UNODC Topic A.pages - Nord Anglia Education
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
Committee: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Topic A: Eradicating the Illicit Trade of Drugs Inside Prisons Written by: Paulina Martinez and Sofia Tamez I. Committee Background Established in 1997 through an incorporation of the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention in Vienna, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is the global leader in the fight against international crime and illicit drugs. Its headquarters are located in Vienna, Austria, but it also has an extensive network of field offices all around the world. The committee receives voluntary contributions, mainly from governments, to fulfill the UNODC’s three main program goals. The first goal is to create technical cooperation projects to increase the capacity of Member States to act against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. The second goal consists of informing and educating the world about the dangers of drug related crimes, corruption, justice reforms and terrorism. The third program goal is to help Member States implement relevant international treaties, and to develop domestic legislation on drugs, crime and terrorism.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
II. Topic information A) History of Topic Drugs and its related marketing have always been a major issue faced by every nation in the world. Even though drugs are mostly used for beneficial purposes, they are exploited by people and are used for consumption or chemical alteration. Subsequently, the majority of consumers use depressants (known as narcotics) to let go of present situations they may be dealing with. However, most of them are unaware of the effects that can damage their bodies, health and lives. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “drug trade” (or drug trafficking) refers to “a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.” “Illicit” refers to forbidden or illegal acts by law, rule, or custom. This means the smuggling and distribution of outlawed substances which can also be used to make profit and grow industries.
Drug trafficking has been around for many years, which makes it hard to specify an accurate date for when it started. However, the illegal drug trade inside prisons has been an issue for just a few years. The principal factor for this illicit act is corruption. An education officer in a Florida state prison was arrested after he was caught trying to smuggle cocaine, marijuana, and hydrocodone pills to prisoners in exchange for US$2,500, as reported by The Washington Times. Another essential point is that drugs are starting to evolve and become more popular in society. It is easier for people to obtain them and for them to end up in the wrong hands. According to a report made by the BBC, there were almost 300 cases of prison visitors being arrested for smuggling drugs to inmates in the United Kingdom.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
In 1995, the state of Pennsylvania in the United States was the first to create a zero-tolerance policy in its prisons. This action took place after a report on a prison stated that six percent of drug tests of prisoners had a positive result. Complementary to this, canine detection teams, X-ray machines, re-enforced drug inspections, extensive research on both officers and prisoners, and loss of visiting privileges to those who violated the rules were applied by the State Corrections Department. Pennsylvania’s success after the implementation of the policy influenced other states to apply it in their prisons. A vulnerability analysis program, also stablished by Pennsylvania, was adopted by the state of California. It has been shown that this program consisted of training the staff to gain knowledge on how to improve their security systems, as well as knowing how to manage the situation.
As stated in a report on international prison conditions made by the United States Department of State, there are around 10.1 million people imprisoned around the world. Of those, 35% have a drug addiction and 6% acquire that addiction while they are serving a sentence. Inside prison walls, it is very easy for prisoners to receive drugs from the outside and to trade them with other inmates. There are several bizarre ways of obtaining and smuggling drugs into jail, most of the prisoners use them to swap the chemicals with other companions in exchange for a large amount of money. This is due to it being the easiest way of gaining cash and power inside the prison where there is nothing else to do other than wait for their departure to freedom.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
In 2006, 44 prisoners died of a drug overdose in several state prisons in California. The number remained constant in consecutive years. Due to this, the state has implemented higher security methods. More importantly, these include drug-detection dog teams, pat-down searches of not only the prisoners, but of the staff and people working there, and metal detector searches of all people going in and out of the prisons. This is rarely done in other states in the United States. Regardless of the efforts done to increase security strategies, in 2009, 1,132 unplanned drug tests performed on inmates were found to be positive. Additionally, most surprisingly, prison officers confiscated 92 grams of cocaine and 2,832 grams of marijuana. By a great amount, these have been the highest numbers in the past decade (The Washington Times - 2010).
Despite the fact that the vast majority of incarcerated individuals decrease their drug consumption when starting to serve their sentence, it is noted that illegal drugs still end up in the wrong hands and inside prison walls. Notwithstanding, prison could also be the starting place of a drug addiction, as well as switching from one narcotic to another. Prisoners continue with their drug utilization or may switch to a different substance due to either a lack of the in preferred drug, or the accessibility and control of a new illicit product.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
B) Current Issues Afghanistan: The Sarposa prison was built 40 years ago and is currently located in Kandahar, Afghanistan, a city which has a population of 500,000 people. Out of the whole community, 1,000 citizens are approximately incarcerated there including 12 women which makes it the second largest prison nationally. The UNODC did an evaluation of the prison and concluded the percentage of prisoners consuming drugs. Up to 34% of the imprisoned revealed their consumption of drugs inside Sarposa. According to the national drug use survey in 2009, approximately 900,000 drug consumers were aged between 15 and 65 in Afghanistan. There was also a 130% increase in heroin use. The most frequently consumed drugs in Afghanistan prisons are hashish, opium and heroin. Most of them are transported into the prison on Wednesdays, which is visitation day. Corruption is also rampant in the prison and drugs primarily enter via the personnel and staff.
Belgium: As stated by the International Centre for Prison Studies, it has been concluded that Drug consumption in Belgian prisons has increased by 60 percent of illicit drug consumption has been increasing over the years. This is due to the insufficient amount and corrupt security service. Furthermore, according to an article posted by Time, Belgian prisons cannot be compared to others; there is not enough resources to maintain all of the incarcerated. This causes the need, for both police officers and prisoners, to obtain supplies which are based around the dealing of drugs. Around 77 percent of the guards who took a survey made by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction have admitted that they have distributed and tolerated drugs during their
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
work shifts and cell checkups. Terms are accepted by the people in charge of spreading and receiving these substances and are based mainly around the dispersal of money, as well as the most dangerous and desired object; cellphones.
Uruguay: In Uruguay, the consumption or personal manufacturing of marijuana and other types of drugs is not punishable by prison time. Yet, a case reported by Advocacy for Human Rights in the Americas stated that a woman was incarcerated for three months after it had been discovered that she cultivated, researched, consumed, and distributed marijuana for many years. As the drug battle continues to rise, many Latin American nations will have to deal with the 100% relapse of drug offenders. Inside Uruguayan prisons, a variety of drugs and depressants are passed between inmates by hiding the substances directly inside of their bodies. Based on the findings of the Uruguayan National Drug Board, between 2006 and 2009, up to 79% of all police operations in Uruguayan prisons were involved with cases that reported marijuana being found in prisoner cells. It has been shown that Uruguay is one of the countries with many cases of an illicit drug trade inside prisons because personal fabrication and utilization are legal.
Netherlands: Approximately 60% of drug cases reported in the Netherlands involve the illicit consumption of these substances inside high security prisons. According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, the Netherlands implemented a questionnaire for prisoners with the purpose of creating a lie detector test.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
This questionnaire consisted of asking all inmates questions that varied between “Have you ever taken drugs in your life?” to “Which kind of substances are you taking and how are you taking them?” Furthermore, among the 17 European countries that reported data on drug trafficking among inmates and the amount who have ever consumed any substance, the Netherlands had the highest amount for any European nation, with 79 percent. (EMCDDA - 2012)
Turkey: Based on the latest data gained from those incarcerated in European prisons; most of the population came from a low class background, vulnerable groups, or immigrants. Studies have shown that the preponderance of the prisoners have already committed drug addiction before entering jail. Small prisons in Turkey have cells practically as houses in which approximately 30 to 50 prisoners serve their sentence. They have access to their own garden, and each cell has 2 floors including basic hygiene resources. Due to the location and place being narrow, drugs are available. Prisoners have said that the police in charge of keeping an eye on them consume drugs accompanied by the incarcerated individual. Subsequently, in large prisons, the military police are in charge of stripping the cells apart if they detect marijuana or any other illegal substance. Moreover, in comparison with most prisons in the Western side of the world, Turkish prisoners have an accountable amount of freedom.
Portugal: There are 51 different types of prisons inside the country of Portugal; central, regional and special. Each of them has a different aim and way of treating inmates depending on their crime and
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
sentence. The problem of drugs inside prisons in Europe is recognized internationally due to its drastic boost in utilization. As a result, the EU Member States provided intense drug prevention strategies and treatment services. Permanência Obrigatória no Alojamento (POA) is considered as one of the prisons with the strictest cell inspections, security cameras, as well as searches of visitors and prisoners before and after visiting day. Complementary to this, Georges Estievenart, the director of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), once said, “we know that drug use in prisons is a problem in Europe and we know that the costs to individuals and their communities of drug problems are considerable. The challenge for European drug policy is to ensure that our prisons work to make the situation better, not worse.”
C) UN Action The United Nations has addressed this issue various times and has been creating and implementing solutions and reforms to eradicate this problem. The UN has held various meetings with representatives of all 193 countries that form part of this organization to propose solutions and discuss the prevalence of this issue in each country. The Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM) has been working alongside the UNODC to ensure that all of the approved resolutions have been acted upon. Notwithstanding, the committee has established a virtual database containing numerous International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations that focus on “prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts, alternative development, crime prevention (including anti-human trafficking and anti-corruption activities), and criminal justice reforms.”
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
This database also includes recent and relevant information on the topic, provided by the organizations as well as from the UNODC’s offices, that will help in the continuous search for a viable solution that will eradicate this issue faced by all nations. III. Conclusion To conclude, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is working on drug use prevention, treatment, care and rehabilitation of drug dependence as well as its trafficking inside and out prison. Many countries need the help of this committee to vanquish the danger and lack of security in most of them depending on their drug consumption percentage. Drugs and its illicit trade is a global trending issue affecting not only the people involved but its surroundings. If all nations paid more attention and focused on this issue, the search for solutions would be quicker and more viable.
IV. Essential Questions 1. What obstacles do countries face in preventing drug consumption inside prisons? 2. What are some solutions that countries could apply for an effective way to diminish drug use inside prisons? 3. How can a country avoid the expansion of drugs inside prisons? 4. How is a country affected by its drug consumption? 5. What is your delegation’s position on the illicit trade of drugs inside jails?
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
6. How is corruption in your country related to the drug trade inside of prisons? 7. Has your country addressed this issue? If so, what measures has your country taken? 8. What measures are applied in your country when a case involving the drug trade inside prisons is reported? V. Resources "Drugs and Prisons in Uruguay: The Case for a Regulated Marijuana Market." Washington Office on L a t i n A m e r i c a . N . p . , n . d . W e b . 1 1 M a r. 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. w o l a . o r g / v i d e o / drugs_and_prisons_in_uruguay_the_case_of_alicia_castilla>.
"Drugs inside Prison Walls." Washington Times. The Washington Times, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. .
"Drug Use in Prison." Probation Journal 41.3 (1994): 157-58. Web. .
"How Many Prisoners Are Drug Addicts?" Full Fact. N.p., 04 July 2013. Web. 22 Jan. 2016. .
"International Prison Commissioner." The Prison Journal 4.1 (1924): 10. Web. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"Prison Conditions in Portugal." Prison Observatory. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2016. .
"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime." UNODC. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2016. .
"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime." NGO Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2016. .
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
Committee: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Topic A: Eradicating the Illicit Trade of Drugs Inside Prisons Written by: Paulina Martinez and Sofia Tamez I. Committee Background Established in 1997 through an incorporation of the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention in Vienna, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is the global leader in the fight against international crime and illicit drugs. Its headquarters are located in Vienna, Austria, but it also has an extensive network of field offices all around the world. The committee receives voluntary contributions, mainly from governments, to fulfill the UNODC’s three main program goals. The first goal is to create technical cooperation projects to increase the capacity of Member States to act against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. The second goal consists of informing and educating the world about the dangers of drug related crimes, corruption, justice reforms and terrorism. The third program goal is to help Member States implement relevant international treaties, and to develop domestic legislation on drugs, crime and terrorism.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
II. Topic information A) History of Topic Drugs and its related marketing have always been a major issue faced by every nation in the world. Even though drugs are mostly used for beneficial purposes, they are exploited by people and are used for consumption or chemical alteration. Subsequently, the majority of consumers use depressants (known as narcotics) to let go of present situations they may be dealing with. However, most of them are unaware of the effects that can damage their bodies, health and lives. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “drug trade” (or drug trafficking) refers to “a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.” “Illicit” refers to forbidden or illegal acts by law, rule, or custom. This means the smuggling and distribution of outlawed substances which can also be used to make profit and grow industries.
Drug trafficking has been around for many years, which makes it hard to specify an accurate date for when it started. However, the illegal drug trade inside prisons has been an issue for just a few years. The principal factor for this illicit act is corruption. An education officer in a Florida state prison was arrested after he was caught trying to smuggle cocaine, marijuana, and hydrocodone pills to prisoners in exchange for US$2,500, as reported by The Washington Times. Another essential point is that drugs are starting to evolve and become more popular in society. It is easier for people to obtain them and for them to end up in the wrong hands. According to a report made by the BBC, there were almost 300 cases of prison visitors being arrested for smuggling drugs to inmates in the United Kingdom.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
In 1995, the state of Pennsylvania in the United States was the first to create a zero-tolerance policy in its prisons. This action took place after a report on a prison stated that six percent of drug tests of prisoners had a positive result. Complementary to this, canine detection teams, X-ray machines, re-enforced drug inspections, extensive research on both officers and prisoners, and loss of visiting privileges to those who violated the rules were applied by the State Corrections Department. Pennsylvania’s success after the implementation of the policy influenced other states to apply it in their prisons. A vulnerability analysis program, also stablished by Pennsylvania, was adopted by the state of California. It has been shown that this program consisted of training the staff to gain knowledge on how to improve their security systems, as well as knowing how to manage the situation.
As stated in a report on international prison conditions made by the United States Department of State, there are around 10.1 million people imprisoned around the world. Of those, 35% have a drug addiction and 6% acquire that addiction while they are serving a sentence. Inside prison walls, it is very easy for prisoners to receive drugs from the outside and to trade them with other inmates. There are several bizarre ways of obtaining and smuggling drugs into jail, most of the prisoners use them to swap the chemicals with other companions in exchange for a large amount of money. This is due to it being the easiest way of gaining cash and power inside the prison where there is nothing else to do other than wait for their departure to freedom.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
In 2006, 44 prisoners died of a drug overdose in several state prisons in California. The number remained constant in consecutive years. Due to this, the state has implemented higher security methods. More importantly, these include drug-detection dog teams, pat-down searches of not only the prisoners, but of the staff and people working there, and metal detector searches of all people going in and out of the prisons. This is rarely done in other states in the United States. Regardless of the efforts done to increase security strategies, in 2009, 1,132 unplanned drug tests performed on inmates were found to be positive. Additionally, most surprisingly, prison officers confiscated 92 grams of cocaine and 2,832 grams of marijuana. By a great amount, these have been the highest numbers in the past decade (The Washington Times - 2010).
Despite the fact that the vast majority of incarcerated individuals decrease their drug consumption when starting to serve their sentence, it is noted that illegal drugs still end up in the wrong hands and inside prison walls. Notwithstanding, prison could also be the starting place of a drug addiction, as well as switching from one narcotic to another. Prisoners continue with their drug utilization or may switch to a different substance due to either a lack of the in preferred drug, or the accessibility and control of a new illicit product.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
B) Current Issues Afghanistan: The Sarposa prison was built 40 years ago and is currently located in Kandahar, Afghanistan, a city which has a population of 500,000 people. Out of the whole community, 1,000 citizens are approximately incarcerated there including 12 women which makes it the second largest prison nationally. The UNODC did an evaluation of the prison and concluded the percentage of prisoners consuming drugs. Up to 34% of the imprisoned revealed their consumption of drugs inside Sarposa. According to the national drug use survey in 2009, approximately 900,000 drug consumers were aged between 15 and 65 in Afghanistan. There was also a 130% increase in heroin use. The most frequently consumed drugs in Afghanistan prisons are hashish, opium and heroin. Most of them are transported into the prison on Wednesdays, which is visitation day. Corruption is also rampant in the prison and drugs primarily enter via the personnel and staff.
Belgium: As stated by the International Centre for Prison Studies, it has been concluded that Drug consumption in Belgian prisons has increased by 60 percent of illicit drug consumption has been increasing over the years. This is due to the insufficient amount and corrupt security service. Furthermore, according to an article posted by Time, Belgian prisons cannot be compared to others; there is not enough resources to maintain all of the incarcerated. This causes the need, for both police officers and prisoners, to obtain supplies which are based around the dealing of drugs. Around 77 percent of the guards who took a survey made by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction have admitted that they have distributed and tolerated drugs during their
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
work shifts and cell checkups. Terms are accepted by the people in charge of spreading and receiving these substances and are based mainly around the dispersal of money, as well as the most dangerous and desired object; cellphones.
Uruguay: In Uruguay, the consumption or personal manufacturing of marijuana and other types of drugs is not punishable by prison time. Yet, a case reported by Advocacy for Human Rights in the Americas stated that a woman was incarcerated for three months after it had been discovered that she cultivated, researched, consumed, and distributed marijuana for many years. As the drug battle continues to rise, many Latin American nations will have to deal with the 100% relapse of drug offenders. Inside Uruguayan prisons, a variety of drugs and depressants are passed between inmates by hiding the substances directly inside of their bodies. Based on the findings of the Uruguayan National Drug Board, between 2006 and 2009, up to 79% of all police operations in Uruguayan prisons were involved with cases that reported marijuana being found in prisoner cells. It has been shown that Uruguay is one of the countries with many cases of an illicit drug trade inside prisons because personal fabrication and utilization are legal.
Netherlands: Approximately 60% of drug cases reported in the Netherlands involve the illicit consumption of these substances inside high security prisons. According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, the Netherlands implemented a questionnaire for prisoners with the purpose of creating a lie detector test.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
This questionnaire consisted of asking all inmates questions that varied between “Have you ever taken drugs in your life?” to “Which kind of substances are you taking and how are you taking them?” Furthermore, among the 17 European countries that reported data on drug trafficking among inmates and the amount who have ever consumed any substance, the Netherlands had the highest amount for any European nation, with 79 percent. (EMCDDA - 2012)
Turkey: Based on the latest data gained from those incarcerated in European prisons; most of the population came from a low class background, vulnerable groups, or immigrants. Studies have shown that the preponderance of the prisoners have already committed drug addiction before entering jail. Small prisons in Turkey have cells practically as houses in which approximately 30 to 50 prisoners serve their sentence. They have access to their own garden, and each cell has 2 floors including basic hygiene resources. Due to the location and place being narrow, drugs are available. Prisoners have said that the police in charge of keeping an eye on them consume drugs accompanied by the incarcerated individual. Subsequently, in large prisons, the military police are in charge of stripping the cells apart if they detect marijuana or any other illegal substance. Moreover, in comparison with most prisons in the Western side of the world, Turkish prisoners have an accountable amount of freedom.
Portugal: There are 51 different types of prisons inside the country of Portugal; central, regional and special. Each of them has a different aim and way of treating inmates depending on their crime and
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
sentence. The problem of drugs inside prisons in Europe is recognized internationally due to its drastic boost in utilization. As a result, the EU Member States provided intense drug prevention strategies and treatment services. Permanência Obrigatória no Alojamento (POA) is considered as one of the prisons with the strictest cell inspections, security cameras, as well as searches of visitors and prisoners before and after visiting day. Complementary to this, Georges Estievenart, the director of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), once said, “we know that drug use in prisons is a problem in Europe and we know that the costs to individuals and their communities of drug problems are considerable. The challenge for European drug policy is to ensure that our prisons work to make the situation better, not worse.”
C) UN Action The United Nations has addressed this issue various times and has been creating and implementing solutions and reforms to eradicate this problem. The UN has held various meetings with representatives of all 193 countries that form part of this organization to propose solutions and discuss the prevalence of this issue in each country. The Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM) has been working alongside the UNODC to ensure that all of the approved resolutions have been acted upon. Notwithstanding, the committee has established a virtual database containing numerous International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations that focus on “prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts, alternative development, crime prevention (including anti-human trafficking and anti-corruption activities), and criminal justice reforms.”
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
This database also includes recent and relevant information on the topic, provided by the organizations as well as from the UNODC’s offices, that will help in the continuous search for a viable solution that will eradicate this issue faced by all nations. III. Conclusion To conclude, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is working on drug use prevention, treatment, care and rehabilitation of drug dependence as well as its trafficking inside and out prison. Many countries need the help of this committee to vanquish the danger and lack of security in most of them depending on their drug consumption percentage. Drugs and its illicit trade is a global trending issue affecting not only the people involved but its surroundings. If all nations paid more attention and focused on this issue, the search for solutions would be quicker and more viable.
IV. Essential Questions 1. What obstacles do countries face in preventing drug consumption inside prisons? 2. What are some solutions that countries could apply for an effective way to diminish drug use inside prisons? 3. How can a country avoid the expansion of drugs inside prisons? 4. How is a country affected by its drug consumption? 5. What is your delegation’s position on the illicit trade of drugs inside jails?
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
6. How is corruption in your country related to the drug trade inside of prisons? 7. Has your country addressed this issue? If so, what measures has your country taken? 8. What measures are applied in your country when a case involving the drug trade inside prisons is reported? V. Resources "Drugs and Prisons in Uruguay: The Case for a Regulated Marijuana Market." Washington Office on L a t i n A m e r i c a . N . p . , n . d . W e b . 1 1 M a r. 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. w o l a . o r g / v i d e o / drugs_and_prisons_in_uruguay_the_case_of_alicia_castilla>.
"Drugs inside Prison Walls." Washington Times. The Washington Times, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. .
"Drug Use in Prison." Probation Journal 41.3 (1994): 157-58. Web. .
"How Many Prisoners Are Drug Addicts?" Full Fact. N.p., 04 July 2013. Web. 22 Jan. 2016. .
"International Prison Commissioner." The Prison Journal 4.1 (1924): 10. Web. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"Prison Conditions in Portugal." Prison Observatory. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2016. .
"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime." UNODC. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2016. .
"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime." NGO Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2016. .
