Resistance of Botrytis Gray Mold to Multiple Fungicides (S ...
Resistance of Botrytis Gray Mold to Multiple Fungicides Scott Cosseboom M.S. Student
Introduction My Research
• Isolates collected from the major strawberry growing areas of California • Tested for resistance to active ingredients in:
Topsin, Rovral, Elevate, Switch, Pristine, Luna Sensation/Tranquility, Fontelis, Kenja
Did not test Captan or Thiram
Background Eastern U.S. • High levels of resistance to important fungicides for Botrytis gray mold control in strawberries • Resistance increasing from year to year • Isolates resistant to multiple modes of action California • Mercier (2010) and Pokorny (2016) - Fresno State • Adaskaveg and Gubler (2005) - UC
Product registered for Botrytis
FRAC code(s)
Active ingredient(s)
Topsin
thiophanate-methyl
1
Rovral
iprodione
2
Fontelis
penthiopyrad
7
Kenja 400
isofetamid
7
Luna Sensation
fluopyram
trifloxystrobin
7
11
Luna Tranquility
fluopyram
pyrimethanil
7
9
Pristine
boscalid
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Merivon
fluxapyroxad
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Scala
pyrimethanil
Switch
cyprodinil
PH-D
polyoxin-D
19
Elevate
fenhexamid
17
9 fludioxonil
9
12
Product registered for Botrytis
FRAC code(s)
Active ingredient(s)
Topsin
thiophanate-methyl
1
Rovral
iprodione
2
Fontelis
penthiopyrad
7
Kenja 400
isofetamid
7
Luna Sensation
fluopyram
trifloxystrobin
7
11
Luna Tranquility
fluopyram
pyrimethanil
7
9
Pristine
boscalid
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Merivon
fluxapyroxad
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Scala
pyrimethanil
Switch
cyprodinil
PH-D
polyoxin-D
19
Elevate
fenhexamid
17
9 fludioxonil
9
12
No fungicide Active Ingredient 1 Active ingredient 2 Active ingredient 3
Isolate 1 Isolate 2 Isolate 3 Isolate 4
Isolate 5 Isolate 6
Oxnard 100
94
Data from 13 fields (250 isolates) 98
96
early-season
Frequency of resistance (%)
90
90
90
late-season
80 70
65
61
60
60
49
50 40 30 20
15
14 9
9
10
4
5
4
0
0 FRAC 1
FRAC 2
Thiophanate- Iprodione methyl
(Topsin)
FRAC 7
Boscalid
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
0
FRAC 7
Fluopyram Penthiopyrad Isofetamid
3 FRAC 9
1 FRAC 11
FRAC 12
FRAC 17
Cyprodinil Pyraclostrobin Fludioxonil Fenhexamid
(Rovral) (Pristine) (Luna*) (Fontelis) (Kenja) (Switch) (Pristine) (Switch) (Elevate) Active ingredient (Trade name)
*Fluopyram is in the products Luna Sensation and Luna Tranquility. They contain other active ingredients besides fluopyram.
Early Season Oxnard
Frequency of resistance (%)
Santa Maria
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Salinas Watsonville
FRAC 1
FRAC 2
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
Active ingredient (Trade Name)
FRAC 9
FRAC 11
FRAC 12
FRAC 17
How do resistant individuals “overwinter” or get introduced year to year? • Spreads between adjacent successive plantings • Weeds and neighboring crops
• Fruit mummies, dead plant tissue • Transplants
Spray Program Matters • Use many FRAC codes • Spraying for powdery mildew can affect the Botrytis population
• Save most effective fungicides for peak fruit production or rain event • Use multi-site active fungicides alone or tank mixed
Trade name
Active ingredient(s)
FRAC
Disease GM PM
Topsin Rovral Bumper/Tilt Mettle Procure Rally Rhyme Fontelis Kenja 400 Luna Tranquility Luna Sensation Merivon Pristine
Thiophanate-methyl Iprodione Propiconazole Tetraconazole Triflumizole Myclobutanil Flutriafol Penthiopyrad Isofetamid Fluopyram + pyrimethanil Fluopyram + trifloxystrobin Fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin Boscalid + pyraclostrobin
1 2 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7
GM, PM GM PM PM PM PM PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM
+++ +++ +++ NL NL ++++ NL ++++ NL ++++ NL ++++ NL ND ++++ +++ ND ND ND ND ND ND ++++ +++ ++++ +++
Scala Switch Abound/Quadris Cabrio Evito Flint Quintec Elevate Ph-D Torino Sulfur Thiram Captan
Pyrimethanil Cyprodinil + fludioxonil Azoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin Quinoxyfen Fenhexamid Polyoxin-D Cyflufenamid Sulfur (multi-site) Thiram (multi–site) Captan (multi-site)
GM GM, PM PM PM PM PM PM GM GM, PM PM PM GM GM
++ NL ++++ − NL +++ NL +++ NL +++ NL +++ NL ++++ ++++ NL ++ +++ NL ++++ NL +++ ++ NL +++ NL
9 9 11 11 11 11 13 17 19 U6 M2 M3 M4
9 11 11 11
12
Acknowledgements Funding • CDFA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program • California Strawberry Commission Special Thanks • Cooperating growers • Mark Edsall
Introduction My Research
• Isolates collected from the major strawberry growing areas of California • Tested for resistance to active ingredients in:
Topsin, Rovral, Elevate, Switch, Pristine, Luna Sensation/Tranquility, Fontelis, Kenja
Did not test Captan or Thiram
Background Eastern U.S. • High levels of resistance to important fungicides for Botrytis gray mold control in strawberries • Resistance increasing from year to year • Isolates resistant to multiple modes of action California • Mercier (2010) and Pokorny (2016) - Fresno State • Adaskaveg and Gubler (2005) - UC
Product registered for Botrytis
FRAC code(s)
Active ingredient(s)
Topsin
thiophanate-methyl
1
Rovral
iprodione
2
Fontelis
penthiopyrad
7
Kenja 400
isofetamid
7
Luna Sensation
fluopyram
trifloxystrobin
7
11
Luna Tranquility
fluopyram
pyrimethanil
7
9
Pristine
boscalid
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Merivon
fluxapyroxad
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Scala
pyrimethanil
Switch
cyprodinil
PH-D
polyoxin-D
19
Elevate
fenhexamid
17
9 fludioxonil
9
12
Product registered for Botrytis
FRAC code(s)
Active ingredient(s)
Topsin
thiophanate-methyl
1
Rovral
iprodione
2
Fontelis
penthiopyrad
7
Kenja 400
isofetamid
7
Luna Sensation
fluopyram
trifloxystrobin
7
11
Luna Tranquility
fluopyram
pyrimethanil
7
9
Pristine
boscalid
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Merivon
fluxapyroxad
pyraclostrobin
7
11
Scala
pyrimethanil
Switch
cyprodinil
PH-D
polyoxin-D
19
Elevate
fenhexamid
17
9 fludioxonil
9
12
No fungicide Active Ingredient 1 Active ingredient 2 Active ingredient 3
Isolate 1 Isolate 2 Isolate 3 Isolate 4
Isolate 5 Isolate 6
Oxnard 100
94
Data from 13 fields (250 isolates) 98
96
early-season
Frequency of resistance (%)
90
90
90
late-season
80 70
65
61
60
60
49
50 40 30 20
15
14 9
9
10
4
5
4
0
0 FRAC 1
FRAC 2
Thiophanate- Iprodione methyl
(Topsin)
FRAC 7
Boscalid
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
0
FRAC 7
Fluopyram Penthiopyrad Isofetamid
3 FRAC 9
1 FRAC 11
FRAC 12
FRAC 17
Cyprodinil Pyraclostrobin Fludioxonil Fenhexamid
(Rovral) (Pristine) (Luna*) (Fontelis) (Kenja) (Switch) (Pristine) (Switch) (Elevate) Active ingredient (Trade name)
*Fluopyram is in the products Luna Sensation and Luna Tranquility. They contain other active ingredients besides fluopyram.
Early Season Oxnard
Frequency of resistance (%)
Santa Maria
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Salinas Watsonville
FRAC 1
FRAC 2
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
FRAC 7
Active ingredient (Trade Name)
FRAC 9
FRAC 11
FRAC 12
FRAC 17
How do resistant individuals “overwinter” or get introduced year to year? • Spreads between adjacent successive plantings • Weeds and neighboring crops
• Fruit mummies, dead plant tissue • Transplants
Spray Program Matters • Use many FRAC codes • Spraying for powdery mildew can affect the Botrytis population
• Save most effective fungicides for peak fruit production or rain event • Use multi-site active fungicides alone or tank mixed
Trade name
Active ingredient(s)
FRAC
Disease GM PM
Topsin Rovral Bumper/Tilt Mettle Procure Rally Rhyme Fontelis Kenja 400 Luna Tranquility Luna Sensation Merivon Pristine
Thiophanate-methyl Iprodione Propiconazole Tetraconazole Triflumizole Myclobutanil Flutriafol Penthiopyrad Isofetamid Fluopyram + pyrimethanil Fluopyram + trifloxystrobin Fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin Boscalid + pyraclostrobin
1 2 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7
GM, PM GM PM PM PM PM PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM GM, PM
+++ +++ +++ NL NL ++++ NL ++++ NL ++++ NL ++++ NL ND ++++ +++ ND ND ND ND ND ND ++++ +++ ++++ +++
Scala Switch Abound/Quadris Cabrio Evito Flint Quintec Elevate Ph-D Torino Sulfur Thiram Captan
Pyrimethanil Cyprodinil + fludioxonil Azoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin Quinoxyfen Fenhexamid Polyoxin-D Cyflufenamid Sulfur (multi-site) Thiram (multi–site) Captan (multi-site)
GM GM, PM PM PM PM PM PM GM GM, PM PM PM GM GM
++ NL ++++ − NL +++ NL +++ NL +++ NL +++ NL ++++ ++++ NL ++ +++ NL ++++ NL +++ ++ NL +++ NL
9 9 11 11 11 11 13 17 19 U6 M2 M3 M4
9 11 11 11
12
Acknowledgements Funding • CDFA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program • California Strawberry Commission Special Thanks • Cooperating growers • Mark Edsall
