relations and Legislative Oversight.” In The Handbook of Legislative Research, eds. G. Loewenberg, Samuel C. Patterson, and Malcolm E. Jewell. Boston: Harvard University Press, 519-572. Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. New York: New York University Press. Siaroff, Alan. 2003. “Comparative Presidencies: The Inadequacy of the Presidential, Semi-Presidentialism and Parliamentary Distinction.” European Journal of Political Research 42: 287-312. Shugart, Matthew S. and John M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 1! ઼࡚ϲڱࢍྤफ़ऱĞGovTrackğĈhttps://www.govtrack.us/ ϲੰڱБྤੈშĈhttp://www.ly.gov.tw/innerIndex.action ϲົ઼ੰڱဦ३ᐡĈhttp://npl.ly.gov.tw/do/www/homePage ϲੰڱᛉְၱ̳ಡგநրĈhttp://lci.ly.gov.tw/LyLCEW/lcivComm.action# pageName_searchResult=1 ϲੰڱኳྙߤྙրĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/qrkmc/qrkm ઼ϔᛉົءშĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ ઼ϔᛉົᇆࢰྤफ़ऱĈhttp://videos.assemblee-nationale.fr/seance-publique ઼ϔᛉົᑫ९ऱĈhttp://archives.assemblee-nationale.fr/!
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
61
! ܢᐂ 2!
ௐ˛بϲੰڱ၆̳ચࣶੜᇬ࠹ᙯڱ९۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ!
ੜᇬ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
391 (3.46)
14,300 (126.55)
2.7%
301 І (2.66)Ɵҫ 77.0%
12,823 (113.48)
2.3%
90 (0.80)Ɵҫ 23.0%
1,477 ( 13.07)
6.1%
ޠڱ೩९
42 (0.37)
778 ( 6.88)
5.4%
ੰົᆶᛉ
52 (0.46)
2,272 ( 20.11)
2.3%
2 (0.02)Ɵҫ 3.9%
194 ( 1.72)
1.0%
36 (0.32)
2,280 ( 20.18)
1.6%
2 (0.02)Ɵҫ 5.6%
71 ( 0.63)
2.8%
ಡӘ
16 (0.14)
713 ( 6.31)
2.2%
ᓁࢍ
537 (4.75)
20,343 (180.03)
2.6%
ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ297 ІćϏඍĈ0 І πӮаඍதĈ100% πӮаඍॡมĈ82 ͇ ů˾ᐝ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈ* ኳྙЪࢍ߉߆ኳྙă९ኳྙᄃՙზኳྙĄ
**ޠڱ೩९̚۞ϲ؎೩९̏ˢᛨဥ೩९ĂҭϏࢍˢᓜॡ೩९Ą ˠӮĈՏˠπӮѨᇴćࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
62
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 3!
ௐ˛بϲ̳ົੰڱચࣶੜᇬ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐႾ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ˾ᐝ! ᓁᇴ! ೩९
ੰົᆶᛉ!
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
םથ
ᓁᇴ
ᙋ
-
5 (0.04)
-
7 2 103 (0.06) (0.02) (0.91)
67 25 92 11 2 15 2009 (0.59) (0.22) (0.81) (0.10) (0.02) (0.13)
-
12 7 137 (0.10) (0.06) (1.21)
62 20 82 7 2008 (0.55) (0.18) (0.73) (0.06)
ᓁᇴ
ࡁտ ᓁᇴ! ಡӘ!
73 20 93 14 2010 (0.65) (0.18) (0.83) (0.12)
-
17 2 13 5 142 (0.15) (0.02) (0.12) (0.04) (1.26)
99 25 124 10 2011 (0.88) (0.22) (1.10) (0.09)
-
15 (0.13)
-
2012
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 4 155 (0.04) (0.02) (1.37) -
-
-
90 2 52 2 36 16 537 301 391 42 ᓁࢍ (2.63) (0.83) (3.46) (0.37) (0.02) (0.46) (0.02) (0.32) (0.14) (4.75) ොĈ2008 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2008.02.01-2008.12.31Ą 2012 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2012.01.01-2012.01.31Ą ˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ
* ώܑĶੰົኢķ่ЕĶםથķᙷҾă؎ࣶົᆶᛉ่ЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
63
ܢᐂ 4!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆̳ચࣶੜЃ࠹ܛᙯڱ९Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
ੜЃܛ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
2,233 (3.87)
123,962 (214.84)
1.8%
2,134 (3.70)Ɵҫ 95.6%
118,854 (205.99)
1.8%
5,108 ( 8.85)
1.9%
̏ඍĈ2,051 ІćϏඍĈ83 І πӮаඍதĈ96% πӮаඍॡมĈ130 ͇ ů˾ᐝ
99 (0.17)Ɵҫ 4.4%
ޠڱ೩९
44 (0.08)
2,023 ( 3.51)
2.2%
ੰົᆶᛉ
536 (0.93)
1,163 ( 2.02)
46.1%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
455 (0.79)
3,681 ( 6.38)
12.4%
271 (0.47)Ɵҫ 59.6%
1,828 ( 3.17)
14.8%
ಡӘ
227 (0.39)
2,065 ( 3.58)
11.0%
ᓁࢍ
3,495 (6.06)
132,894 (230.32)
2.6%
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈˠӮѨᇴ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈᓁᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
64
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 5!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆̳ચࣶੜЃڱ९።ѐႾ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ
!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ!
ྙ! ˾ᐝ!
ᓁࢍ
ޠڱ ೩९
ੰົ ᆶᛉ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ! ᙋ
2007
190 12 (0.33) (0.02)
202 (0.35)
6 (0.01)
2008 -1
350 7 (0.61) (0.01)
357 (0.62)
4 57 20 (0.007) (0.10) (0.03)
2008 -2
290 2 292 (0.50) (0.003) (0.53)
0 -
83 22 (0.14) (0.04)
ᓁࢍ
ࡁտ! ಡӘ!
ᓁࢍ!
34 4 329 (0.06) (0.007) (0.57) 32 25 (0.06) (0.04)
475 (0.82)
16 57 (0.10) (0.03)
30 12 (0.05) (0.02)
391 (0.68)
2008 Ъࢍ
640 9 (1.11) (0.02)
649 (1.13)
4 (0.01)
114 36 (0.20) (0.06)
62 37 (0.11) (0.06)
866 (1.50)
2009
452 12 (0.78) (0.02)
464 (0.80)
6 (0.01)
83 52 (0.14) (0.09)
86 39 (0.15) (0.07)
678 (1.18)
2010
428 32 (0.74) (0.06)
460 (0.80)
12 (0.03)
79 85 (0.14) (0.15)
132 29 (0.23) (0.50)
712 (1.23)
2011
402 29 (0.70) (0.05)
431 (0.75)
13 (0.02)
147 71 (0.25) (0.12)
125 49 (0.22) (0.05)
765 (1.33)
5 22 3 30 5 16 69 27 (0.04) (0.008) (0.048) (0.005) (0.05) (0.008) (0.03) (0.12) 2,134 99 2,233 44 536 271 455 227 (3.70) (0.17) (3.87) (0.08) (0.93) (0.47) (0.79) (0.39)
145 (0.25)
2012 ᓁࢍ
3,495 (6.05)
ොĈ2007 ѐ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2007.01.01-2007.12.31Ą Я 2008 ѐ 2 ͡ 23 ͟ͽ࣒۞઼ڱޢጳ९఼࿅Ă߇ 2008-1 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.01.01-2008. 07.23Ą2008-2 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.07.24-2008.12.31Ą ˠӮ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈѨᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ
* ؎ࣶົᆶᛉ̚ΪЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
65
ܢᐂ 6!
ௐ˛بϲੰڱ၆઼֨ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ*
ᔉ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
47 (0.42)
14,300 (126.55)
0.3%
42 (0.37)Ɵҫ 89.4%
12,823 (113.48)
0.3%
5 (0.04)Ɵҫ 10.6%
1,477 ( 13.07)
0.3%
0
778 ( 6.88)
4 (0.04)
2,272 ( 20.11)
ůᛨဥםથ
-
194 ( 1.72)
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
2 (0.02)
2,280 ( 20.18)
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
-
71 ( 0.63)
-
ಡӘ
0
713 ( 6.31)
-
ᓁࢍ
53 (0.48)
20,343 (180.03)
ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ42 ІćϏඍĈ0 І πӮаඍதĈ100% πӮаඍॡมĈ62 ͇ ů˾ᐝ ޠڱ೩९** ੰົኢ
0.1% 0.1%
0.3%
ොĈ* ኳྙЪࢍ߉߆ኳྙă९ኳྙᄃՙზኳྙĄ ** ޠڱ೩९̚۞ϲ؎೩९̏ˢᛨဥ೩९ĂҭϏࢍˢᓜॡ೩९Ą
ˠӮĈՏˠπӮѨᇴćࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
66
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 7!
ௐ˛بϲົੰڱ၆ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐႾ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ˾ᐝ! ᓁᇴ! ೩९
15 2 2008 (0.13) (0.02)
ੰົᆶᛉ! םથ
ᓁᇴ **
؎ࣶົᆶߤ ᙋ
ᓁᇴ 1**** (0.009)
17 (0.15)
-
-
3 (0.02)
-
3 1 4 2009 (0.03) (0.009) (0.04)
-
-
-
-
7 2010 (0.06)
7 (0.12)
-
-
1*** (0.009)
-
19 (0.17)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
47 (0.41)
-
-
4 (0.04)
-
17 2 2011 (0.15) (0.02) 2012
-
-
42 5 ᓁࢍ (0.37) (0.04)
ࡁտ! ᓁᇴ! ಡӘ! -
21 (0.40)
-
4 (0.04)
-
9 (0.08)
-
-
19 (0.17)
-
-
-
-
-
2 (0.02)
-
53 (0.47)
1***** (0.009)
ොĈ2008 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2008.02.01-2008.12.31Ą 2012 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2012.01.01-2012.01.31Ą ˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ
* **
ώܑĶੰົኢķ่ЕĶםથķᙷҾă؎ࣶົᆶᛉ่ЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ 3 ඊӮᆶߤࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົ̝ಡӘćѣ 2 ඊࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົಡӘˠϔ̝ ኛᙸ९۞ᆶߤඕڍĂΩ 1 ඊࠎࡺॷᎩᛉົᑭӔ̝જᛉ९ĂӮܧᆶߤޠڱ೩९Ą
*** ࠎᆶߤγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົಡӘˠϔኛᙸ९̝ᆶߤඕڍĄ **** ࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົᆶߤˠϔ̝ኛᙸ९Ăޠڱܧ೩९Ą *****ࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົᆶߤˠϔ̝ኛᙸ९Ăޠڱܧ೩९Ą ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
67
ܢᐂ 8!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆઼֨ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९̝Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
ᔉ९࠹ᙯ࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
133 (0.232)
123,962 (214.840)
0.1%
132 (0.23)Ɵҫ 99.2%
118,854 (205.990)
0.1%
̏ඍĈ130 ІćϏඍĈ2 І πӮаඍதĈ98.5% πӮаඍॡมĈ144 ͇ ů˾ᐝ*
1 (0.002)Ɵҫ 0.8%
5,108 ( 8.850)
0.02%
ޠڱ೩९
7 (0.01)
2,023 ( 3.510)
0.3%
ੰົᆶᛉ
108 (0.19)
1,163 ( 2.020)
9.3%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
148 (0.26)
3,681 ( 6.380)
4.0%
84 (0.15)Ɵҫ 56.8%
1,828 ( 3.370)
4.6%
ಡӘ
145 (0.25)
2,065 ( 3.580)
7.0%
ᓁࢍ
541 (0.94)
132,894 (230.332)
0.4%
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈ* ˾ᐝኳྙЪࢍኳྙ߆عॡ߱۞ኳྙă˾ᐝኳྙ̙ኢăͽ̈́ኢ۞˾ᐝኳྙĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
68
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 9!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!!ޘ
ኳ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ೩९
ੰົ ᆶᛉ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ!
३ࢬ!
˾ᐝ!
ᓁᇴ
2007
22 (0.04)
-
22 (0.04)
1 14 6 (0.002) (0.02) (0.01)
2008 -1
28 (0.04)
-
28 (0.04)
2 12 5 8 12 (0.003) (0.02) (0.009) (0.01) (0.02)
2008 -2
11 (0.02)
-
11 (0.02)
2008 Ъࢍ
39 (0.07)
-
39 (0.07)
ᓁࢍ
ᓁࢍ!
10 1 48 (0.02) (0.002) (0.08) 62 (0.11)
17 14 (0.03) (0.02)
24 11 (0.04) (0.02)
63 (0.11)
2 29 19 (0.003) (0.05) (0.03)
32 23 (0.06) (0.04)
125 (0.22)
2009
34 1 35 1 15 22 (0.06) (0.002) (0.062) (0.002) (0.03) (0.06)
35 17 (0.08) (0.03)
103 (0.18)
2010
25 (0.04)
-
25 (0.04)
2 17 17 (0.003) (0.03) (0.03)
32 17 (0.06) (0.03)
93 (0.16)
2011
12 (0.02)
-
12 (0.02)
1 28 19 (0.002) (0.05) (0.03)
33 25 (0.06) (0.04)
99 (0.17)
-
-
1 6 62 5 (0.04) (0.002) (0.01) (0.11)
73 (0.13)
108 84 (0.19) (0.15)
541 (0.93)
2012 ᓁ ࢍ
-
-
ᙋ
ࡁտ! ಡӘ!
-
132 1 133 7 (0.23) (0.002) (0.232) (0.01)
148 145 (0.26) (0.25)
ොĈ2007 ѐ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2007.01.01-2007.12.31Ą Я 2008 ѐ 2 ͡ 23 ͟ͽ࣒۞઼ڱޢጳ९఼࿅Ă߇ 2008-1 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.01.012008.07.23Ą2008-2 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.07.24-2008.12.31Ą ˠӮ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈѨᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ
* ؎ࣶົᆶᛉ̚ΪЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
69
ܢᐂ 10!
ௐ˛بϲੰڱ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९̝Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ*
८ਕ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
153 (1.35)
14,300 (126.55)
1.1%
96 (0.85)Ɵҫ 62.7%
12,823 (113.48)
0.8%
57 (0.50)Ɵҫ 37.3%
1,477 ( 13.07)
3.9%
7 (0.06)
778 ( 6.88)
0.9%
10 (0.09)
2,272 ( 20.11)
0.4%
ůᛨဥםથ
2 (0.02)Ɵҫ 20.0%
194 ( 1.72)
0.5%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
48 (0.42)
2,280 ( 20.18)
2.1%
0
71 ( 0.63)
-
ಡӘ
6 (0.05)
713 ( 6.31)
0.8%
ᓁࢍ
224 (1.98)
20,343 (180.03)
1.1%
ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ95 ІćϏඍĈ1 І ů˾ᐝ
πӮаඍதĈ99% πӮаඍॡมĈ52 ͇
ޠڱ೩९** ੰົᆶᛉ
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈ* ኳྙЪࢍ߉߆ኳྙă९ኳྙᄃՙზኳྙĄ
**ޠڱ೩९̚۞ϲ؎೩९̏ˢᛨဥ೩९ĂҭϏࢍˢᓜॡ೩९Ą ˠӮĈՏˠπӮѨᇴćࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
70
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 11!
ௐ˛بϲົੰڱ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ˾ᐝ! ᓁᇴ! ೩९
ੰົᆶᛉ! םથ
ᓁᇴ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ ᙋ
ᓁᇴ
ࡁտ! ᓁᇴ! ಡӘ!
2008
13 10 23 1 2 2 (0.12) (0.09) (0.20) (0.009) (0.02) (0.02)
-
15 5 46 (0.13) (0.04) (0.41)
2009
12 2 14 (0.11) (0.02) (0.12)
-
-
-
11 (0.10)
2010
8 5 13 (0.07) (0.04) (0.12)
-
-
2 (0.02)
-
5 1 23 (0.04) (0.009) (0.20)
2011
63 40 103 6 (0.56) (0.35) (0.91) (0.05)
-
5 (0.04)
-
17 (0.15)
-
131 (1.16)
-
1 (0.009)
-
-
-
1 (0.009)
2012 ᓁࢍ
-
-
-
-
57 96 153 7 (0.85) (0.50) (1.35) (0.06)
-
2 10 (0.02) (0.09)
-
-
25 (0.22)
6 48 224 (0.42) (0.05) (1.98)
ොĈ2008 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2008.02.01-2008.12.31Ą 2012 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2012.01.01-2012.01.31Ą ˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ
* ώܑĶੰົኢķ่ЕĶםથķᙷҾă؎ࣶົᆶᛉ่ЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
71
ܢᐂ 12!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९̝Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ!
८ਕ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
1,184 (2.05)
123,962 (214.84)
0.9%
1,172 (2.03)Ɵҫ 99.0%
118,854 (205.99)
1.0%
12 (0.02)Ɵҫ 1.0%
5,108 ( 8.85)
0.2%
ޠڱ೩९
29 (0.05)
2,023 ( 3.51)
1.4%
ੰົᆶᛉ
356 (0.62)
1,163 ( 2.02)
30.6%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
208 (0.36)
3,681 ( 6.38)
5.7%
117 (0.20)Ɵҫ 56.3%
1,828 ( 3.17)
6.4%
ಡӘ
197 (0.34)
2,065 ( 3.58)
9.5%
ᓁࢍ
1,974 (3.42)
132,894 (230.32)
1.5%
ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ1,125 ІćϏඍĈ47 І πӮаඍதĈ95% πӮаඍॡมĈ106 ͇ ů˾ᐝ
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
72
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 13!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ 2007
ኳ
ྙ!
३ࢬ!
˾ᐝ!
ᓁᇴ
ޠڱ ೩९
76 (0.13)
-
76 (0.13)
6 (0.01)
ੰົ ᆶᛉ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ! ᙋ
52 8 (0.09) (0.01)
ᓁࢍ
ࡁտ! ಡӘ!
ᓁࢍ!
14 3 151 (0.02) (0.005) (0.26)
2008 -1
129 4 38 8 1 130 (0.22) (0.002) (0.222) (0.007) (0.07) (0.01)
8 24 (0.01) (0.04)
204 (0.36)
2008 -2
184 (0.32)
35 11 (0.06) (0.02)
29 9 (0.05) (0.02)
257 (0.45)
2008 Ъࢍ
4 73 20 313 1 314 (0.54) (0.002) (0.542) (0.007) (0.13) (0.03)
37 33 (0.06) (0.06)
461 (0.80)
2009
227 1 (0.39) (.002)
228 3 55 30 (0.392) (0.005) (0.10) (0.05)
48 31 (0.08) (0.05)
365 (0.63)
2010
319 6 (0.55) (0.01)
325 (0.56)
3 58 36 (0.005) (0.10) (0.06)
53 22 (0.09) (0.04)
461 (0.80)
2011
225 3 228 11 (0.39) (0.005) (0.395) (0.02)
50 42 (0.08) (0.07)
428 (0.74)
2012
12 2 21 2 6 66 1 13 (0.02) (0.002) (0.022) (0.005) (0.04) (0.005) (0.01) (0.11)
108 (0.19)
ᓁࢍ
1,172 12 (2.03) (0.02)
1,974 (3.42)
-
184 (0.32)
1,184 (2.05)
-
29 (0.33)
97 22 (0.17) (0.04)
356 117 (0.62) (0.20)
208 197 (0.36) (0.34)
ොĈ2007 ѐ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2007.01.01-2007.12.31Ą Я 2008 ѐ 2 ͡ 23 ͟ͽ࣒۞઼ڱޢጳ९఼࿅Ă߇ 2008-1 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.01.01-2008.07.23Ą2008-2 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.07.24-2008.12.31Ą ˠӮ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈѨᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ
* ؎ࣶົᆶᛉ̚ΪЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
73
Exploration of Parliamentary Oversight Behaviors under Semi-Presidentialism: A Comparison between Taiwanese Legislative Yuan and French National Assembly* Da-chi Liao** & Yueh-ching Chen***
Abstract This paper explores and compares the parliamentary oversight behaviors in the different sub-types of semi-presidentialism, namely Shugart & Carey’s president-parliamentarism and premier-presidentialism. It further transforms Polsby’s concept of a legislative performance spectrum into a “show-work” spectrum, and then utilizes this to evaluate and compare the oversight behaviors of the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, which represents “president- parliamentarism”, and the “premier-presidential” French National Assembly. Based on the theoretical logic of the two sub-types, this paper also selects three issues to compare and examine the oversight behaviors in Taiwan and France, namely the public servant pension system, military acquisition and procurement, and nuclear power. The time span covered by this research is the period between 2007 and 2012, in which both countries experienced a unified government. Moreover, seven jurisdictional powers that are crucial to the exercise of parliamentary oversight functions are subject to detailed data collection and substantial comparison. This paper finds that the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan is leaning toward a “show” style of oversight behavior, while the French National Assembly is more
* **
DOI:10.6166/TJPS.69(27-74) Professor, Institute of Political Science, National Sun Yat-sen University. E-mail: Email: [email protected] ***PhD, Institute of Political Science, National Sun Yat-sen University. E-mail: [email protected]
74
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
of a “work” style. However, both parliaments encounter some similar constraints in conducting their oversight duties. The paper, in conclusion, illustrates its research limits and plausible contributions to parliamentary affairs as well as semi-presidential studies. Keywords: Semi-presidentialism, President-parliamentarism, Premierpresidentialism, Parliamentary Oversight Behaviors, Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, French National Assembly
Ηᓁ˭ט ઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ* ၐ྿൝**ăౘࣦ͡***
ၡ
ࢋ
ώ͛ͽଣͧྵ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁ۞ົ઼˭טႾ༛үࠎĂ֭ͽ Shugart and Carey ۞Ķᓁůᛉົķ̈́ĶᓁநůᓁķѨᙷͧࠎݭ ྵमள۞நኢଯኢޥ҂ૄᖂĂГֶ Polsby ̝ໄهĂ೩Ķܑႊů၁үķ ۞Ⴞ༛้ШЍᙉĂͽࠎෞณώ͛ٙͧྵܑĶᓁůᛉົķ۞טέ៉ ϲੰڱĂܑ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁķ઼઼ڱ۞טϔᛉົႾ༛үࠎ้Ш۞ֶ ፂĄώ͛Гֶ۞ݭᙷநኢទᏭĂ̶ҾᏴĶੜᇬޘטķ ă ĶᔉયᗟķĂ ̈́Ķ८ਕ८ķඈˬᛉᗟĂֽଣീᑭෛέă۞ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛үࠎĄ έăົ઼ڱдˬᛉᗟ߆ٺᛨ˘۞៍၅ഇมĂд 7 ี࠹ᙯᖚᝋ ٙणன۞Ⴞ༛үࠎߏĈέ៉ϲྵੰڱᛳٺĶܑႊ้Шķ Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົ णனྵૻ۞Ķ၁ү้Шķ Ą̙࿅Ă̝ົ઼Ⴞ༛˵ѣВТӧဩćώ͛ ޢᄲځѩࡁտ۞ࢨ̈́ט၆၁ચΞਕ۞ᚥĄ ᙯᔣෟĈ Ηᓁטăᓁůᛉົטăᓁநůᓁטă઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫү ࠎăέ៉ϲੰڱă઼઼ڱϔᛉົ
*
DOI:10.6166/TJPS.69(27-74)Ąώ͛ຏᔁҜઠЩᆶߤˠٙ೩ֻ۞ᚗෳຍ֍ĄѩγĂώ ͛࠹ᙯྤफ़۞ᕜ̈́פநඈ࠹ᙯྤੈԫఙ۞೩ֻĂౌϤ̋̂̚ጯ߆ڼٙ౾࣏̀ᏴˠՂ ٚАϠםӄĂপѩᔁĄ ** ̋̂̚ጯ߆ڼጯࡁտٙିĂEmail: [email protected]Ą ***̋̂̚ጯ߆ڼጯࡁտٙ౾̀ĂEmail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 5 ͡ 27 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 8 ͡ 15 ͟
28
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ಥă݈֏ ώ͛ྏဦଣͧྵ࣎Ηᓁ઼טछ઼̚ົ۞၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎĄ઼࣎ छߏ઼̈́ڱέ៉Ă઼ົ̶Ҿߏ઼ϔᛉົ̈́ϲੰڱĂ ĶႾ༛ķଳᇃཌྷ̝ᄲĂ ӈ၆Җ߆ొءٕܝဈਕౄј߉߆ٕҖજ˯۞ᑅ˧ĂࠤٕԼត۞Їң߿જĄ ͧྵࡁտഇมჸ൏ ٺ2007-2012 5 ѐ̝มĄ1 ώ͛ٙͽઇѩΗᓁ˭ט ྵજၗࢬ۞઼ົႾ༛үࠎଣĂࢋநϤΞ̶ࠎαბĂͽ˭̶Ҿᄲ̝ځĄ ࢵАĂΗᓁ۞טপኳкჸ൏ٺᗕҖ߆ࢵܜĂЯ็ጳ߆វᙷ̶˟ט ˭۞ᓁ̰̈́טᅦטӮࠎ˘̮Җ߆ᅳጱĂ҃జෛࠎ̬˟ٺ۰̝ม۞ĶΗᓁ טķ Ăੵ˞ѣϔᏴ઼ົ఼̈́૱ܧϔᏴ۞ᓁநγĂ˵ѣϔᏴᓁĂᓁநᄃᓁ ࢋ̶ࢴҖ߆ᝋĂ҃࣎Җ߆ࢵܜม۞ᝋ˧ᨋॾᄃ઼ົ̚߆ᛨ֎Ғ۞ా જĂкјࠎ͛ᚥଣ۞ࢦᕇĂ͌ޝݒѣ͛ᚥଣ৶Ηᓁົ઼۞˭טтңႾ ༛Җ߆ᝋĞၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013Ĉ51-97ğĄ ѨĂ ĶႾ༛ķ̏ߏ 20 ͵ࡔͽࢫϔ઼छ઼ົࢦࢋ۞ΑਕĄЯࠎĶႾ ༛ķᔵߏĶ̰ᅦטķҖ߆ăϲڱᝋ˧Ъ˘˭ٙనؠග઼ົࢋ۞Αਕć ҭͽĶˬᝋ̶ϲķ۞நኢទᏭ҃ޙၹ۞Ķᓁטķ Ăܐᔵߏనົ઼ؠ ࢋ۞ΑਕߏĶϲڱķ ĂҭҖ߆ᝋ͟ৈᘀ̂Ăᖚਕᕖૺߏᓝ͵࠰۞ᔌ๕Ăͷ к၁ᅫΒឦ˞ϲ̍۞ڱĂ߇үࠎĶᓁטķቑ۞઼࡚Ăౌତົ઼צ ͽЧϲڱᆶᛉ۞Ԕ̈́೩९ăᙋඈүࠎĂֽ྿זѣĶႾ༛ķҖ߆۞Ķט Ꮚķड़ڍĞ߉ਕĂ1987ğĄ ௐˬĂΗᓁົ઼۞˭טႾ༛ĂдࢬޘטĂ͍็ͽߏטڱश۞ ෛ֎ֽྋژĂ͛ᚥ˯ᔵ̙кĂ̙࿅Ăၐ྿൝ඈഅဘྏέă۞ົ઼઼ڱ Ⴞ༛ޘטĂ̶ј઼ົፋវă؎ࣶົ̈́࣎Ҿᛉࣶˬᆸࢬ఼ֽሹͧྵĂ˵൴ன έ៉ϲੰڱдႾ༛ᖚᝋ۞ЧࢬШనࢍ˯ྵ้ШᓁטĂ઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົ ྵ้Ш̰ᅦטĂྍֶ֭͛ѩҿᕝϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛ਕณᑕૻ࿅઼ϔᛉົĞ2013Ĉ 51-97ğćҭ۞ࢬޘטనࢍߏӎਕᄃ၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎ࠹ײᑕĉྍ֭͛Ϗஎˢ
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ࢋߏͽ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ۞Їഇࠎ҂ณĂௐ 13 ۞بЇഇߏଂ 2007-2012 ѐĂԧ઼ϲੰڱ ߏௐ 7 ۞ب2008-2012 ѐĄᏴፄநϤົ͛ޢᄲځĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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ଣĄ͍Ă̰ᅦؕࣧ۞ົ઼טჟৠߏĶႾ༛ķ ĂĶႾ༛ķ̍۞నࢍ˵ кֱć2 Ķᓁטķ۞ĶႾ༛ķ ĂߏᅃӄĶϲڱķ۞፟ၹĞтӄநበЕă ࡁտᏙྙ፟ၹ۞ޙཉğౌৼˢĂ̖ਕᄃ̰ᅦܜྵ˘טൺĞFish and Kroenig, 2009ğ ć҃Ηᓁົ઼۞˭טĂߏтң၁ᅫซҖႾ༛ĉ˫тңͅᑕ̙Т۞ Ηᓁົ઼˭ݭᙷטႾ༛۞मளĉߏၐ྿൝ඈ˘͛Ă่ͽ็ࢬޘט ֽᏊณ઼ົႾ༛ਕณٙڱаඍ۞Ă˵ֹܳώ͛Ћဦͽ၁ᙋ۞Җࠎࡁտֽ ઇซ˘Վଣ৶Ą ௐαĂ Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķ۞၁ᅫүࠎߏજၗࢬ۞̷ˢĂੵ˞ߏؼᜈ݈ᐖၗ ۞ࢬޘטଣ৶Ă˵ԓ୕аᑕ߆ڼጯ 90 ѐͽࢫٙᎸ۞Ķາޘטཌྷķ शĂᏉЪޘטᄃҖࠎĂ֭࠹ޘטܫᄃҖࠎ۞̢જّćٙͽώ͛۞ဘྏĂ˵ ߏૄߊٺέăົ઼۞ڱѣ࠹༊̙Т۞Ⴞ༛ޘטనࢍĂநኢ˯˵ົͅߍд ၁ᅫ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎ̚Ăҭտౣтңͅᑕĉέ៉ϲੰڱઐᓁטనࢍٙᏜ۞ ĶૻķႾ༛ਕณĂтңᛖٸĉ઼઼ڱϔᛉົઐ̰ᅦטనࢍĂజෞࠎྵĶऴķ ۞Ⴞ༛ਕณĂ˫ৌߏĶऴႾ༛ķĉ͍Ăт݈͛ٙ೩Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົઐ Ķ̰ᅦטķপኳĂߏܑϯѣͽĶႾ༛ķࠎࢋᖚԠ۞็ٚĂĶႾ༛ķ̝ ၁ᅫүࠎĂӈֹЯҖ߆ϲ۞ڱЪ˘ّĂٕ̙ົૻ˧ၓពĶႾ༛ķ˧Ğт ͽ˾ᐝኳྙֽዩᛶğ Ăҭᙱ̙ົд࠹ᙯᝋయቑಛ̰Ӆ˧ਆਅĞтੰ ົٕ؎ࣶົ̝ᆶᛉğ ĉֱѣޞซ˘Վᗃ۞યᗟĂӈၹјᇤᆷώ͛۞ॲώ જЯĄ ώ͛ᔵૄ˯ͽٺٙᕩৼ۞αีநϤĂຍ୬ଣ͛ᚥ˯ࠤ͌ଣ৶Ăજၗ ڶېՀ͌ᛈ̈́۞̙ТᙷݭΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛۞၁ᅫүࠎĂҭ˵நྋ ีဘྏ۞ӧᙱᄃࢨטĄტЪֽĂώ͛࿃۞זӧᙱϺΞ̶ࠎα̂ᙷĂͽ ˭ᖎ̝Ă֭˘׀ᄲځώ͛۞Яᑕନ߉ٕࢨטĄ ࢵАಶߏ̙ТΗᓁົ઼˭ݭᙷטႾ༛үࠎ࠹ᙯநኢଣ۞ೀܕৌ۩ ېၗĄѣᙯĶΗᓁטķ۞Ѩᙷݭᔵ̙ͻଣĞָڒᐷĂ2002ćӓϜ̋Ă 2001ćૺधᄹĂ2011ćShugart and Carey, 1992ğĂ Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķ۞ޘטᝋࢨͧ 2
ּт̰ᅦ઼טछ۞Ⴞ༛̍ЍߏĶኳྙķಶ˫Ξ̶ࠎĶྙયķĞquestionğᄃĶኳયķ Ğinterpellationğᙷݭćࣆᅦᝋ۞ޘטనࢍ˫Ξ̶ࠎᓁந۞ܫЇ९೩ᝋĂͽ઼̈́ ົᛉࣶ۞̙ܫЇ९೩ᝋ͞ёĄЯѩĂ࿆҃֏Ă̰ᅦ઼טछ۞Ⴞ༛Ķ̍ķົ ྵкĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ྵ˵ᅲѣ˘ֱĞFish and Kroening, 2009ćMessick, 2002ćHagg and McCubbins, 2001ćPelizzo and Stapenhurst, 2004, 201ćၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğĂҖࠎࢬ۞઼ ົ၁ᅫүࠎ̝நኢ̈́၁ᙋ̶ژĂ˵അனд͛ᚥ˯ĂপҾߏͽҖࠎཌྷ༊ ۞̱〇̈́˛〇ѐࠎкĞPolsby, 1975ćMezey, 1979ćLoewenberg et al., 1985ğĄܕѐ੫၆ಏ˘઼ົĂ˵ѣ Lazardeux (2009: 287-309) ଣົ઼઼ڱ Ⴞ༛Җࠎ̝ႊតĂ3 ҭࢋĶ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁטķăĶ઼ົႾ༛ķĂ̈́Ķ၁ᅫ үࠎķˬ۰ΐд˘۞͛ᚥĂٕਕॶۊ࠹ᙯநኢໄ۞هĂ࠻ֽߏଂĄ ώ͛ࢬ၆ีᛉᗟ۞நኢৌ۩ېၗĂٙଳ۞פନ߉ߏᏴፄ˘ี̶ޘט ᙷநኢĂਕͅߍέăڱĶΗᓁטķ۞ޘטमளઇࠎؕᕇĂГֶѩ ޘטमள۞̰உΝၹࡁޥտඉரćГଂ઼ົႾ༛Җࠎ၁ᅫࢬ͛ᚥ̚Ăᕜפ Ξͽྭᙷ۞֭ͧݭநኢ॰ߛĂͽઇࠎ၁ᅫҖࠎͧྵ۞ֶፂĄ݈۰ώ͛Ᏼ۞ ߏ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992) ۞ĶᓁůᛉົטķĞpresident-parliamentarismğ ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ Ğ premier-presidentialismğ۞ีѨᙷݭĂޢ۰ ߏPolsby ᛉົܑனΑਕ۞ЍᙉໄهĞ1975Ĉ277ğĄࠎңઇᇹ۞Ᏼፄ̈́тңྻϡĂ ົ̶Ҿд˭ࢬ۞˟ăˬ༼Ѩ̚ᄲځĄ ѨĂώ͛ࢬ၆۞ᙱᗟߏྭ઼ͧྵ۞၆ඈّĂέăڱᔵТజᕩᙷࠎĶΗ ᓁטķĂҭЧҋ൴ण۞ྫ̈́ॡม̙ТĂ4 ઼઼̰ڱጯ۰ࠤͷ̙ಈజइϡ ᕩᙷࠎĶΗᓁטķĂͷૻአ۞઼ڱጳ߆វૄטώᏲ؇۞ߏĶкᇴڼநķ Ğmajority ruleğĂ̙ߏˬᝋ̶ϲĞMillard, 2013ğĄ҃έ៉۞ጳ߆វטĂĶк ᇴڼநķࣧ።གྷкѨ࣒ጳ̈́߆ᛨആ۞ზࢍĂѝ̙̏ߏਕѣВᙊ۞ྻү ࣧĂ҃ͅĶˬᝋ̶ϲķᄲࠤᛱဧ˯Ğၐ྿൝ඈĂ2006ğ ćϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱ ົ۞ؠҜ֎ҒĂྕт݈̏೩̈́۞ၐ͛ٙĂ݈۰ྵઐᓁົ઼۞טĂྵߏ 3
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Lazardeux അ၆ົ઼઼ڱซҖ઼ົႾ༛۞ࡁտĂࡁտពϯĂົ઼઼ڱдྻү˯ѣֽ кͷֽஎˢ۞઼ົႾ༛ҖࠎĂͽ̈́ͅ၆ᛨјᾼ၆߆عҖજ۞ᐛதᆧΐĄ҃Ă Җ߆ᝋдௐ̣Вጳֳ̚ڱѣᐹ๕Ă઼ົ۞ྻүϺͽѣड़кᇴࠎྻүૄᖂĂϤѩଯኢĂ ଂޘט൴۞నᄃͽ߆ᛨ߆ૄࠎڼᖂ۞઼ົႾ༛ࡁտ̝నĂд઼ڱϏਕᒔགྷរᙋ ፂ۞͚ĄЯѩᄮࠎĂͅ၆ᛨᔵ̪ߏ઼ົႾ༛۞˧Ăҭ઼ົ̰ొкᇴᛨώ֗۞ ̶ෘ̖ߏጱົ઼઼ڱܕႾ༛Җࠎႊត۞ЯĄ ԧ઼ҋ 1997 ѐ࣒ጳ̝ޢĂጳ߆វ̖טјࠎĶΗᓁטķ ć ٺߏ઼ڱ1958 ѐ఼࿅၁Җ ௐ̣ВጳڱಶฟؕซˢٙᏜĶΗᓁטķ۞ጳ߆ॡഇĂЧҋ൴णྫĂέ៉ኛણ֍ ăӓϜ̋Ğ2006ć2012ğ ć઼ڱኛણ֍ૺέអĞ2010ğ ăૈۿĞ2010ğĄ ౘາϔĞ2002ğ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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ͽ֭ϲĶטᏊķֽႾ༛Ăޢ۰ۢͽߏଐםүֽ၁ኹĶႾ༛ķᖚయĄ ۰Ξ၆ඈͧྵĉтڍГĶ઼ົķ۞ԛё˯ޘטщଵˢኢĂ˫ߏ Ω˘યᗟĄЯੰ˟ߏົ઼۞઼ڱĂ˯ੰߏણᛉੰĞSénatğĂ˭ੰߏ઼ϔᛉ ົĂέ៉ϫ่݈ѣϲੰڱಏੰćҭࢋ၆ඈͧྵĂߏੰ၆˘ੰĉᔘߏ˘ ၆˘ĉ ੫၆࣎Ķ၆ඈͧྵķયᗟĂώ͛၆ّኳ̙Т۞઼ົયᗟĂଳ۞פ ߏ Lijphart (1988: 54-70)ĶΞͧྵ࣎९ķ۞ඉரĂலౣனѣధк͛ᚥ̏ڱ ઼ৼˢĶΗᓁטķᙷݭĂͷᄃέ៉Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķྵͧ۞ࢬޘטĂ˵̏ј ͛Ğၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğ Ăώ͛୬ଂְ۞Ⴞ༛၁ᅫүࠎ۞ҖࠎࢬͧྵĂՀߏྵ Νਔඛ̼۞ͧྵࡁտඉரĄҌٺௐ˟࣎ԛё̙ТયᗟĂώ͛˘тၐ྿൝ඈ Ğ2013ğٙଳ̝ඉரĂͽߏ઼̪ڱѣ၁ᝋ۞Ķ઼ϔᛉົķࠎಏ˘ͧྵᇾ۞Ă έ៉ಶߏϲੰڱĄ ௐˬ࣎ᙱᗟώ͛ࢬ၆۞ߏĶ઼ົႾ༛үࠎķፆү۞ӧᙱĄтώ͛ٙଳ ৼ۞Ⴞ༛ؠཌྷĂΪࢋਕĶ၆Җ߆ొءٕܝဈౄј߉߆ٕҖજ˯۞ᑅ˧Ăࠤ ٕԼត۞Їң߿જķౌზĂдѩ˘ᇃ˭ؠࠧھĂ઼ົ̚ᄃҖ߆ొܝϒёٕ ܧϒёତᛈҖࠎҬౌѣజ៍၅۞υࢋĂЯࠎౌѣΞਕԛјᑅ˧ٕԼតćҭ ಶࡁտ၁ચ҃֏ĂԆБઇ̙זĄࢬ၆ѩ˘ᙱᗟĂώ͛ଳ۞פඉரߏͽֶ ઼ົϒёטڱᖚᝋٙயϠ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂઇѣր۞៍၅̈́ᐂĄٙᏜ઼ົ ϒёטڱᖚᝋĂΒ߁ኳྙă೩९ăڱ९ᆶᛉăᙋඈඈćέăົ઼઼ڱ дֱᖚᝋ˯ٕѣֱˢĂώ͛ົдௐણ༼Ķࡁտనࢍ̈́͞ڱķ̚ГᄲځĄ ҌֱٺϒёᖚᝋயϠ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂѣ՟ѣ၆Җ߆ొܝౄјᑅ˧Ăࠤ ٕԼតĂώ͛ٚᄮߏࢨטĂͽώ͛ϫ݈ᇤᆷ۞ఢሀ̈́ਕϡ۞ྤ҃֏Ă إڱѣड़ᏊณĶႾ༛үࠎķ၁ᅫயϠ۞ᇆᜩĂٙͽώ͛дᇾᗟ˵่ᇾϯĈ Ķ઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣķĄ ௐα࣎ᙱᗟಶߏ࠹ᙯྤफ़ᄓะ۞ӧᙱ˞Ąӈֹώ͛న៍ؠ၅ົ઼Ⴞ ༛үࠎ۞ᇾ۞ߏĶֶϒёᖚᝋயϠ۞ķ Ă࠹ᙯྤफ़۞ྭ઼ᄓะĂᔘࢋਕͧ׀Ă Ȉ̶̙ٽĂͷྤफ़ณᘀ̂ᓄᗔĂӈֹѣྤੈԫఙˠ˧םӄᕜפፋநĂϺᙱ ઇܜॡมٕፖᕝࢬБొ࠹ᙯүࠎ۞ፋĄώ͛ଳ۞פඉரдॡഇ͞ࢬߏͽ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܕഇਕᄓะזԆፋྤफ़۞ົഇĂ֭ੵΝ߆ᛨЯ৵۞̒ᕘĂ 5 ˵ಶߏͽҖ߆ ᝋ̈́ϲڱᝋӮࠎ˘߆ᛨ۞઼ົЇഇĂͷ઼ਕྵТՎઇॡม̷ᕇĂᏴ ۞ॡഇߏέ៉۞ௐ 7 بϲੰڱĞ2008-2012ğ Ăߏ઼ڱௐ 13 ઼۞بϔᛉົ Ğ2007-2012ğĄдѩ˘ॡഇ̰Ăώ͛˫ֶĶາޘטཌྷķशٙૻአ۞ט ޘᄃҖࠎ۰۞̢જّĂֶೈĶᓁůᛉົķ̈́ĶᓁநůᓁķѨᙷ۞ݭ ጳ߆ఢቑទᏭ઼̈́ົᛉࣶநّҋӀ۞ࣧநĞMayhew, 1974ğ Ăֽ߄ءဈ͞ ࢬ۞ĶੜᇬķĂ८ਕ͞ࢬ۞Ķ८ķĂ઼̈́֨͞ࢬ۞ĶᔉķඈĂઇࠎܑ ᛉᗟซҖͧྵĂᏴፄֱᛉᗟࠎ̶ژ၆෪۞វநϤĂົᄲځдௐણ༼Ķࡁ տనࢍ̈́͞ڱķ̚Ą ፋ҃֏Ăώ͛ྏဦଣͧྵ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛۞၁ᅫү ࠎĂ֭Ᏼፄ Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķࠎט ۞ࢬ͞ޘҋតีĂГͽ Polsby ۞ᛉົΑਕЍᙉໄهĂӔன઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫү ࠎଂĶܑႊķזĶ၁үķ۞ݭϹᖐត้̼ШĂઇࠎநኢ˯ޘטצᇆᜩ۞៍ ၅ᇾĞֶតีğ ćҌٺĶᓁůᛉົטķٕĶᓁநůᓁטķົౄјͧྵ ĶܑႊķٕĶ၁үķົ઼۞ݭႾ༛үࠎĉЯ࠹ᙯ۞ࡁտ͛ᚥ၁͉ංᓠĂ ̙֖ͽᕩৼଯኢѣड़۞நኢనć߇ώ͛ᔵፋЪޘטᄃགྷរࡁտ۞ इநኢĂҭ̪ͽୁ൴ёĞheuristicğ۞ࡁտؠҜĂ6 ӈဘྏଂѣࢨ۞၁ᙋ९ ּĂֽଣ৶Ηᓁ̙˭טТѨᙷݭనࢍᄃົ઼Ⴞ༛үࠎ۞ΞਕᙯᓑĄྎ ۞நኢࡦഀ̈́࠹ᙯ၁ᙋࡁտඈĂӮᄲ༼۞ࢬ˭ٺځѨ̚Ą
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Яࠎ߆ᛨົᇆᜩΗᓁྻ۞טүĂ̈́Җ߆ϲڱᙯܼĂтೠҖ߆ăϲ߆۞ڱᛨ̙˘Ă д઼ڱഅѣνΠВڶې۞ڼĂдέ៉ ߏ2000-2008 ѐม۞ഈ̈̂ԩۋԊࢬćጯ۰ ˵૱ֶ߆ᛨೠᝋଐڶĂ̶ᙷ̙Тݭၗ۞ΗᓁטĞтӓϜ̋Ă2001ćૺधᄹĂ2011 ඈ ࡁտğ Ąҭέăڱϫ݈Ч͞ޘטనࢍౌనڱдഴ͌Җ߆ăϲڶې˘̙۞ڱĂ઼͍ڱ ҋ 2000 ѐͽࢫĂᖣ࣒ጳᒺൺᓁЇഇ֭ᄃ઼ົࡗரТՎᏴᓝĂͽഴ͌νΠВ۞ڼ፟ ົć҃ѣٙᏜጳ߆វטĶᓁ̼ķ้ШĞૈۿĂ2010ğĄΞᄲ̏ያܕĶᓁ઼ົטķ ˭ᓁڶې۞߆઼ڼĂҭЯጳ߆Ԕ˯Ă̰ᅦᔘߏͽ၆઼ົయࠎࢋĂᓁ఼૱д ༊ᏴޢĂົֶၚּކοੜ߆ᛨĂГΐ˯έ៉۞ᓁ઼ົ̰۞˭טᅦ఼૱ᄃ઼ົˠְ ྵ̙Ϲ߹Ă҃۞઼ڱᓁநᓁ̰۞˭טᅦᄃ઼ົˠְϹ߹ྵღĞၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğĂ ߇ᄃέ៉̪ᛳݭᙷٺĄ ୁ൴ёࡁտڱຍĂૄٺགྷរٕҿᕝ˧۞ࡁտ͞ڱĂᔵܲڱᙋߏָྋՙᏱڱĂ ҭ̙εࠎਕྋՙયᗟ۞р͞ڱĞFoulds, 1983: 929ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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෮ăநኢ̈́၁ᙋаᜪ тĶ݈֏ķٙ̚೩ĂᄃĶΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎķѣᙯ۞͛ᚥĂ ͍ᔘঘྵ઼ͧྭזĂߏޝց֍۞Ăтᔘࢋኢ̈́Ķநኢķ ĂՀೀ۩ܕϨĄ ώ͛۞͛ᚥаᜪ˜ಶΞਕѣᙯĂͷᔘѣநኢຍஉ۞ࡁտĂ̂វ̶јΗᓁ טѨᙷݭă઼ົႾ༛ࢬޘטă઼̈́ົႾ༛Җࠎࢬˬ̂ડֽፋநĂ֭ᄲځ ώ͛Ᏼྻפϡ࠹ᙯநኢ̝ࣧϤĄ ಶĶΗᓁטѨᙷݭķ۞ଣ͞ࢬĂѝ೩̶ᙷ۞ߏ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992)Ăૄώଳϡ၆Ηᓁྵטᚑॾ۞ؠཌྷᇾĂ7 ଂĶᓁ۞ᝋ˧ķᄃ Ķ̰ᅦయ۞၆෪ķ ĂΗᓁࠎ̶טĶᓁůᛉົטķᄃĶᓁநůᓁטķ Ą ̚Ăᓁᝋ˧˫Ξડ̶ࠎĶϲڱᝋķᄃĶܧϲڱᝋķćϲڱᝋΒӣ ӎՙᝋĞБొٕొ̶ğăڱఢ΄ᝋăҫ೩९ᝋĞܲপ߆ؠඉᅳાğă ზ೩९ᝋĂᄃ̳ϔኑՙᝋćܧϲڱᝋΒӣј̰ᅦăྋੵ̰ᅦᖚચă઼ ົ᜔యᝋĂᄃྋ઼ົᝋĞ1992Ĉ150-51ğĄĶ̰ᅦయ۞၆෪ķ̶јШ ઼ົయĂٕТॡࢋШᓁ઼̈́ົయᙷ̂ĄShugart ̈́ Carey ˟̶ᙷ۞ ࢦᕇࢋٸдĶ̰ᅦ၆ኡయķ˘ีĂΪᅮШ઼ົయ۞ࠎĶᓁநůᓁ טķĂࢋШ઼ົ̈́ᓁᗕࢬయ۞ӈࠎĶᓁůᛉົטķĂЯࠎᓁᝋ˧ ˘ีĂЩϫ˯ᔵ̶ϲܧٕڱϲڱᝋĂҭдΗᓁ۞טጳ߆నࢍ̚Ăౌᙱ Һঘ̈́Ą ֶ Shugart ̈́ Carey ̶̝ᙷĂ Ķᓁநůᓁטķ۞পᇈΞᄲߏĈ ĶᓁϤ ϔᏴ͞ёயϠĂᓁጾѣ࠹༊ࢦࢋ۞ᝋ˧Ăͽ̈́Ϥᓁந̰ᅦેҖҖ߆Α ਕĂ֭Ш઼ົయķĄ҃ĶᓁůᛉົטķߏĈĶᓁϤϔᏴ͞ёயϠă ᓁЇҺ̰ᅦᅦࣶă̰ᅦᅦࣶܫ۞ົ઼ٺטצĂͽ̈́ᓁѣྋ઼ົᝋ ٕϲڱᝋĂٕߏ۰ౌѣķ Ğ1992Ĉ23-24ğĄдᇹ۞̶ᙷߛၹ˭Ăέ៉ͧ 7
ྵᚑॾ۞ؠཌྷߏϤ Duverger (1980: 161) ٙ೩۞Ηᓁؠ۞טཌྷĂᄮࠎĂΗᓁט ၹј۞୧ІืΒӣˬ࣎୧ІĂ̶ҾߏĈᓁϤˠϔۡᏴăᓁጾѣࢦࢋ۞ᝋ˧Ăͽ̈́ Тॡхд˘Ҝᓁநᄃ̰ᅦĂࣇܫົ઼צЇ۞͚੨Ă֭ેҖҖ߆˯۞Αਕćྵᆵᗫ۞ ؠཌྷߏϤ Elgie (2008: 249) ٙ೩ĂᄮࠎĂΪࢋ႕֖ĈᓁϤˠϔۡᏴͷѣؠЇ ഇĂͽ̈́Тॡхд˘࣎Шᛉົయ۞̰ᅦĂܮΞజᕩৼࠎΗᓁ઼טछĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ྵ้ШᕩᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ ĂЯࠎ 1997 ࣒ጳޢĂᓁΞಏЇᅦĂ ̙ืϲੰڱТຍćΞᄲૻ̼˞̰ᅦυื၆ᓁ̈́ϲੰڱᗕࢦయ۞፟טĄ ྵ઼ڱᛳٺĶᓁநůᓁטķ Ăс۞ᓁ˘͞ࢬᔵѣજྋ઼ົඈࢦࢋ ᝋ˧ĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬс۞ጳ߆నࢍ̈́ྻүૻአ၆઼ົయ۞ᓁந̰̈́ᅦĂ֭ ̙Βӣ၆ᓁ˵య۞࠹ᙯఢؠĄ8 Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞˟̶ڱĂᔵഅዎ˘ֱԲෞĂ 9 ҭ̪ߏ࿆జ͔ ϡ۞̶ᙷ͞ёĂ͍ୁજޢᜈֶࣇ̶ᙷ۞̮৵Ă˫Яᑕ၁ચ˯ត̼Ăᆧ ˘ֱଐဩតᇴֽᕖ·ᙷ۞̶˟ҾĄͧтӓϜ̋Ğ2001ğӈͽĶ̰ᅦˠ ְᝋķ̈́Ķ߆ᛨវրķ˟̮৵ĂΗᓁࠎ̶טĶ̰ᅦטķ ă ĶೱВڼķă Ķ̶ᝋԁםķ ă ĶᓁᐹķඈαݭĂΞᄲЯᑕԧ઼̳̮ 2000 ѐॡϔซᛨ ౘͪ༊ᏴᓁĂѣᅦЇᝋ҃࠹༊ޘೠ೪̰ᅦˠְĂҭ઼ົ̪̚ߏ ઼ϔᛨ̈́Ꮠϔᛨඈ۞ھᖡᓑ༖ࠎкᇴ۞ଐ˭ڶĂЋဦֶͧྵજၗڶېĂ͍ ߆ߏᛨߏӎТॡೠଠҖ߆ăϲڱĂͽ̈́ᓁ၆̰ᅦˠְᏴፄ۞ΞਕĂઇ ࠎ̶ᙷ۞ޥ҂Ą 10 ᔵֱֽޢΐˢଐဩ୧ІĞ͍߆ߏᛨ֎Ғğ۞̶ᙷ ͞ёĂՀቜ۞णனΗᓁטд၁ચ˯۞ΞਕᙷݭĂҭ˵ឰΗᓁ۞טѨ ᙷߛᙷ̶̝ݭၹྭ˞ጳ߆୧͛ώ֗۞ఢቑ˧Ăซˢ၁ચᅳાĂͷд˘઼ ̝̰ĂಶΞਕЯ̙Тॡഇ̝߆ڼଐဩĂ҃ᕩᛳ̙ٺТ۞ѨᙷݭĂ၆ྭ઼ ͧྵ҃֏Ăᆧ˞̙υࢋ۞ኑᗔޘĂ˵ҬͼҲҤጳ߆ఢቑώ֗۞ᇆᜩ˧Ą ٙͽĂώ͛ᔘߏаᕩĶΗᓁטķ˟̶ᙷ۞ࣧݭĂͽ Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞៍ ᕇࠎֶፂĂྏဦଂ̚Աವă៍၅̙Тᙷົ઼˭ݭႾ༛үࠎ۞˧ᕇĄ ̙Т۞ΗᓁטѨᙷߏݭӎᇆᜩ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĉ͛ᚥ˯՟ѣۡତ
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ௐ̣В۞ጳ֭ڱϏఢቑᓁநื၆ᓁయĂд၁ᅫྻү˯Ăᓁֳ̪ѣ̙͌ᐹ๕Ă ͍д˘߆۞عॡഇĂՀߏтѩĄ ၆ Shugart and Carey Ηᓁࠎ̶טĶᓁநůᓁטķᄃĶᓁůᛉົטķ Ăѣጯ۰ᄮ ࠎࠤ̙ᙷ̶υࢋĂҭ˵ѣጯ۰ᛇᙷ͉͌ݭĄௐ˘࠻۞ڱጯ۰т Giovanni SartoriĂᄮࠎĂϤ઼ڱٺវ˘ߏטΞᐌ߆ڼଐ๕дᓁטᄃ̰ᅦ̝טมᖼೱ۞វ טĂЯѩ֭ᓁᓁநኡѣ၁ᝋ۞યᗟхдćͽ̈́Ă ĶᓁůᛉົטķЯ၁ᅫ˯۞࣎ ९͉͌Ă̝ଂΗᓁ̚טГ̶ᙷֽ֭ຍཌྷĞ1994Ĉ132）Ą˘ޢ࠻۞ڱጯ۰ т Alan SiaroffĂᄮࠎĂᓁ۞֎ҒؠҜд̙Тጳ߆វ̝טมѣٙमளĂЯѩĂ Ѩᙷݭ၁̙֖ͽणனкΗᓁྻטү۞кᇹّ（2003Ĉ287）Ą ၆ΗᓁྻטүѨᙷݭ೩̶ᙷ۞ࡁտإѣૺधᄹĞ2011） ăָڒᐷĞ2002）ඈࡁտĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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۞ඍ९ĄͧྵѣВᙊ۞ߏĈТᇹ۞ޘטనࢍĂݒд၁үॡĂౌົனརम ĞElgie, 1999: 20ćDuverger, 1980: 177ğĂң̙ߏڶТ۞ѨᙷݭĂӈֹٺ ࠹Т۞ĶΗᓁטķᄏ˭Ăົ̙ᇆᜩ၁үĉГΐͽώ͛ଳפາޘט ཌྷ៍ᕇĈޘטᄃҖࠎົ̢࠹જĂטڱ୧͛۞̙ТĂӈܧܮᙯᔣĂ˵ѣү ϡ˧ĄયᗟҋߏтңᇆᜩĂ͍ߏд઼ົႾ༛үࠎ˯Ą ֤ᆃ̙ТΗᓁטѨᙷݭ၆઼ົႾ༛үࠎ۞ᇆᜩߏңĉ͛ᚥ˯ඍ ̙ځቁĂώ͛ྏඍՀჟ˘ֱĂҭ࠹ᙯ͛ᚥАଂ઼ົႾ༛ޘטᝋ˧۞ ଣ͘Ą઼ົႾ༛Ăт݈ٙĂώߏ̰ᅦ͇۞ົ઼טᖚĂᓁˬֶטᝋ ̶ϲࣧĂ઼ົߏͽĶϲڱķࠎᖚԠĂҭᓝ͵ሗ߹ߏ઼ົΑਕଯШͽĶႾ ༛ķࠎĂ҃дҤࢍႾ༛ਕ˧۞ૻऴ˯Ă˵ЯĶ̰ᅦטķ̈́Ķᓁטķ ۞̷ˢෛ֎̝̙Т҃ѣෞҤ۞मளĄт͵ࠧᅙҖጯੰᄃᛉົᓑ༖ĞWorld Bank Institute and Inter-parliamentary Unionğഅ၆Бᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛ᝋࢨซҖ አߤĂෞҤ̙Т߆វ˭۞઼ົႾ༛ሕ˧Ğoversight potentialğĂ 11 ีአߤ ̶ژࢋଂᛉົٙጾѣႾ༛̍ᇴณăᙷᄃֹϡઐрĂֽӔன̙Т߆ڼ វטĞӈᓁטă̰ᅦ̈́טΗᓁטğ۞઼ົႾ༛ሕਕ̝मளĂٙඕڍ ពϯᓁົ઼טٙѣ۞Ⴞ༛ሕਕमĂ̰ᅦטᐹĂΗᓁٺ̬טม ĞPelizzo and Stapenhurst, 2004: 19ć2012: 19ğĄҭีአߤ۞̶ژĂ12 ᅲ ֱ˘צኳႷĂᄮࠎ՟ѣᜪᇋጳ߆វטనࢍ۞ទᏭ၆઼ົႾ༛۞ޘטᇆᜩĂ ͧтᓁົ઼טĂᖚߏĶϲڱķ҃ܧĶႾ༛ķ ĂЯ҃дĶႾ༛̍۞ᇴ ณķ˯ົ̙т̰ᅦົ઼טĂҭ၁ኹႾ༛үࠎ۞Ķ˧ķ̰ͧົ֍̙ᅦ ົ઼טमĞFish and Kroenig, 2009ğĄ ࠹၆̰݈ٺᅦטෛ֎۞઼ົႾ༛ሕ˧አߤĂFish ̈́ Kroenig (2009) ྵଂᓁࢦົ઼טෛĶϲڱᝋķ۞ෛ֎̷ˢĂ࿅၆ᛉົٙѣᄃϲڱᝋ ѣᙯ۞ᝋࢨซҖአߤĞLegislative Powers Survey, LPSğ Ă13 ֭ͽѩአߤࠎૄ
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͵ࠧᅙҖᄃᛉົᓑ༖۞አߤඕڍ൴னĂᄃ઼ົႾ༛߆ع࠹ᙯ۞ˣ઼ົႾ༛̶̍ ăኢă؎ࣶົᙋăనཉአߤ؎ࣶົă ҾߏĈ३ࢬᄃ˾ᐝኳྙăኳયĞinterpellations） ਨ९ಡӘăࠁܑဥҌ߆ܝొعĂͽ̈́ߏӎѣ᜕ϔޘט۞ءĞombudsman）Ą ͵ࠧᅙҖአߤ۞၆෪̙Β߁έ៉Ą 32 ࣎ᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧ᇾีϫ̶ҾߏĈᇅךᝋăࣘЇొܜᝋăኳયᝋăአߤᝋăଐ ፟ᙯႾ༛ᝋăЇᓁநᝋăЇܜొᝋăᓁٕᓁϤ઼ົᏴăࣆᅦᝋă઼ົ̙
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ᖂĂࢍზĶЧ઼ᛉົķ۞Ķ઼ົ˧ณᇴķĞParliamentary Powers Index, PPIğ Ą14 ֶፂีአߤ̶ژĂ Ķᓁטķ۞઼ົቁ၁ѣૻ۞ϲڱᝋ˧Ă˵ Ξᄲѣૻ۞Ⴞ༛˧ĂЯᛉࣶ۞ྤ੨ཉĞт৪३ă߆ඉ၌ဈඈğ઼̈́ ົѣϲ۞ᒔੈྤפᝋਕĞтአߤᝋğඈӮৼˢć Ķ̰ᅦטķ۞઼ົ̙ͅ ѩᐹ๕Ą҃ᕩᙷٺĶΗᓁטķ۞έ៉઼ڱĂֶѩࡁտĂ݈۰̶ᇴ ࠎ 0.59Ă 15 ޢ۰ࠎ 0.56Ą 16 ЯѩĂϲ࠹ੰڱ၆઼ٺϔᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛˧ĂΞ ᄲர౼˘ᚯĄ ݈ีѣᙯ઼ົႾ༛˧ෞҤ۞ࡁտĂЯ̷ˢෛ֎̝̙ТĂ҃ѣ̙Т ෞҤඕڍĂᔵѣણ҂ᆊࣃĂҭ੫၆ώ͛ᙯ̷۞Ηᓁ̙טТѨᙷ۞˭ݭႾ ༛үࠎ̙إਕ೩ֻྋඍĂЯࠎࡁีտӮͽྵᇃޘט۞ھᝋ˧ઇࠎҿֶ
14
15
16
ΞజྋᝋăҖ߆ᝋο΄ڱᝋăҖ߆ᝋೀܕϲڱӎՙᝋă࿁ጳᆶߤޘטă೩ ९ᝋă၆Җ߆፟ၹ۞ܲഠѣଠטᝋăੑ߆ҋᝋăᔄҺᝋăᛉࣶ࠰ࠎˠϔۡᏴă࣒ ጳᝋăކጼᝋă୧ࡗТຍᝋă̂వᝋăవҺᝋă̂ءڱЇТຍᝋăδҖᓁЇᝋă ҋѣಫវᝋăؠะົᝋăՏҜᛉࣶౌѣ৪३ăՏҜᛉࣶҌ͌ѣ˘Ҝܧ৪३۞߆ඉ छᜪયăᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉࣶΞವՐాЇăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរĄ PPI (Parliamentary Powers Index) ώ̝͛ᛌࠎĶ઼ົ˧ณᇴķ ĂЯٙΒӣ۞ีϫĂ ่̙ࢨۡٺତϤጳڱኬ̟۞ᝋ˧ĂּтĈኳྙᝋăአߤᝋඈඈć˵ѣ˘ֱีϫᔵ̙ ߏۡତϤጳڱኬᝋֽ҃Ăҭֶጳޙཉ۞ޘטѣឰ઼ົΞͽயϠᇆᜩ˧۞ड़ڍĂּтĈ ᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរඈඈĂ߇ώ̝͛ᛌࠎĶ઼ົ˧ณ ᇴķ ĂͽૻአࠎТॡΒӣᝋ˧ᇆᜩ˧۞ᇾĄѩγĂд Fish ̈́ Kroenig (2009) ۞ ࡁտ̚ĂPPI ᇴࠎ̬ ٺ0（̙ᝋ˧ᄃᇆᜩ˧ğҌ 1（ᝋ˧ᄃᇆᜩ˧ğ̝มć ϺӈĂт˘઼࣎छ۞઼ົд 32 ࣎ᇾีϫ̚႕֖ 16 ีĂ PPI ᇴࠎ 0.5Ą д 32 ࣎ᇾีϫ̚ĂϲੰڱВѣѣ 19 ีᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧Ă̶ҾߏĈኳયᝋăአߤᝋă ଐ፟ᙯႾ༛ᝋăҖ߆ᝋο΄ڱᝋă೩९ᝋă၆Җ߆፟ၹ۞ܲഠѣଠטᝋăੑ ߆ҋᝋăᔄҺᝋăᛉࣶ࠰ࠎˠϔۡᏴăކጼᝋă୧ࡗТຍᝋă̂వᝋă̂ءڱЇ ТຍᝋăؠะົᝋăՏҜᛉࣶౌѣ৪३ăՏҜᛉࣶҌ͌ѣ˘Ҝܧ৪३۞߆ඉछᜪ યăᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉࣶΞವՐాЇăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរĄЯѩĂֶ ፂ Fish and Kroenig (2009: 644) ۞ࢍზĂϲ۞ੰڱᝋ˧ᇾ̶ᇴࠎ 0.59 ̶Ą ၁Ăϲੰڱጾѣ̙ܫЇ९ԸைᝋĂϺӈࣆᅦᝋĂдЊྤफ़֭̚ϏజࢍˢĂЯѩ၁ ኳ˯Ăϲੰڱᑕጾѣ 20 ีᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧Ăᇾ̶ᇴᑕߏ 0.63Ą д 32 ࣎ᇾีϫ̚Ă઼ϔᛉົВጾѣ 18 ีᝋ˧̈́ᇆᜩ˧Ă̶ҾߏĈኳયᝋăአߤᝋă ̙ܫЇ९ԸைᝋăҖ߆ᝋο΄ڱᝋăҖ߆ᝋೀܕϲڱӎՙᝋă೩९ᝋăੑ߆ҋ ᝋăᔄҺᝋăᛉࣶ࠰ࠎˠϔۡᏴăކጼᝋă୧ࡗТຍᝋă̂వᝋăؠะົᝋăՏ Ҝᛉࣶౌѣ৪३ăՏҜᛉࣶҌ͌ѣ˘Ҝܧ৪३۞߆ඉछᜪયăᛉࣶాЇࢨטăᛉ ࣶΞವՐాЇăᛉࣶЯాЇத҃Ξͽ᎕གྷរĞFish ̈́ Kroenig, 2009: 240ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
37
ፂĂ 17 ᔵѣк઼ͧྵ۞ᐹ๕Ăҭ၁ᅫүࠎࢬᔘߏᙱͽஉ߁ĄѨĂࡁี տЧҋଂ̰ᅦ۞ົ઼טႾ༛ᝋĞтኳྙğ̈́ᓁ۞ົ઼טϲڱᝋĞтአߤ ඈğ̷ˢĂ˵ז၆ЧҋវטѣӀ۞ෞҤĂҭ̬ٺ۰ม۞ĶΗᓁטķ д઼ົᝋ˧˯Ă఼૱˵ࣘ۰Ğтኳྙ̈́አߤğ ĂݒҬᐝར۩Ă͍၆ Ѩᙷ۞˭ݭमளĂ̙ߏځޝពΞ࠻ĄFish ̈́ Kroenig ۞ࡁտᔵઇ˞ώ͛ ᙯ̷۞έ៉̝ົ઼઼ڱෞͧĂҭЯΪৼˢϲڱᝋ࠹ᙯᇾĂϏৼˢĶኳ ྙķᝋ۞ෞҤĂ˵ޝᙱؠኢέ៉ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛үࠎಶ˘ؠᐹ۞઼ڱٺĄ ᄃώ͛ᙯᘃତ͛۞ܕᚥߏၐ྿൝ඈٙෞҤ۞έăࢬޘטົ઼ڱႾ༛ ਕณĞ2013Ĉ51-97ğĂྍ͛ଂ઼ົፋវă؎ࣶົ࣎זҾᛉࣶˬᆸѨĂГଂ טڱᝋࢨăྻүఢĂ̈́ྤ੨ཉˬࢬШፋͧྵ̈́ෞҤέ៉ϲڱ̈́ੰڱ ઼઼ϔᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛ਕณĂٙඕߏڍϲྵࠎੰڱઐᓁົ઼۞˭טĂѣྵ ૻ۞Ⴞ༛ਕณć઼ϔᛉົࠎઐШ̰ᅦົ઼۞טĂਕೠ೪۞ᝋࢨăྻүఢ Ă̈́ྤྵऴ˘ֱĄၐ͛۞ඕڍᔵᄃ Fish ̈́ Kroenig (2009) ۞ෞͧᅲਕ ײᑕĂͷၐ͛ଂĶΗᓁטķ۞֎ޥޘ҂ĂྵԆፋ۞ৼˢ઼ົЧีΞਕய ϠႾ༛˧۞ᝋࢨăఢྤ̈́ĂٙඕڍᑕՀ෭̙ܕТᙷݭΗᓁ˭ט ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛నࢍćၐ่͛ਕಶྵᐖၗ۞ĶࢬޘטķઇෞͧĂෞϲੰڱ ૻĂ઼ϔᛉົऴ̝ඕڍĂ̪ߏទᏭ˯۞ଯҤĂགྷរְ၁ߏӎтѩĂߏѣޞ រᙋ۞ć͍טڱֶᝋࢨயϠ۞Ⴞ༛၁үҖࠎĂտౣтңͅᑕᙷ۞˯ݭ मளĂࣃଣ৶Ą ઼ົႾ༛۞གྷរҖࠎࡁտĂдҖࠎཌྷྵߏពጯ۞ 60 ̈́ 70 ѐྵк ĞRockman, 1985: 519-572ğĂ༊ॡкଂĶ֎ҒΑਕķ۞शֽᑭෛ઼ົ ĞHedlund, 1985: 325-27ğĂצྵ̚៘ϫ۞઼ົ֎Ғ̶ᙷ̶ٕژĂ͍Ξ ϡֽઇྭ઼ͧྵߛၹĂ֭ਕ͔ࠎĶႾ༛ķΑਕܑனෞҤ۞நኢֶፂ۰Ă༊ ଯ Polsby (1975) ۞ాᜈЍᙉ̶ᙷໄهĂ18 Polsby ᑕϡໂბ઼ົᙷֽݭઇ Ѝᙉ۞ბâბߏᖼೱݭĞtransformativeğ۞ᛉົâბߏܑႊݭĞarenağ Ą 17
18
྆۞Ķᇃھķޘטᝋ˧ߏТॡΒӣĶາᖞޘטཌྷķ̚၆Ķޘטķ۞៍ᕇĂੵߊ ѣј͛۞טڱĂ˵ѣٕ̙ј͛۞ఢቑٕఢޠĞroutineğ Ăͧт၌ဈ۞੨ཉଐԛĂ઼̈́ົ ᛉࣶాЇଐԛĄ 1960-1970 ѐ˵ѣࡁտ۰೩Αਕ۞நኢĂּт Loewenberg and Patterson (1979) ̈́ Mezey (1979) ඈඈĂՀྎ۞̶ژኛ֍ၐ྿൝ඈĞ2006Ĉ27-57ğĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
݈۰ᛉົѣགྷ૱ϲྻү۞ਕ˧Ăͷ֖ͽЧᛉᗟᖼೱјڱ९Ăԛ јޠڱćޢ۰ᛉົࢋઇࠎధк߆˧ڼณ̢જྵ۞ݏϒёܑႊಞЪ ĞPolsby, 1975: 277ğĄ҃ٙᏜĶЍᙉķ۞ໄهĂߏдĶܑႊķ̈́Ķᖼೱķ ۞ໂბมĂѣᇴ۰̙ТјЊּͧĂϹᖐ۞ᙷݭĄໄهဦΞᘱ т˭Ĉ ဦ1
઼ົ֎ҒଂĶܑႊķזĶᖼೱķ۞Ѝᙉໄهဦ
ܑႊ
ᖼೱ
ྤफ़ֽĈֶ Polsby ໄهĂү۰ҋᘱ
˘Ѝᙉ̶ᙷᔵߏͽፋ઼࣎ົ֎Ғࠎ၆෪Ăҭಶ઼ົႾ༛ีΑਕ҃ ֏Ăϫ݈̏ߏ̶̙វטăЇң઼ົ۞ВТคЇચĂٙͽ˘ໄهဦᑕΞ ͔ˢֽםӄෞณ઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ้Ш۞நኢֶፂĄ Polsby д೩ѩ˘ ЍᙉໄهॡĂк͌ᔳࡗѣĶ̰ᅦטķ̈́Ķᓁטķ˟̶ޥ҂д̚Ăٙͽ ĶܑႊķݭᛉົҬߏ̰ᅦ۞˭טপኳĂ҃Ķᖼೱķݭᛉົ࠻ֽည઼઼࡚ ົ۞நݭࣧهĞideal typeğ Ăૻአ۞ߏ౹טĶϲڱķΑਕĂҭĶ઼ົႾ༛ķ ۞༊˭൴णĂӈܮдᓁ઼טछĂ˵кߏĶϲڱķᆶᛉ࿅۞ෛࠎ ߏĶႾ༛ķ Ă̙҃ߏٸд౹ڱט९˯Ą19 ЯѩĂ઼ົႾ༛үࠎ۞ЍᙉໂბĂ ˘̪͞ΞߏĶܑႊķ้ШĂӈд઼ົ̚Җֹϒё࠹ᙯᖚᝋ۞үϡĂࢋਕ ઼ܑົ̚ߙ߆˧ڼณֽᄃ˧ณྵݏĂт˾ᐝኳྙᝋ̝ҖֹĄҭΩ˘ ͞آ̙ЩࠎĶᖼೱķ ĂЯтώ݈͛̏೩̈́Ăϫ݈ਕ៍၅ົ઼۞זႾ༛၁ᅫ үࠎĂΪਕઇזѣᖚᝋֶፂ۞ϒёүࠎĂтኳྙă೩९ă؎ࣶົٕੰົᆶ ᛉĂ̳ົඈĂإᙱֶѩኢᕝĶᖼೱķј۞ޠڱޘć߇Ω˘ბĂώ͛ ЩࠎĶ၁үķ้ШĂܑϯߙ઼ົдႾ༛̍ү၁ચ˯ĂֶᖚᝋҖֹٙྤ
19
ᔵᓁ˘˭טҜᛉࣶಶΞ೩९Ăҭ೩९кΗߏĶઇຽᒻķ Ă̙҃ߏࠎ˞౹ڱט९Ąּ т 2013-2015 ѐௐ 113 ઼࡚۞بிᛉੰĂᓁВ೩ 5,885 ࣎ڱ९Ăҭ၁ᅫ఼࿅۞Ϊѣ 388 ࣎Ğ઼࡚ϲڱࢍྤफ़ऱğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
39
फ़Ăពϯͽฟ̳ົ̈́؎ࣶົඈࠎคĂ҃дĶኳྙķҖֹ˯̙֭᎕ໂĂ ͍ߏĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ ćᇹ۞үࠎ้Шߙޘពϯྍ઼ົдႾ༛˯ྵͽĶ၁ үķࠎጱШĂүս۞јЊྵ͌Ăҭ̙֭ਕܑĶ၁үķ̝Ⴞ༛үࠎಶߏѣ Հૻ۞Ķᖼೱķड़ڍĄ тڍ Polsby ۞ໄ࣒هԼјዋЪώ͛Ķ઼ົႾ༛ķ၁ᅫүࠎ̝ᏊณЍ ᙉĂӈͽĶܑႊķᄃĶ၁үķࠎໂბĂ̚มᗔ̙Тּͧ۞ЪᙷݭĂ ΪߏԆј઼ົႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ۞ᕩᙷֶፂܑĂҌֱֶࣹٺᖚᝋٙயϠ۞઼ ົႾ༛үࠎᛳٺĶܑႊķĉֱࣹ˫ྵઐٺĶ၁үķĉื̪ᑭෛέă઼ڱ ົጾѣᄃႾ༛၁үѣᙯ۞ᖚᝋĂ̶ޢҾֶநᕩᙷĄ˘ొ̶ົдௐણ༼ Ķࡁտనࢍ̈́͞ڱķ̚ϹޞĄҌٺޢέăົ઼ڱႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ۞ᓁෞٕ дЍᙉ˯۞ؠҜĂυืֶЧᖚᝋҖֹ۞ଐԛઇࢍ̶ژĂГΐᓁᕩৼĂ ొᖚᝋҖֹ۞ྤफ़ᄓะ̈́ࢍზ͞ڱĂϺ֍ࢬ˭ٺௐણ༼Ą
ણăࡁտనࢍ̈́͞ڱ ˘ăዋЪѨᙷ̝ྵͧݭᛉᗟᏴፄ т݈ٙĂώ͛Ᏼፄֹϡ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992) ၆ΗᓁטѨᙷ۞ݭ ̶ᙷઇࠎͧྵ॰ߛĂᄮࠎέ៉ᄃ̶઼ڱᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķᄃĶᓁநů ᓁטķ Ąֶ Shugart ̈́ Carey (1992) ۞̶ᙷᇾĂ Ķᓁůᛉົטķ۞ྻү পّߏᓁົѣྵ̂۞ጱّĂЯѩĂԧ઼۞Җ߆ੰੰ̈́ܜٙᅳጱ۞̰ ᅦĂ၁ᅫ˯ᅮТॡШᓁᄃϲੰڱయć Ķᓁநůᓁטķ۞ྻүপّߏ ᓁநົѣྵ̂۞ጱّĂ߇઼ڱᓁந̈́ٙᅳጱ۞̰ᅦĂΪᅮШ઼ົయĄ ֶ࣎ѨᙷݭĂώ͛ซ˘Վࢋ߄ᏴྵਕĶ̳πķͅߍ࣎Ѩᙷ ݭႾ༛үࠎ˧۞ᛉᗟĄтңਕ̳πĉώ͛۞ޥ҂ߏͽѨᙷ۞ݭጳ߆ ޘטপҒ઼̈́ົᛉࣶ۞நّᏴፄࠎ߄ᏴૄĄٙᏜ۞ޘטপኳ̏т݈Ă Ķᓁůᛉົטķߏ̰ᅦ၆ᓁ̈́ᛉົౌయĂͷᛉົᄃ̰ᅦˠְૄώࠎ ̶ϲĂ̙͉Ϲ߹ć҃Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̰ᅦ၆઼ົయĂͷᗕ͞ˠ̀ྵ ѣϹ߹Ă઼҃ົᛉࣶ۞நّᏴፄߏ၆ҋԧᝋ˧ਕѣड़Җֹ۞ໄهĂтኳ ྙਕၓពҋ̎۞̖ٕۢЩޘඈĂ҃ѣᏴைड़ৈĞKingdon, 1989ćMayhew,
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
1974ğĄ Ҍٺᛉᗟώ֗Ăࢋਕͅߍ̙Т̙۞˭ݭᙷޘטТႾ༛ᄵЯĂ˵ಶߏ ߙᛉᗟдĶᓁůᛉົטķ۞઼ົ̚Ξਕ၆ᛉࣶѣႾ༛ᄵЯĂҭдĶᓁந ůᓁטķ̚֍̙ćтৢ͞˘ݓĂ̳̙πĂυืГ߄˘ᗟĂֶ֭ ޘטទᏭĂ̈́ᛉࣶ۞நّҋӀࣧĂᑕྍߏ၆Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ ົᛉࣶྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯ۞ĂͽՐ̳̯Ąੵ˞߄ᛉᗟЧΞਕѣӀ͞˘ٺĂώ ͛˵ྏဦ߄˘̚ϲᛉᗟĂ˵ಶߏ၆ົ઼۞˭ݭᙷᛉࣶӮ̙ၹјځព۞Ⴞ ༛ᄵЯĂͽௐˬ͞۞ݻၗֽᑭෛֶ݈ᛉᗟٙயϠႾ༛үࠎ۞ᘦܑٕؠ ّĄͽ˭̶Ҿᄲځѩˬᛉᗟ̝߄ᏴĄ ώ͛ࢵА߄Ᏼ۞ߏءဈ͞ࢬ۞ĶੜᇬķᛉᗟĂЯѩᛉᗟдĶᓁůᛉ ົטķ˭Ă̰ᅦ၆ᛉົ̈́ᓁࢬయĂͷ̰ᅦᄃᛉົม۞̶ϲᙯܼ̂ٺ ᏉЪĄ 20 ѣᙯ͛ءĶੜᇬķᛉᗟĂᛉົᄃҖ߆ءဈϹ߹ۢଐ۞გ̙кĂ ͛ءĶੜᇬķ˫ְᙯۤົ̚Ϩᅳᆸ۞Ӏৈٕ͔ٽЧลᆸ۞ᙯ̷Ăֱౌ ົాજזᏴைĂ߇ᛉࣶѣྵк۞ᄵЯֶϒёᖚᝋΝႾ༛ĂٙͽֶទᏭĂѩ ᛉᗟྵਕ፬൴Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̚۞ᛉࣶΝႾ༛Ąͅ៍дĶᓁநůᓁטķ ̚Ăੵ̰ᅦ၆ᛉົԆБయγĂ۰ᙯܼྵ้ШᏉЪĂ21 Їңѣᙯ͛ءĶੜ ᇬķ۞טڱតࢭĂ۰ม఼૱ѣк͞ຍ֍Ϲ߹۞გĂᛉົЯΞۢଐ۞ֽ кĂ 22 ֶ҃ϒёᖚᝋႾ༛၆ᛉࣶώ֗۞Ӏৈ̙֍ߏዋ̷ᏴፄĂ߇ᕧ ࢬ˯ૻ˧Ⴞ༛۞ᄵЯ̙֭̂Ą ௐ˟࣎߄Ᏼͧྵ۞ᛉᗟߏ઼֨͞ࢬ۞Ķᔉķ Ą઼ְ֨ᝋд࣎Ѩ ᙷ۞̚ݭᝋయᕩᛳĂҬѣֱડ̶Ą 23 дĶᓁநůᓁטķ̚Ăᓁᔵࠎ
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ᓁ఼૱ѣ̰ᅦ۞ˠְЇᝋĂҭ̰ᅦᄃ઼ົ֍̙ѣˠְϹ߹Ăּтԧ઼۞ϲ؎ ̙ࣘЇءСĂᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ۞ܻᘲϺĄ ̰ᅦ̚۞ˠְЇᄃᛉົ۞Ϲ߹ྵкĂּт઼ڱᛉࣶགྷ૱జ߄ᏴࠎᅦࣶĂЇ۞ࣶء ᛉࣶᅮᇶॡᙜΝᛉࣶ֗ЊĂ֭ΞעٺЇ߂ࢦޢćтЇᆸ৺ྵҲ۞гࣶ͞ءᖚચĂ ᅮᙜᖚ҃ΞТॡࣘᛉࣶĄ ፂࢍĂ˯˘بĞௐ 13 بğ઼઼ڱϔᛉົᛉࣶࣘЇг͞Җ߆ᖚ۞ͧத྿ 84%Ğၐ྿ ൝ඈĂ2013Ĉ75ğ ĄᛉࣶࣘЇг͞Җ߆ᖚ۞ଐԛд઼ڱȈ̶࿆ĂᛉົΞۢଐ۞გЯ ѩޝкĄ ּтдĶᓁநůᓁטķ̚Ă̰ᅦΪᅮ၆઼ົయĂЯѩĂд઼֨ᛉᗟ˯Ă̰ᅦѣޝ ۞߆Ⴞ༛ᝋćҭдĶᓁůᛉົטķ̚Ă̰ᅦТॡࢋ၆ᓁᄃ઼ົయĂЯѩ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
41
ޔĂҭЯ̰ᅦ่၆઼ົయĂ઼ົ၆ѩ˘ᔉᛉᗟĂЯ̰ۢᅦυืࢬ၆઼ ົٙѣҖ߆үࠎ۞యЇĂ઼ົ˵ѣԆБۢଐ۞ᝋ˧ĂҋѣᄵЯΝҖֹ Ⴞ༛ᖚᝋĄҭ࠹၆۞ĂдĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭Ă઼ְ֨Щϫ˯̝΄ᝋ ٕ̪ᛳᓁგᔑĂҭᄃ̰ᅦ۞߆ᝋтң̷౷Ă̙ࠤځቁĂͷ̰ᅦ˫Тॡ ࢋШᓁ઼̈́ົయĂѣᙯтĶᔉķᇹ۞ᛉᗟĂ̰ᅦֶఢטШ઼ົᄲ ٕځಡӘĂҭЯ̰ᅦјࣶĞӣᅦğٕϤᓁЇĂͷ઼ົϺ̪ۢޢࡦ ѣᓁ̝ຍўĂ̂˧Ⴞ༛۞ඕڍĂ̪ҬдχቌਨˠĂ҃ڱտזдࡦޢ ۞ᓁćᔵĂᙯ͕Ķᔉķ۞кܼ̈ிĂ̙ኢдࣹ˘វౌטमள̙̂Ă ҭ࠹ԛ̝˭Ă Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ົᛉࣶĂͧĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞ྵ ѣຍᙸႾ༛ĂЯ˧۞൴೭̙ར۩Ą ௐˬ࣎̚ϲᗟĂώ͛߄Ᏼ۞ߏ८ਕ̚۞Ķ८ķᛉᗟĄѩ˘ᛉᗟঘ̈́ ኑᗔຽĂӈܮдҖ߆វր̚ౌкϤຽಏҜֽநଯજć҃ͽ઼ົᇹ ྵπĂͽͅߍϔຍࠎ۞ᖐၹјĂࢋдܧ૱ຽ۞ᛉᗟ˯णனႾ༛˧ Ăऻ̙ߏ઼ົᛉࣶ۞˯ᏴĂ 24 ЯтܑႾ༛˧۞ᆶᛉڱ९ăኳྙăࠤ ٕ೩ޠڱ९Ăᛉࣶࣇౌ̙ਕ೩ჟ֍ྋĂऻُົҋᘉൺĂ˵̙ӀᏴைĂ ၆ĶᓁůᛉົטķٕĶᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ົᑕౌዋϡĄ߇ώ͛ͽ ѩᛉᗟĂֽᑭෛ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛үࠎ۞ᘦޘؠĄ ͽ˯Ķੜᇬķ ă Ķᔉķ̈́Ķ८ķˬᛉᗟ۞ᏴፄĂࢋߏֶޘטទᏭĂ ၁ચ˯ᔘࢋ҂ณࢋ࣎జͧྵ۞઼ົĂдజͧ۞ॡ߱̚Ăѣ՟ѣ࠹ᙯᛉᗟ ̝ᆶᛉඈĂώ͛ౌАઇ˞࠹ᙯфෟ۞ᑭ৶Ăቁᄮྤफ़۞ΞਕĄ
˟ăͧྵέăڱயϠႾ༛үϡ۞ϒёีϫᏴפ ώ͛၆઼ົႾ༛ٙଳৼ۞ؠཌྷߏĂ ĶΪࢋਕ၆Җ߆ొءٕܝဈౄј߉߆ ٕҖજ˯۞ᑅ˧ĂࠤٕԼត۞Їң߿જĂౌზߏႾ༛Җࠎķ Ăѩ˘ؠཌྷಶࡁ տ၁ચ҃֏Ăܧ૱ᙱͽઇזĂЯ઼ົ̚ᄃҖ߆ొܝϒёٕܧϒё۞ତᛈҖ ࠎĂҬͼౌѣజ៍၅۞υࢋĄЯѩĂώࡁտଳ۞פඉரߏͽ઼ֶົϒёڱ
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дѩ˭ޘטĂ઼ົ۞߆Ⴞ༛ᝋ̙Ą ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡Ğ2012ğഅ၆ົ઼઼၆८ਕᛉᗟ۞Ⴞ༛ଐԛซҖ၁ᙋࡁտĂඕڍ൴ னĂ၆࣎ٺᛉᗟĂέă۞ڱঘ֖ౌ̙எĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
טᖚᝋٙயϠ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂઇѣր۞៍၅̈́ᐂĂֱϒёטڱᖚᝋ̚Ă ͽĶኳྙᝋķ ă Ķڱ९೩९ᝋķ ăͽ̈́Ķڱ९ᆶᛉᝋķٙࢉҩ۞઼ົႾ༛үࠎĂ ֖̏ͽஉᄏкᇴ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛ҖࠎĄ҃έ៉ᄃົ઼۞઼ڱдͽ˯ˬ࣎ᝋ˧۞ ޘטనࢍᄃֹϡఢቑ˯ѣֱ̙ТĂ25 ͽ˭̶̝Ą
ᨧ ኳྙᝋ έ៉ᄃົ઼۞઼ڱдኳྙ۞ޘטనࢍ˯ĂౌߏĶྙયķĞquestionğ҃ ܧĶኳયķ ĞinterpellationğĂ26 ٙͽΞͧ׀Ąдኳྙᙷ˯ݭĂૄώ˯ౌΞᕩ ৼјĶ˾ᐝኳྙķᄃĶ३ࢬኳྙķĄ˾ᐝኳྙд۞઼ఢቑѣֱ̙ТĂ ҭ̙ᇆᜩͧ׀Ą 27 ̙̈́аᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙĂΞͽᖼϤ३ࢬඍᖬĂҭԧ઼၆ ᖼࠎ३ࢬаᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙ۞аᖬഇࢨྵܜĂͷఢቑ۞ᇅّྵ̂Ăߏ઼ڱ ྵൺĂ28 ҭϺ̙ᇆᜩົ઼઼дĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ͞ࢬ۞ΞͧྵّĄ
ᨨ ڱ९೩९ᝋ έ៉ᄃ઼ڱдڱ९೩९ᝋ۞˯ޘטĂౌኬ̟ᛉࣶ࣎ˠ̈́ᛨဥѣڱ९۞ ೩९ᝋĂҭ၆ٺ೩९۞ᙷĂЧѣˬѣ̙Т۞ᙷݭఢቑĄԧ઼ֹϡ۞ ЩჍࠎĈ Ķޠڱ೩९ķ ă Ķᓜॡ೩९ķ ĂᄃĶ࣒ϒજᛉķ ć઼ֹڱϡ۞ЩჍࠎĈ Ķޠڱ೩९ķăĶ࣒ϒ९ķĞamendmentğᄃĶՙᛉ९ķĞrésolutionğĄଂֹϡ ۞ЩჍ˯ΞۢĂѣΞͧྵૄᖂ۞ߏĶޠڱ೩९ķ Ăᙷ۞ݭᛉ९ ߏౌϲڱᝋ۞ؼҩĂҭྵᙱјࠎΞͽͧྵ۞ૄᖂĂࣧЯߏԧ઼۞Ķᓜॡ 25
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઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛ᝋΒӣኳྙᝋăአߤᝋăܫЇᄃ̙ܫЇ९ᝋăᇅךᝋăቪҺᝋăᛖጳᝋă ̳Ը೩९ᝋă۬ᓝᝋඈĂ֍ၐ྿൝ඈĞ2013Ĉ51-97ğĄ ኳયĞinterpellationğߏ઼ڱௐˬăௐαВᛉົ̰ᅦטॡഇĂ઼ົᛉࣶགྷ૱ֹϡ۞Ⴞ ༛̍Ăᛉࣶ೩ኳྙĂኢޢ;ኜܑՙĂтܑՙඕڍ၆߆̙عӀĂ࠹༊ܫ̙ٺЇ ९Ăع߆υืᓁᙜĂЯѩĂــౄјࣆᅦ۞ڍޢĂซ҃ౄј߆ሗᐛ̪Ąϫ݈۞ௐ̣ Вפ̏ঐޘטĄ ּт˾ᐝኳྙдԧ઼˫Ξ̶ࠎ߆ᛨኳྙᄃ࣎ˠኳྙĂ߆ٺᛨኳྙ۞ఢቑ˭Ăԧ઼ߏͽ Ч߆ᛨᛨဥ೩ኳྙ۞ˠᇴࢷͽ 30 ̶ᛗ۞ఢቑֽܲᅪ̈ᛨ۞൴֏ᝋćߏ઼ڱ࿅ ĶՏѨົᛉĂՏ࣎ᛨဥҌ͌ౌυื೩˘࣎યᗟķ۞ఢቑֽܲᅪ̈ᛨ۞൴֏ᝋĂҭ൴ ֏۞ॡมᄃˠᇴϤĶयົᛉķĞConférence de Présidentğՙ̝ؠĄ ԧ઼၆Ϗ̈́ඍᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙᖼࠎ३ࢬኳྙ۞аᖬഇࢨࠎ 20 ͟Ăтኳྙְีঘ࿅ᇃĂ ѣ 5 ͟۞ᆵࢨć઼ڱ၆ѩᙷݭኳྙ۞ඍᖬഇࢨ ߏ10 ͟Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
43
೩९ķ఼૱่ϡдࡎ൴ّăᓜॡְّІ̝நĂ߇ͽޞܨྋՙְีࠎࢨĂ ͷޠڱ९̙ͽᓜॡ೩९۞ԛё೩ć Ķ࣒ϒજᛉķ่ߏਕдڱ९˟ົ ᇃھኢˬٕޢົ̚೩Ă֭ืѣ 10 ˠͽ˯۞ాཌٕܢᛉĄڱ۞઼ڱ९ ᙷݭĂੵ˞Ķޠڱ೩९ķ̝γĂ઼ົ̚۞ે߆ᛨᄃͅ၆ᛨᛉࣶགྷ૱೩̂ ณ۞Ķ࣒ϒ९ķ Ăٺ˫ޢഇࢨ݈ၣаĂүࠎ߆ڼજү۞ކϯĞֹϡ۞ॡ ፟ѣᙷٺԧ઼۞Ķ࣒ϒજᛉķğ ć Ķՙᛉ९ķ่ϡ࣒Լ઼ົ̰ఢăͽ̈́నཉ አߤ؎ࣶົϫ۞۞ڱ९˯ĄЯѩĂଂЩჍ˯ΞۢĂੵ˞Ķޠڱ೩९ķ γĂዶᙷ۞ݭᛉ९Ă఼૱ͽຍ֍ܑ྿ăၓព߆ڼҖજࠎϫ۞Ă̙҃ ߏͽซˢ၁ኳ۞ϲڱԔࠎϫ۞ĂྵᙱѣΞͧྵ۞ૄᖂĂώࡁտ˜ͽ઼ ઼ົ၆ᛉᗟ۞Ķޠڱ೩९ķᇴณซҖͧྵĄ
ᨩ ڱ९ᆶᛉᝋ ઼ົ۞ڱ९ᆶᛉ࿅఼૱Βӣੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤ࣎ล߱Ă؎ࣶ ົᆶߤߏຽᆶߤ۞ࢦࢋล߱Ăੰົᆶᛉ఼ߏ૱ߏ࿅ಡӘăኢĂͽ ܑ̈́ՙඈԔĂֽԆјϲڱԔć؎ࣶົߏ࿅ኢăळኘົٕ۰ᙋ ົ۞ᓝҖăࡁտಡӘ۞யඈ͞ёĂ྿זஎˢᒢྋ۞ϫ۞Ăซ҃ޙϲຽ ᆶߤ۞ԛ෪Ąࠎ˞྿˯זϫ۞Ăڱ९ᆶᛉᝋ఼૱ລ੨઼ົ۞አߤᝋĞ͛ Іአዦᝋğᄃᙋᝋă઼ົϲࡁտ፟ၹ۞నཉĂٕ۰পঅϲڱԔ۞щ ଵĂֽၓព઼ົ۞ڱ९ᆶᛉᝋĄϲੰڱдڱ९ᆶᛉ۞࿅̚Ăੵ˞Ξᔛء ࣶयඍྙĂإѣᅃӄّᝋ˧Ğּтአߤᝋᄃᙋᝋğ Ăͽ̈́প۞ᛨ ဥםથޘטćߏ઼ڱĶࡁտಡӘķϺЕࠎ઼ົႾ༛߆۞عయЇ̝˘Ă ҭέ៉ᄃ઼ڱдࡁտಡӘ˯ఢቑ۞मளᅲ̂Ąϲࡁ۞ੰڱտಡӘ఼૱Ϥϲ טڱ۞ੰڱԊయĂҭϏૻטᛉࣶણᄃĂϲ؎఼૱˵͉̙ણᄃćд઼ڱ ߏϤ઼ϔᛉົ۞ĶࡊԫෞҤķ ĞOffice parlementaire d’évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiquesğᄃĶ߆߆عඉႾ༛؎ࣶົķ ĞComité d’évaluation et de contrôleğయĂЯࠎ ઼ڱ2008 ѐ 7 ͡۞࣒ጳ̚Ăົ઼ࠎี˘̚ѣ ෞҤ߆߆عඉ۞యЇĄЯѩĂົࣶ؎۞઼ڱϫ݈Ϻѣయᇤᆷڱ९ࡁտಡ Ә۞ཌྷચĄ29 ઼ϔᛉົͽ˯࣎፟ၹགྷ૱࿅јϲĶࡁտ̈ķ Ğgroupes d’ 29
઼ϔᛉົ ٺ2009 ѐ 9 ͡Ă੫၆̂ొ̶Ϥ߆ع೩۞ڱ९ซҖ߆ඉ۞ዋϡّෞҤĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
étudesğ۞͞ёĂ၆ࡁտᗟซҖஎˢ۞አߤᄃଣĂͷ఼૱ϤᛉࣶᅳĂ ϫ۞ߏ೩̿ᛉࣶ၆ڱ९ঘᛉᗟ۞˞ྋă߆ඉؠט࿅۞ણᄃăͽ̈́ᛉࣶ ຽّ۞ૈዳĄҭ઼ڱдڱ९۞ᆶᛉԔ̚Ă֭ϏࢋՐҖ߆ొܝѣזಞ౯ ྙ۞యЇĂ่ఢቑ؎ࣶົᄃੰົΞͽ࿅ᙋົ۞ᓝҖĂࢋՐ߆זࣶءع ಞ၆ڱ९ซҖᄲځĄЯѩĂ઼ϔᛉົдڱ९۞ᆶᛉ࿅̚Ăགྷ૱ҡᐌ̂ ณ۞ᙋົᄃࡁտಡӘ۞யĂ҃Ăέ៉۞ϲ֭ੰڱ՟ѣ࠹Ҭ۞Ԕఢ ቑֽࢋՐଂְĶᙋķٕĶࡁտಡӘķ̝Ⴞ༛߿જĄᓁវ࠻ֽĂ઼дڱ ९ᆶᛉ۞Ԕ˯Ă࠹Т۞ѣĶ؎ࣶົᆶߤķͽ̈́ĶੰົᆶᛉķćĶ؎ࣶົ ᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķેߏҖԔ̙ТĂҭົ઼ᑕ̪Ξͧ׀ćΪѣдϲ ੰڱѣĶᛨဥםથķ۞Ԕ˯ĂϤ઼ٺϔᛉົԆБ՟ѣีԔĂЯѩ ͧ׀ڱĂ߇ώ่̝͛Еࠎણ҂Ą ͽ˯۞ͧᙷͽົ઼઼Ⴞ༛ᝋࢨĂᓁࢍΞ۞ͧ׀ѣĈ˾ᐝኳྙă३ ࢬኳྙăޠڱ೩९ăੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋĂͽ̈́ࡁտಡӘ ඈ 7 ีĄҌ̙ٺਕ۞ͧ׀έĶᓜॡ೩९ķ ĂڱĶ࣒ϔ́ՙᛉ९ķඈĂ̈́ϲڱ ੰѣ۞ĶᛨဥםથķĄώ͛АֱีϫΞਕ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎ้ШЕˢ˭ࢬ Polsby Ѝᙉ̚ؠҜĂઇࠎநኢ˯۞ણ҂Ăҭд၁ᅫྤफ़ᄓะॡĂΪЕέ ៉Ķᛨဥםથķ۞ࡔᐂĂ̙ГЕĶᓜॡ೩९ķඈྵᘀᗔ˫ొ̝ྵͧڱ ̶Ą
ˬăPolsby ЍᙉᄃႾ༛үࠎ้Ш۞ؠҜ ώࡁտણ҂ Polsby (1975) ٙ೩۞ЍᙉໄهĂ઼ົ۞Ⴞ༛͞ёͽ ໂბᙷݭүࠎЍᙉ۞ბĂໂბ۞̚มѣᇴ۞ϹᙷݭĂЍᙉ ۞ბ̶Ҿߏܑႊ้Шᄃ၁ү้ШĂଂܑႊ้Шז၁ү้Ш۞઼ົႾ༛͞ ёĂώ͛ؠҜ۞ѨԔ̶ҾߏĈ˾ᐝኳྙăᓜॡ೩९ă३ࢬኳྙăޠڱ೩९ă ੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋăࡁտಡӘăͽ̈́ᛨဥםથĞኛણ֍ ˭ဦ 2ğĄҌٺέ៉۞Ķᓜॡ೩९ķᄃ۞઼ڱĶ࣒ϒ९ăՙᛉ९ķᔵ̙ਕ׀ ͧĂҭౌߏ൴Ϡᐛத̙͌۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂώ͛д˭ࢬֱႾ༛ᖚᝋܑٙ ۞ĶܑႊķٕĶ၁үķ้ШؠҜॡĂ˵ົৼˢઇໄهႊቚĂҭд၁ᙋྤफ़ ˯࠷ரĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
ဦ2
45
઼ົႾ༛้ШЍᙉ
ܑႊ้Ш
၁ү้Ш ᛨဥםથ
ࡁտಡӘ
؎ࣶົᙋ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
ੰົᆶᛉ
ޠڱ೩९
३ࢬኳྙ
Ġ࣒ϒ९ăՙᛉ९ġ ᓜॡ೩९
˾ᐝኳྙ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋᄦ
ͽ˭̶Ҿ၆˝Ⴞ༛үࠎдЍᙉ˯ؠҜ̝ࣧЯซҖᄲځĄ
ᨧ ˾ᐝኳྙ ࠎ઼ົҖֹኳྙᝋ۞˘͞ёĂߏ·႕ܑႊ้Ш۞˘઼ົႾ༛ү ࠎĂЯࠎਕ၆Җ߆ᝋౄјۡତ۞ᑅ˧ĂͷटٽԛјࢲሗĂ͔ᔕኢ၆প ؠᗟ۞ᙯڦĄᔵĂέ៉ᄃ઼ڱ၆˾ᐝኳྙ۞ఢቑѣֱధमளĂҭ̙ᇆ ᜩĶ˾ᐝኳྙķдߏ઼࣌ѣĶܑႊ้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛ᝋ˧ҖֹĂ͍˾ᐝ ኳྙдົ઼གྷ૱࿅ۡᇫ۞͞ёӔனĄ
ᨨ ᓜॡ೩९ ࠎ઼ົ೩९ᝋ۞˘ᙷݭĂޠڱ˞ੵھ೩९γ۞೩९ᙷݭĂѩ ᙷ۞ݭ೩९఼૱̙ົซˢ၁ኳ۞ϲڱԔĂּтдԧ઼۞၁ኹజჍ̝ࠎ Ķᓜॡ೩९ķ Ă఼૱่ϡдࡎ൴ّăᓜॡְّІ̝ந҃೩ćੵߏ઼ڱ ˞ޠڱ೩९̝γĂᔘѣĶ࣒ϒ९ķĞamendmentğᄃĶՙᛉ९ķĞrésolutionğ ᙷݭĂᔵܑࢬ˯ౌߏᛉࣶϲڱᝋ۞ؼҩĂҭֹϡֽϲڱј९۞፟ தޝҲĄϤޠڱٺ೩९γ۞೩९ᙷݭĂ఼૱ͽܑ྿ຍ֍ăၓព߆ڼҖજࠎ ϫ۞ĂЯѩࠎܑႊ้ШاѨ۞Ⴞ༛͞ёĄдέ៉ĂࠤͷĶᓜॡ೩९ķజᄮ ࠎߏϲ؎၆ᏴડᏴϔϹ۞˘ઇĶຽᒻķ͞ёĞՃൊĂ2000Ĉ37-70ğĂ
46
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܑႊ้Ш̝ྵૻĂ̙֏ΞಔĄέ៉ᄃົ઼۞઼ڱĂдѩࢬШ˯ֹϡଐ ԛ۞मளྵ̂ĂᙱͽᙷͧĂώ͛߇̙̝ЕˢͧྵĄ
ᨩ ३ࢬኳྙ ࠎ઼ົҖֹኳྙᝋ۞Ω˘͞ёĂϡຍߏឰҖ߆፟ᙯགྷ࿅˘߱ॡม ۞౯ޢĂГ̟ͽаᖬኳྙ۞યᗟĄ˵ЯтѩĂᄃ˾ᐝኳྙ࠹ͧĂගҖ ߆ᝋ۞ᑅ˧ົ̈˘ֱĄ҃ѣֱϏਕ̈́ॡᒔаᖬ۞˾ᐝኳྙĂ˵ΞͽᖼϤ ३ࢬඍᖬĂͽ྿זႾ༛۞ड़ڍĄ҃Ă३ࢬኳྙགྷ૱ឰ߆عѣ١аᖬٕ ۰ؼᏵаᖬ۞۩มĂּт߆عΞͽͽኳྙְีঘ઼̈́छщБᄃְ፟ࠎ ϤĂ̙̟аᖬĂЯѩಶ઼ົႾ༛۞֎࠻ֽޘĂ၁ү۞۩ม̙̂ĂͷϤٺ ගҖ߆ᝋ۞ᑅ˧ྵ˾ᐝኳྙ̈Ă೩̝ϫ۞Ă˵ѣᙷĶᓜॡ೩९ķ۞ ຽᒻϫ۞ĂҭЯ၆Җ߆͞ᔘѣֱүϡĂ߇ଵԔдĶᓜॡ೩९ķ̝ޢĂൾያ ֱ˘ܕĶ၁ү้ШķĄ
ᨪ ޠڱ೩९ ࠎۡତणன઼ົϲڱᝋ۞˘Ⴞ༛ҖࠎĂᅮᑢϲڱўă୧̰͛टă ֭ͷཌЩĂ೩९۞ϫ۞ߏࢋឰڱ९ਕซˢ၁ኳϲڱԔĂࢋՐҖ߆ᝋેҖĂ Яѩ࠹ྵٺᓜॡ೩९Ă၁үّ۞Ғ૾ྵĂҭ˵̙ߏȈ̶ᅅٽಶਕјΑĂ ͍ᄃҖ߆፟ᙯ࠹ͧĂϲڱ፟ᙯٙጾѣ۞ྤᄃᖐ੨౯Ă၁ᙱᄃҖ߆፟ ᙯ࠹ԩᏊĂҭᛉࣶ۞ޠڱ೩९ቁ၁Ξͽᇆᜩ߆߆عඉ۞͞ШĄέ៉ᄃ઼ڱ ۞Ηᓁົ઼טĂ၆೩९ᝋ۞నཉ࠰ߏᛉࣶᄃ߆ౌعѣ೩९ᝋĂҭ઼၆ ޠڱ೩९۞Ԕఢቑѣֱ̙ТĂԧ઼၆ᛉࣶ೩۞ޠڱ೩९ѣాཌˠᇴ۞ ࢨטć 30 ઼ڱѩఢቑĄ҃ົ೩Ķޠڱ९ķ۞ᛉࣶĂ࠹༊ߏ˵ޘѣ ĶܑႊķّኳĂЯΞаᑕ࠹ᙯဥវ۞ࢋՐٕШߙֱཏிܑၓҋ̎၆ᛉᗟ ۞ᙯ̷̈́Ӆ˧Ą
30
ֶĮϲੰڱᛉְఢįௐ 8 ୧̝ఢؠĂޠڱ೩९ืѣ 15 Щͽ˯ϲా̝ࣶ؎ڱཌĄೱ֏ ̝â࣎ޠڱ೩९Ҍ͌ᅮࢋ 1 Ҝ೩९؎ࣶĂγΐ 15 Ҝాཌ؎ࣶĂ͞ЪᛉְఢؠĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
47
ᨫ ੰົᆶᛉ ࠎܑႊ้Шᄃ၁ү้ШႾ༛͞ё۞ϹࠧĂΞᄲࣘপኳĄϤੰٺ ົࠎٙѣᛉࣶะЪ۞ಞٙĂдڱ९ᆶᛉ࿅̚ĂΞͽߏүսё۞Ϥᛉࣶ൴ ֏Ă˵Ξͽߏྵᚑᖰચ၁۞˘̈́ˬڱ९Ă߇నົੰؠᆶᛉࠎܑႊݭႾ ༛ᄃ၁үݭႾ༛۞ϹࠧĂϤѩͽࢫĂ၁үݭႾ༛۞้ШৈΐځពĄ
ᨬ ؎ࣶົᆶߤ ؎ࣶົᆶߤࠎొ̶ᛉࣶ۞ะົĂᄃБវᛉࣶะົಞા۞ੰົ̙ТĂͷ ؎ࣶົᆶߤ఼૱̙ซҖۡᇫĂ˵̙ฟٸय़Ăࠎ۞ߏᔖҺᆶߤॡ̒זצᕘĂ ЯѩĂ఼૱ྵੰົᆶᛉՀ၁үݭҒ૾Ą઼ົ۞؎ࣶົ၆ڱ९ٙซҖ۞ᆶ ߤĂ఼૱˵ߏڱ९၁ኳᆶᛉ۞८͕Ăͽέ៉ᄃ۞઼ڱଐԛֽ࠻Ăົ઼઼ ̚؎ࣶົ࠰ߏ૱నّኳĂѣခᐽ؎ࣶົᆶᛉຽ̼̝ഇధĄፋវ҃֏Ă؎ ࣶົᆶߤणன۞ߏ઼ົ၁үݭႾ༛۞ࢬШĂܑႊ۩มྵ̈Ą
ᨭ ؎ࣶົᙋ ࠎ઼ົซҖႾ༛Җࠎ۞ᅃӄّ̍˘̝Ăࢋ۞ϫ۞ߏᄓะྤੈĂͽ ӄົࣶ؎ٺઇᆶߤޙᛉĄЯѩĂᙋົ۞ϫᇾځቁăᗟࢨؠĂٺ၁ኹ ॡϺѣ˘इԔّఢቑĂᛉࣶдಞાྵүս۩มĂ߇ߏྵ؎ࣶົᆶߤ Հ၁ү้Ш۞˘Ⴞ༛үࠎĄ
ᨮ ࡁտಡӘ ࠎ઼ົྻϡࡁտྤĂ੫၆পؠᗟٙ൴ο۞ࡁտಡӘĂߏ઼ົण னੈྤᄓะඕ˘۞ڍԛёĂ˵ߏᅃӄّႾ༛̍˘۞Ąయࡁտಡ Әᇤᆷ۞፟ᙯȈ̶к̮ĂΞͽϤ઼ົ۞ϲࡁտ፟ၹయĂ˵ΞͽϤ઼ົ ̚۞؎ࣶົయĄࡁտಡӘ۞யĂ఼૱ᅮࢋ˘߱ॡม۞౯ĂૄώԔ ಶΒӣࡁտયᗟ۞ᎡᏴăྤफ़۞ᄓะăྤफ़۞ፋநᄃ̶ژĂͽ̈́၆ࡁտ ᗟ̝ෞҤޙᛉඈඈĄЯѩĂдĶࡁտಡӘķ͞ࢬĂᛉࣶਕүս۞ј̶ĂΞ ᄲܧ૱ංᓠĄ
48
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ᨯ ᛨဥםથ ᛨဥםથߏϲੰڱٙѣĂૄώ˯ߏ˘Б۞โቐүຽĂ̚ᛉ ࣶΞᖣѩܑၓүࠎĂםથඕڍͷΞͽଯᖙ؎ࣶົ۞ᆶߤޙᛉĂߏૻ˧ړཀྵ Җ߆͞ࢬڱ९۞ӀጡĂЯѩώࡁտᄮࠎĂߏ၁ү้Ш۞Ⴞ༛ҖࠎĄ ͽ˯ࠎώࡁտ၆ 9 Ⴞ༛͞ё۞้ШؠҜ̝ᄲځĂώࡁտљੵĶᓜॡ ೩९ķ ĂĶᛨဥםથķ̝γ۞ዶ 7 ีႾ༛ีϫĂซҖέ៉ᄃ઼ڱдˬ࣎ ᛉᗟ˯۞၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎѨᇴซҖͧྵĂέ៉ѣ۞Ķᛨဥםથķྤफ़ ̝Еઇࠎણ҂Ą
αăႾ༛үࠎ۞ྤफ़ᄓะ дͧྵഇม۞Ᏼፄ˯Ăώࡁտ่߄Ᏼب઼ഇྵࠎ࠹ب˘۞ܕซҖͧ ྵĂٺέ៉ߏௐ 7 بĞ2008.02.01-2012.01.31ğ۞ϲੰڱĂߏ઼ڱٺௐ 13 ب ۞઼ϔᛉົĞ2007.06.19-2012.06.20ğâᏴፄ˵ਕᔖฟ̶ෘ߆عॡഇ၆ ઼ົႾ༛үࠎٙΞਕౄј۞ᇆᜩĄώࡁտٙѣ۞ྤफ़࠰ֽҋ۞ົ઼઼ٺ ͞ءშ৭ٙᛖ۞̄ྤफ़Ąϲྤ۞ੰڱफ़ֽҋٺϲੰڱБྤੈშĂͽ ̈́ϲົ઼ੰڱဦ३ᐡć31 ઼ϔᛉົ۞̄ྤफ़ֽҋ઼ٺϔᛉົءშĂͽ̈́ ઼ϔᛉົቢ˯ۡᇫშ৭Ɵᇆࢰྤफ़ऱĄ32 ྤ઼फ़ᓁᇴኛણ֍˭ܑ 1Ą
31
32
ϲੰڱѣ̳ੈྤ࣎ฟ۞შ৭Ă̶ҾߏĶϲੰڱБྤੈშķᄃĶϲົ઼ੰڱဦ३ᐡķ Ă ώࡁտࢋ۞ྤफ़ֽࠎĈϲੰڱБྤੈშ྆۞Ķᛉְၱ̳ಡგநրķ Ăᄃϲੰڱ ઼ົဦ३ᐡ྆۞ĶϲੰڱኳྙߤྙրķĄྎშӬኛ֍ܢᐂ 1Ą ઼ϔᛉົϫ݈ࢋѣˬ࣎ࢋྤੈ̳ฟ۞შ৭Ă̶ҾߏĈ઼ϔᛉົءშĞAssemblée Nationaleğă઼ϔᛉົቢ˯ۡᇫშ৭/ᇆࢰྤफ़ऱĞVidos de l’Assemblée Nationaleğă̈́ Ąώࡁտࢋֹϡ݈ࢬ࣎შ৭۞ྤ ઼ϔᛉົᑫ९ऱĞAssemblée Nationale - Archivesğ फ़ĄྎშӬኛ֍ܢᐂ 1Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
ܑ1
49
Ⴞ༛үࠎѨᇴࢍܑ ಏҜĈѨᇴ
ᛉᗟᅳા
઼ ௐ˛بϲੰڱ
ົ ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ
ءဈੜᇬ
537
3,495
઼֨ᔉ
53
541
८ਕ८
224
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ፋبᓁᇴ
20,343
132,894
ොĈϲྤ۞ੰڱफ़ࠎΒӣᛨဥםથ 8 ีႾ༛үࠎ۞ᓁᇴĂ઼ϔᛉົ ۞ྤफ़ࠎ 7 ีႾ༛үࠎ۞ᓁᇴĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍ
དྷăᛉᗟ९ּ̝ྋ̈́ژෞҤ ώࡁտ၆࣎ˬ۞઼ᛉᗟ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎซҖྤफ़۞ᄓะĂௐ 7 ۞بϲ ੰڱᄃௐ 13 ઼۞بϔᛉົдੜᇬᛉᗟăᔉᛉᗟĂͽ̈́८ᛉᗟ˯۞Ⴞ༛ үࠎĂፋநј 12 ܑ࣎Ă̰टΒӣдͧྵبഇ̚ 8 ࣎Ⴞ༛ีϫĞ7 ࣎έăڱ Ξีͧ׀ϫĂΐ˯έѣ۞ᛨဥםથğ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎᓁѨᇴăبྍົ઼઼ ።ѐႾ༛үࠎ۞̶οଐԛᄃˠӮᇴĂϤྤٺफ़ณᘀ̂ĂٙΚቔ಼ϺкĂ ٺѩ̙ЕĞྎ֍ܢᐂ 2 Ҍܢᐂ 13ğĂώ༼่Е઼၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎ៍၅ ഇՏѐˠӮᇴ۞ඕڍĞኛણ֍˭ܑ 2ğĂͽ˭̶Ҿᄲ̝ځĄ
50
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܑ2
ϲੰڱᄃ઼ϔᛉົ၆ˬ࣎ᛉᗟ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎͧྵܑ * ಏҜĈՏѐˠӮ
ܑႊ้Ш ੨ ̶
ᛉᗟᙷ!ݭ ઼छ Ⴞ༛ᇾ
ੜᇬᛉᗟ! ϲੰڱ
઼ϔᛉົ
ᔉᛉᗟ! ϲੰڱ
८ᛉᗟ!
઼ϔᛉົ
ϲੰڱ
઼ϔᛉົ
1
˾ᐝኳྙ
0.2
0.034
0.01
0.0004
0.125
0.004
2
३ࢬኳྙ
0.665
0.74
0.095
0.046
0.213
0.406
3
ޠڱ೩९
0.093
0.016
-
0.0002
0.015
0.01
4
ੰົᆶᛉ
0.115
0.186
0.01
0.038
0.023
0.124
5
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
0.080
0.158
0.005
0.052
0.105
0.072
6
؎ࣶົᙋ
0.005
0.094
-
0.03
-
0.04
7
ࡁտಡӘ
0.035
0.078
-
0.05
0.013
0.068
ᛨဥםથ
0.005
-
-
-
0.005
-
ᓁࢍ
1.188
1.212
0.12
0.186
0.494
0.684
ᛉᗟᓁ̶
4
22
3
25
9
19
၁ү้Ш
* ͞॰ᇴࣃ઼ܑརम྿ 1.5 ࢺͽ˯Ą33 ՏѐˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈႾ༛үࠎᓁᇴƟᛉࣶᓁᇴƟЇഇѐᇴĞέ៉ߏ 113 Ҝϲ؎Ă4 ѐ˘Їć ઼ڱ577 ҜĂ5 ѐ˘ЇğĄ Ҝ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈ˾ᐝኳྙŮ३ࢬኳྙŮޠڱ೩९ŮੰົᆶᛉŮ؎ࣶົᆶߤŮࡁտಡ ӘĂϏࢍˢ؎ࣶົᙋᄃᛨဥםથĂЯ؎ࣶົᆶߤٙӔன۞ᇴࣃࠎ̏ৼˢ؎ࣶົᙋ۞ፋ វඕڍĄ ˢ؎ࣶົᙋĂࢦኑࢍზćᛨဥםથ่Еࠎણ҂Ă߇Ϻ̙ЕˢᓁࢍࢍზĄ ᇴࣃפҌ̈ᇴᕇௐˬҜĂтᇴࣃ̈ ٺ0.001ĂפҌ̈ᇴᕇௐαҜĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋᄦ
33
Ϥٺ࿅Ν۞͛ᚥϏ၆઼ᇹ۞ͧྵ೩ֻΞણ҂۞ͧྵૄĂώࡁտᄮࠎĂ઼Տѐ ˠӮᇴࣃརम྿ 1.5 ࢺĂ̏ਕࡎព઼̝मளĂ߇ώ͛ͽ 1.5 ࢺࠎᇾϯૄĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
51
ࢵАĂдءဈᛉᗟ۞Ķੜᇬޘטķ˯ĂϲੰڱдĶ˾ᐝኳྙķᄃĶڱ ޠ೩९ķ˯۞Ⴞ༛ܑன઼ͧϔᛉົ᎕ໂధкć઼ϔᛉົߏдੰົᆶᛉă ؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋĂͽ̈́ࡁտಡӘ˯ͧϲੰڱ᎕ໂć҃дءဈᛉᗟ ۞ੜᇬ࠹ޘטᙯڱ९˯Ăϲੰڱѣᛨဥםથ۞ࡔᐂĄፋវ҃֏Ă઼ϔᛉົ дءဈᛉᗟ۞ੜᇬޘטႾ༛ᆶᛉ˯ĂᔵҬͧϲੰڱ᎕ໂֱĂ͍дĶ၁ү ้Шķ۞Чᖚᝋ˯Ăҭϲੰڱдܑႊ้Шૻ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķૻݏᑝĂֹ ϡᐛதߏ ܕ۞઼ڱ6 ࢺĞ0.2 /0.034ğ ćѨĂߏѣྵ̂۞၁ү้ШĂҭ̪ѣ ս۞קĶޠڱ೩९ķĂϲੰڱ೩Іᇴ˵ߏ ܕ۞઼ڱ6 ࢺĞ0.093 /0.016ğĄ ˘ĶੜᇬޘטķᛉᗟĂֶĶᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̝ט ទᏭĂᛳĶᓁůᛉົטķ۞ϲੰڱĂᑕྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯĂଂ၁ᅫүࠎ࠻Ă ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛˧ྵणனдܑႊຍྵק፧۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķ Ă҃ޠڱ೩९Ϻᅲ ᎕ໂĂҬͼ˵ͅߍϲ้ੰڱᓁͽ˭טĶϲڱķࠎᖚ۞পኳĄಶЧᖚᝋ Ⴞ༛ѨᇴΐᓁѐˠӮࢍზĂϲੰڱᔵரᅊ઼ٺϔᛉົĂҭᗕͧ͞ࣃໂତܕ Ğ1.212/1.188Ż1.02ğĂᑕᛳ̙࠹˯˭Ąώ͛ଯኢ۞Ķᓁ—ᛉົטķ˭઼ ົ၆ءဈᛉᗟྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯĂᑕᛳЪநĂΪߏႾ༛˧۞ܑனઐШܑႊ ّĂҭ˵ѣͽĶϲڱķֽणன۞้ШĄ ѨĂдĶ઼֨ᛉᗟķ۞ᔉ͞ࢬĂώֶ͛Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̈́Ķᓁ ůᛉົטķ̝ទᏭĂᄮࠎѩᛉᗟᑕߏ၆Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ົྵѣ Ⴞ༛̝ᄵЯĂଂܑ 2 ࠻ֽĂᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞έ៉дĶ၁ү้Шķ ͞ࢬ۞Ⴞ༛ҖֹĂೀ۩ܕϨĂΒ߁؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋăࡁտಡӘඈĂ ৢѣ؎ࣶົᆶߤரѣ߿જĞ0.005ƟՏѐˠӮğćҭдĶܑႊ้Шķྵૻ۞ Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķ̈́Ķ३ࢬኳྙķĂӮૻ࿅઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົĂ͍˾ᐝኳྙ྿ 25 ࢺ۞ֹϡᐛதĂҭޠڱ೩९ߏࡔᐂĄߏӎΞֶѩኢᕝᛳĶᓁநůᓁ טķ۞઼઼ڱϔᛉົ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎಶ̙˧˞ĉܑ 2 ̚ޝ۞णனдͧྵ ߏĶ၁ү้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛ᖚᝋ͞ࢬĈ؎ࣶົᆶߤăᙋăࡁտಡӘඈĂГΒ ߁ྵ̚มّኳ۞ੰົᆶᛉĂ̈́ѣᕇүսّኳ۞ޠڱ೩९Ă઼۞઼ڱϔᛉ ົౌᅈྵϲੰڱ᎕ໂĂޘӮ྿ 1.5 ࢺͽ˯Ă34 ͍ĂдĶ؎ࣶົᙋķ
34
Ⴞ༛ีϫՏѐˠӮĈ؎ࣶົᆶߤĈ ڱ0.052 vs. έ 0.005ć؎ࣶົᙋĈ ڱ0.03 vs. έ 0ćࡁ տಡӘĈ ڱ0.05 vs. έ 0ćੰົᆶᛉĈ ڱ0.038 vs. έ 0.01ćޠڱ೩९Ĉ ڱ0.0002 vs. έ 0Ą
52
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķ˯ĂϲੰڱБࡔᐂĂࠤҌдءဈᛉᗟĶੜᇬޘטķ̂ณ ֹϡ۞Ķޠڱ೩९ķĂдѩᔉᛉᗟ͞ࢬĂϲߏ˵ੰڱଭĄ ᓁඕᄲֽĂĶᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ϔᛉົቁ၁၆઼֨͞ࢬ۞ᔉᛉ ᗟĂѣྵ᎕ໂ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂЯࠎᓁࢍ۞ՏѐˠӮѨᇴߏ࿅ϲ۞ੰڱ Ğ0.1866 >0.12ğĂͷࢺᇴ྿ 1.55 ࢺĞ0.186 /0.12ğĂৢߏႾ༛͞Шྵࢦ၁ үĂ҃ϲੰڱдĶܑႊ้Шķ፧۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķĂ̪ߏᅌᅌᅳА྿ 25 ࢺ Ğ0.01/0.0004ğĂࠤͷдүսຍקѨ፧۞Ķ३ࢬኳྙķĂϺѣ᎕ໂܑனćͅ ҃ߏྵѣĶ၁үķຍஉ۞Ķޠڱ೩९ķ̈́Ķੰົᆶᛉķ Ăϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛үࠎ ౌ࠹၆ੜ̼Ă͍Ķޠڱ೩९ķ Ă઼ϔᛉົౌᔘਕѣܑٙனĂϲݒੰڱԆБ ۩ٸĂк͌ពϯĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞઼ົ၆઼֨ᛉᗟ˘̰ ——ٺטצؠ ᅦ˵၆ᓁయĂҭᓁ̙Ш઼ົయ——۞؉Ą ௐˬ࣎Ᏼፄ۞ᛉᗟߏ८ਕ͞ࢬ۞८ᛉᗟĂώ͛ࢋ۞ޥ҂ࠎຽ ّĂ઼ົႾ༛̙ٽĂ၆ࣹ֏҃ޘטĂౌᛳܝᕣ̝ᛉᗟĂ߇ώ͛Ⴭ̝ ࠎĶ̚ϲّķᛉᗟĄ͞ࢬᑭෛ۞ඕڍĂܑ 2 ពϯĂέ៉ϲͽߏ̪ੰڱĶܑ ႊķ้Шૻ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķֽࠈކႾ༛˧ĂֹϡπӮᐛதߏ۞઼ڱ 31.25 ࢺĞ0.125/0.004ğ ćѨѣս۞קĶ३ࢬኳྙķ Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົֹϡྵ кĂߏϲ ۞ੰڱ1.91 ࢺĞ0.406 /0.213ğćѣսקҭ˵ѣ၁үຍஉ۞Ķޠڱ ೩९ķĂϲ઼ྵ˫ੰڱϔᛉົ᎕ໂĂͧᇴ˵྿ 1.5 ࢺĞ0.015/0.01ğćᛳٺ ̚ ม ۞ Ķ ੰ ົ ᆶ ᛉ ķĂ ઼ ϔ ᛉ ົ ྵ ᐛ ᓄ ᓝ Җ Ă ߏ ϲ ۞ ੰ ڱ5.39 ࢺ Ğ0.124/0.023ğ ćҭд၁ү้Шྵૻ۞Чᖚᝋ̚Ăϲੰڱᙱ۞дĶ؎ࣶົ ᆶߤķ۞ᐛத˯Ăߏ࿅઼ϔᛉົࡗ 1.5 ࢺĞ0.105 /0.072ğ۞ć҃дĶ؎ ࣶົᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķࢬ͞ĂӮᅈ઼̙̈́ϔᛉົĞдĶᙋķࡔᐂ ˯ՀߏଭğĄҭࠎ˞Ķ८ķ࠹ᙯᛉᗟĂϲߏࣆੰڱѣĶᛨဥםથķĂᔵ ᐛத̙ზĄ ᓁඕᄲֽĂ८ਕ̚۞८˘̚ϲᛉᗟĂ၆ࢋົ઼۞˭ޘטႾ༛Ă ౌѣ˘۞ؠᙱޘĂົ઼࣎ՏѐˠӮ۞Ⴞ༛ᐛதĂ઼ڱᔵரĂҭᄃέ៉ ࠹Ν̙ᅈĞϏ྿ 1.5 ࢺğĂ҃ᄃᛉᗟ࠹ྵĂͧĶੜᇬķႾ༛͌Ăҭ̪ кٺĶ઼֨ķ̚۞ᔉᛉᗟĂலౣΗᓁ˭ט၆઼֨۞Ⴞ༛ĂҬᓁѣᓁ ˘ᆸ۞มĂ҃ᙱБ˧߉ࠎĄ࠹ྵ̝˭Ăέ៉ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛үࠎĂ̪ߏ ͽĶܑႊຍקķ፧۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķࠎࢵᏴĂૻ˧ֹϡĂҭ˵ѣ˘ֱྵѣ၁
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
53
үຍஉ۞үࠎĂтĶޠڱ೩९ķ̈́Ķ؎ࣶົᆶᛉķ ćд઼઼ڱϔᛉົ͞ࢬĂ Ҭ˵̙ਕ̙үսĂдĶ३ࢬኳྙķ͞ࢬপҾ᎕ໂĂд၁ү้Ш۞Ķ؎ ࣶົᙋķ ă ĶࡁտಡӘķ͞ࢬĂ̈́Ҝ̚ٺม۞Ķੰົᆶᛉķ Ă˵ౌт˟ ᛉᗟ˘ਠĂྵϲੰڱՀ᎕ໂĄ ޢĂώ͛ଂፋវֽෞณົ઼࣎дˬ࣎ᛉᗟ˯ٙणன۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ ᕩৼ࣎͞ШĈ˘࣎ߏፖྭˬᛉᗟ۞ВТᔌ๕ĂΩ˘࣎ົ઼˟ߏᛳٺ ̙ТѨᙷ۞ݭᇆᜩෞҤĄಶፖྭˬᛉᗟ۞ВТᔌ๕҃֏Ăܑ 2 ၁࠹༊ ۞ӔனĂέ៉ϲ้ྵੰڱШͽܑႊّૻ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķֽणனႾ༛˧ Ăֹϡᐛதдˬᛉᗟ˯ౌᅈ࿅઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົćѨĂϲੰڱ૱ֹ ϡ۞ߏĶޠڱ೩९ķĂ˵ߏѣĶܑႊ้ШķĂҭк͌णனઐᓁˬטᝋ̶ϲ ˭઼ົপّĂͽĶϲڱķࠎĶႾ༛ķٕĶטᏊķҖ߆۞߱͘ćͅ៍۞઼ڱ ઼ϔົᛉĂࢋ้ШֹϡͽĶ၁үķࠎ۞إႾ༛ᖚᝋĂΒ߁Ĉ Ķ؎ࣶົᆶ ߤķ ă Ķ؎ࣶົᙋķ ă ĶࡁտಡӘķඈඈĄࠤͷ̚ٺاҜ۞Ķੰົᆶᛉķ Ăڱ ઼дˬᛉᗟֹϡ۞ᐛதౌྵϲੰڱкֱĄ ࠎ˞Հჟ۞ቁᄮέăົ઼ڱĶႾ༛үࠎķ۞้ШĂώܑ͛ႊז၁ ү้Ш۞˛ᖚᝋĞᛨဥםથੵγğĂ̶Ҿኬ̶ĂĶ˾ᐝኳྙķࠎ 1ĂĶ३ࢬķ 2ĂֶԔЕĶࡁտಡӘķࠎ 7ĂГ̶Ҿࢷͽέăົ઼ڱ౼ 1.5 ࢺ۞ีϫĞт ءဈᛉᗟ۞Ķ˾ᐝኳྙķีĂέ 1Ă ڱ0ć઼֨ᛉᗟ۞ĶࡁտಡӘķีĂ έ 0Ă ڱ7Ăֶѩᙷଯğ ĂΐᓁࢍზޢĂ̶ᇴດ͌۰ĂܑĶܑႊ้Шķ ૻć̝ͅĂߏĶ၁ү้Шķ ĄٙඕڍĞтܑ 2 ٙϯğࠎέ៉ϲ ੰڱ16Ă 35
઼઼ڱϔົᛉ 66Ă 36 ݈۰ࢦĶܑႊķё۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂޢ۰֕Ķ၁үķ
ྮቢĂ߰ႷཌྷĊΪߏĶܑႊķᄃĶ၁үķ۞Ⴞ༛Ăң۰ྵਕᇆᜩ̈́ᖼត ߆߆عඉĂಶ̙ߏώ͛Ξඍᖬ˞Ą ГಶĶᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ˟࣎ΗᓁטѨᙷ֏҃ݭĂ έ៉ϲੰڱдᕩᛳٺĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭Ăઐˬᝋ̶ϲё઼ົ۞൴णྫĂ ͷ̰ᅦᄃᛉົˠְ۞̙Ϲ߹Ăдءဈᛉᗟ۞ੜᇬ˯ޘטĂߏྵѣ᎕ໂႾ༛ ۞જ˧ĂҭࢋܑனдĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ̈́Ķޠڱ೩९ķᖚᝋ˯ćᕩᛳٺĶᓁ
35 36
έ៉ᛉᗟᓁ̶Ĉ1*3 + 2*1 + 3*2 + 4*0 + 5*1 + 6*0 + 7*0 = 16Ą ઼ڱᛉᗟᓁ̶Ĉ1*0 + 2*1 + 3*1 + 4*3 + 5*2 + 6*3 + 7*3 = 66Ą
54
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
நůᓁķ઼઼ڱ۞˭טϔົᛉቁ၁၆઼֨͞ࢬ۞ᔉᛉᗟдĶ၁үķ Ⴞ༛ЧࢬШĂពͧέ៉ϲੰڱ᎕ໂࠤкĂࠤͷдĶޠڱ೩९ķ˵ѣܑٙ னĂέ៉ϲੰڱдѩ͞ࢬ۞ར۩Ă˵к͌ពϯႾ༛઼֨дĶᓁůᛉົטķ ̚ᙱͽ˧۞ӧဩĄ நኢ˯ྵ̙ޘטצᇆᜩ۞ຽᛉᗟů८ਕ̚۞८Ăέ៉ϲੰڱᄃ ઼઼ڱϔᛉົĂΞਕពனႾ༛үࠎ۞ώ้ШĂέ៉ϲͽߏ̪ੰڱĶܑ ႊķࠎࢦĂҭѣᓁ˭טઐĶϲڱķ̝পኳĂΒ߁Ķޠڱ೩९ķ̈́Ķ؎ࣶ ົᆶߤķӮྵ઼઼ڱϔົᛉࠎ᎕ໂĂ҃ޢ۰ͽߏ̪Ķ၁үķࠎႾ༛ࢦᕇĂ ΪѣĶ३ࢬኳྙķ˘ܑႊ้Шྵ፧۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ઼ϔᛉົ౼࿅˞ϲੰڱĄ ޢፋវ࠻ֽĂ઼઼ڱϔᛉົдˬีᛉᗟ۞ᓁႾ༛ѐˠӮᐛதზߏ ٺϲ۞ੰڱĂᔵдĶءဈੜᇬķ̈́Ķ८ਕ८ķ͞ࢬĂརम၁̙̂ĞϏ ࿅ 1.5 ࢺğĂҭд઼֨۞Ķᔉķᛉᗟ˯Ă࿅ϲ ੰڱ1.5 ࢺĄ၆઼֨ᛉ ᗟ۞Ⴞ༛̙˧ߏĶᓁůᛉົטķ˭઼ົ۞࿆ன෪ĉώ̙͛ូඍć ΩγĂ၆Ķ઼֨ᛉᗟķ۞πӮႾ༛ᐛதдˬᛉᗟ̚ྭߏౌ઼ҲĞࠤͷ Ҳٺຽ۞८ᛉᗟğ Ă၆઼֨ᛉᗟҲႾ༛۞ޘன෪Ă˫ߏӎࠎΗ ᓁ۞טВТĂώ͛˵ϏؠۺĂѣޞϏֽՀкࡁտቁᄮĄ
Ёăඕኢ ώ͛ͽଣͧྵ̙ТᙷݭΗᓁ۞ົ઼˭טႾ༛үࠎѣңमளࠎયᗟ ൴ᕇĂ֭ͽ Shugart ̈́ Carey ۞Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ Ѩᙷྵͧࠎݭमள۞நኢଯኢޥ҂ᕇĂГൾְ࣒ϒ Polsby ੫၆ᛉົΑਕٙ ೩۞ĶܑႊůᖼೱķЍᙉࠎĶܑႊů၁үķ۞Ⴞ༛้ШЍᙉĂͽࠎෞณ ώ͛ٙͧྵܑĶᓁůᛉົķ۞טέ៉ϲੰڱĂܑ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁķ ઼઼ڱ۞טϔᛉົႾ༛үࠎ้Ш۞ֶፂĄ ώ͛੫၆Ķᓁůᛉົטķ̚Ă̰ᅦᄃᛉົˠְྵ͌Ϲ߹Ăͷ̰ᅦื ၆ᓁ̈́ᛉົౌయ۞পّĂ̈́Ķᓁநůᓁטķ̚Ă̰ᅦᄃᛉົˠְϹ ߹ྵ̷Ăͷ̰ᅦ่ื၆ᛉົయ̝ទᏭĂ̈́நኢ˯ᛉࣶӮநّҋӀ̝ࣧ Ă̶ҾᏴ၆Ķᓁůᛉົטķ઼ົྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯ۞ءဈᛉᗟ͞ࢬ۞Ķੜ ᇬޘטķ Ă̈́၆Ķᓁநůᓁטķ઼ົྵѣႾ༛ᄵЯ઼̝֨ᛉᗟ۞Ķᔉય
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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ᗟķ ĂֽπᏊᑭෛ၆ѨᙷݭЧҋநኢ˯ѣӀ̝ᛉᗟ۞၁ᅫႾ༛үࠎć֭Г ΐ˘̚ϲᛉᗟ —Ķ८ਕ८ķ ĂͽຽّĂ၆Їңౌົ઼۞˭ޘטᛳྵ ᙱႾ༛۞ّኳĂֽଣീٙ៍၅ົ઼ĶႾ༛үࠎķ้Ш۞ᘦޘؠĄд၁ᅫႾ ༛үࠎ۞ෞͧ˯Ăώ͛ᕩৼፋநέăົ઼ڱΞ ۞ͧ׀7 ีᖚᝋĂ̶ҾߏĈ ˾ᐝኳྙă३ࢬኳྙăޠڱ೩९ăੰົᆶᛉă؎ࣶົᆶߤă؎ࣶົᙋă ࡁտಡӘĂΩέѣ۞ĶᛨဥםથķϺЕˢઇણ҂ีϫĄ˯ٙЕΞ൴೭ Ⴞ༛˧۞ᖚᝋĂֶّኳĂϺֶ݈ึԔĂ̶ҾؠҜдĶܑႊů၁үķ Ⴞ༛้Ш۞Ѝᙉ˯ćӈĶ˾ᐝኳྙķܑႊّૻĂֶԔᅍഴć҃၁ү้Ш ֶԔᅍᆧĄ ĶᛨဥםથķЯܼโቐүຽĂᛉࣶүս۩มĂͷѣԼតҖ ߆ొ߆ܝඉ۞၁˧Ă߇ЕࠎĶ၁ү้Шķ̝Ⴞ༛үࠎ۞ໂბણ҂ีĄ έăົ઼ڱдˬᛉᗟ߆ٺᛨ˘۞៍၅ഇมĂдЧีᖚᝋٙणன۞ Ⴞ༛үࠎ้ШĂགྷ఼ሹፋநࢍ̶ژĂ۞ז൴னࠎĈέ៉ϲੰڱдˬ࣎ ᛉᗟ˯ĂౌणனֹϡĶܑႊ้Шķૻ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ͍ߏĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ۞ ҖֹᐛதĂరࡍˬᛉᗟ۞ᅈ઼઼ڱٺϔᛉົ۞ҖֹଐԛĂѨߏĶޠڱ ೩९ķ Ăϲ࠹˵ੰڱ၆Җֹྵ᎕ໂćҌ઼઼ڱٺϔᛉົĂፋវणனྵૻ۞ Ķ၁ү้ШķႾ༛үࠎĂੵ˞Ķ؎ࣶົᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķֶี ̰ఢĂ 37 ̙ຍγ۞ᅈྵϲੰڱҖֹ۞кĂҭдĶ؎ࣶົᆶߤķ̈́Ķੰົᆶ ߤķྵ˵ีĶ၁ү้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎ˯Ă઼઼ڱϔᛉົ˵ྵ᎕ໂֱĄ ͽܑႊז၁үĂଂҲזЧีϫኬ̶ĂტЪࢍ۞ᇴࣃĂέ 16Ă ڱ66Ă ᄮົ઼઼ۺႾ༛үࠎâࢦĶܑႊķâᓾĶ၁үķ۞̶ڡĄ ᇹ۞ࡁտ൴னΞᄲܐՎаඍ˞ώ͛۞ࡁտયᗟ—ӈ̙ТΗᓁטѨ ᙷ۞ົ઼˭ݭႾ༛үࠎቁ၁ѣमளĂमளֶώ̝͛ଣ̶ߏژĈ Ķᓁ ůᛉົטķ˭۞઼ົĂтέ៉ϲੰڱĂྵઐШĶܑႊķёֽႾ༛Ă͍̂ ณྻϡĶ˾ᐝኳྙķĂ၆Ķޠڱ೩९ķ˵ѣઐрćĶᓁநůᓁטķ˭۞઼ ົĂт઼۞઼ڱϔᛉົĂઐШĶ၁үķ۞ݭႾ༛Ăੵ˞ѣᐛᓄ۞Ķᙋķ ᓝᏱ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķயĂдĶੰົķᄃĶ؎ࣶົķ۞ᆶᛉΡฟѨᇴ˯Ă ˵ͧྵ᎕ໂĄ ̙࿅Ăੵ˞Ѩᙷ̝ົ઼۞˭ݭႾ༛үࠎቁ၁ѣमளγĂώ͛۞ࡁտ 37
ኛણ֍ώ͛۞Ķણķ̝Ķ˟ķ۞ௐ (ˬ) ีĶڱ९ᆶᛉᝋķ̝ᄲځĄ
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Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
൴ன˵ពϯĈ̝ົ઼Ⴞ༛ѣВТӧဩĂӈдࢬ၆ˬ࣎ᛉᗟ̚۞઼֨ᔉ યᗟĂౌពனႾ༛ᐛதҲ۞ன෪ĂࠤͷҲٺ၆ຽ̝Ķ८ਕ८ķ۞Ⴞ ༛ޘćТॡĂѨᙷྵ࠹ݭĂ Ķᓁůᛉົטķ˭۞ϲੰڱҬՀѣĶऴ̚ ̝ऴķ۞Ⴞ༛ܑனĄ ͽ˯൴னߏӎѣ࿆ଯኢّĉώ͛ϫ݈ܲၗޘĄЯࠎώ͛ͽĶΗ ᓁטѨᙷݭķ̝ಏ˘Я৵൴ĂֽವՐΞͧྵ࣎९Ă֭՟ѣΞਕ ᇆᜩវྻטү۞Я৵ˢޥ҂Ăтጳט൴ण۞ॡม።ĂҖጳ۞ᒖဩࡦഀ ඈĂٙඕڍΞᄲᙯᓑّૻĂЯޞّڍϏֽՀк۞९ּ̈́གྷរᑭᙋ̖ਕ ѣٙቁᄮĄѨĂώ͛۞ͧྵࢦд઼ົٺጳ߆טڱఢቑࢬ۞ᝋࢨ̈́၁ᅫ ᖚᝋҖֹ̝Җࠎࢬ۞ܑனĂ҃̚ม̪ѣధк࠹ᙯ۞ొఢĂтέăڱĶ˾ ᐝኳྙķᝋ̝ҖֹĂ Ķᙋķ̈́ĶࡁտಡӘķ̝࠹ᙯఢؠඈĂӮѣ࠹༊मளĂ ώ͛ϏઇଠטநĂҭֱĶ̚มఢቑķ۞̙ТĂ၆έăڱᗕ઼͞ົдႾ ༛үࠎ۞้Ш˯Ăᑕѣ˘ؠүϡĄтέ៉ϲ؎۞ኳྙĂдੰົٕ؎ࣶົĂ ౌߏؠڱυҖ۞Ăҭ઼ڱд؎ࣶົ̙ߏć઼઼҃ڱϔᛉົ۞Ķᙋķ̈́Ķࡁ տಡӘķ Ăߏజఢࢋ̼ૻטઇ۞ԔĄֱఢቑߙޘΞᄲૻ̼˞઼ ઼ົֹϡႾ༛ᖚᝋ۞͞ШĞтέ้ШĶ˾ᐝኳྙķ ĂڱĶᙋķ̈́Ķࡁտಡ Әķณ̂ğ Ă˵រᙋ˞ĶޘטᇆᜩҖࠎķ۞ૄώᗟć֭࠹༊ײޘᑕ˞έă ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛ࡁޘטտٙពϯ۞ඕڍĈྻ۞ົ઼઼ڱүྵ้Ш̰ᅦטĂ έ៉้ྵߏШᓁטĞၐ྿൝ඈĂ2013ğ ć߇۞ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛ҖࠎᇹၗĂ ົྵ้Шםٺӄ߆۞߆߉ع၁ኳᆶߤĂ҃έ៉ϲ۞ੰڱႾ༛ҖࠎሀёĂ ྵ൴णјͽኳྙֽၓព̶ϲ҃ރᑂّ۞Ⴞ༛ĄҭЯֱొ۞࠹ᙯఢቑ ߏᔳᖟ࣎ٺѨᙷ˭ݭĂޝᙱኢؠд࠹ТѨᙷߏ˭ݭӎѣ࠹Т۞ఢ ĂЯѩ˵ᙱͽώࡁտ۞ඕڍĂូઇྵᇃ۞ھଯኢĄ ޢĂώ͛ࢋГ˘ѨϦځώ͛۞ࢨטĄώ͛ٙീณ̈́Ӕன۞Ⴞ༛үࠎĂ ΞͽѣĶܑႊķ̈́Ķ၁үķ้Ш۞ଯᕝĂҭᙱፂͽᏊณႾ༛۞ड़˧ĂӈĶܑ ႊ้Шķૻ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎߏӎಶܑ၆Җ߆Җજٕ߆ඉ۞Լត˧ྵऴĂ҃ Ķ၁ү้Шķ۞Ⴞ༛ड़˧ಶྵૻĂٕ̝ͅϺćώ͛۞ࡁտඕ̙إڍਕଯ ኢҌѩĊΪߏт၆έ៉ϲ؎࿅ޘϡĶ˾ᐝኳྙķܑႊႾ༛۞үࠎຏ̙ז ۞Ч͞ˠ̀ĂٕΞણ҂ώ͛۞ࡁտĂ઼઼͍ڱϔᛉົтңϡ̼ૻޘט၁ үႾ༛۞ొ̶ĂઇࠎԼࢭϲޥ۞ੰڱ҂͞Ш̝˘Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
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ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ӓϜ̋Ă2001Ă IJЪүᔘߏ၆ϲĉΗᓁ̶ົعטϲ˭۞ጳ߆ྻүij Ăاځϒă ६Ğበğ Ă Įጳ߆វ۞טາ֕Шį ĂέΔĈੑဥڱˠາέ៉ˠ͛ିૄܛ ົĂࢱ 165-209Ą ӓϜ̋Ă2006ĂIJ߆ᝋЪّڱᄃጳԼሀёĈͧྵᄂ៉ᄃለ߷ޢВາᎸϔ઼ छij ĂӓࢦᖃăӓϜ̋Ğበğ Ă Įጳ߆ԼࢭĈࡦഀăྻүᄃᇆᜩį ĂέΔĈ ̣ݑĂࢱ 59-62Ą ӓϜ̋Ă2012ĂĮᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎࠻ޘΗᓁטįĂέΔĈ̣ݑĄ ָڒᐷᛌĂ2002ĂIJጱĈΗᓁטăкᛨវրᄃ̙ᘦ۞ؠϔijĂഅ̮ޙă ᘲૈࣝăңഀၷăᔁۧጳăౘഀಜăͳ͕ᆇĞᛌğĂĮᓁᄃ઼ົĈጳ߆ నࢍᄃᏴᓝજ˧įĂέΔĈࢮұĂࢱ v-xxxviiiĄ ૈۿĂ2010Ă IJ઼ڱΗᓁ۞טႊ̼Ĉ ઼ڱ2008 ѐ࣒ጳ۞ጳ߆ᇆᜩ̶ژijĂ ĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ49(2): 65-98Ą ߉ਕĂ1987Ă Į઼ົႾ༛ᄃ߆ඉેҖ—઼࡚གྷរ̝ࡁտ֭ࣘኢԧ઼۞൴णį Ă έΔĈᄂ៉થચО३ᐡĄ ૺधᄹĂ2011ĂIJΗᓁྻטүᙷࡁ઼ྭ۞ݭտijĂĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ50(2): 107-142Ą ૺέអĂ2010ĂIJ2008 ѐ઼࣒ڱጳ̰ट̈́၆ԧ઼۞ୁϯijĂੑဥڱˠ઼छ߆ ඉࡁտૄົܛĂhttp://www.npf.org.tw/3/8296Ă2016/05/03Ą ՃൊĂ2000ĂIJ߆ᛨٕᏴડĉϲפܑ۞ࣶ؎ڱШᄃҖࠎijĂĮᏴᓝࡁտįĂ 7(2): 37-70Ą ౘາϔĂ2002Ă Į1997-2000έ៉࣒ጳࡔ၁—Ȉѐጳ߆൴ण̝֍ᙋį ĂέΔĈጯڒĄ ၐ྿൝ăเԠӔăᔁٚራĂ2006Ă IJ࣒ጳ၆ϲੰڱΑਕᄃ֎Ғ̝ᇆᜩ—ଂܑႊ ಞܑזႊಞijĂĮᄂ៉ϔ؞ΏįĂ3(1): 25-58Ą ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡Ă2012Ă IJܧᙯ઼ົĉǕǕ ଂ८ਕ߆ඉͧྵΗᓁ˭טέ៉ă ઼ڱᄃᘲκ઼ֲົ۞Ⴞ༛˧ณijĂĶࢦາؠҜ۞ѐĈҩૺϒཌྷăਕ ൴णăᄃ઼ᅫᔌ๕ጯఙࡁົķኢ͛Ğ12 ͡ 9 ͟ğĂέΔĈरቑ̂ጯĄ ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡ăՂٚĂ2013Ă IJΗᓁົ઼۞˭טႾ༛ůଂྵͧࢬטڱέ ៉ᄃ۞ົ઼઼ڱႾ༛ਕณijĂĮયᗟᄃࡁտįĂ52(2): 51-97Ą
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˟ăࡻ͛ొ̶ Duverger, Maurice. 1980. “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government.” European Journal of Political Research 8(2): 165-187. Elgie, Robert. 1999. Semi-Presidentialism in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. Elgie, Robert. 2008. “Semi-Presidentialism: An Increasing Common Constitutional Choice.” Paper presented at the Conference on Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy: Institutional Choice, Performance, and Evolution, Institute of Political Science, Academic Sinica, October 17-18, Taipei. Fish, M. Steven and Matthew Kroenig. 2009. The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. Foulds, Leslie Richar. 1983. “The Heuristic Problem-Solving Approach.” The Journal of Operational Research 34(10): 927-934. Haggard, Stephan and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2001. Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy. London: Cambridge University Press. Hedlund, Ronald D. 1985. “Organizational Attributes of Legislative Institutions: Structure, Rules, Norms, Resources.” In The Handbook of Legislative Research, eds. G. Loewenberg, Samuel C. Patterson, and Malcolm E. Jewell. Boston: Harvard University Press, 321-394. Kingdon, John. 1989. Congressman’s Voting Decisions. 3rd edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lazardeux, Sébastien G. 2009. “The French National Assembly’s Oversight of the Executive: Changing Role, Partisanship and Intra-Majority Conflict.” West European Politics 32(2): 287-309. Lijphart, Arend. 1988. “The Comparative Method: The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research.” In Comparative Politics in the Post-Behavioral Era, eds. Louis J. Cantori and Andrew H. Ziegler. Jr. London: Lynne Rienner, 54-70. Loewenberg, Gerhard, and Samuel C. Patterson. 1979. Comparing Legislatures. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Loewenberg, Gerhard, Samuel, C. Patterson and Malcolm E. Jewell. 1985. The Handbook of Legislative Research. Boston: Harvard University Press. Mayhew, David. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press. Mezey, Michael L. 1979. Comparative Legislatures. North Carolina, Durham: Duke University Press. Messick, Richard E. 2002. “Strengthening Legislatures: Implications from Industrial Countries.” in http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/916761468322172163/ pdf/2484. Latest update 12 September 2016.
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
59
Millard, Eric. 2013. “Le Modèle Français: Deux Formes de Présidentialisation du Régime Parlementaire.” Teoria Politica 3: 211-231. Polsby, Nelson W. 1975. “Legislatures.” In Handbook of Political Science, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 257-319. Pelizzo, Richard and Rick Stapenhurst. 2004. Tools for Legislative Oversight: An Empirical Investigation, Washington, DC: The World Bank. Pelizzo, Richard and Frederick Stapenhurst. 2012. Parliamentary Oversight Tools: A Comparative Analysis. UK, Abington: Routledge. Rockman, Bert. A. 1985. “Legislative-Executive Relations and Legislative Oversight.” In The Handbook of Legislative Research, eds. G. Loewenberg, Samuel C. Patterson, and Malcolm E. Jewell. Boston: Harvard University Press, 519-572. Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. New York: New York University Press. Siaroff, Alan. 2003. “Comparative Presidencies: The Inadequacy of the Presidential, Semi-Presidentialism and Parliamentary Distinction.” European Journal of Political Research 42: 287-312. Shugart, Matthew S. and John M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 1! ઼࡚ϲڱࢍྤफ़ऱĞGovTrackğĈhttps://www.govtrack.us/ ϲੰڱБྤੈშĈhttp://www.ly.gov.tw/innerIndex.action ϲົ઼ੰڱဦ३ᐡĈhttp://npl.ly.gov.tw/do/www/homePage ϲੰڱᛉְၱ̳ಡგநրĈhttp://lci.ly.gov.tw/LyLCEW/lcivComm.action# pageName_searchResult=1 ϲੰڱኳྙߤྙրĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/qrkmc/qrkm ઼ϔᛉົءშĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ ઼ϔᛉົᇆࢰྤफ़ऱĈhttp://videos.assemblee-nationale.fr/seance-publique ઼ϔᛉົᑫ९ऱĈhttp://archives.assemblee-nationale.fr/!
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
61
! ܢᐂ 2!
ௐ˛بϲੰڱ၆̳ચࣶੜᇬ࠹ᙯڱ९۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ!
ੜᇬ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
391 (3.46)
14,300 (126.55)
2.7%
301 І (2.66)Ɵҫ 77.0%
12,823 (113.48)
2.3%
90 (0.80)Ɵҫ 23.0%
1,477 ( 13.07)
6.1%
ޠڱ೩९
42 (0.37)
778 ( 6.88)
5.4%
ੰົᆶᛉ
52 (0.46)
2,272 ( 20.11)
2.3%
2 (0.02)Ɵҫ 3.9%
194 ( 1.72)
1.0%
36 (0.32)
2,280 ( 20.18)
1.6%
2 (0.02)Ɵҫ 5.6%
71 ( 0.63)
2.8%
ಡӘ
16 (0.14)
713 ( 6.31)
2.2%
ᓁࢍ
537 (4.75)
20,343 (180.03)
2.6%
ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ297 ІćϏඍĈ0 І πӮаඍதĈ100% πӮаඍॡมĈ82 ͇ ů˾ᐝ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈ* ኳྙЪࢍ߉߆ኳྙă९ኳྙᄃՙზኳྙĄ
**ޠڱ೩९̚۞ϲ؎೩९̏ˢᛨဥ೩९ĂҭϏࢍˢᓜॡ೩९Ą ˠӮĈՏˠπӮѨᇴćࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
62
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 3!
ௐ˛بϲ̳ົੰڱચࣶੜᇬ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐႾ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ˾ᐝ! ᓁᇴ! ೩९
ੰົᆶᛉ!
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
םથ
ᓁᇴ
ᙋ
-
5 (0.04)
-
7 2 103 (0.06) (0.02) (0.91)
67 25 92 11 2 15 2009 (0.59) (0.22) (0.81) (0.10) (0.02) (0.13)
-
12 7 137 (0.10) (0.06) (1.21)
62 20 82 7 2008 (0.55) (0.18) (0.73) (0.06)
ᓁᇴ
ࡁտ ᓁᇴ! ಡӘ!
73 20 93 14 2010 (0.65) (0.18) (0.83) (0.12)
-
17 2 13 5 142 (0.15) (0.02) (0.12) (0.04) (1.26)
99 25 124 10 2011 (0.88) (0.22) (1.10) (0.09)
-
15 (0.13)
-
2012
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 4 155 (0.04) (0.02) (1.37) -
-
-
90 2 52 2 36 16 537 301 391 42 ᓁࢍ (2.63) (0.83) (3.46) (0.37) (0.02) (0.46) (0.02) (0.32) (0.14) (4.75) ොĈ2008 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2008.02.01-2008.12.31Ą 2012 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2012.01.01-2012.01.31Ą ˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ
* ώܑĶੰົኢķ่ЕĶםથķᙷҾă؎ࣶົᆶᛉ่ЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
63
ܢᐂ 4!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆̳ચࣶੜЃ࠹ܛᙯڱ९Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
ੜЃܛ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
2,233 (3.87)
123,962 (214.84)
1.8%
2,134 (3.70)Ɵҫ 95.6%
118,854 (205.99)
1.8%
5,108 ( 8.85)
1.9%
̏ඍĈ2,051 ІćϏඍĈ83 І πӮаඍதĈ96% πӮаඍॡมĈ130 ͇ ů˾ᐝ
99 (0.17)Ɵҫ 4.4%
ޠڱ೩९
44 (0.08)
2,023 ( 3.51)
2.2%
ੰົᆶᛉ
536 (0.93)
1,163 ( 2.02)
46.1%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
455 (0.79)
3,681 ( 6.38)
12.4%
271 (0.47)Ɵҫ 59.6%
1,828 ( 3.17)
14.8%
ಡӘ
227 (0.39)
2,065 ( 3.58)
11.0%
ᓁࢍ
3,495 (6.06)
132,894 (230.32)
2.6%
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈˠӮѨᇴ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈᓁᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
64
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 5!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆̳ચࣶੜЃڱ९።ѐႾ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ
!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ!
ྙ! ˾ᐝ!
ᓁࢍ
ޠڱ ೩९
ੰົ ᆶᛉ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ! ᙋ
2007
190 12 (0.33) (0.02)
202 (0.35)
6 (0.01)
2008 -1
350 7 (0.61) (0.01)
357 (0.62)
4 57 20 (0.007) (0.10) (0.03)
2008 -2
290 2 292 (0.50) (0.003) (0.53)
0 -
83 22 (0.14) (0.04)
ᓁࢍ
ࡁտ! ಡӘ!
ᓁࢍ!
34 4 329 (0.06) (0.007) (0.57) 32 25 (0.06) (0.04)
475 (0.82)
16 57 (0.10) (0.03)
30 12 (0.05) (0.02)
391 (0.68)
2008 Ъࢍ
640 9 (1.11) (0.02)
649 (1.13)
4 (0.01)
114 36 (0.20) (0.06)
62 37 (0.11) (0.06)
866 (1.50)
2009
452 12 (0.78) (0.02)
464 (0.80)
6 (0.01)
83 52 (0.14) (0.09)
86 39 (0.15) (0.07)
678 (1.18)
2010
428 32 (0.74) (0.06)
460 (0.80)
12 (0.03)
79 85 (0.14) (0.15)
132 29 (0.23) (0.50)
712 (1.23)
2011
402 29 (0.70) (0.05)
431 (0.75)
13 (0.02)
147 71 (0.25) (0.12)
125 49 (0.22) (0.05)
765 (1.33)
5 22 3 30 5 16 69 27 (0.04) (0.008) (0.048) (0.005) (0.05) (0.008) (0.03) (0.12) 2,134 99 2,233 44 536 271 455 227 (3.70) (0.17) (3.87) (0.08) (0.93) (0.47) (0.79) (0.39)
145 (0.25)
2012 ᓁࢍ
3,495 (6.05)
ොĈ2007 ѐ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2007.01.01-2007.12.31Ą Я 2008 ѐ 2 ͡ 23 ͟ͽ࣒۞઼ڱޢጳ९఼࿅Ă߇ 2008-1 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.01.01-2008. 07.23Ą2008-2 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.07.24-2008.12.31Ą ˠӮ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈѨᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ
* ؎ࣶົᆶᛉ̚ΪЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
65
ܢᐂ 6!
ௐ˛بϲੰڱ၆઼֨ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ*
ᔉ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
47 (0.42)
14,300 (126.55)
0.3%
42 (0.37)Ɵҫ 89.4%
12,823 (113.48)
0.3%
5 (0.04)Ɵҫ 10.6%
1,477 ( 13.07)
0.3%
0
778 ( 6.88)
4 (0.04)
2,272 ( 20.11)
ůᛨဥםથ
-
194 ( 1.72)
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
2 (0.02)
2,280 ( 20.18)
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
-
71 ( 0.63)
-
ಡӘ
0
713 ( 6.31)
-
ᓁࢍ
53 (0.48)
20,343 (180.03)
ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ42 ІćϏඍĈ0 І πӮаඍதĈ100% πӮаඍॡมĈ62 ͇ ů˾ᐝ ޠڱ೩९** ੰົኢ
0.1% 0.1%
0.3%
ොĈ* ኳྙЪࢍ߉߆ኳྙă९ኳྙᄃՙზኳྙĄ ** ޠڱ೩९̚۞ϲ؎೩९̏ˢᛨဥ೩९ĂҭϏࢍˢᓜॡ೩९Ą
ˠӮĈՏˠπӮѨᇴćࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
66
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 7!
ௐ˛بϲົੰڱ၆ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐႾ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ˾ᐝ! ᓁᇴ! ೩९
15 2 2008 (0.13) (0.02)
ੰົᆶᛉ! םથ
ᓁᇴ **
؎ࣶົᆶߤ ᙋ
ᓁᇴ 1**** (0.009)
17 (0.15)
-
-
3 (0.02)
-
3 1 4 2009 (0.03) (0.009) (0.04)
-
-
-
-
7 2010 (0.06)
7 (0.12)
-
-
1*** (0.009)
-
19 (0.17)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
47 (0.41)
-
-
4 (0.04)
-
17 2 2011 (0.15) (0.02) 2012
-
-
42 5 ᓁࢍ (0.37) (0.04)
ࡁտ! ᓁᇴ! ಡӘ! -
21 (0.40)
-
4 (0.04)
-
9 (0.08)
-
-
19 (0.17)
-
-
-
-
-
2 (0.02)
-
53 (0.47)
1***** (0.009)
ොĈ2008 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2008.02.01-2008.12.31Ą 2012 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2012.01.01-2012.01.31Ą ˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ
* **
ώܑĶੰົኢķ่ЕĶםથķᙷҾă؎ࣶົᆶᛉ่ЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ 3 ඊӮᆶߤࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົ̝ಡӘćѣ 2 ඊࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົಡӘˠϔ̝ ኛᙸ९۞ᆶߤඕڍĂΩ 1 ඊࠎࡺॷᎩᛉົᑭӔ̝જᛉ९ĂӮܧᆶߤޠڱ೩९Ą
*** ࠎᆶߤγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົಡӘˠϔኛᙸ९̝ᆶߤඕڍĄ **** ࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົᆶߤˠϔ̝ኛᙸ९Ăޠڱܧ೩९Ą *****ࠎγϹ઼̈́֨؎ࣶົᆶߤˠϔ̝ኛᙸ९Ăޠڱܧ೩९Ą ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
67
ܢᐂ 8!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆઼֨ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९̝Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
ᔉ९࠹ᙯ࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
133 (0.232)
123,962 (214.840)
0.1%
132 (0.23)Ɵҫ 99.2%
118,854 (205.990)
0.1%
̏ඍĈ130 ІćϏඍĈ2 І πӮаඍதĈ98.5% πӮаඍॡมĈ144 ͇ ů˾ᐝ*
1 (0.002)Ɵҫ 0.8%
5,108 ( 8.850)
0.02%
ޠڱ೩९
7 (0.01)
2,023 ( 3.510)
0.3%
ੰົᆶᛉ
108 (0.19)
1,163 ( 2.020)
9.3%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
148 (0.26)
3,681 ( 6.380)
4.0%
84 (0.15)Ɵҫ 56.8%
1,828 ( 3.370)
4.6%
ಡӘ
145 (0.25)
2,065 ( 3.580)
7.0%
ᓁࢍ
541 (0.94)
132,894 (230.332)
0.4%
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈ* ˾ᐝኳྙЪࢍኳྙ߆عॡ߱۞ኳྙă˾ᐝኳྙ̙ኢăͽ̈́ኢ۞˾ᐝኳྙĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
68
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 9!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆ᔉ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!!ޘ
ኳ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ೩९
ੰົ ᆶᛉ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ!
३ࢬ!
˾ᐝ!
ᓁᇴ
2007
22 (0.04)
-
22 (0.04)
1 14 6 (0.002) (0.02) (0.01)
2008 -1
28 (0.04)
-
28 (0.04)
2 12 5 8 12 (0.003) (0.02) (0.009) (0.01) (0.02)
2008 -2
11 (0.02)
-
11 (0.02)
2008 Ъࢍ
39 (0.07)
-
39 (0.07)
ᓁࢍ
ᓁࢍ!
10 1 48 (0.02) (0.002) (0.08) 62 (0.11)
17 14 (0.03) (0.02)
24 11 (0.04) (0.02)
63 (0.11)
2 29 19 (0.003) (0.05) (0.03)
32 23 (0.06) (0.04)
125 (0.22)
2009
34 1 35 1 15 22 (0.06) (0.002) (0.062) (0.002) (0.03) (0.06)
35 17 (0.08) (0.03)
103 (0.18)
2010
25 (0.04)
-
25 (0.04)
2 17 17 (0.003) (0.03) (0.03)
32 17 (0.06) (0.03)
93 (0.16)
2011
12 (0.02)
-
12 (0.02)
1 28 19 (0.002) (0.05) (0.03)
33 25 (0.06) (0.04)
99 (0.17)
-
-
1 6 62 5 (0.04) (0.002) (0.01) (0.11)
73 (0.13)
108 84 (0.19) (0.15)
541 (0.93)
2012 ᓁ ࢍ
-
-
ᙋ
ࡁտ! ಡӘ!
-
132 1 133 7 (0.23) (0.002) (0.232) (0.01)
148 145 (0.26) (0.25)
ොĈ2007 ѐ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2007.01.01-2007.12.31Ą Я 2008 ѐ 2 ͡ 23 ͟ͽ࣒۞઼ڱޢጳ९఼࿅Ă߇ 2008-1 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.01.012008.07.23Ą2008-2 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.07.24-2008.12.31Ą ˠӮ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈѨᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ
* ؎ࣶົᆶᛉ̚ΪЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
69
ܢᐂ 10!
ௐ˛بϲੰڱ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९̝Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ! ኳྙ*
८ਕ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
153 (1.35)
14,300 (126.55)
1.1%
96 (0.85)Ɵҫ 62.7%
12,823 (113.48)
0.8%
57 (0.50)Ɵҫ 37.3%
1,477 ( 13.07)
3.9%
7 (0.06)
778 ( 6.88)
0.9%
10 (0.09)
2,272 ( 20.11)
0.4%
ůᛨဥםથ
2 (0.02)Ɵҫ 20.0%
194 ( 1.72)
0.5%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
48 (0.42)
2,280 ( 20.18)
2.1%
0
71 ( 0.63)
-
ಡӘ
6 (0.05)
713 ( 6.31)
0.8%
ᓁࢍ
224 (1.98)
20,343 (180.03)
1.1%
ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ95 ІćϏඍĈ1 І ů˾ᐝ
πӮаඍதĈ99% πӮаඍॡมĈ52 ͇
ޠڱ೩९** ੰົᆶᛉ
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ොĈ* ኳྙЪࢍ߉߆ኳྙă९ኳྙᄃՙზኳྙĄ
**ޠڱ೩९̚۞ϲ؎೩९̏ˢᛨဥ೩९ĂҭϏࢍˢᓜॡ೩९Ą ˠӮĈՏˠπӮѨᇴćࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
70
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 11!
ௐ˛بϲົੰڱ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ
ኳ ३ࢬ
ྙ!
ޠڱ ˾ᐝ! ᓁᇴ! ೩९
ੰົᆶᛉ! םથ
ᓁᇴ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ ᙋ
ᓁᇴ
ࡁտ! ᓁᇴ! ಡӘ!
2008
13 10 23 1 2 2 (0.12) (0.09) (0.20) (0.009) (0.02) (0.02)
-
15 5 46 (0.13) (0.04) (0.41)
2009
12 2 14 (0.11) (0.02) (0.12)
-
-
-
11 (0.10)
2010
8 5 13 (0.07) (0.04) (0.12)
-
-
2 (0.02)
-
5 1 23 (0.04) (0.009) (0.20)
2011
63 40 103 6 (0.56) (0.35) (0.91) (0.05)
-
5 (0.04)
-
17 (0.15)
-
131 (1.16)
-
1 (0.009)
-
-
-
1 (0.009)
2012 ᓁࢍ
-
-
-
-
57 96 153 7 (0.85) (0.50) (1.35) (0.06)
-
2 10 (0.02) (0.09)
-
-
25 (0.22)
6 48 224 (0.42) (0.05) (1.98)
ොĈ2008 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2008.02.01-2008.12.31Ą 2012 ѐࢍഇมࠎ 2012.01.01-2012.01.31Ą ˠӮࢍზ͞ёĈᓁᇴƟ113 Ҝϲࣶ؎ڱĄ
* ώܑĶੰົኢķ่ЕĶםથķᙷҾă؎ࣶົᆶᛉ่ЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋϲੰڱംऱፋЪᑭ৶րĂშӬĈhttp://lis.ly.gov.tw/lydbc/lydbkmoutĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
71
ܢᐂ 12!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९̝Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ Ⴞ༛үࠎ!
८ਕ९࠹ᙯѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ྍبᓁѨᇴĞˠӮğ
ͧ
த!
1,184 (2.05)
123,962 (214.84)
0.9%
1,172 (2.03)Ɵҫ 99.0%
118,854 (205.99)
1.0%
12 (0.02)Ɵҫ 1.0%
5,108 ( 8.85)
0.2%
ޠڱ೩९
29 (0.05)
2,023 ( 3.51)
1.4%
ੰົᆶᛉ
356 (0.62)
1,163 ( 2.02)
30.6%
؎ࣶົᆶߤ
208 (0.36)
3,681 ( 6.38)
5.7%
117 (0.20)Ɵҫ 56.3%
1,828 ( 3.17)
6.4%
ಡӘ
197 (0.34)
2,065 ( 3.58)
9.5%
ᓁࢍ
1,974 (3.42)
132,894 (230.32)
1.5%
ኳྙ ů३ࢬ
̏ඍĈ1,125 ІćϏඍĈ47 І πӮаඍதĈ95% πӮаඍॡมĈ106 ͇ ů˾ᐝ
ů؎ࣶົᙋ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
72
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
ܢᐂ 13!
ௐȈˬ઼بϔᛉົ၆८ਕ࠹ᙯڱ९።ѐ۞Ⴞ༛үࠎܑ ಏҜĈѨƟĞˠӮğ
ѐ!ޘ 2007
ኳ
ྙ!
३ࢬ!
˾ᐝ!
ᓁᇴ
ޠڱ ೩९
76 (0.13)
-
76 (0.13)
6 (0.01)
ੰົ ᆶᛉ
؎ࣶົᆶߤ! ᙋ
52 8 (0.09) (0.01)
ᓁࢍ
ࡁտ! ಡӘ!
ᓁࢍ!
14 3 151 (0.02) (0.005) (0.26)
2008 -1
129 4 38 8 1 130 (0.22) (0.002) (0.222) (0.007) (0.07) (0.01)
8 24 (0.01) (0.04)
204 (0.36)
2008 -2
184 (0.32)
35 11 (0.06) (0.02)
29 9 (0.05) (0.02)
257 (0.45)
2008 Ъࢍ
4 73 20 313 1 314 (0.54) (0.002) (0.542) (0.007) (0.13) (0.03)
37 33 (0.06) (0.06)
461 (0.80)
2009
227 1 (0.39) (.002)
228 3 55 30 (0.392) (0.005) (0.10) (0.05)
48 31 (0.08) (0.05)
365 (0.63)
2010
319 6 (0.55) (0.01)
325 (0.56)
3 58 36 (0.005) (0.10) (0.06)
53 22 (0.09) (0.04)
461 (0.80)
2011
225 3 228 11 (0.39) (0.005) (0.395) (0.02)
50 42 (0.08) (0.07)
428 (0.74)
2012
12 2 21 2 6 66 1 13 (0.02) (0.002) (0.022) (0.005) (0.04) (0.005) (0.01) (0.11)
108 (0.19)
ᓁࢍ
1,172 12 (2.03) (0.02)
1,974 (3.42)
-
184 (0.32)
1,184 (2.05)
-
29 (0.33)
97 22 (0.17) (0.04)
356 117 (0.62) (0.20)
208 197 (0.36) (0.34)
ොĈ2007 ѐ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2007.01.01-2007.12.31Ą Я 2008 ѐ 2 ͡ 23 ͟ͽ࣒۞઼ڱޢጳ९఼࿅Ă߇ 2008-1 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.01.01-2008.07.23Ą2008-2 ۞ࢍഇมࠎ 2008.07.24-2008.12.31Ą ˠӮ۞ࢍზ͞ёࠎĈѨᇴƟ577 Ҝ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶĄ
* ؎ࣶົᆶᛉ̚ΪЕĶᙋົķᙷҾĄ ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ҋҖࢍҋ઼ϔᛉົءშĂშӬĈhttp://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
73
Exploration of Parliamentary Oversight Behaviors under Semi-Presidentialism: A Comparison between Taiwanese Legislative Yuan and French National Assembly* Da-chi Liao** & Yueh-ching Chen***
Abstract This paper explores and compares the parliamentary oversight behaviors in the different sub-types of semi-presidentialism, namely Shugart & Carey’s president-parliamentarism and premier-presidentialism. It further transforms Polsby’s concept of a legislative performance spectrum into a “show-work” spectrum, and then utilizes this to evaluate and compare the oversight behaviors of the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, which represents “president- parliamentarism”, and the “premier-presidential” French National Assembly. Based on the theoretical logic of the two sub-types, this paper also selects three issues to compare and examine the oversight behaviors in Taiwan and France, namely the public servant pension system, military acquisition and procurement, and nuclear power. The time span covered by this research is the period between 2007 and 2012, in which both countries experienced a unified government. Moreover, seven jurisdictional powers that are crucial to the exercise of parliamentary oversight functions are subject to detailed data collection and substantial comparison. This paper finds that the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan is leaning toward a “show” style of oversight behavior, while the French National Assembly is more
* **
DOI:10.6166/TJPS.69(27-74) Professor, Institute of Political Science, National Sun Yat-sen University. E-mail: Email: [email protected] ***PhD, Institute of Political Science, National Sun Yat-sen University. E-mail: [email protected]
74
Ηᓁົ઼˭טႾ༛၁ᅫүࠎ̝ܐଣĈ
ၐ྿൝ăౘࣦ͡
έ៉ϲੰڱᄃ઼઼ڱϔᛉົ̝ͧྵ
of a “work” style. However, both parliaments encounter some similar constraints in conducting their oversight duties. The paper, in conclusion, illustrates its research limits and plausible contributions to parliamentary affairs as well as semi-presidential studies. Keywords: Semi-presidentialism, President-parliamentarism, Premierpresidentialism, Parliamentary Oversight Behaviors, Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, French National Assembly
