The HOW of a Hydrogen Organized Washington
Meet
1
H ydrogen the Swiss Army knife of energy. 1.00794
Kardeshev Level 3: Galactic energy
Kardeshev Level 2: Solar system energy Kardeshev Level 1: Sustainable planetary energy
2
Kardeshev Level 0: Fossil & Organic energy
3
4
5
Rubotherm Isosorp 2000 magnetic suspension microbalance. Formerly VCEA Dean Reid Miller’s and modified for cryogenic use. Conducted first ever liquid He – H2 mixture PVT-x measurements. Developed first He-H2 EOS.
6
7
Z n i 2 J 1 EvJ n e EvJ / kT v
K op
C
0 P , mix
Z ortho ,0 Z para ,0
J
Z Z 2 5 2 2 1 C R k BT 2 Z 0 Z 0 0 P
2 2 Z Z Z para ,1 Z ortho,1 5 2 para ,2 ortho ,2 R y para yortho k BT 2 Z para ,0 Z para ,0 Z ortho,0 Z ortho,0
Latent heat of vaporization
11
1
Mass Flow Rate [kg/hr]
Excess fuel vented
3
0.75
Fuel supplemented by catalyst
Additional fuel required
y[i]
2
0.5 mreq[i]
1
0.25
Addition of catalyst mout[i] Orthohydrogen depleted
0 0
100
200
Time in Flight [hr]
300
0 400
Mole Fraction Orthohydrogen, y[i] [-]
4
A theoretical increase of 50% in cooling capacity is possible
Total energy absorbed (per mole H2)
13
Cooling Capacity Gain [%]
60 Activated Catalyst
50
Non-Activated Catalyst
40 30 20 10 0 10
20
30
40
Vspace [1/min]
14
14
50
60
• •
17
• 74% reduction in heat load compared to no-flow condition
18
19
• • • • • • • •
• • •
25
?
26
28
29
• • • •
31
Hydrogen Safety: Hindenburg vs. Graf Zeppelins
http://heshydrogen.com/the-hindenburg-myth/ 36
•
• • •
Or LOx O-P Catalyst
2
1 13 J-T 12
12 3 LN2 Boiling Point
4
13
5
5 14
11 6
6 11 7 9
8
10
NE
O-P Catalyst
a T , , RT
Tc T
c
, 0 , r , 0 , ln ln
a
ik
k
ak ln 1 exp bk IdealGasResidual x di ti i i 1
r , N N i d t exp p z
N i y
i
di
y
i
ix
2 2 t exp i Di i i i
Real Fluid Residual
42
i
i
1
H ydrogen the Swiss Army knife of energy. 1.00794
Kardeshev Level 3: Galactic energy
Kardeshev Level 2: Solar system energy Kardeshev Level 1: Sustainable planetary energy
2
Kardeshev Level 0: Fossil & Organic energy
3
4
5
Rubotherm Isosorp 2000 magnetic suspension microbalance. Formerly VCEA Dean Reid Miller’s and modified for cryogenic use. Conducted first ever liquid He – H2 mixture PVT-x measurements. Developed first He-H2 EOS.
6
7
Z n i 2 J 1 EvJ n e EvJ / kT v
K op
C
0 P , mix
Z ortho ,0 Z para ,0
J
Z Z 2 5 2 2 1 C R k BT 2 Z 0 Z 0 0 P
2 2 Z Z Z para ,1 Z ortho,1 5 2 para ,2 ortho ,2 R y para yortho k BT 2 Z para ,0 Z para ,0 Z ortho,0 Z ortho,0
Latent heat of vaporization
11
1
Mass Flow Rate [kg/hr]
Excess fuel vented
3
0.75
Fuel supplemented by catalyst
Additional fuel required
y[i]
2
0.5 mreq[i]
1
0.25
Addition of catalyst mout[i] Orthohydrogen depleted
0 0
100
200
Time in Flight [hr]
300
0 400
Mole Fraction Orthohydrogen, y[i] [-]
4
A theoretical increase of 50% in cooling capacity is possible
Total energy absorbed (per mole H2)
13
Cooling Capacity Gain [%]
60 Activated Catalyst
50
Non-Activated Catalyst
40 30 20 10 0 10
20
30
40
Vspace [1/min]
14
14
50
60
• •
17
• 74% reduction in heat load compared to no-flow condition
18
19
• • • • • • • •
• • •
25
?
26
28
29
• • • •
31
Hydrogen Safety: Hindenburg vs. Graf Zeppelins
http://heshydrogen.com/the-hindenburg-myth/ 36
•
• • •
Or LOx O-P Catalyst
2
1 13 J-T 12
12 3 LN2 Boiling Point
4
13
5
5 14
11 6
6 11 7 9
8
10
NE
O-P Catalyst
a T , , RT
Tc T
c
, 0 , r , 0 , ln ln
a
ik
k
ak ln 1 exp bk IdealGasResidual x di ti i i 1
r , N N i d t exp p z
N i y
i
di
y
i
ix
2 2 t exp i Di i i i
Real Fluid Residual
42
i
i
