Page 1 65 104 1-30 * ** Arend Lijphart Lijphart Lijphart * DOI:10.6166 ...

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡Ɵࢱ 1-30

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ* ᛂ̄ಕ**

ၡ

ࢋ

Arend Lijphart ૟ϔ͹߆‫ࠎ̶ڼ‬Ķкᇴϔ͹ķᄃĶВᙊϔ͹ķ‫׌‬჌ ሀёĂ૟༊΃ϔ͹઼छధк̙Тᆸࢬ۞߆‫ޘטڼ‬ΐͽҚాĄҭ Lijphart ۞ϔ͹ሀё̶‫ځژ‬ព‫ن‬ரΗᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăώ͛ྏဦ๱ྃ Lijphart ଣ੅ϔ͹ ሀёॡ‫ن‬ෛΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ᗒ႒Ăᑢଣ੅Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬дң჌‫ޘט‬щଵ˭Ăਕ ૉ·̶г၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄώ͛ᄮࠎĂдΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ᓁ௚ă઼ົ ᄃ̰ᅦˬ֎ᙯܼ̚Ăࡶਕдᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝ม‫ޙ‬ၹᝋ˧πᏊ۞ᙯܼćд ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ม‫ޙ‬ϲᝋ˧̶ֳ۞ᙯܼć઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ̝มቁϲϤ઼ົЧ ᛨВ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞ጳ߆ྻүĂ૟ਕ·̶၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄ҃ࢋ‫ޙ‬ ၹ఺ᇹ۞ᓁ௚ă઼ົᄃ̰ᅦˬ֎ᙯܼĂืࢋ౅࿅ͽ˭۞‫׍‬វ‫ޘט‬щଵĈ ઼ົᏴ‫ט‬ଳҖּͧ΃ܑ‫ٕט‬ᓑϲ‫ט‬ăᓁ௚Ᏼ‫ט‬ଳҖ‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ٕט‬Ᏼፄ Ըை‫ט‬ăኬ઼̟ົ၆ᅦ೥۞ˠְТຍᝋăଵੵᓁ௚၆઼ົ۞͹જྋ೸ ઼ົᝋᄃ၆ᅦ೥۞Һᖚᝋăኬ̟ᅦ೥ᇃ‫۞ھ‬ઘཌᝋă‫ځ‬ቁထ̶ᓁ௚ᄃ ᅦ೥۞ᝋࢨቑಛĄ ᙯᔣෟĈВᙊϔ͹ăкᇴϔ͹ăጳ߆វ‫ט‬ăΗᓁ௚‫ט‬

* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.65 (1-30)Ą **઼̼͛̂̚ጯҖ߆გநጯր૞Їઘି଱ĂE-mail: [email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ103 ѐ 8 ͡ 25 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ104 ѐ 6 ͡ 16 ͟

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Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ಥă݈֏ Arend Lijphart അ੫၆јሢϔ͹઼छ۞‫ྻޘט‬үགྷរĂ೩΍Ķкᇴϔ͹ķ ᄃĶВᙊϔ͹ķ‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀёĂ΁۞ኢᕇ‫ڼ߆ྵͧזצ‬ጯ۰۞੼‫ࢦޘ‬ෛĄ Lijphart ౅࿅Ķкᇴϔ͹ vs. Вᙊϔ͹ķ఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀё۞၆ͧĂ૟ጳ߆វ ‫ט‬ăᏴᓝ‫ޘט‬ă߆ᛨវրă઼ົ‫ޘט‬ă߆‫ݭع‬ၗă̚δг͞ᝋࢨထ̶۞‫ט‬ ‫ޘ‬ăΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬ඈϔ͹઼छ۞ధкࢦࢋ߆‫ޘטڼ‬Қాд˘੓Ă޽΍дЧ ჌̙Тᆸࢬ۞߆‫̚ޘטڼ‬Ăֱࣹ‫׍ݭᙷޘט‬ѣૻአᚮ‫ۋ‬ăଵ΁ăᛏ۰Бो ۞кᇴϔ͹ჟৠĂͽֱࣹ̈́‫׍ݭᙷޘט‬ѣૻአΒटă‫ם‬થăᝋ˧̶ֳ۞В ᙊϔ͹ჟৠĄ΁ᄮࠎࡶ˘઼࣎छхд඾‫ځ‬ព۞ۤົ̶‫ڡ‬ĂᑕྍႽΞਕд‫ט‬ ‫ޘ‬నࢍ˯ར၁Вᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂͽ֨ͤۤົ኏ࡎ࿅‫ޘ‬፬̼Ąಶጳ߆វ‫҃ט‬ ֏ĂLijphart ᄮࠎдҖ߆ϲ‫ڱ‬ᙯܼ˯Җ߆ొ‫׍ܝ‬ᐹ๕۞ጳ߆វ‫׍ט‬ѣкᇴϔ ͹۞ჟৠĂ҃Җ߆ϲ‫̝ڱ‬มᝋ˧πᏊ۞ጳ߆វ‫׍݋ט‬ѣкᇴϔ͹۞ჟৠĄ ࣃ଀‫ڦ‬ຍ۞ߏĂ༊ Lijphart ੅ኢ̙Тጳ߆វ‫̶ݭᙷט‬Ҿᛳ‫˘ࣹٺ‬჌ϔ͹ ሀёॡĂ่݀ࢨд̰ᅦ‫ט‬ăᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăᄃ༄̀؎ࣶ‫੅۞ט‬ኢĂ҃‫ن‬ர၆Ηᓁ ௚‫ט‬ซҖଣ੅ĄLijphart ۞ૄώϲಞߏĂͽ‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫۞ܑ΃ࠎ׶‬Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ ߏ˘჌д̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫̝ט‬มೱ࢖۞ጳ߆វ‫ט‬Ă߇Ηᓁ௚‫఺ט‬჌஄Ъё۞ ጳ߆វ‫ט‬Ϊࢋ̶Ҿଂ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫ֽޘ֎۞ט‬நྋӈΞĄ1 ְ၁˯ĂLijphart ఺჌࠻‫نڱ‬ர˞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ጳ߆ྻү۞кᇹّĂЯࠎ༊̫͵ࠧ˯Ηᓁ௚‫઼ט‬ छ۞ጳ߆ྻүЧѣ̙ТĂព൒่̙ߏ‫఺઼ڱ‬჌Ķд̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫̝ט‬มೱ ࢖ķ۞ྻү‫ݭ‬ၗ҃̏ĄЯѩĂԧࣇΞͽય۞યᗟߏĂΗᓁ௚‫ט‬дώኳ˯տ ౣߏᛳ‫׍ྵٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ჟৠ۞ጳ߆វ‫ט‬Ăᔘߏᛳ‫׍ྵٺ‬Вᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞ጳ ߆វ‫ט‬ĉՀซ˘Վ۞યᗟ‫ߏ݋‬Ăт‫ڍ‬Вᙊϔ͹ߏ˘჌ࣃ଀੠Ր۞ϔ͹ሀёĂ

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д‫۞઼ڱ‬၁ᅫጳ߆ྻү̚Ăົ΍னᓁ௚ᄃᓁநᝋ˧̢ѣঐ‫۞ܜ‬Җ߆ᝋĶೱ࢖ķன෪Ą ༊ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົкᇴ˘࡭ॡĂҖ߆ᝋϤᓁ௚͹ጱĂᓁந఼૱᝘‫׻‬ᓁ௚ҖְĂጳ߆វ‫ט‬ઐ Шᓁ௚‫ྻט‬үć༊ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົкᇴ̙˘࡭ॡĂҖ߆ᝋϤᓁந͹ጱĂᓁ௚ੜ‫ا‬ௐ˟ቢĂ ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ઐШ̰ᅦ‫ྻט‬үĄૄ‫ࢗ˯ٺ‬পҒĂ༊‫઼ڱ‬ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົкᇴ˘࡭ॡĂLijphart ӈ૟ѩॡ۞ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ෛࠎᓁ௚‫ט‬ć༊ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົкᇴ̙˘࡭ॡĂӈ૟‫׎‬ෛࠎ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ ĞLijphart, 2004: 102ğĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

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֤ᆃΗᓁ௚‫ט‬д̦ᆃᇹ۞‫ޘט‬నࢍᄃ੨इ˭Ăྵਕૉ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĉ ˯ࢗયᗟ۞ଣ੅၆‫ٺ‬ԧ઼۞၁ᅫጳ߆ྻүᄃϔ͹൴णϺ‫׍‬ѣࢦࢋຍཌྷĄ 2012 ѐᓁ௚̂ᏴԸை݈́Ăϔซᛨᓁ௚࣏Ᏼˠችࡻ͛അ‫ކ‬ϯĂࡶсึӀ༊ Ᏼᓁ௚Ă૟ֶೈ‫ם‬થёϔ͹۞ჟৠĂ௡ј̂ᓑЪ߆‫ع‬ĄсٙჍ۞‫ם‬થёϔ ͹ᄃ̂ᓑЪ߆‫ع‬ӈߏᄃВᙊϔ͹૜̷࠹ᙯ۞ໄ‫ه‬Ą༊ॡችࡻ͛఺ี߆֍ᐌ ӈ͔൴ۤົЧࠧሤধ੅ኢĂ‫̚׎‬ѣ͚޺៙ೳ۞ᓏࢰĂᄮࠎ఺ี߆֍ࡶਕ၁ ன૟ߏԧ઼ጳ߆ᄃϔ͹൴ण۞ࢦࢋ֧඀༫Ğోϒ‫ܪ‬Ă2012ğćϺѣኳႷԲ ҿ۞ᓏࢰĂᄮࠎԧ઼༊݈ጳ߆វ‫ॲט‬ώ̙‫׍‬౯၁ன‫ם‬થёϔ͹ᄃ̂ᓑЪ̰ ᅦ۞୧ІĞเᐅૅăጌछჯĂ2012ğĄϤ‫ٺ‬ችࡻ͛‫ ٺ‬2012 ѐ֭Ϗ༊Ᏼᓁ௚Ă с۞߆֍౵௣൑ଂ၁னĂҭс٦΍۞ᛉᗟ˵ֹԧࣇ‫ޥ‬҂Ăдԧ઼༊݈Ηᓁ ௚‫۞ט‬ጳ߆ߛၹ˭Ăߏӎ‫׍‬౯၁னВᙊϔ͹Ğ࠹༊‫םٺ‬થёϔ͹ğᄃ̂ᓑ Ъ߆‫۞ع‬୧Іĉᓁ̝Ăૄ‫׍ࣘࢗ˯ٺ‬நኢᄃன၁ᆸࢬ۞યᗟຍᙊĂώ͛ԓ ୕౅࿅Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃϔ͹ሀё۞၆ྖĂଣ੅Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ͹ăт ң၁னВᙊϔ͹Ăͽ๱ྃ Lijphart ଣ੅ϔ͹ሀёॡ‫ن‬ෛΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬႒߽Ą ώ͛ੵ˞дώ༼݈֏೩΍ࡁտજ፟γĂͽ˭̶ࠎೀ࣎ొ̶Ĉௐ˟༼੅ ኢВᙊϔ͹۞நኢ̰உĂ޽΍Вᙊϔ͹ᄃкᇴϔ͹఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀё۞म ளćᐌ‫ޢ‬дௐˬ༼̶‫̰ژ‬ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫׌఺ט‬჌ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ң۰ྵਕ၁னВᙊ ϔ͹۞ჟৠĂ֭ͽѩଯኢΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ͹ćତ˭ֽдௐα༼̚ ଣ੅Ĉࡶࢋ‫ޙ‬ၹ˘࣎‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ă఺࣎Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᑕྍ‫׍‬ ౯ֱࣹ‫̰ޘט‬உćௐ̣༼ඕᄬ‫݋‬ᑭෛέ៉༊݈۞ጳ߆វ‫ߏט‬ӎ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ ͹۞ჟৠĂ֭޽΍ώ͛۞ࡁտ੒ᚥĄ

෮ăВᙊϔ͹۞ຍஉ ˘ਠ็௚࠻‫ڱ‬ᄮࠎĂ‫׍‬ѣ੼‫ޘ‬Тኳّ۞ۤົߏϔ͹߆‫ͽ଀ڼ‬ᘦ‫ૄ۞ؠ‬ ᖂĂҲ‫ޘ‬Тኳّ۞к̶̮‫ົۤڡ‬Ğplural societyğ‫݋‬ᙱͽ‫ޙ‬ϲ֭ჯ޺ϔ͹߆ ‫ڼ‬Ą൒҃ĂLijphart ᄮࠎĂк̶̮‫ࡶົۤڡ‬ਕ౅࿅ߙֱ߆‫۞ޘטڼ‬পঅщଵ ֽ၁னᇃ‫۞ھ‬ᝋ˧̶ֳĂֹ࠹̢၆ϲ۞Ч࣎ཏវ‫ك‬ѩ̝ม྿јԁ‫׶ם‬ВᙊĂ Ϻਕ‫ޙ‬ϲᘦ‫ࣘ҃ؠ‬ट֭ᄊ۞ϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬ĄLijphart ࣧА૟఺჌к̶̮‫̚ົۤڡ‬ ‫׍‬ѣপঅ‫ޘט‬щଵ۞ϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬ჍࠎĶ‫ם‬Ъϔ͹ķĞconsociational democracyğĂ

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Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

‫ ˫ ֽ ޢ‬૟ Ķ ‫ ם‬Ъ ϔ ͹ ķ ۞ ໄ ‫ ه‬ซ ˘ Վ ᕖ · ࠎ Ķ В ᙊ ϔ ͹ ķĞ consensus democracyğĂ2 ֭૟ĶВᙊϔ͹ķᄃĶкᇴϔ͹ķĞmajoritarian democracyğ ࠹၆ͧĂ૟ѩ˟۰ෛࠎϔ͹߆‫׌۞ڼ‬჌ሀёĄͽ˭‫ژ‬ኢĶВᙊϔ͹ķᄃĶк ᇴϔ͹ķ۞ຍஉĄ ϔ͹߆‫۞ڼ‬८͕ຍஉࠎˠϔ۞௚‫ڼ‬Ăҭ˘࣎൑‫ڱ‬ਫ਼ᔖ۞યᗟߏĈ༊ˠ ϔЧѣ̙Т۞ઐрॡĂᑕϤኡซҖ௚‫ڼ‬ĉкᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ ሀё၆‫࣎఺ٺ‬યᗟЧѣ̙Т۞ඍ९Ąкᇴϔ͹ᄮࠎᑕϤĶкᇴˠķซҖ௚ ‫ڼ‬Ă͌ᇴ‫݋‬Ϊਕజଵੵдՙඉ̝γĄВᙊϔ͹‫݋‬ᄮࠎᑕϤĶႽΞਕкᇴ۞ ˠķซҖ௚‫ڼ‬ĂӅ˧ֹкᇴ۞ఢሀ౵̼̂҃‫่ܧ‬႕֖຋ऴ۞кᇴĄдВᙊ ϔ͹˭ĂЧ჌߆ඉ۞‫ؠט‬ᄃЧ჌፟ၹ۞నཉўдቁܲˠϔٕ‫ܑ΃׎‬ᇃ‫ھ‬г ણᄃ߆‫۞ع‬ՙඉĂႽΞਕΒटՀк۞ᓏࢰซˢՙඉវրĂ߆‫߆۞ع‬ඉႽΞ ਕаᑕ౵кˠ۞ࢋՐĂྏဦֹ߆‫߆۞ع‬ඉਕૉ‫׍‬౯ᇃ‫۞ھ‬ВᙊĂтѩ૟ਕ ֹ߆‫߆ع‬ඉ۞ϒ༊ّ଀ͽ౵̼̂Ąᖎ֏̝Ăкᇴϔ͹ߏଵ΁ăᚮ‫ۋ‬ă࠹̢ ၆ԩ۞߆‫ڼ‬Ăૻአᛏ۰Бो۞ჟৠćВᙊϔ͹‫םߏ݋‬થăΒटăЪү۞߆ ‫ڼ‬Ăૻአᝋ˧̶ֳ۞ჟৠĞLijphart, 1984: 21-25ğ Ă߇Вᙊϔ͹ϺΞᄲߏĶट ৼ ۞ ߆ ‫ ڼ‬ķĞ politics of accommodation ğٕ Ķ ኘ ҿ ё ϔ ͹ ķĞ negotiation democracyğ ĞKaiser, 1997: 434ğĄ 3 2

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Lijphart (1969) ޽΍Ă‫ם‬Ъϔ͹ѣͽ˭α̂ࣧ‫݋‬Ăѩαีࣧ‫݋‬ϺΞᄲߏк̶̮‫ࠎົۤڡ‬ ˞ჯ޺ϔ͹ᘦ‫ؠ‬Ξଳ۞ϔ͹‫ޘט‬నࢍĈ˘ă̂ᓑЪ̰ᅦĞgrand coalitionğĈдҖ߆͞ ࢬĂ߆‫ع‬௡јᑕஉᄏۤົ̚Ч჌ࢦࢋѨ৺ဥវ۞јࣶĄ˟ăּّͧĞproportionalityğĈ дϲ‫ڱ‬ᄃ࿰ზ˯Ă઼ົᛉࣶᑕֶּͧ΃ܑ‫͞۞ט‬ёயϠĂ࿰ზ۞̶੨ᄃ͛‫ء‬ᖚҜ۞Ї ‫ົֶۤ˵׻‬Ѩ৺ဥវ۞๕˧̂̈҃ͽּͧࣧ‫݋‬Җ̝Ąˬăۤົ̶‫̙ڡ‬Т௡јొ̶۞ҋ ͹ّĞsegmental autonomyğĈдۤົѨ৺ဥវ̰ొְચ۞ՙ‫˯ؠ‬Ăᑕ૟Ч჌ՙඉ۞ᝋ ˧ႽณϹϤဥវώ֗ҋҖՙ‫ؠ‬Ăּт၁߉ᓑ֣‫ޘט‬Ăֹгા̶‫۞˭ڡ‬Ѩ৺ဥវጾѣг ְ͞ચ۞ҋ͹ّĄαă͌ᇴӎՙĞminority vetoğĈд઼छ߆ඉ۞ՙ‫˯ؠ‬Ăᑕଳ‫͌פ‬ᇴ ӎՙ۞ࣧ‫݋‬Ăͽܲᅪ͌ᇴဥវᄃ୉ཏĂϺӈ‫͌ؠۺ‬ᇴဥវᄃ୉ཏѣᝋӎՙ၆ҋ̙֗Ӏ ۞ՙ‫ؠ‬ĂᔖҺ‫זצ‬кᇴᇷ˧۞ᑅ࢝Ą Lijphart (1977) ᙯ‫ٺ‬Ķ‫ם‬Ъϔ͹ķᄃĶВᙊϔ͹ķ۞நኢ‫ޙ‬ၹགྷ።࿅ͽ˭۞࿅඀Ĉ΁д 1969 ѐ۞IJ‫ם‬Ъϔ͹ij఺˘ቔഇΏኢ͛̚ĂࢵѨ೩΍‫ם‬Ъϔ͹۞ໄ‫ه‬Ă֭д 1977 ѐ ΍‫۞ۍ‬Įк̮ۤົ۞ϔ͹įĞDemocracy in Plural Societiesğ˘३̚ซ˘Վᛚࢗ˞‫ם‬Ъ ϔ͹۞̰உĄLijphart дѩล߱‫إ‬Ϗ૟‫ם‬Ъϔ͹ᄃкᇴϔ͹࠹̢၆ϲĂ҃ߏ޽΍‫ם‬Ъϔ ͹ߏкᇴϔ͹̝γ۞˘჌јΑϔ͹‫ݭ‬ၗĄᐌ඾ Lijphart ၆͵ࠧЧϔ͹઼छ۞̶‫͟ژ‬ৈ ᇃ‫ھ‬Ă΁൴ன‫ם‬Ъϔ͹дధк‫̰ޘט‬உ˯ߏᄃкᇴϔ͹࠹̢၆ϲ۞Ąࠎ˞ࡎ΍‫׌‬۰̝

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

5

ૻአᚮ‫ۋ‬ăଵ΁ăᛏ۰Бो۞кᇴϔ͹Ξͽዋϡ‫ޘ੼ٺ‬Тኳّ۞ۤົĂ ҭ఺჌ϔ͹ሀёࡶዋϡ‫ٺ‬к̶̮‫ົۤڡ‬Ă߆‫߆۞ع‬ඉᄃүࠎ૟ѣΞਕεΝ ϒ༊ّĄְ၁˯Ăϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬ᄃкᇴࣧ‫݋‬дώኳ˯Ҭͼхд඾̰дϬ࠼ĂЯ ࠎϔ͹߆‫۞ڼ‬८͕ຍஉߊ൒ߏ޽ˠϔ۞௚‫ڼ‬Ăдநຐ‫ې‬ၗᑕߏ޽ٙѣ‫זצ‬ ߙ˘ՙඉᇆᜩ۞ˠϔౌѣ፟ົણᄃՙඉĂٕߏౌѣ፟ົ౅࿅ˠϔᏴ΍۞΃ ֽܑણᄃՙඉĂ൒҃дкᇴࣧ‫˭݋‬Ăᒔ଀кᇴ͚޺҃Ᏼᓝ౼Ӏ۞߆ᛨٕ߆ ‫ڼ‬๕˧Ξͽᗽᕝٙѣ۞ᝋ˧ĂୀᏴ۞͌ᇴࠁ‫̙݋‬ਕણᄃ௚‫ڼ‬Ă൑‫ֳڱ‬ѣ߆ ‫ڼ‬ᝋ˧Ąಶѩ࠻ֽĂкᇴࣧ‫݋‬ᄃˠϔ௚‫ڼ‬ٙᛃӣ۞Ķٙѣˠϔౌᑕྍѣ፟ ົણᄃՙඉķ۞ϔ͹८͕ຍஉߏࡦ྽҃࿺۞Ą̙࿅Ă͚޺кᇴϔ͹۞ኢ۰ ఼૱ົ᜜ྋĂкᇴࣧ‫݋‬ᄃϔ͹८͕ຍஉ̢̙࠹ट۞યᗟΞͽ౅࿅ͽ˭͞ё ଀‫ז‬ቤྋâߏ዇߹ે߆Ĉт‫۞̚ع߆ڍ‬кᇴࠁᄃ͌ᇴࠁߏΞਕ൴Ϡត̼ ۞Ăд˭ѨᏴᓝ͌̚ᇴࠁΞਕјࠎкᇴࠁĂкᇴࠁΞਕјࠎ͌ᇴࠁĂଂ‫ܜ‬ ᅈ۞ॡมෛ౎҃֏Ăд̙Тॡഇ̶ᛳ͌ᇴࠁᄃкᇴࠁ۞ٙѣˠϔ̪Ⴭ଀˯ ౌጾѣણᄃՙඉ࿅඀۞፟ົĂЯѩкᇴࣧ‫݋‬ᄃϔ͹߆‫֭ڼ‬൑Ϭ࠼Ą˟ߏે ߆۰۞߆ඉᔌ̚Ĉд੼‫ޘ‬Тኳّ۞ۤົ̚Ă͹ࢋ߆ᛨ۞߆ඉϲಞᄃຍᙊ‫ݭ‬ ၗѣᔌ้̚ШĂ̙Т߆ᛨ۞߆ඉमள̙̂ĂᏴᓝඕ‫͌۞̚ڍ‬ᇴࠁ‫׽‬൒൑‫ڱ‬ ̶ֳ߆‫ڼ‬ᝋ˧ĂҭᏴᓝඕ‫ͽ̚ڍ‬кᇴࣧ‫݋‬ᒔ౼̝ે߆ᛨٙଯજ۞߆ඉĂ̂ ࡭˯Ϻਕ႕֖Βӣ͌ᇴࠁд̰۞ᇃ̂ˠϔ۞ӀৈᄃઐрĄಶѩ࠻ֽĂкᇴ ࣧ‫݋‬ᄃϔ͹߆‫إڼ‬ਕ࠹टĄ ൒҃Ăдล৺ă჌୉ă‫ି؟‬ă̼͛‫׍‬ѣ੼‫ޘ‬मள۞к̶̮‫̚ົۤڡ‬Ă ˯ֹࢗкᇴࣧ‫׶݋‬ϔ͹߆‫̝ڼ‬มϬ࠼଀ͽቤྋ۞‫׌‬჌ଐ‫̙ߏౌڶ‬хд۞Ą Яࠎдк̶̮‫̚ົۤڡ‬Ă‫ــ‬хд඾‫͌۞ؠ׽‬ᇴᄃкᇴཏវĂкᇴࠁᄃ͌ ม۞၆ϲĂLijphart д 1984 ѐ΍‫۞ۍ‬Įϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬įĞDemocraciesĂ઼̰΍‫۞ۍ‬ᛌ඾Щ ࠎĮ༊΃ϔ͹ᙷ‫ݭ‬ᄃ߆‫ڼ‬įğ̚Ă౅࿅၆ 21 ࣎ϔ͹઼छଂ 1945 ѐҌ 1980 ѐϔ͹གྷរ ۞҂၅ĂͽВᙊϔ͹‫ם΃פ‬Ъϔ͹ֽ޽Ⴭ఺჌ᄃкᇴϔ͹̙Т۞ϔ͹ሀёĂ֭૟ࣧА ‫ם‬Ъϔ͹۞̰உΐͽ௟ቜ̼Ă߇‫ם‬Ъϔ͹ΞᄲߏВᙊϔ͹۞݈֗ໄ‫ه‬Ą1999 ѐĂ΁΍ ‫ۍ‬Įϔ͹ᙷ‫ݭ‬įĞPatterns of Democracyğ˘३Ă၆Вᙊϔ͹ᄃкᇴϔ͹఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀ ёઇซ˘Վ۞ᛚࢗᄃ̶‫ژ‬Ąдώ३̚Ă΁҂၅۞ϔ͹઼छᕖᆧҌ 36 ࣎Ă҂၅۞ॡ߱‫ؼ‬ ҩࠎ 1945 ѐҌ 1996 ѐĂд̰ट˯ᆧΐ˞Ӏৈဥវᄃ̚δᅙҖ఺‫ޘט࣎׌‬តีĂ֭૟ Ч჌‫ޘט‬តีᕩৼࠎ‫࣎׌‬͹ࢋࢬШĞ‫͛ޢ‬૟ົ̬௜ğĂ҃ͷ౅࿅၁ᙋ̶‫׌఺ྵͧژ‬჌ ϔ͹ሀёд߆‫ܑع‬ன˯۞ᐹКĄ

6

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ᇴࠁೀͼ̙ົតજĂ̙Т߆ᛨٕ߆‫ڼ‬๕˧዇߹ે߆۞፟ົ‫̈ޝ‬Ă֭ͷᙱͽ ԛјᔌ̚۞߆ඉĄд఺჌ۤົ̚ࡶֶೈкᇴࣧ‫݋‬ՙ‫߆ેؠ‬۰ᄃ߆ඉĂΞਕ ຍ‫ק‬඾‫۞ؠ׽‬кᇴࠁ૟ϖᅈጾѣે߆гҜĂ૟ᗽᕝٙѣ߆ඉ۞ՙ‫ؠ‬ᝋĂౄ јкᇴᇷ߆Ğtyranny of majorityğ۞П፟Ąтѩ˘ֽĂϖᅈజଵ١۞͌ᇴ ࠁΞਕົεΝ၆઼छវ‫ܫ۞ט‬Їຏᄃ‫ྕم‬ຏĂ͔҃൴̶ᗓྻજٕ߆‫ڼ‬ᇷ ˧Ąᓁ̝Ăдк̶̮‫̚ົۤڡ‬ዋϡкᇴϔ͹ߏ৿ͻϒ༊ّ۞Ă૟ᙱͽ‫ڼܜ‬ ˳щĄLijphart ͹ૺĂк̶̮‫ࢋࡶົۤڡ‬ჯ޺ϔ͹߆‫ึ۞ڼ‬ၰྻүĂᑕྍଳ ϡВᙊϔ͹ĄВᙊϔ͹ሀё̙֭ညкᇴϔ͹ԯᝋ˧ะ̚дкᇴࠁ͘̚Ă҃ ߏ౅࿅Ч჌͞ё˧Ր̶ֳᝋ˧ă̶೸ᝋ˧ăࢨ‫ט‬ᝋ˧Ăԯۤົ˯۞͌ᇴࠁ Βӣซ߆ඉ‫۞ؠט‬඀Ԕ̚Ăֹણᄃ߆ඉ‫ؠט‬࿅඀۞ˠϔĞٕ‫ܑ΃׎‬ğ۞ఢ ሀ౵̼̂Ă౅࿅ԁ‫ם‬ᄃ‫ם‬થᒺ̈кᇴࠁᄃ͌ᇴࠁඈЧ჌̙Тཏវม۞‫ڡ‬ளĄ дᛚ‫ځ‬Вᙊϔ͹۞ந‫ޢه‬ĂLijphart (1999: 3-7) ࠎ˞ડ̶кᇴϔ͹ᄃВ ᙊϔ఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀё۞‫׍‬វ̰உĂ‫׍‬វ҂၅˞Ȉี‫ޘט‬តีĂ఺Ȉ࣎‫ޘט‬ តีΞᄲߏкᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹۞ၹјࢋ৵Ă҃‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀёд఺Ȉี‫ט‬ ‫ޘ‬តี˯ԛј‫ځ‬ព၆ͧĄкᇴϔ͹д఺ֱ‫ޘט‬តีٙणன۞ૄώࣧ‫ߏ݋‬Ķ႕ ֖ಏ˘кᇴӈΞઇՙ‫ؠ‬ķĄٙᏜĶಏ˘ķĂߏ޽ಏ˘፟ᙯćٙᏜĶкᇴķĂ ‫࠹޽ߏ݋‬၆кᇴٕ࿅ΗᇴĄѩ˘ૄώࣧ‫݋‬ၓព۞ߏᚮ‫ۋ‬ăଵ΁ăᛏ۰Бो ۞ჟৠĄ࠹၆гĂВᙊϔ͹д఺ֱ‫ޘט‬តีٙणன۞ૄώࣧ‫ߏ݋‬ĶႽΞਕ ۞кᇴؕਕઇՙ‫ؠ‬ķĄٙᏜĶႽΞਕкᇴķѣ‫࣎׌‬ᆸࢬ۞ຍஉâߏኑᇴ ፟ᙯ҃‫ܧ‬ಏ˘፟ᙯĂ˟ߏ੼‫ܝ‬ᕣ۞ܑՙ඀ԔĞּтˬ̶̝˟ٕα̶̝ˬк ᇴՙğ҃‫࠹ܧ‬၆кᇴٕ࿅ΗᇴĄѩ˘ૄώࣧ‫݋‬ၓព۞ߏΒटă‫ם‬થăᝋ˧ ̶ֳ۞ჟৠĄ Ҍ‫఺ٺ‬Ȉ࣎‫ޘט‬តีĂтܑ 1 ٙϯĂ̶ҾߏĈ˘ăҖ߆ᝋ۞௡ј‫ݭ‬ၗ Ğ߆‫ݭع‬ၗğć˟ăҖ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ᙯܼĞጳ߆វ‫ט‬ğćˬă߆ᛨវրć αăᏴᓝ‫ޘט‬ć̣ăӀৈဥវវրć̱ă̚δᄃг͞ᝋࢨထ̶̝‫ޘט‬ć˛ă ϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ඕၹćˣăጳ‫ݭᙷڱ‬ć˝ăΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬ćȈă̚δᅙҖ۞፾ϲ ّĄͽ˯఺Ȉ࣎‫ޘט‬តี˫Ξ̶ҾৼˢĶҖ߆ů߆ᛨķࢬШĞexecutive-parties dimensionğᄃĶᓑ֣‫ט‬ůಏ˘‫ט‬ķࢬШĞfederal-unitary dimensionğ఺‫׌‬ ࣎ࢬШ̝̚ĄLijphart ᄮࠎĂ˯݈̣ࢗ࣎‫ޘט‬តี‫ك‬ѩ૜̷࠹ᙯĂᛳ‫ٺ‬ĶҖ ߆Ǖ߆ᛨķࢬШĂͷϤ‫ٺ‬Вᙊϔ͹д఺̣ี‫ޘט‬តี˯ౌӔனᝋ˧Вֳᄃ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

ܑ1

7

кᇴϔ͹ሀёᄃВᙊϔሀё͹۞ͧྵ ሀ

ё

кᇴϔ͹ሀё

ࢬШƟតี Җ߆ᝋ۞௡ј‫ݭ‬ၗ

Вᙊϔ͹ሀё

Җ߆ǿ߆ᛨࢬШ ᓑ֣‫ט‬ǿಏ˘‫ࢬט‬Ш

˘ᛨ̰ᅦ

ᓑЪ̰ᅦ

Җ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ᙯܼ

ᝋ˧ᏉЪƟ

ϒёᄃ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲƟ

Ğጳ߆វ‫ט‬ğ

Җ߆፟ᙯ‫ا‬ᐹ๕гҜ

Җ߆ᄃϲ‫ڱ‬፟ᙯᝋ˧πᏊ

߆ᛨវր

‫׌‬ᛨ‫ט‬

кᛨ‫ט‬

Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬

кᇴՙ‫ט‬

ּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬

Ӏৈဥវវր

к̮͹ཌྷ

௚Ъ͹ཌྷ

Ğ߆‫ݭع‬ၗğ

̚δᄃг͞ᝋࢨထ̶۞‫̚ ޘט‬δะᝋ۞ಏ˘‫ט‬

г̶͞ᝋ۞ᓑ֣‫ט‬

ϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ඕၹ

˘ੰ‫ט‬

‫טੰ׌‬

ጳ‫ݭᙷڱ‬

ߘّጳ‫ڱ‬

ّࣣጳ‫ڱ‬

Φ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬

൑Φ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬

ѣΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬

̚δᅙҖ

Җ߆፟ᙯଠ‫̚۞ט‬δᅙҖ

፾ϲ۞̚δᅙҖ

ྤफ़ֽ໚Ĉፋநҋ Lijphart (1999: 2-3)

Ъү۞ჟৠĂ߇˫ΞჍࠎĶЪయķĞjoint-responsibilityğٕĶЪᝋķĞjoint-powerğ ࢬШć4 ‫ޘט̣࣎ޢ‬តี‫ك‬ѩϺ૜̷࠹ᙯĂᛳ‫ٺ‬Ķᓑ֣‫ט‬ůಏ˘‫ט‬ķࢬШĂ ͷϤ‫ٺ‬Вᙊϔ͹д఺̣ี‫ޘט‬តี˯ౌӔனᝋ˧̶೸ᄃ̶ᝋ۞ჟৠĂ߇˫ ჍࠎĶ̶యķĞdivided-responsibilityğٕĶ̶ᝋķĞdivided-powerğࢬШĄ5 4

5

дĶҖ߆ů߆ᛨķࢬШ۞̣࣎‫ޘט‬តี̚ĂҖ߆ᝋ۞௡ј‫ݭ‬ၗĞ߆‫ݭع‬ၗğăҖ߆ᄃ ϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ᙯܼĞጳ߆វ‫ט‬ğă߆ᛨវրăᏴᓝ‫఺ޘט‬α࣎តี‫ك‬ѩ̝มቁ၁૜̷࠹ᙯĂ ЯࠎᏴᓝ‫ົޘט‬ᇆᜩ߆ᛨវրĂ̙҃Т߆ᛨវրᄃጳ߆វ‫̢࠹ט‬ລ੨ົӔன̙Т۞߆ ‫ݭع‬ၗĄ࠹ԛ̝˭ĂӀৈဥវវրᄃΩα࣎‫ޘט‬តี۞ᙯܼᅲऴĄѣኢ۰ᄮࠎ Lijphart ૟Ӏৈဥវវրᄃ఺α࣎‫ޘט‬តี‫ٸ‬дТ˘࣎ࢬШ̚ൾ๻‫ૻݍ‬Ăણ֍ Pasquino (2000)Ą дĶᓑ֣‫ט‬ůಏ˘‫ט‬ķࢬШ۞̣࣎‫ޘט‬តี̚Ă઼छඕၹ‫ݭ‬ၗĞ̚δᄃг͞ᝋࢨထ̶ ۞‫ޘט‬ğăϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋඕၹăጳ‫ݭᙷڱ‬ăΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫఺ޘט‬α࣎តี‫ك‬ѩ̝มቁ၁૜̷࠹ᙯĂ Яࠎᓑ֣‫઼ט‬छυ൒ߏ઼ົ‫טੰ׌‬ăѣّࣣጳ‫ڱ‬ĂͷѣΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫઼۞ޘט‬छĄ࠹ԛ̝ ˭Ă̚δᅙҖ۞፾ϲّᄃΩα࣎‫ޘט‬តี۞ᙯܼᅲऴĄтТ Lijphart ૟Ӏৈဥវវր ‫ٸ‬дĶҖ߆ů߆ᛨķࢬШٙ̚‫۞זצ‬ኳႷĂLijphart ૟̚δᅙҖ፾ϲّᄃ‫΁׎‬α࣎‫ޘט‬ តี‫ٸ‬дТ˘࣎ࢬШ̚۞ϲኢϺൾ๻‫ૻݍ‬Ą

8

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ଂĶҖ߆ů߆ᛨķࢬШ˯̶‫ژ‬ĂLijphart ᄮࠎВᙊϔ͹ሀё۞‫ޘט‬পᇈ ܑனдͽ˭̣࣎͞ࢬĈ˘ăҖ߆ᝋ۞௡ј‫ݭ‬ၗࠎкᛨ௡ј۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦĂҖ ߆ᝋϤણᄃ௡ᅦ۞ٙѣ߆ᛨВТ̶ֳĂ̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё۞˘ᛨ̰ ᅦĄ˟ăдҖ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ᙯܼ˯Ă‫׌‬۰ᝋ˧πᏊĂ̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ ሀё˭Җ߆ᝋ‫ا‬ᐹ๕гҜĄˬă߆ᛨវրࠎкᛨ‫ט‬Ă̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀ ё˭۞‫׌‬ᛨ‫ט‬ĄαăᏴᓝ‫ޘט‬ଳּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬ĂЧ߆ᛨֶ࣎Ҿᒔ଀۞Ᏼைͧ ̶ּ੨यѨĂ̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭۞кᇴՙ‫ט‬Ą̣ăӀৈဥវវրࠎ ௚Ъ͹ཌྷĞcorporatismğĂ‫ࢦڦ‬Ӏৈဥវม۞࠹̢‫ם‬አᄃЪүĂ̙҃Т‫ٺ‬к ᇴϔ͹ሀё˭Ч࣎Ӏৈဥវ࠹̢ᚮ‫ۋ‬ă̢̙Ъү۞к̮͹ཌྷĞpluralismğĄ ଂĶᓑ֣‫—ט‬ಏ˘‫ט‬ķࢬШ˯̶‫ژ‬ĂLijphart ᄮࠎВᙊϔ͹ሀё۞‫ޘט‬ পᇈܑனдͽ˭̣࣎͞ࢬĈ˘ăд̚δᄃг͞ᝋࢨထ̶۞‫˯ޘט‬ĂଳҖૻ አг̶͞ᝋჟৠ۞ᓑ֣‫ט‬Ă̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭ૻአ̚δะᝋჟৠ۞ ಏ˘‫ט‬Ą˟ăдϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ඕၹ˯ĂଳҖ‫טੰ׌‬Ăϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋдᝋ˧၆ඈ۞‫࣎׌‬ ፟ᙯมπӮ̶੨Ă̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭ϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ่ะ̚‫ٺ‬ಏ˘፟ᙯ۞˘ ੰ‫ט‬Ąˬăдጳ‫ّࣣࠎ˯ݭᙷڱ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ĂΪѣ౅࿅੼‫ܝ‬ᕣ۞পҾкᇴ̖ਕ࣒ Լጳ‫ڱ‬Ă̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭Ϥ઼ົ̚࿅Ηᇴ۞кᇴ‫ܮ‬ਕ࣒ϒ۞ߘّ ጳ‫ڱ‬ĄαăдΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫˯ޘט‬Ăхд඾፾ϲ‫̝ົ઼ٺ‬γ֭ਕ‫ט‬Ꮚ઼ົᝋ˧ ۞Φ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ፟ᙯĂ̙Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭઼ົጾѣ඗၆۞ϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋĂ̙҃х д‫ט‬Ꮚ઼ົᝋ˧۞Φ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ፟ᙯĄ̣ă̚δᅙҖѣ‫۞ૻޝ‬፾ϲّĂдఱ။ ߆ඉ˯‫׍‬ѣ੼‫۞ޘ‬ҋ͹ّĂ̙҃Т‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭‫צ‬Җ߆፟ᙯଠ‫৿҃ט‬ ͻ፾ϲّ۞̚δᅙҖĄLijphart ֭޽΍Ă༄̀ăͧӀॡăለ߷ᓑ༖ߏВᙊϔ ͹ሀё۞‫ݭ׏‬९ּĂࡻ઼ă৸Ҙᜋă͐֓к‫ߏ݋‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё۞‫ݭ׏‬९ּĂ ͷϤ‫۞઼ࡻٺ‬ϔ͹‫ͼܕޘט‬৷ო۞кᇴϔ͹ሀёĂ 6 ߇кᇴϔ͹ሀёϺΞ 6

ื‫ڦ‬ຍ۞ߏĂLijphart ٙჍ۞кᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹˜ߏ‫׌‬჌ϔ͹߆‫۞ڼ‬Ķந‫ݭᙷه‬ķ Ğideal typeğĂன၁९ּ֭̚՟ѣ˘઼࣎छԆБ௑Ъкᇴϔ͹ٕВᙊϔ͹۞БొপᇈĂ Яࠎன၁གྷរ̚Տ˘઼࣎छౌߏ஄Ъ඾кᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹۞̙Т‫ޘט‬পᇈĂΪߏ‫׌‬ ჌ϔ͹ሀёј̶۞஄Ъּͧд̙Т઼छЧѣ̙ТĄдநྋ˯ĂԧࣇϺΞ૟఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ ሀёෛࠎĶкᇴůВᙊķЍᙉ˯۞‫׌‬ბĂ҃ன၁९ּ̙̚Т઼छҜ‫࣎఺ٺ‬Ѝᙉ̚۞̙ ТҜཉĄࡻ઼ତ‫ܕ‬Ѝᙉ̚кᇴϔ͹۞˘ბĂ༄̀ăͧӀॡତ‫ܕ‬Ѝᙉ̚Вᙊϔ͹۞Ω˘ ბĄְ၁˯Ăӈ‫ܮ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀёϺჍҘୂъሀёĂ˵̙ຍᏜࡻ઼ಶߏ˘࣎ԆБ৷ო̝ кᇴϔ͹ሀё۞९ּĄЯࠎࡻ઼ѣॡ̪ѣ΍னᓑЪ̰ᅦĞּт༊݈ࡻ઼̰ᅦӈߏϤܲ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

9

ჍࠎĶҘୂъሀёķĞWestminster modelğĄ Lijphart ᛚࢗкᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹ॡٙ೩‫۞ז‬Ȉ࣎‫ޘט‬តีĂពன˞΁ Ԉ̂۞ጯఙ‫࢑ٱ‬ĂЯࠎ΁Ћဦ౅࿅кᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀё۞ ၆ͧĂ૟༊΃ϔ͹઼छЧ࣎ᆸࢬ۞ࢦࢋ߆‫ౌޘטڼ‬உᄏซֽĄֶඊ۰̝֍Ă ఺Ȉ࣎‫ޘט‬តี‫ك‬ѩ̝ม̢ѣᙯᓑĂΞͽБొҚా੓ֽĄтဦ 1 ٙϯĂĶᏴ ᓝ‫ޘט‬ķົᇆᜩĶ߆ᛨវրķĂ̙ТĶ߆ᛨវրķᄃĶጳ߆វ‫ט‬ķ۞௡Ъ‫݋‬ ົӔன̙Т۞Ķ߆‫ݭع‬ၗķĂ҃ϔ͹઼छ‫׍‬ѣ߆‫ّڼ‬ኳ۞௡ᖐဥវੵ˞߆ᛨ ̝γĂΩ˘ࢦࢋ۰ӈࠎӀৈဥវĂЯѩĶӀৈဥវវրķϺߏϔ͹઼छ̚ ̙Ξ‫ن‬ෛ۞ࢦࢋ‫ޘט‬តีĄ҃Ķጳ߆វ‫ט‬ķ۞ၹјಏ̮ࠎҖ߆ăϲ‫ڱ‬ᄃΦ ‫ܝొڱ‬ĂĶ̚δᅙҖķ˘ਠᔴᛳ‫ٺ‬Җ߆ొ‫ܝ‬ĂҌ‫̚ٺ‬δᅙҖ፾ϲّ۞੼ҲĂ Ч઼ଐ‫ڶ‬Чѣ̙ТĄᄃĶϲ‫ܝొڱ‬ķᄃĶΦ‫ܝొڱ‬ķѣᙯ۞‫̶݋ޘט‬Ҿߏ ઼ົ‫ޘט‬ᄃΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬Ă઼҃ົ‫ޘט‬ᄃΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫݋ޘט‬ᄃĶ̚δᄃг͞ ᝋࢨထ̶̝‫ޘט‬ķăĶጳ‫ݭᙷڱ‬ķ఺‫ޘט࣎׌‬តี૜̷࠹ᙯĂЯࠎ઄ࡶ˘࣎ ઼छд̚δᄃг͞ᝋࢨထ̶̝‫ޘט‬ଳҖᓑ֣‫ט‬Ăд઼ົඕၹ˯υ൒ົߏ‫׌‬ ੰ‫ט‬Ăдጳ‫˵˯ݭᙷڱ‬υ൒ߏّࣣጳ‫ڱ‬Ă҃ͷυ൒ѣΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬Ą 7 ፋ វ҃֏Ă఺Ȉ࣎‫ޘט‬តีஉᄏ˞༊΃ϔ͹઼छЧ࣎ᆸࢬ۞߆‫ޘטڼ‬Ă఺ֱ ‫ٯ̂ޘט‬ၹј˘࣎ϔ͹઼छፋវ۞‫ޘט‬វրĄ

7

чᛨᄃҋϤϔ͹ᛨВ௡۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦğĂ઼ົ̪ࠎ‫טੰ׌‬Ğጐგߏ̙၆ඈ۞‫טੰ׌‬Ă၁ ኳ˯̏‫ܕ‬Ҭ˘ੰ‫ט‬ğĂͷ̚δᄃг͞ᝋ˧ထ̶۞‫ޘט‬Ϻѣ࠹༊඀‫۞ޘ‬г̶͞ᝋҒ૾Ğጐ გ̪ᛳಏ˘‫ט‬ğĂ˯ࢗࡻ઼۞‫ޘט‬পᇈ‫׎‬၁̪ൾ຋ઐᗓ৷ო۞кᇴϔ͹ሀёĄᙯ‫ࡻٺ‬ ઼߆‫ޘטڼ‬ᄃкᇴϔ͹ሀё࠹௑඀‫۞ޘ‬௟ొᑭෛĂΞણ֍ Whitehead (2013)Ą ᓑ֣‫ט‬ăّࣣጳ‫ڱ‬ăΦ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ט‬ᄃ઼ົ‫טੰ׌‬α۰఼૱ົԛј˘इ࠹̢ాඕ۞‫ޘט‬௡ ЪĂ఺ߏЯࠎдᓑ֣‫˭ט‬Ăܼͽّࣣጳ‫ܲڱ‬ᅪЧ֣۞ҋ‫ڼ‬ᝋĂͷЧ֣၆̚δְચϺѣ ણᄃᝋĄ˘͞ࢬĂϤ‫ّࣣٺ‬ጳ‫ܲڱ‬ᅪЧ֣ҋ‫ڼ‬ᝋĂ߇ᓑ֣‫઼ט‬छࠎ˞ᔖҺ̚δ߆‫ع‬࿁ ጳ‫ܬ‬चጳ‫ڱ‬ٙܲᅪ۞Ч֣ҋ‫ڼ‬ᝋĂυื౅࿅Φ‫ڱ‬ᆶߤ‫ֽޘט‬ΐͽ֨ቑćΩ˘͞ࢬĂϤ ‫ٺ‬Ч֣၆̚δְચѣણᄃᝋĂ߇ᓑ֣‫઼ט‬छົଳҖ઼ົ‫טੰ׌‬Ă‫ੰ˘̚׎‬ϤЧ֣۞π ඈ΃ܑٙ௡јĂᄃϔᏴ۞Ω˘ੰВТણᄃ઼ົᖚᝋ۞ҖֹĄ

10

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ဦ1

ᛂ̄ಕ

ϔ͹઼छЧ჌‫ޘט‬តี̝ม۞ᙯᓑّ Ӏৈဥវវր

Ᏼ ᓝ ‫ޘ ט‬

߆ ᛨ វ ր ߆ ‫ ݭ ع‬ၗ ጳ ߆ វ ‫ט‬

ၹјࢋ৵

Җ߆ొ‫ܝ‬

̚δᅙҖ

ϲ‫ܝొڱ‬

̚δᄃг͞ ᝋࢨထ̶‫ޘט‬

Φ‫ܝొڱ‬

ጳ‫ݭᙷڱ‬

ྤफ़ֽ໚Ĉү۰ҋᄦ

кᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ͹ሀёң۰ѣྵᐹ։۞߆‫ܑع‬னĉLijphart ੫၆ 36 ࣎ϔ͹઼छซҖ၁ᙋࡁտĂ޽΍Вᙊϔ͹ሀёдϔ͹‫ݡ‬ኳᄃ߆‫ع‬ᒻड़ፋវ ҃֏ߏᐹ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀё۞Ąдϔ͹‫ݡ‬ኳ͞ࢬĂ΁ͽ૎̃΃ܑᝋă߆‫ڼ‬π ඈăᏴϔԸைதă̳ϔ၆ϔ͹۞႕ຍ඀‫ޘ‬ă߆‫ع‬ᄃᏴϔ۞Ꮠ‫ܕ‬඀‫ޘ‬ăϔி ၆߆‫ޘ޺͚۞ع‬ă߆‫۞ع‬ჺୀ඀‫ޘ‬ăۤົ჊Ӏ۞ͪ໤ăᒖဩ᜕ܲ۞඀‫ޘ‬ă ЖְΦ‫۞ڱ‬ᚑᆖ඀‫ޘ‬ă઼ᅫ೯ӄ۞ͪ໤ඈ޽ᇾซҖീณĞLijphart, 1999: 275-300ğćд߆‫ع‬ᒻड़͞ࢬĂ΁‫ࠎ̶݋‬Ԉ៍གྷᑻგநᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ᇷ˧‫࣎׌‬ᆸࢬĂ ̶֭Ҿ౅࿅ధк޽ᇾซҖീณĞLijphart, 1999: 258-274ğĄඕ‫ڍ‬൴னĂВᙊ ϔ͹ሀёдϔ͹‫ݡ‬ኳ۞ܑன‫ځ‬ពᐹ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀёĂд߉߆ᒻड़۞ܑனϺ ரᐹ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀёĄ఺ᇹ۞൴ன࠹༊඀‫ޘ‬гᙹᖬ˞ϔ͹‫ݡ‬ኳĞ͍‫ߏ׎‬д ϔ͹΃ّܑ͞ࢬğᄃड़ਕ̝มхдѩঐ‫ܜك‬ᙯܼ۞็௚࠻‫ڱ‬Ą็௚࠻‫ڱ‬к ΗᄮࠎĂ·̶۞ϔ͹΃ّܑ̙Ӏ‫ع߆ٺ‬ड़ਕĂ҃੼‫ع߆۞ޘ‬ड़ਕ‫ืــ‬ᜁ ࠗϔ͹΃ّܑĄૄ‫ٺ‬ѩ็௚࠻‫ڱ‬ĂдទᏭ˯Ξਕົଯኢྵૻአᝋ˧̶ֳ҃ Հ‫׍‬ϔ͹΃ّܑ۞Вᙊϔ͹ሀёĂ‫ع߆׎‬ड़ਕົᅊ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀёĄ൒҃Ă Lijphart ౅࿅၁ᙋࡁտૻአĂଂВᙊϔ͹۞ፋវܑன࠻ֽĂϔ͹΃ّܑᄃ߉

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

11

߆ड़ਕ‫׎‬၁ߏΞͽТॡࣘᜪ۞ĄЯѩ Lijphart ᄮࠎĂВᙊϔ͹่̙ߏͧк ᇴϔ͹ՀਕዋЪк̶̮‫۞ົۤڡ‬ϔ͹ሀёĂϺߏਕૉБࢬആ΃кᇴϔ͹ă ዋЪٙѣϔ͹઼छଳҖ۞ྵָϔ͹ሀёĄ

ણăΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ ጐგ Lijphart ٙ޽Вᙊϔ͹̝၁ᅫјड़ᐹ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹۞၁ᙋֶፂ‫إ‬ѣ ጯ۰‫޺ٱ‬хႷၗ‫ޘ‬Ă 8 ͷВᙊϔ͹۞‫ޘט‬నࢍߏӎ˘‫ؠ‬ਕૉঐ‫ޛ‬к̶̮‫ڡ‬ ۤົ۞߆‫ڼ‬኏ࡎĂдጯࠧ˵ᔘѣ˘ֱ‫ۋ‬ኢĂ9 ҭ઄ࡶԧࣇ̂‫ٯ‬ତ‫ צ‬Lijphart

8

9

ּт‫ڒ‬ᚶ͛Ğ2012Ĉ30ğ޽΍ĂВᙊϔ͹ሀё̝ٙͽдϔ͹‫ݡ‬ኳ͞ࢬᐹ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ሀ ёĂߏЯࠎ Lijphart ീณϔ͹‫ݡ‬ኳॡٙన‫۞ؠ‬Чี޽ᇾĂкߏૻአк̮΃ّܑ۞޽ᇾĂ ҃఺ֱ޽ᇾࣧώಶྫྷૻአᝋ˧̶ֳăּّͧ۞Вᙊϔ͹дຍஉ˯૜̷࠹ᙯĄPasquino (2000) ‫݋‬ᄮࠎ Lijphart ၆‫ٺ‬Вᙊϔ͹۞ઐр·႕ઐᅲ۞ᆊࣃҿᕝĄΩγĂLijphart ޽΍ Вᙊϔ͹ჟৠ፧‫۞ݓ‬Аซ઼छ࠹ྵ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹ჟৠ፧‫઼۞ݓ‬छՀᙸຍ၆ฟ൴઼̚छ೩ ֻགྷᑻ೯ӄĂౘछಈĞ2006ğ၆ѩ೩΍ኳႷĂ΁ᄮࠎՙ‫ؠ‬གྷᑻ೯ӄ۞Я৵Ă͹ࢋߏ˘ ઼࣎छ۞གྷᑻ၁˧ă઼ᅫгҜăγϹጼரͽ̈́ᅳጱˠ۞ઐрĂϔ͹ሀёᄃགྷᑻ೯ӄ̝ ม۞ᙯܼ‫׎‬၁‫ܧ‬૱ᓠऴĄᙯ‫ٺ‬ጯࠧ၆Вᙊϔ͹ሀё۞࠹ᙯԲෞĂΞણ֍ Vatter (2009)ă Bormann (2010)ăBühlmann et al. (2011)ăHsieh (2013)ăWilliam (2013)Ą ᙯ‫ٺ‬к̶̮‫ົۤڡ‬ᑕଳң჌‫ޘט‬నࢍͽܳซ୉ཏ‫׶‬ᏘĂ֭ซ˘Վܳјϔ͹ዮ‫׽‬ĂDonald HorowitzăSiskăBenjamin Reilly ඈጯ۰ѣ˘इ࢛ள‫ ٺ‬Lijphart ኢࢗ۞ĶჸЪሀёķ Ğcentripetalismğ៍ᕇĂ҃ᄃ Lijphart ٙ΃ܑ۞Ķ‫ם‬ЪሀёķĞconsociationalismğ៍ᕇ ԛј၆ϲĄĶ‫ם‬Ъሀёķૻአᝋ˧̶ֳĂ߇͹ૺᏴᓝ‫ޘט‬ଳϡּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬ĂͽѣӀ‫ٺ‬к ᛨ‫ט‬ᄃᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞ԛјĄ఺჌ሀё͹ૺ౅࿅ܲᅪЧ୉ཏдՙඉ࿅඀̚۞΃ّܑĂֽ྿ ј୉ཏม۞‫׶‬ྋᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ᘦ‫ؠ‬Ą఺჌៍ᕇߏ૟୉ཏෛࠎЧ჌‫ޘט‬щଵ۞ૄώಏ̮Ăᖣѩ ܲᅪЧ୉ཏ۞ᝋӀĄĶჸЪሀёķ‫݋‬ᄮࠎּͧ΃ܑ‫่ט‬ਕዮ‫׽‬Ч୉ཏ۞ߊѣ๕˧Ă֭ ̙ਕ೩ֻᄵЯֹܳ߆‫ڼ‬ˠ‫ྭۏ‬෸୉ཏ۞ࠧࢨĂ͹જᙯ‫ྭڦ‬୉ཏ۞Ӏৈͽܳซ୉ཏ‫׶‬ᏘĄ ЯѩჸЪሀё͹ૺᏴᓝ‫ޘט‬ଳҖᏴፄԸை‫ט‬Ğalternative voteğĂֹ߆‫ڼ‬ˠ‫۞ۏ‬౼Ᏼ፟ த‫זצ‬Ч୉ཏፋវ۞‫ࡗט‬Ăֹ࢝߆‫ڼ‬ˠ‫ࣘۏ‬ᜪ̙Т୉ཏ۞ӀৈĂͽٛ‫̙ܕ‬Т୉ཏม۞ ࿣ᅣĄ఺჌៍ᕇᄮࠎĂࡶࢋ၁னк̶̮‫۞ົۤڡ‬୉ཏ‫׶‬ᏘĂᑕ౅࿅‫ޘט‬నࢍခᐽྭ୉ ཏ۞ЪүᄃፋЪĂࢫҲ୉ཏमளд߆‫۞˯ڼ‬ព඾ّĂ̙҃ည‫ם‬Ъሀё૟୉ཏม۞मள ᆉ‫̼׽‬Ąࡶ૟‫׌‬჌ሀё࠹ͧྵĂ Ķ‫ם‬Ъሀёķߏ૟୉ཏϲಞෛࠎ‫ؠ׽‬γϠ҃൑‫ڱ‬Լត۞ តีĂ߇͹ૺଳϡּͧ΃ܑ‫ֽט‬т၁гͅߍߊѣ๕˧̶οĄ࠹ͅгĂĶჸЪሀёķᄮࠎ ୉ཏ̶‫ߏڡ‬Ξͽ౅࿅ᏴፄԸை‫ט‬ඈ‫ޘט‬щଵΐͽԼචٕঐ‫۞ޛ‬តีĂ߇͹ૺ౅࿅˘‫ؠ‬ ۞‫ޘט‬щଵֹܳ߆ᛨᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ˠ‫˞ࠎۏ‬౼Ᏼ۞҂ณ҃ᜪ̙̈́Т୉ཏ۞ӀৈĂซ҃૟ҋ̎ ۞߆ඉ͹ૺአፋ଀ྵࠎ໢‫׶‬Ąᙯ‫׌ٺ‬჌ጯࠁ۞੅ኢĂણ֍ Horowitz (1991; 2000; 2008)ă

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Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

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۞͹ૺᄃ΁ٙ೩΍۞၁ᙋֶፂĂ̂࡭‫ؠۺ‬Вᙊϔ͹ߏ˘჌ࣃ଀੠Ր۞։ච ϔ͹ሀёĂԧࣇΞͽซ˘Վ੠ય۞યᗟߏĈд༊݈ధкາᎸϔ͹઼छ೼࿆ ଳҖΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ॡ΃ᔌ๕˭ĂΗᓁ௚‫఺ט‬჌ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ ְ၁˯Ă఺࣎યᗟ֭൑‫ڱ‬ଂ Lijphart ۞ኢ඾ۡ̚ତ଀‫ז‬ඍ९Ą఺ߏЯࠎ Lijphart д೩΍Ķкᇴϔ͹ķᄃĶВᙊϔ͹ķ఺‫׌‬჌ϔ͹ሀё҃ኢ̈́ጳ߆វ ‫ݭᙷ۞ט‬ॡĂૄώ˯̙ٚᄮѣٙᏜ۞ĶΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ķٕĶᗕࢵ‫טܜ‬ķĄ΁ᄮ ࠎд˘࣎Тॡхдᓁ௚ᄃᓁந۞ጳ߆វ‫̚ט‬ĂΪࢋਕቁᄮտౣߏᓁ௚ٕᓁ ந̖ߏ͹ࢋ۞Җ߆ࢵ‫ܜ‬Ă‫ܮ‬ਕ૟ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ထᕩࠎᓁ௚‫̰ٕט‬ᅦ‫ט‬Ğࡶᓁ௚ ࠎ͹ࢋҖ߆ࢵ‫ܜ‬Ăӈࠎᓁ௚‫ט‬ćࡶᓁநࠎ͹ࢋҖ߆ࢵ‫ܜ‬Ăӈࠎ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ğĂ ٙͽ΁ᄮࠎΗᓁ௚‫˘ߏ̙ט‬჌፾প۞ጳ߆វ‫ݭᙷט‬Ă҃Ϊߏᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃ̰ᅦ ‫۞ט‬តវĞLijphart, 2004: 102ğĄЯѩâਠజᕩᙷࠎΗᓁ௚‫઼۞ט‬छĂౌ జ Lijphart ထᕩࠎᓁ௚‫̰ٕט‬ᅦ‫ט‬Ăּт‫ܧ‬В‫ڼ‬ॡഇ۞‫઼ڱ‬జ΁Еࠎᓁ௚ ‫઼ט‬छć҃В‫ڼ‬ॡഇ۞‫઼ڱ‬Ăͽ̈́‫܆‬ᜋă๸гӀăДफăຑႬᜋăཬ෈Ͱ ඈ઼‫݋‬జ΁Еࠎ̰ᅦ‫઼ט‬छĄҭߏĂLijphart ۞ѩ˘࠻‫ځڱ‬ពࣃ଀થၻĂЯ ࠎ༊݈ጯࠧ̂‫ٯ‬ᄮࠎĂдΗᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छ͟ৈᆧк۞̫͇ĂΗᓁ௚‫̙֭ט‬৷ ൒ߏᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃ̰ᅦ‫۞ט‬តវĂ˵̙ߏອᕚд̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫̝ט‬มߙ჌ࠧቢ ̙‫۞ځ‬ጳ߆វ‫ט‬Ă҃ߏஉ߁˞̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫࣎׌ט‬८͕পᇈ۞າ‫ޘטݭ‬Ą ఺჌ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ଂ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᕜ‫̰˞פ‬ᅦᓁந၆઼ົ࢑య۞পᇈĂ˫ଂᓁ௚‫ט‬ᕜ ‫˞פ‬ᓁ௚ϤБϔۡᏴயϠ۞щଵĂΗᓁ௚‫఺ט‬჌ࣘ‫̰׍‬ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫ט‬পҒ ͷҖ߆ᝋ˟̮̼Ğ̶ᛳᓁ௚ᄃᓁநğ۞পᇈĂֹ଀Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᛃӣ඾ҋј˘ ॾ۞ྻүទᏭĂ҃ᄃ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫ט‬ѣ‫̙۞̂ޝ‬ТĞӓϜ̋Ă2012Ĉ1ğĄ ߊ൒൑‫ڱ‬ଂ Lijphart ۞ኢࢗۡ̚ତ଀‫ז‬ĶΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ ͹ĉķ఺࣎યᗟ۞ඍ९Ą˘࣎ଣವѩયᗟඍ९۞͞ёĂߏАੜ҃Ր‫׎‬Ѩ‫ޥ‬ ҂Ķ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫ט‬ң۰ྵਕ၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉķ఺࣎યᗟĂГଂ఺࣎યᗟ ۞ඍ९ԱವĶΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉķ۞ቢ৶Ąְ၁˯Ăࡶዦ᝝ Lijphart ۞඾үĂົ൴ன΁၆Ķ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫ט‬ң۰ྵਕ၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉķ ఺࣎યᗟ۞ඍ९˵̙ߏ‫ܧ‬૱ۡତĄ΁၆ѩયᗟ۞࠻‫ڱ‬Ξரࢗт˭ĈLijphart ޽΍ĂдҖ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋ۞ᙯܼ˯ĂĶᝋ˧ᏉЪᄃҖ߆ొ‫׍ܝ‬ᐹ๕гҜķ Reilly (1997; 2002; 2006)ăӓᏐाĞ2006ğĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

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۞‫׍ޘט‬ѣкᇴϔ͹۞ჟৠĂĶϒёᄃ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲķ۞‫׍ޘט‬ѣВ ᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄĶᝋ˧ᏉЪᄃҖ߆ొ‫׍ܝ‬ᐹ๕гҜķ۞‫ޘט‬Ă‫ځޝ‬ពߏ޽ ࡻ઼‫׌‬ᛨ‫ྻט‬ү˭۞̰ᅦ‫ט‬ĄҌ‫ ٺ‬Lijphart ٙᏜ۞Ķϒёᄃ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧ ̶ϲķĂ‫۞̚׎‬Ķᝋ˧̶ϲķ˘ෟĂ‫ޝ‬ट‫ٽ‬ឰˠͽࠎ΁޽۞ߏᓁ௚‫ט‬Ąҭ ְ၁˯Ă༊ Lijphart д੅ኢĶϒёᄃ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲķѩ˘Вᙊϔ͹۞ ‫ޘט‬পᇈॡĂ΁͹ࢋߏͽ༄̀ᄃͧӀॡࠎּĂ҃఺‫઼࣎׌‬छ˘ࠎ؎ࣶ‫ט‬Ă ˘ࠎ̰ᅦ‫ט‬Ă‫ߏ̙ౌ઼׌‬ᓁ௚‫ט‬Ą΁޽΍Ăд༄̀۞؎ࣶ‫̚ט‬Ăᓑ֣Җ߆ ؎ࣶົጐგߏϤ઼ົᏴЇĂҭᏴЇயϠ‫ޢ‬ӈѣ 4 ѐ۞ЇഇܲᅪĂ઼ົ൑‫ڱ‬ ౅࿅̙‫ܫ‬ЇԸைֹ࢝ᓑ֣Җ߆؎ࣶົᙜᖚĄ΁ᄮࠎ༄઼̀ົ൑̙‫ܫ‬ЇԸை ᝋ˧۞‫ޘט‬щଵĂಶߏ˘჌ᝋ˧̶ϲ۞‫ޘט‬Ą΁ᄲĈĶĞ༄̀ğ఺჌ϒё۞ ᝋ˧̶ϲĂֹ଀Җ߆ొ‫ܝ‬ᄃϲ‫ࠎྵౌܝొڱ‬፾ϲĂ҃ͷ‫׌‬۰ม۞ᙯܼĂྵ ࡻ઼̈́৸Ҙᜋ۞̰ᅦᄃ઼ົᙯܼՀࠎπᏊĂ̙҃ညࡻă৸۞̰ᅦ‫ځ‬ព‫׍‬ѣ ᐹ๕ĞLijphart, 1984: 25ğĄķҌ‫ͧٺ‬ӀॡĂLijphart ޽΍ྍ઼ѣֶ࣎Ꮵϲ‫ڱ‬ ፟ᙯ‫ܫ‬Ї۞̰ᅦ‫ع߆ט‬Ăҭྍ઼̰ᅦࠎĶᇃ‫ھ‬ͷᗫ೸۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦķĂ఺჌ ᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞ု‫ྵ׻‬ൺĂ̰ᅦᄃ઼ົ̝ม۞̢જ̙ညࡻ઼۞˘ᛨ̰ᅦ఺ᆃ‫׍‬ ѣᐹ๕ĂҖ߆ᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᙯܼព଀ྵࠎπᏊĄ‫ ߏٺ‬Lijphart (1984: 25) ‫ކ‬ჍĈ Ķᔵ ൒ͧӀॡ۞̰ᅦ‫ͻ৿ט‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲĂҭߏι۞Җ߆ᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᙯܼΞͽజ ෛࠎ‫ܧ‬ϒёٕΗᝋ˧̶ϲĞsemiseparation of powersğķĄ 10 ಶѩ࠻ֽĂLijphart д੅ኢВᙊϔ͹̚Ķϒёᄃ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲķѩ ˘‫ޘט‬পᇈॡĂ֭‫ͽܧ‬ᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छࠎּĄ֤ᆃĂտౣ˘ਠᄮࠎ౵‫׍‬ᝋ˧̶ ϲჟৠ۞ᓁ௚‫ט‬௑̙௑ЪВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĉ၆ѩĂLijphart ᄮࠎĂдᓁ௚‫ט‬ Җ߆ᄃϲ‫׌ڱ‬ᝋᝋ˧̶ϲͷ࠹̢‫ט‬Ꮚ۞‫ޘט‬ჟৠ˭Ă‫߉ޠڱ‬Җυื‫ޙ‬ϲд 10

ְ၁˯ĂLijphart ૟༄̀؎ࣶ‫ົ઼̚ט‬൑̙‫ܫ‬ЇԸை۞‫ޘט‬পᇈჍࠎĶϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ ϲķĂ֭૟ͧӀॡᓑЪ̰ᅦု‫ྵ׻‬ൺă‫ځ‬ព‫۞ົ઼ٺטצ‬পҒჍࠎĶ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ ϲķĂ఺჌࠻‫ڱ‬ᄃ˘ਠ၆ᝋ˧̶ϲ۞நྋѣᅲ̂۞རमĂ˵ट‫ٽ‬ౄј˘ਠ᝝۰၆‫ٺ‬ Lijphart ኢࢗ۞ᄱྋĄඊ۰ଯീ Lijphart Ξਕѣᄮۢ‫࣎఺ז‬યᗟĂЯࠎд Lijphart ‫ ٺ‬1999 ѐ΍‫۞ۍ‬Įϔ͹ᙷ‫ݭ‬į̚Ă̏૟Вᙊϔ͹ሀё̚۞Ķϒёᄃ‫ܧ‬ϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲķ఺࣎ ‫ޘט‬តีԼჍࠎĶҖ߆ᄃϲ‫ڱ‬፟ᙯม۞ᝋ˧πᏊķĂкᇴϔ͹ሀё̚۞Ķᝋ˧ᏉЪᄃ Җ߆ొ‫׍ܝ‬ᐹ๕гҜķ‫ۡ݋‬ତჍࠎĶҖ߆ొ‫׍ܝ‬ᐹ๕гҜķĂ̙ГֹϡĶᝋ˧ᏉЪķ ᄃĶᝋ˧̶ϲķ۞ໄ‫ه‬Ą̙࿅Ă఺Ϊߏඊ۰۞೨ീĂЯࠎ Lijphart ၆‫఺ٺ‬ᇹ۞Հજ֭ ՟ѣ‫ځ‬ቁᄲ‫׎ځ‬நϤĄ

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Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ఺‫ۡ׍࠰࣎׌‬ତϔ͹ϒ༊ّ۞ొ‫ܝ‬ВТତ‫ૄ۞צ‬ᖂ˯Ğ˘͞ࢬ ઼ົ఼࿅‫ڱ‬९â͞ࢬᓁ௚̙Җֹӎՙᝋ҃ᙸຍ̳ο֭ેҖğĂϺӈ‫ޠڱ‬ ߉Җืགྷ઼ົᄃᓁ௚ĶᗕࢦቁᄮķĞdouble checkğĄᓁ௚‫఺ט‬჌ᝋ˧̶ϲ ۞‫ืޘט‬Ϥኑᇴ፟ᙯТຍؕਕ߉Җ‫ޠڱ‬Ăд఺ᆸຍཌྷ˯ቁ၁௑ЪВᙊϔ͹ ૻአĶႽΞਕкᇴؕਕઇՙ‫ؠ‬ķ۞ૄώࣧ‫݋‬Ąҭ Lijphart ˫޽΍Ăᓁ௚‫ט‬ ૟ٙѣ۞Җ߆ᝋౌะ̚дᓁ௚˘ˠ֗˯Ă఺࣎পҒ‫݋‬࿁ͅ˞Вᙊϔ͹۞Ω ˘ี‫ޘט‬পᇈĈᓑЪ̰ᅦᄃҖ߆ᝋ˧۞̶ֳć҃ͷᓁ௚ѩ˘ಏ˘ᖚҜ۞Ᏼ ᓝυ൒ߏଳкᇴՙ‫̙҃ט‬Ξਕଳּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬Ă఺˵࿁ͅВᙊϔ͹дᏴᓝ‫ט‬ ‫ૻ˯ޘ‬አּͧ΃ܑ‫ޘט۞ט‬পᇈĄಶѩ࠻ֽĂᓁ௚‫׍ט‬ѣϬ࠼۞‫ّࢦ׌‬Ă ˘͞ࢬᓁ௚‫˭ט‬Җ߆ᄃϲ‫׌ڱ‬ᝋϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹۞‫ޘט‬ჟ ৠĂҭΩ˘͞ࢬᓁ௚‫˭ט‬ᓁ௚ѩ˘ಏ˘ᖚҜυ൒ߏᛏ۰Бोͷᝋ˧ะ̚Ă ఺ొ̶˫๕υࡦᗓВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂ҃ᛳ‫ٺ‬кᇴϔ͹۞‫ޘט‬পᇈĄ ტ˯ٙࢗĂᙯ‫ٺ‬Ķᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ң۰ྵਕ၁னВᙊϔ͹ķ఺࣎યᗟĂ ඍ९ᑕྍߏĈಶ̰ᅦ‫֏҃ט‬Ă‫׌‬ᛨ‫˭ט‬ਕૉ௡ј˘ᛨ̰ᅦ۞̰ᅦ‫ט‬൑‫ڱ‬၁ னВᙊϔ͹Ăкᛨ‫˭ט‬ਕૉ௡јᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞̰ᅦ‫݋ט‬ਕૉ·̶၁னВᙊϔ ͹ćಶᓁ௚‫֏҃ט‬Ăᓁ௚‫ט‬൑ኢтң࠰่ਕԊొ၁னВᙊϔ͹ĂЯࠎᓁ௚ ‫ט‬дҖ߆ᄃϲ‫׌ڱ‬ᝋᝋ˧̶ϲ఺࣎ᆸࢬ˯‫׽‬൒ਕૉ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂ ҭᓁ௚఺࣎ಏ˘ᖚҜ۞‫ޘט‬నࢍυ൒˫ົ࠙ᛈВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄ т‫ڍ‬дᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃ̰ᅦ‫۞ࢬ͞ט‬ඍ९ߏтѩĂԧࣇΞͽଂ˯ࢗඍ९ซ˘ ՎΝ‫ޥ‬҂ĶΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎ၁னВᙊϔ͹ķ۞યᗟĄඊ۰ᄮࠎĂΗᓁ௚‫఺ט‬ ჌ጳ߆វ‫̰׍ߊט‬ᅦ‫۞ט‬পᇈĂϺ‫׍‬ᓁ௚‫۞ט‬পᇈĂϺ‫׍‬ѣҖ߆ᝋ˟̮̼ ఺࣎Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬፾ѣ̰҃ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫࠰ט‬൑۞পᇈĂ఺ˬ࣎ᆸࢬ۞পᇈ࠰ѣ ၁னВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞ΞਕّхдĄࢵАĂΗᓁ௚‫̰۞̚ט‬ᅦ‫ט‬পᇈߏ̰ᅦ ื၆઼ົ࢑యĂт‫࣎఺ڍ‬၆઼ົ࢑య۞̰ᅦߏϤкᛨ௡ј۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦĂಶ ਕညкᛨ‫̰۞˭ט‬ᅦ‫˘ט‬ᇹ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠć‫׎‬ѨĂΗᓁ௚‫۞̚ט‬ᓁ ௚‫ט‬পᇈߏᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ࠰ϤˠϔᏴᓝயϠĂт‫׌ڍ‬۰̝ม·̶ࡎព࠹̢‫ט‬ Ꮚ۞ჟৠĂಶਕညᓁ௚‫ט‬Җ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋϒё۞ᝋ˧̶ϲ˘ᇹ၁னВᙊϔ ͹۞ჟৠćௐˬĂΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬፾ѣপᇈߏҖ߆ᝋ˟̮̼ĂϺӈᓁ௚ᄃᓁந ࠰ֳѣҖ߆ᝋĂѩ˘ᝋ˧̶ֳ۞পҒϒрቤྋ˞ᓁ௚‫̚ט‬Җ߆ᝋ˧࿅‫ޘ‬ะ ̚‫ٺ‬ಏ˘ᖚҜ۞ᓁ௚҃ࡦᗓВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞યᗟĄᓁ̝Ăтဦ 2 ٙϯĂд

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

15

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᓁ௚ă઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ۞ˬ֎ᙯܼ̚Ăࡶਕ·̶၁னͽ˭۞পҒĂ૟ ਕ·̶၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĈ˘ăд̰ᅦᄃ઼ົ۞ᙯܼ˯ĂϤкᛨ۞ᓑЪ ̰ᅦ၆઼ົ࢑యć˟ăдᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ۞ᙯܼ˯Ă‫׌‬۰ᝋ˧πᏊćˬăдᓁ ௚ᄃ̰ᅦ۞ᙯܼ˯Ăᓁ௚ᄃ̰ᅦᓁந‫ځ‬ቁгᝋ˧̶ֳĄд˭˘༼̚Ăώ͛ ૟ซ˘Վଣ੅Ĉ˘࣎‫׍‬ѣ˯ࢗপҒ҃‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăᑕྍ ‫׍‬౯ֱࣹ‫׍‬វ۞‫ޘט‬щଵĄ ဦ2

઼

‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬

ົ!

ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ ᝋ˧πᏊ

Ϥ઼ົЧᛨ! ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦ!

ᓁ

௚!

ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந ᝋ˧̶ֳ

̰

ᅦ!

ྤफ़ֽ໚Ĉү۰ҋᄦ

དྷăтң‫ޙ‬ၹ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ĉ ࡶ୬‫ޙ‬ၹ˘࣎‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ĂΞͽଂᓁ௚ă઼ົᄃ̰ ᅦ఺ˬ۰̝ม۞‫ޘט‬నࢍซҖ‫ޥ‬҂Ą఺ߏЯࠎΗᓁ௚‫׍ט‬ѣҖ߆ᝋ˟̮̼ ۞পᇈĂҖ߆ᝋ̶ࠎᓁ௚ᄃ̰ᅦĞᓁநğ‫̶ొ࣎׌‬Ă߇Җ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋĞ઼ ົğ۞ᝋ˧ߛၹົԛјᓁ௚ă઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ۞ˬ֎ᙯܼĄ҃၆‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚ă઼ົă ̰ᅦ۞ˬ֎ᙯܼ۞ଣ੅Ă๕υົᛈ̈́ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົᛉࣶᑕтңᏴ΍Ğᓁ௚ᄃ ઼ົᛉࣶ۞Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬ğă઼ົ̚ᑕӔனң჌߆‫ڼ‬ϠၗྵЪ‫آ‬Ğ߆ᛨវրğă ၆઼ົ࢑య۞̰ᅦᑕтң௡јĞ߆‫ݭع‬ၗğඈᛉᗟĄೱ֏̝Ăጳ߆វ‫ט‬ă Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬ă߆ᛨវրă߆‫ݭع‬ၗ఺α࣎តี̝ม‫׍‬ѣ૜̷۞ᙯᓑّĂ҃఺ α࣎តี࠰ߏᛳ‫ ٺ‬Lijphart ۞ĶҖ߆ů߆ᛨķࢬШ̚۞‫ޘט‬តีĄҌ‫ٺ‬Ķᓑ ֣‫ט‬ůಏ˘‫ט‬ķࢬШ̚۞Ч࣎‫ޘט‬តีĂᄃ˯ࢗጳ߆វ‫ט‬ඈα࣎‫ޘט‬តี

16

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ྵ൑ۡତᙯᓑĄЯѩĂᙯ‫׍ٺ‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ̝Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬տౣࢋтң‫ޙ‬ၹ ۞યᗟĂώ͛ౌߏჸ൏д Lijphart ۞ĶҖ߆ů߆ᛨķࢬШΝԱವቢ৶Ă֭ Ϗኢ̈́Ķᓑ֣‫ט‬ůಏ˘‫ט‬ķࢬШĄ҃д‫ޥ‬҂‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ ᑕ‫׍‬౯ֱࣹ‫ޘט‬నࢍ̝ዶĂԧࣇ˵Ξͽ‫ޥ‬҂Ăಶ༊݈ጯࠧ˘ਠડ̶۞Ηᓁ ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫֏҃ݭ‬Ă‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ߏט‬ᛳ‫˘ࣹٺ‬჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ą

˘ă‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ̝Ηᓁ௚‫ޙޘט۞ט‬ၹ ࡶ୬ଣ੅Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᑕ౅࿅ֱࣹ‫ޘט‬నࢍͽ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂΞͽ ̶Ҿଂ઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ̝มăᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝มĂͽ̈́ᓁ௚ᄃ̰ᅦᓁந̝มᑕ‫׍‬ ౯ֱࣹЪந۞‫ޘט‬щଵซҖ‫ޥ‬҂ĄͷΗᓁ௚‫̚ט‬ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ࠰ϤˠϔᏴᓝ யϠĂᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົᏴ‫ݭᙷ۞ט‬ϺԾᙯВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠਕӎ·̶၁னĄͽ˭ ‫ܮ‬ଂᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົᏴ‫ޘט۞ט‬Ᏼፄኘ੓Ą

ᨧ!ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົᏴ‫ޘט۞ט‬Ᏼፄ Ηᓁ௚‫ࡶט‬୬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂ઼ົᛉࣶᏴᓝᑕଳҖ‫׍‬ѣ੼‫ͧޘ‬ ּّĞproportionalityğ۞Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬Ăֹۤົ˯۞̙Тཏវ࠰ѣ፟ົд઼ົ यѨ̚т၁гͅߍ‫׎‬дۤົ۞͚޺ૄᖂĄдЧ჌̙Т۞Ᏼᓝ‫̚ޘט‬Ă‫׍‬ѣ੼ ‫۞ּّͧޘ‬Ᏼᓝ‫טܑ΃ּͧࠎޘט‬ᄃᓑϲёಏ˘Ᏼડ‫׌‬ை‫ט‬Ğmixed-member proportional system, MMPĂᖎჍᓑϲ‫ט‬ğĄ఺‫׌‬჌‫׍‬ѣ੼‫۞ּّͧޘ‬Ᏼᓝ‫ט‬ ‫ޘ‬ਕឰ̈ᛨѣϠх۩มĂֹ଀઼ົ̚۞߆ᛨវր֕Шкᛨ‫ט‬Ą̙࿅ĂᏴᓝ ‫׍ࡶޘט‬ѣ৷ო۞ּّͧĂΞਕົ઼ֹົ̚۞߆ᛨ̶̼඀‫੼͉ޘ‬Ăౄј઼ ົ·ϋ࿬༤۞̈ᛨĄࠎ˞ᔖҺ̈ᛨ‫ڒ‬ϲĂдଳҖּͧ΃ܑ‫ٕט‬ᓑϲ‫۞ט‬Т ॡĂన‫۞ؠ˘ؠ‬༊Ᏼ‫ܝ‬ᕣߏѣυࢋ۞Ăҭ߆ᛨ‫ܝ‬ᕣ̙ᑕన଀͉੼ĂͽҺ࿅ ‫ޘ‬԰୭ጾѣ˘‫ؠ‬Ᏼϔૄᖂ̝̈ᛨ۞Ϡх۩มĄ ᙯ‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ‫ࢬ͞ޘט‬ĂϤ‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚Ᏼᓝߏಏ˘यѨ҃‫ܧ‬ኑᇴयѨ۞Ᏼ ᓝĂώኳ˯̙Ξਕ‫׍‬ѣּّͧĂ߇ᓁ௚Ᏼᓝυ൒ߏѣӀ‫̂ٺ‬ᛨĄ̙࿅Ăࡶ ࢋ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂֹ̈ᛨдᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ࿅඀̪̚ѣ˘‫۞ؠ‬ᇆᜩ۩มĂᏴ ᓝ‫ޘט‬ᑕଳҖ‫׍‬ѣ඗၆кᇴ‫ט‬ჟৠ۞‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ٕט‬ᏴፄԸை‫ט‬Ğalternative

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

17

voteğĂ11 ̙҃‫آ‬ଳҖ࠹၆кᇴ‫ט‬ĄЯࠎд࠹၆кᇴ‫۞ט‬ᓁ௚Ᏼ‫˭ט‬ĂܼϤ ଀ை౵੼۞࣏Ᏼˠ༊ᏴĂՆҢ౰‫݋ڱ‬ĞDuverger’s lawğٙჍಏ˘Ᏼડ࠹၆ к ᇴ ‫ ົ ઼ ۞ ט‬Ᏼ ‫ ט‬ٙ ‫ ׍‬ѣ ۞ ፟ ୠ ड़ ‫ ڍ‬Ğ mechanical effectğ ᄃ ͕ ந ड़ ‫ڍ‬ Ğpsychological effectğĂ 12 д࠹၆кᇴ‫۞ט‬ᓁ௚Ᏼ‫˵˭ט‬ТᇹхдĂЯѩ ಶтТಏ˘Ᏼડ࠹၆кᇴ‫ົ઼۞ט‬Ᏼ‫้ט‬Шԛј‫׌‬ᛨᚮ‫ۋ‬Ă࠹၆кᇴ‫۞ט‬ ᓁ௚Ᏼ‫˵ט‬ट‫ٽ‬ԛј‫̂׌‬ᛨ࣏Ᏼˠᚮ‫۞ۋ‬ԊࢬĂ၆̈ᛨ‫ܧ‬૱̙ӀĄ ࠹ԛ̝˭Ăд‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫˭ט‬Ă̈ᛨ̪ѣ˘‫۞ؠ‬ᇆᜩ۩มĄࣧЯт˭Ĉ д‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫۞ט‬ௐ˘዇Ըை̚Ăੵ‫࣏ܧ‬Ᏼˠѣ‫۞ૻޝ‬၁˧ਕۡତो˭࿅Η ᇴᏴைĂӎ‫݋‬ѩॡ͹ࢋ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ࢵࢋϫᇾĂߏԓ୕ਕૉᒔ଀݈‫׌‬ЩĂͽ‫ܮ‬ ॢ৺ௐ˟዇Ᏼᓝć၆‫̈ٺ‬ᛨ҃֏ĂӈֹෞҤҋ̎۞၁˧ॲώ൑‫ڱ‬ᒔ଀݈‫׌‬ Щ҃༊Ᏼ൑୕ĂϤ‫ٺ‬࿰ഇௐ˘዇‫׶‬ௐ˟዇Ըை̝ม૟ѣ߆ᛨ‫ם‬થ‫׶‬ඕ༖۞ ۩มĂ˵ົ้Шଯ΍࣏Ᏼˠણᄃௐ˘዇ᏴᓝĂ֭Ⴝ‫׎‬ٙਕᒔ‫פ‬ᏴைĂͽү ࠎдௐ˟዇Ᏼᓝ̚ᄃ͹ࢋ࣏ᏴˠซҖ੅ᆊᔘᆊ۞ኘҿᚯቅĂᖣѩᒔ଀͹ࢋ ࣏Ᏼˠд߆ඉྮቢ˯۞ឰՎٕ‫ڼ߆΁׎‬ӀৈĄಶᏴϔ҃֏ĂЯࠎдௐ˘዇ Ըைॡ૟ᏴைԸග౵ಈຑ۞࣏Ᏼˠ̙֭ົ঎෱ᏴைĂдௐ˘዇Ըைॡ૟ྵ Ξਕ‫م‬၁гͅߍ΁ࣇ۞ৌ၁ઐр҃ซҖྕᇞԸைĞsincere votingğĂЯѩ̈ 11

12

ᏴፄԸை‫˫ט‬ჍઐрԸை‫ט‬Ğpreferential voteğĂߏ፫߷ிᛉੰͽ̈́ຑႬᜋă೻֧ᜋΙ ۞ᓁ௚ᏴᓝଳҖ۞Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬Ąͽ፫߷ிᛉੰᏴᓝࠎּĂՏ࣎ᏴડᑕᏴЩᗝࠎ˘ЩĞಏ ˘Ᏼડ‫ט‬ğĂᏴϔдԸைॡĂΞֶፂҋ̎۞ઐрĂ૟࣏ᏴˠଵЕึԔĂ֭ᇾϯ‫ٺ‬Ᏼை ˯ĄฟைॡĂт‫ڍ‬ѣ࣏Ᏼˠ଀‫ז‬෹࿅ѣड़ைΗᇴ۞Ķௐ˘ઐрைķĂ‫࣏ྍ݋‬ᏴˠӈΞ ༊Ᏼćт‫ڍ‬՟ѣЇң࣏Ᏼˠᒔ଀෹࿅Ηᇴ۞Ķௐ˘ઐрைķĂӈ૟ᒔ଀Ķௐ˘ઐрைķ ౵͌۞࣏Ᏼˠ஌՛Ă֭૟఺ֱᏴைֶ໰Ᏼை˯۞Ķௐ˟ઐрķĂ̶Ҿொᖼග‫࣏΁׎‬Ᏼ ˠĄт‫ڍ‬ொᖼᏴை̝‫ޢ‬Ă̪൒՟ѣ࣏Ᏼˠᒔ଀۞ைᇴ෹࿅ΗᇴĂ‫݋‬૟ѩॡ଀ை౵͌۞ ࣏Ᏼˠ஌՛Ă֭૟ྍ࣏Ᏼˠ۞Ᏼைֶ໰Ᏼை˯۞Ķௐ˟ઐрķĞࡶௐ˟ઐрߏ݈˘዇ ̏జ஌՛۞࣏ᏴˠĂ‫ֶ݋‬Ᏼை˯۞ĶௐˬઐрķğĂ̶Ҿொᖼග‫࣏΁׎‬ᏴˠĄ఺჌Ᏼை ொᖼ۞࿅඀޺ᜈซҖĂۡ‫ז‬ѣ࣏Ᏼˠᒔ଀࿅Ηᇴ۞ᏴைࠎͤĄᙯ‫ٺ‬ᏴፄԸை‫ט‬Ăણ֍ Flanagan (2001)ăPunnett (1991)、蘇子喬、王業立（2013）Ą Duverger (1966: 224-226) ٙჍ۞፟ୠड़‫޽ߏڍ‬Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬၆Ч߆ᛨдᏴைᄃयѨ̝ม۞ ᖼ̼үϡĂಶಏ˘Ᏼડ࠹၆кᇴ‫֏҃ט‬Ăྍ‫ט‬Ϥ଀ை౵੼۰༊Ᏼ۞ࢍைఢ‫݋‬ѣӀ‫̂ٺ‬ ᛨĂ̙Ӏ‫̈ٺ‬ᛨĄ͕நड़‫޽ߏ݋ڍ‬Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬၆Ᏼϔ͕நᄮۢ۞үϡĂಶಏ˘Ᏼડ࠹၆ кᇴ‫֏҃ט‬ĂᏴϔົᄮۢ‫ז‬૟ᏴைԸග̈ᛨԛТ঎෱ᏴைĂ߇Ᏼϔົົ้Ш૟ᏴைԸ ග΁ࣇࣧώ̙χზ͚޺۞‫̂׌‬ᛨ̚ྵ̙੅န۰Ăͽ֨ͤ΁ࣇྵ੅န۞Ω˘͞༊ᏴĂ఺ ჌ඉரّԸைĞstrategic votingğӈߏѩ‫͕۞ט‬நड़‫ڍ‬Ą

18

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ᛨдௐ˘዇Ᏼᓝ̪̚ਕᒔ଀˘‫۞ؠ‬ᏴைĄ߇ଂ߆ᛨણᏴ۞જ፟‫׶‬ᏴϔԸை ۞҂ณֽ࠻Ă̈ᛨд‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫۞ט‬ᓁ௚Ᏼ‫ྵ̚ט‬ѣણᏴ۞જ፟ĂͷдᏴᓝ ࿅඀̪̚ѣ˘‫۞ؠ‬ᇆᜩ۩มĄ ੵ˞‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ט‬Ăᓁ௚ᏴᓝଳᏴፄԸை‫࣎˘ߏ˵ט‬ΞҖ۞͞९ĄᏴፄ Ըை‫ܳົט‬ј߆ᛨ̝มซҖᏴ݈‫ם‬አĂವՐ࠹̢Ъү۞߆ᛨΞਕͧಏႀ̽ ੺۞߆ᛨдᏴᓝ̚ѣՀр۞ܑனĂЯࠎ࠹̢Ъү۞߆ᛨΞͽ‫ޙ‬ᛉ̎ᛨ۞͚ ޺۰ĞϺӈົ૟ௐ˘ઐрைԸග̎ᛨ۞Ᏼϔğᙯ‫ٺ‬ௐ˟ઐрைͽ˭۞Ըை ၆෪ĂࢋՐᏴϔ૟ௐ˟ăˬČČઐрைԸග̓ᛨĞReilly, 2002ćӓᏐाĂ 2006ğĄЯѩĂд఺჌Ᏼᓝ‫̚ޘט‬âֱ̚มࠁ۞̈ᛨ૱ົјࠎνΠ‫̂׌‬ ᛨ۞ඕ༖၆෪Ăд‫̂׌‬ᛨ࣏Ᏼˠ۞፬ধᚮ‫˭ۋ‬Ă̚มࠁ̈ᛨ۞࣏Ᏼˠ૱ົ ЯᏴϔௐ˟ઐрᄃ‫ޢ‬ᜈઐр۞Ᏼை߹ШĂ҃Էႊᙯᔣّ۞֎ҒĄ̚มࠁ̈ ᛨ۞࣏ᏴˠдᏴፄԸை‫˭ט‬ѣ፟ົᒔ଀̂ᛨ࣏Ᏼˠ۞߆ඉឰՎĂͷ̚มࠁ ̈ᛨ‫ــ‬ಶߏνΠ͹߹߆ᛨᏴϔ۞ௐ˟ઐрĂЯѩࠤҌѣ፟ົགྷϤ͹߹߆ ᛨௐ˟ઐрை۞ொᖼ҃༊Ᏼᓁ௚Ăጐგ఺჌፟ົ̪൒̙̂Ą ᓁ̝ĂΗᓁ௚‫ࡶט‬୬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂ઼ົᏴ‫آט‬ଳּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬ ٕᓑϲ‫ט‬Ăᓁ௚Ᏼ‫آט‬ଳ‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ٕט‬ᏴፄԸை‫ט‬Ą

ᨨ!઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ۞ᙯܼůᓑЪ̰ᅦ ˘࣎‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăд઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ۞ᙯܼ˯ᑕֹܳк ᛨ‫۞̚ົ઼ט‬Чᛨ௡јҌ͌ೠ೪઼ົ࿅ΗᇴयѨ۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦĂͽ၁னВᙊ ϔ͹ૻአ۞ᝋ˧̶ֳჟৠĄϤ‫ٺ‬Ηᓁ௚‫̰̚ט‬ᅦᓁநܼϤᓁ௚Ї‫׻‬Ăࠎ˞ ᔖҺᓁ௚̙நົ઼ົЧ߆ᛨ୬௡јᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞ຍᙸĂ҃፾ᕝЇ‫׻‬ᓁந҃ԛ ј͌ᇴ̰ᅦĂ઼ົ၆ᓁ௚Ї‫׻‬ᅦ೥ᑕѣˠְТຍᝋĂϺӈϤᓁ௚೩Щᓁந ˠᏴĂืགྷ઼ົТຍ‫ؕޢ‬ਕЇ‫׻‬ĄࠤҌд‫˯ޘט‬Ξఢ‫ؠ‬ᓁநˠᏴϤ઼ົͽ ࿅ΗᇴᏴᓝயϠ‫ޢ‬Ăொኛᓁ௚Ї‫׻‬ĂϺӈᓁ௚၆ᓁந۞Ї‫׻‬д‫่˯ޘט‬ѣ ԛёຍཌྷ۞Ї‫׻‬ᝋĄд఺ᇹ۞‫ޘט‬щଵ˭Ă߆‫ݭع‬ၗ૟ົߏᒔ଀઼ົкᇴ ͚޺۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦĄ 13

13

ώ͛͹ૺࡶࢋ‫ޙ‬ϲ‫׍‬ѣВᙊჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăᓁ௚ᑕͽ඗၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ğ‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ٕט‬Ᏼ ፄԸை‫ט‬ğᏴ΍Ăᓁ௚‫݋‬ᑕЇ‫ົ઼׻‬кᇴТຍ઼ٕົкᇴᏴ΍۞ˠ̀ࠎᓁநĄΞਕѣ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

19

ְ၁˯Ăࡶ઼ົͽ࿅Ηᇴࠎ఼࿅‫ܝ‬ᕣҖֹᓁந۞ˠְТຍᝋٕᏴᓝᓁ நĂѩ˘‫ܝ‬ᕣనࢍ̪ᛳкᇴϔ͹҃‫ܧ‬Вᙊϔ͹۞‫ޘט‬ჟৠĄࠎ˞ૻ̼ᓑЪ ̰ᅦᝋ˧̶ֳ۞ჟৠĂৼˢՀк۞߆ᛨણᄃે߆Ă઼ົҖֹᓁந۞ˠְТ ຍᝋٕᏴᓝᓁந۞఼࿅‫ܝ‬ᕣΞͽ҂ᇋ೩੼Ăּтͽ̶̣̝ˬăˬ̶̝˟ඈ ੼‫ܝ۞˘̶̝˟ٺ‬ᕣҖֹТຍᝋٕᏴᓝᓁநĂтѩ˘ֽĂᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞‫ݭ‬ၗ ΞͽϤጾѣ઼ົ‫ૻݍ‬࿅Ηᇴ͚޺۞౵̈ᒔ౼ᓑЪ̰ᅦĞminimal winning coalitionğ֕Ш෹ณᓑЪ̰ᅦĞoversized coalitionğٕ̂ᓑЪ̰ᅦĞgrand coalitionğĂ఺ᇹ۞̰ᅦ‫ݭ‬ၗ૟Հ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄ

ᨩ!ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ۞ᙯܼůᝋ˧πᏊ Вᙊϔ͹ૻአҖ߆ᄃϲ‫۞ܝొڱ‬ᝋ˧πᏊĂЯѩдΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ᓁ௚ᄃ ઼ົᙯܼ̚Ăࡶ୬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂᑕ҂ᇋ౅࿅‫ޘט‬నࢍར၁ᓁ௚ᄃ ઼ົ۞ᝋ˧πᏊĂᔖҺᝋ˧‫ـ‬ᓁ௚઼ٕົ‫͞˘̚׎‬࿅‫้ޘ‬୆Ąдᝋ˧πᏊ ۞‫ޘט‬҂ณ˭Ă઼ົ၆ᓁ௚ᑕѣ࠹༊۞‫ט‬Ꮚᝋ˧Ăּт၆ᓁ௚Ї‫۞ࣶء׻‬ ˠְТຍᝋăᔛኛᓁ௚‫ؠ‬ഇҌ઼ົซҖ઼ଐಡӘ۞ᝋ˧ăᓁ௚൴οღާ‫׻‬ ΄۞੠ᄮᝋĂ༊ᓁ௚࿁‫ڱ‬εᖚॡ઼ົϺᑕѣᇅ‫ך‬ᝋć࠹၆гĂᓁ௚၆઼ົ Ϻᑕѣ࠹༊۞‫ט‬Ꮚᝋ˧Ăּтᓁ௚ྋ೸઼ົ۞ᝋ˧Ą ࣃ଀ૻአ۞ߏĂᓁ௚၆઼ົ۞ྋ೸ᝋ̙‫آ‬నࢍࠎ͹જྋ೸ᝋĂϺӈᓁ ௚ྋ೸઼ົ۞ॡ፟ᑕѣ˘‫݈۞ؠ‬೩ࢨ‫ט‬Ăͷѩ˘݈೩ࢨ‫ט‬ᑕ้Шᚑॾఢ ထĂ̙‫آ‬࿅‫ޘ‬ᆵᗫĄְ၁˯ĂдΗᓁ௚‫̚ט‬ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ࠰ϤˠϔᏴᓝயϠĂ ‫׌‬۰࠰‫ۡ׍‬ତ۞ϔ͹ϒ༊ّĂ఺‫࣎׌‬ϔຍૄᖂ࠹༊۞ొ‫ܝ‬நኢ˯ώᑕĶπ ੓πӱķĂ઄ࡶᓁ௚Ξͽᐌॡྋ೸઼ົĂ઼҃ົ่ѣдᓁ௚࿁‫ڱ‬ॡጾѣᇅ ‫ך‬ᝋĂᓁ௚၆઼ົ۞ᝋ˧૟‫ځ‬ពૻ๕‫ົ઼ٺ‬၆ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧Ă‫׌‬۰۞ᝋ˧ᙯ ܼӈ‫ځ‬ពεᏊĂ߇ᓁ௚ጾѣ͹જྋ೸઼ົᝋ۞‫ڱ‬நૄᖂдΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ጳ߆

ኢ۰ົኳႷĂᓁ௚ͽ඗၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ᏼ΍૟ጾѣฯ‫۞ݓ‬ϔຍૄᖂĂ‫ࢨ˫ݒ‬ᒺᓁ௚Ї‫׻‬ᓁந ۞ᝋ˧Ă఺ᇹ۞‫ޘט‬௡ЪҬͼ̙͉ЪநĄҭඊ۰ࢋૻአ۞ߏĂдன၁གྷរ˯Ăᓁ௚Ᏼ ᓝଳ‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ט‬Ă҃ᓁ௚Ї‫׻‬ᓁநืགྷ઼ົТຍ่ٕਕЇ‫ົ઼׻‬кᇴՙ‫ؠ‬ˠᏴ۞Ηᓁ ௚‫઼ט‬छĂּ̙֭̄ზ͌֍Ăּт‫܆‬ᜋă‫گ‬ᜋăϲ౜‫ؤ‬ăཬ෈Ͱă๸гӀăᄋΟăᘲ ੺κֲăܲΐӀֲă೻ࠃჯκֲăҹᘲऄҘֲăཐк࡚೼‫ڒ‬Ҙͧăჯᇇ֎ඈΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ ઼छౌߏ఺ᇹ۞‫ޘט‬௡ЪĄ

20

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

ྻү̚ώֽಶ࠹༊ᓠऴĄጐგ‫઼ڱ‬ᓁ௚۞͹જྋ೸઼ົᝋд‫۞઼ڱ‬ጳ߆ྻ ү˯ѣ‫׎‬ϒࢬΑਕâਠᄮࠎ‫઼ڱ‬ᓁ௚۞఺ีᝋ˧ߏܳј‫઼ڱ‬ೱ࢖ёጳ߆ ྻү۞‫ࢋޘט‬І̝˘Ăҭ‫઼ڱ‬ᓁ௚дጳ߆͹ཌྷ۞‫˭ࡗט‬Ăд၁ᅫྻү˯Җ ֹѩ˘ᝋ˧Шֽ࠹༊ᖰຕĂ̙ົᅅதજϡѩᝋĄ൒҃дጳ߆͹ཌྷჟৠ‫إ‬Ϗ јሢ۞઼छĂᓁ௚͹જྋ೸઼ົᝋ۞‫ޘט‬నࢍѣΞਕౄјᓁ௚ᑿᝋ۞П ፟Ąࣃ଀೩ᏹ۞ߏĂϤ‫઼ڱٺ‬૱జෛࠎΗᓁ௚‫઼ܑ΃۞ט‬छĂ߇‫઼ڱ‬ᓁ௚ ͹જྋ೸઼ົ۞ᝋ˧૱జ͵ˠᄱͽࠎߏБ͵ࠧΗᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छ۞೼࿆నࢍĄ ְ၁˯Ăᓁ௚͹જྋ೸઼ົ۞ᝋ˧дБ͵ࠧΗᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छᅲࠎց֍Ăкᇴ Ηᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छ̚ᓁ௚၆઼ົ۞ྋ೸ᝋ఼૱ѣপ‫ؠ‬ॡ፟۞ࢨ‫ט‬ĂϺӈᓁ௚่ ጾѣజજྋ೸઼ົ۞ᝋ˧Ą 14

ᨪ!ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந۞ᙯܼůᝋ˧̶ֳ Ηᓁ௚‫ࡶט‬୬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂдᓁ௚ᄃᓁந۞ᙯܼ˯ᑕֹܳ‫׌‬ ۰֕Шᝋ˧̶ֳ۞ᙯܼĄ҃ࢋར၁ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ม۞ᝋ˧̶ֳᙯܼĂᔖҺ ᝋ˧‫ـ‬ˠϔۡᏴ۞ᓁ௚้୆ĂΞͽ౅࿅˭Е‫ޘט‬నࢍΐͽቁܲĈࢵАĂ‫ט‬ ‫˯ޘ‬ᑕ‫͛ځ‬ଵੵᓁ௚၆ᓁந۞၁ኳҺᖚᝋĂЯࠎᓁ௚˘ό၆ᓁநጾѣ၁ኳ ҺᖚᝋĂᓁநд၁ᅫྻү˯‫ืܮ‬၆ᓁ௚࢑యĂᓁ௚дጳ߆֎Ғ˯૟јࠎᓁ ந۞၁ᅫ‫ءܜ‬Ăᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝มಶົԛј˯˭۞͹ଂᙯܼ҃‫ܧ‬πᏊ۞ᝋ˧ ̶ֳᙯܼĄௐ˟Ăੵ˞ᓁ௚д઼֨γϹᅳા۞প‫ؠ‬ᝋ˧̝γĂᓁந၆ᓁ௚ Җֹᖚᝋ۞Ч჌Җࠎᑕѣᇃ‫۞ھ‬ઘཌᝋĂ̙གྷઘཌӈ̙Ϡड़˧Ąтѩ˘ֽĂ 14

ࠎ˞ቁܲᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝ม۞ᝋ˧πᏊĂᓁ௚଀ӎࣘЇᛨᅾϺߏࣃ଀‫ޥ‬҂۞ᛉᗟĄඊ۰ ᄮࠎĂࡶࢋቁܲҖ߆ᄃϲ‫۞ܝొڱ‬ᝋ˧πᏊͽར၁Вᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂᓁ௚̙‫ࣘآ‬Їҋ ̎ٙᛳ߆ᛨ۞ᛨᅾĄЯࠎдΗᓁ௚‫̚ט‬Ăᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ۞ᙯܼд‫˯ޘט‬ώֽಶߏૻአᝋ ˧̶ϲ۞ჟৠĂдᝋ˧̶ϲ۞‫ޘט‬నࢍ˭ĂࡶϤᓁ௚ࣘЇᛨᅾĂᓁ௚଀ͽᖣϤᛨᅾ֗ ̶޽೭઼ົ̚Тᛨᛉࣶ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬Җࠎâ͞ࢬ࿁ͅᝋ˧̶ϲࣧ‫݋‬ĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˵৔ᗼ˞В ᙊϔ͹ٙૻአ۞Җ߆ᄃϲ‫ܝొڱ‬มᝋ˧πᏊ۞ᙯܼĄ࠹ԛ̝˭Ă̰ᅦᓁநࣘЇᛨᅾ‫׎‬ ၁ͧྵЪͼΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ჟৠĂЯࠎΗᓁ௚‫̰˭ט‬ᅦื၆઼ົ࢑యĂ̰ᅦᄃ઼ ົ̝มд‫ߏ˯ޘט‬ᝋ˧ᏉЪ۞ᙯܼĂૻአ۞ߏ̰ᅦ‫۞ט‬ჟৠĂ҃ᓁநࣘЇҋ̎ٙᛳ߆ ᛨ۞ᛨᅾĂ޽೭઼ົ̚ҋ̎ٙᛳ߆ᛨ۞ྻүĂώֽಶߏ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ჟৠ˭நٙ༊൒۞ְଐĄ ְ၁˯Ă͵ࠧ˯ѣ̙͌Ηᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छкᇴഇมߏϤᓁநࣘЇᛨᅾĂּт‫گ‬ᜋăཬ෈Ͱă ๸гӀăܲΐӀֲăჯᇇ֎ăДफăຑႬᜋăϲ౜‫ؤ‬ă೻ࠃЂҹă೻ࠃჯκֲăᘲ੺ κֲăཐк࡚೼‫ڒ‬ҘͧĄ఺઼ֱछ۞ᓁ௚ଂϏࣘЇᛨᅾĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

21

ᓁந۞ઘཌᝋ૟၆ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧ౄј஝‫ט‬Ąࣃ଀‫ڦ‬ຍ۞ߏĂĶᓁந၆ᓁ௚ጾ ѣઘཌᝋķᄃĶᓁ௚၆ᓁந൑၁ኳҺᖚᝋķ఺‫ޘטี׌‬щଵߏລ੨д˘੓ ۞ĂЯࠎ઄ࡶᓁ௚၆ᓁநጾѣ၁ኳҺᖚᝋĂᓁந၆ᓁ௚۞ઘཌᝋಶ̙Ξਕ ၆ᓁ௚൴Ϡᝋ˧஝‫۞ט‬үϡĄௐˬĂᓁ௚ᄃᓁந۞ᝋࢨထ̶ᑕႽΞਕ‫ځ‬ቁĄ ጐგҖ߆ᝋдώኳ˯‫ޝ‬ᙱѺ̶̝Ѻ‫ځ‬ቁгડ̶ᓁ௚데೥࣎Ҿೠ೪۞ְ ᝋĂᓁ௚데೥۞ְᝋડ̶൑ΞᔖҺົхд඾ࢦᝑг૲Ăҭ‫˯ޘט‬၆‫ٺ‬ᓁ ௚데೥ٙೠѣ̝ᝋ˧ቑಛ۞ఢ‫ؠ‬Ă̙‫͉آ‬࿅ሀቘĂͽቁܲᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ ม۞ᝋ˧̶ֳѣ‫ֶ͛ځ‬ፂΞೈĄ ტ˯ٙࢗâ࣎‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăᑕྍ‫׍‬౯ͽ˭۞‫ޘט‬ щଵĈ˘ă઼ົᏴᓝଳּͧ΃ܑ‫ٕט‬ᓑϲ‫ט‬Ăᓁ௚Ᏼᓝଳ‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ٕט‬Ᏼ ፄԸை‫ט‬ć˟ăϤ઼ົЧᛨ௡јᓑЪ̰ᅦĂ҃ࠎ˞ቁܲᓑЪ̰ᅦ଀ͽ௡јĂ ઼ົᑕѣᓁந۞ˠְТຍᝋĂٕϤ઼ົᏴᓝᓁநćˬăࠎ˞ቁܲᓁ௚ᄃ઼ ົ̝ม۞ᝋ˧πᏊĂᑕૻ઼̼ົႾ༛ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧Ăᓁ௚۞ྋ೸઼ົᝋ‫݋‬ᑕ ᚑॾࢨ‫ט‬ćαăࠎ˞ར၁ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ม۞ᝋ˧̶ֳĂд‫˯ޘט‬ᑕ‫͛ځ‬ଵ ੵᓁ௚၆ᓁந۞၁ኳҺᖚᝋĂኬ̟ᓁநᇃ‫۞ھ‬ઘཌᝋĂ֭‫͛ځ‬ఢቑᓁ௚ᄃ ᓁந۞ᝋ˧ቑಛĄ 15 ͽ˯ߏඊ۰ૄ‫ٺ‬Вᙊϔ͹۞ந‫ه‬ซҖទᏭଯႊ҃޽΍ ۞‫ޘט‬щଵĂҌ‫ٺ‬ன၁གྷរ̚‫׍‬౯఺ֱ‫ޘט‬щଵ۞Ηᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छߏӎ‫׍‬ѣ ྵָ۞ϔ͹ܑனĂ‫إ‬ѣ‫ޞ‬ጯࠧ౅࿅၁ᙋࡁտซҖᑭᙋĄ̙࿅Ăӈ‫ܮ‬ώ͛ૄ ‫ٺ‬ቔ಼ࢨ‫ט‬൑‫Ϳڱ‬௟҂၅‫׍‬វ۞၁ᅫ९ּĂ౅࿅ͽ˭ᙯ‫ٺ‬Ķ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ߏט‬ᛳ‫˘ࣹٺ‬჌ѨΗᓁ‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫ݭ‬ĉķ఺࣎યᗟ۞ଣ੅Ăԧࣇ

15

ٕధѣኢ۰ົኳႷĂд˘࣎‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫̚ט‬Ăͽ඗၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ğ‫׌‬዇ՙ Ᏼ‫ٕט‬ᏴፄԸை‫ט‬ğᏴ΍۞ᓁ௚ጾѣฯ‫۞ݓ‬ᏴைૄᖂĂҭૄ‫ٺ‬ቁܲᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝ม۞ ᝋ˧πᏊᄃᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ม۞ᝋ˧̶ֳĂᓁ௚ᝋ˧υื‫זצ‬ᚑॾࢨ‫ט‬Ă‫׌‬۰̝มҬͼ ᙱͽ࠹टĄд˘ਠۡᛇ˯Ăԧࣇ఼૱ົᄮࠎͽ඗၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ᏼ΍۞ᓁ௚ĂᏴைૄᖂྵฯ ‫ݓ‬Ăጳ‫ڱ‬ᝋ˧ᑕྍົྵ̂ć࠹ͅгĂ࠹၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ᏼ΍̝ᓁ௚۞ጳ‫ڱ‬ᝋ˧ᑕྍົྵ̈Ą ҭಶன၁གྷរֽ࠻Ăᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧̂̈ᄃᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ‫֭ޘט‬൑‫ځ‬ព۞ᙯᓑّĄShugart ‫׶‬ Carey (1992: 155) ‫׌‬Ҝጯ۰അ၆Б͵ࠧᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃΗᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छ၁ᝋᓁ௚۞ጳ‫ڱ‬ᝋ˧ซ ҖീณĄࡁտඕ‫ڍ‬൴னĂ͐ٛеă͐ो੺ăግҘ࣯ăහ‫ޠ‬ᄼă‫ݑ‬ᔹඈ઼۞ᓁ௚дБొ ઼छ̚ᛳ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᝋ˧ྵ̂۞ᓁ௚Ăҭ࠰ͽ࠹၆кᇴ‫ט‬ᏴᓝயϠć҃ܲΐӀֲăঔгă ຑႬᜋăᘲ੺κֲă๸гӀ۞ᓁ௚ᛳ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᝋ˧ྵ̈۞ᓁ௚Ă‫׌ͽߏݒ‬዇ՙᏴ‫ט‬Ᏼ΍Ą ፋវ҃֏Ă၁ᝋᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞̂̈ᄃᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ‫֭ݭᙷ۞ޘט‬൑‫ځ‬ព۞ᙯᓑّĄ

22

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

̪Ξ̂࡭ቁᄮ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ົט‬ѣ̙᏾۞ϔ͹ܑனĂͽ˭‫ژ‬ ኢ̝Ą

˟ă‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᛳ‫˘ࣹٺ‬჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫ݭ‬ĉ ࡶ૟ͽ˯ᙯ‫ٺ‬Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁ኹВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞‫ޙޘט‬ၹᄃΗᓁ௚ ‫ݭᙷ۞ט‬ጯયᗟ࠹̢ాඕâ࣎ࣃ଀‫ޥ‬҂۞યᗟߏĈଂ༊݈ጯࠧ၆‫ٺ‬Ηᓁ ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫۞ݭ‬ડ̶ֽ࠻â࣎‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăߏᛳ‫˘ࣹٺ‬ ჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ĉᙯ‫࣎఺ٺ‬યᗟĂԧࣇυืАቁᄮ༊݈ጯࠧ၆‫ٺ‬Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ ‫۞ݭ‬͹ࢋડ̶͞ёĂϫ݈౵඾Щ҃ᇃ‫͔צ‬ϡ۞ထ̶͞ёĂᑕߏ Shugart and Carey (1992) ͽ̈́Shugart (2005) ૟Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ထ̶ࠎĶᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ķ ĞpremierpresidentialismğᄃĶᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬ķĞpresident-parliamentarismğĄ఺‫׌‬჌Ѩ ᙷ‫۞ݭ‬मளд‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞̂̈ͽ̰̈́ᅦ࢑య۞၆෪ѣ̙ٙТĄಶᓁ௚ᝋ ˧̂̈҃֏Ăᓁநᓁ௚‫ߏט‬ᓁ௚ᝋ˧ྵ̈۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ߏ݋ט‬ᓁ ௚ᝋ˧ྵ̂۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ąಶ̰ᅦ࢑య۞၆෪҃֏Ăᓁநᓁ௚‫̰ߏט‬ᅦ่၆ ઼ົ࢑యă̙ื၆ᓁ௚࢑య۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăᓁ௚ᛉົ‫̰ߏ݋ט‬ᅦืТॡ၆઼ ົᄃᓁ௚࢑య۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ĞShugart and Carey, 1992: 23-26ğĄ҃˘࣎Ηᓁ௚ ‫઼ט‬छտౣߏᛳ‫ٺ‬ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ᔘߏᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬Ă͹ࢋ۞ҿᕝֶፂᄃᙯᔣ‫ט‬ ‫ޘ‬నࢍߏᓁ௚၆ᅦ೥ߏӎѣҺᖚᝋĄࡶᓁ௚၆ᅦ೥ጾѣҺᖚᝋĂᅦ೥̈́‫׎‬ ᅳጱ۞̰ᅦд၁ᅫྻү˯‫ืܮ‬၆ᓁ௚࢑యĂᓁ௚˵Яѩጾѣมତ̬ˢ̰ᅦ ߉߆۞ᝋ˧ĄϤ‫ٺ‬Ηᓁ௚‫̰۞˭ט‬ᅦ˵υื၆઼ົ࢑యĂтѩ˘ֽಶԛј ̰ᅦืТॡ၆઼ົᄃᓁ௚࢑య۞ॾԊĄࡶᓁ௚၆ᅦ೥՟ѣҺᖚᝋĂᅦ೥̈́ ‫׎‬ᅳጱ۞̰ᅦ‫ื̙ܮ‬၆ᓁ௚࢑యĂ่ื၆઼ົ࢑యĞShugart, 2005: 333ğĄ ᓁ̝Ă఺‫׌‬჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫۞ݭ‬मளĂ͹ࢋд‫̰ٺ‬ᅦ࢑య၆෪ߏಏ˘၆෪ Ğ઼ົğٕᗕࢦ၆෪Ğ઼ົᄃᓁ௚ğ۞मҾĄ д̰ᅦ࢑య၆෪ߏಏ˘ٕᗕࢦ۞‫ޘט‬मள˭Ă఺‫׌‬჌Ηᓁ௚‫ڼ߆۞ט‬ ඕ‫࢛ڍ‬൒̙ТĄдᓁ௚ᛉົ‫˭ט‬ĂϤ‫̰ٺ‬ᅦืТॡ၆ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ࢑యĂ༊ ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົкᇴ̙˘࡭ॡĂጳ߆ྻү఼૱ᙱͽึၰĄ࠹ԛ̝˭Ăᓁநᓁ௚ ‫ࢬט‬ᓜᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົкᇴ̙˘࡭ॡ఼૱ྵࠎჯ޺ึၰ۞ጳ߆ྻүĄЯࠎдᓁ ௚ᛉົ‫˭ט‬Ă༊̰ᅦࢬ၆ຍ֍̙‫۞׶‬ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົॡĂ൘т˘࣎ဉˠυื‫ڇ‬ ଂ‫࣎׌‬ຍ֍࠹ν۞͹ˠ҃νΠࠎᙱĂ҃‫࣎׌‬͹ˠĞᓁ௚‫ົ઼׶‬ğࠎ˞‫ဳۋ‬

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

23

၆ဉˠĞ̰ᅦğ۞ֹಓᝋϺट‫͔ٽ‬൴኏ࡎĂ̰ᅦតજᐛᓄͽ̈́ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ ۞኏ࡎ྾јࠎᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬གྷ૱൴Ϡ۞ன෪Ąᓁ̝Ăᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ࢬט‬ᓜᓁ௚ᄃ ઼ົкᇴ̙˘࡭ॡट‫͔ٽ‬൴ጳ߆኏ࡎĂᓁநᓁ௚‫ྵ݋ט‬ѣਕ˧Νአዋᓁ௚ ᄃ઼ົкᇴ̙˘࡭۞ጳ߆ॾԊĞᛂ̄ಕĂ2013Ĉ34-36ğĄ ˘࣎ਕૉ၁னВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ̝Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ăଂ݈͛ٙ޽΍۞Чี‫ޙޘט‬ ၹֽ࠻Ă‫ځޝ‬ពгߏᛳ‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚ᝋ˧‫࠹זצ‬༊༼‫۞ט‬ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬Ă҃ͷߏ̈ ᛨѣϠх۩มă߆ᛨវրࠎкᛨ‫۞ט‬ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬Ąт݈ٙࢗĂΗᓁ௚‫ࡶט‬ ࢋ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĂдᓁ௚ă̰ᅦĞᓁநğᄃ઼ົ۞ˬ֎ᙯܼ̚Ăᓁ ௚ᄃᓁந̝มᑕᝋ˧̶ֳăᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝มᑕᝋ˧πᏊă઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ̝ม ᑕϤ઼ົЧᛨ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦĄтܑ 2 ٙϯĂࡶ૟Ηᓁ௚‫ࠎ̶ט‬Ķкᛨ۞ᓁந ᓁ௚‫ט‬ķăĶ‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ķăĶкᛨ۞ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬ķăĶ‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁ௚ᛉ ົ‫ט‬ķα჌Ѩᙷ‫ݭ‬Ăкᛨ۞ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬дĶᓁ௚ᄃᓁநᝋ˧̶ֳķăĶᓁ௚ ᄃ઼ົᝋ˧πᏊķăĶϤ઼ົЧᛨ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦķ఺ˬ࣎ࢋІ࠰ਕ௑ЪĂᑕߏ ౵ਕ၁னВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ĄҌ‫׌ٺ‬ᛨ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ă‫׎‬дĶϤ઼ົ Чᛨ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦķ఺࣎ࢋІѣٙͣ৿ĂΩ‫ࢋ࣎׌‬І‫إ݋‬ਕ௑ЪĂ‫׎‬၁னВ ᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞඀‫ޘ‬ᅊ‫ٺ‬кᛨ۞ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ĄҌ‫ٺ‬кᛨ۞ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫݋ט‬υ൒ ̙௑ЪĶᓁ௚ᄃᓁநᝋ˧̶ֳķ఺࣎ࢋІĂΩγ‫ࢋ࣎׌‬Іਕӎ‫׍‬౯Ă‫݋‬ෛ ଳҖѩ‫઼ט‬छ۞‫׍‬វ‫ޘט‬నࢍᄃᓁ௚ᓝନ҃‫ؠ‬Ă఺჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬၁னВᙊϔ ͹۞඀‫˫ޘ‬ᅊ‫ٺ‬кᛨٕ‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ĄҌ‫׌ٺ‬ᛨ۞ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬υ൒൑ ‫ڱ‬௑ЪĶᓁ௚ᄃᓁநᝋ˧̶ֳķăĶϤ઼ົЧᛨ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦķ఺‫ࢋ࣎׌‬ІĂ Ķᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົᝋ˧πᏊķ఺࣎ࢋІਕӎ‫׍‬౯‫ؠ˘̙݋‬ĂืෛଳҖѩ‫઼̝ט‬ छ۞‫׍‬វ‫ޘט‬నࢍ҃‫ؠ‬Ă఺჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬౵൑‫ڱ‬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄፋវ ҃֏Ăα჌Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫ݭ‬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞඀‫੼ޘ‬ҲଵԔ˜ߏĈкᛨ۞ᓁ நᓁ௚‫ט‬ŵ‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ŵкᛨ۞ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬ŵ‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬Ą Ҍ‫׍ٺ‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ਕӎѣྵр۞߆‫ܑع‬னĂԧࣇΞͽ ଂᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚ᛉົ‫۞ט‬၁ᅫܑனΝವԱቢ৶Ąѣጯ۰‫ܮ‬೩΍‫׍‬វᇴ ፂ‫׶‬၁ᙋࡁտĂ޽΍༊݈͵ࠧ˯ଳҖᓁ௚ᛉົ‫઼̝ט‬छጳ߆ྻү൴Ϡ኏ ࡎ۞ଐ‫ڶ‬Ăፋវ҃֏ྵଳҖᓁநᛉົ‫઼۞ט‬छֽ଀‫ځ‬ពͷᚑࢦĂͷᓁ௚ ᛉົ‫઼ט‬छ۞ϔ͹ܑனፋវ҃֏̙тᓁநᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छĞElgie, 2007: 67-68ć

24

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

Moestrup, 2007: 41-43ğĄ 16 Ϥ‫׍ٺ‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ӈߏкᛨ۞ ᓁநᓁ௚‫ט‬Ă҃Б͵ࠧٙѣᓁநᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छ̚‫׌‬ᛨ‫઼۞ט‬छ‫׎‬၁ໂ͌Ă඗ ̂кᇴᓁந௚ᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छࠎкᛨ‫઼ט‬छĂ 17 Яѩଂ˯ࢗĶБ͵ࠧᓁநᓁ௚ ‫઼ט‬छ۞ϔ͹ܑனፋវ҃֏ᐹ‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫઼ט‬छķ۞ࡁտ൴னĂᑕΞ̂࡭ ଯᕝĂ‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᑕѣ̙᏾۞ϔ͹ܑனĄ࿅Νጯࠧ၆‫ٺ‬ ᓁநᓁ௚‫ࠎט‬ңᐹ‫ٺ‬ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬Чѣ̙Тኢࢗ៍ᕇĂҭ‫إ‬Ϗѣࡁտ޽΍ᓁ நᓁ௚‫ט‬ᄃВᙊϔ͹۞ᙯᓑّĂώ͛дѩ˜ߏͽ˘࣎࿅Νጯࠧྵ͌೩̈́۞ ֎‫ޘ‬Ν͹ૺᓁநᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ᐹ෸ّůᓁநᓁ௚‫ྵט‬ਕ၁னВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠĄ ܑ2

̙ТΗᓁ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫ݭ‬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞඀‫ޘ‬ кᛨ۞ᓁந ᓁ௚‫ט‬

‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁந ᓁ௚‫ט‬

кᛨ۞ᓁ௚ ᛉົ‫ט‬

‫׌‬ᛨ۞ᓁ௚ ᛉົ‫ט‬

ᓁ௚ᄃᓁநᝋ˧̶ֳ

Œ

Œ

Ű

Ű

ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົᝋ˧πᏊ

Œ

Œ

Œ ٕŰ

Œ ٕŰ

Ϥ઼ົЧᛨ௡ᓑЪ̰ᅦ

Œ

Ű

Œ ٕŰ

Ű

1 Ğ౵ָğ

2

3

4 Ğ౵मğ

၁னВᙊϔ͹۞඀‫ޘ‬ଵԔ ྤफ़ֽ໚Ĉү۰ҋᄦ

16

17

ॲፂȗoestrup (2007) ۞௚ࢍĂдٙѣଳҖΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬າᎸϔ͹઼छ̚Ăࢬᓜ̶ϲ߆‫ع‬ ۞ᓁநᓁ௚‫઼ט‬छѣ 14 ࣎Ă‫ ̚׎‬3 ઼࣎छ൴Ϡϔ͹૪ሚĂ߇ᓁநᓁ௚‫ࢬט‬ᓜ̶ϲ߆‫ع‬ ۞Ķϔ͹૪ሚதķߏ 21%Ğ= 3/14ğćࢬᓜ̶ϲ߆‫۞ع‬ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ט‬ѣ 9 ࣎Ă‫ ̚׎‬7 ઼࣎ छ൴Ϡϔ͹૪ሚĂ߇ᓁ௚ᛉົ‫ࢬט‬ᓜ̶ϲ߆‫۞ع‬Ķϔ͹૪ሚதķߏ 78%Ğ= 7/9ğĄಶѩ ࠻ֽĂ̶ϲ߆‫ع‬΍னдᓁ௚ᛉົ‫઼ט‬छֹ̝֭̚൴Ϡϔ͹૪ሚ۞፟தĂ૟‫ߏܕ‬ᓁநᓁ ௚‫઼ט‬छ۞ 4 ࢺĄ ॲፂඊ۰۞ᑭෛĂ༊݈͵ࠧ˯ᓁநᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ϔ͹઼छѣ๸гӀăܲΐӀֲăჯᇇ֎ă ҹᘲऄҘֲă‫ޓڌ‬զă‫܆‬ᜋă‫઼ڱ‬ăДफăຑႬᜋăϲ౜‫ؤ‬ă੺‫׎‬࿲ăᄋΟăᄋপκ ࣯ᘲă‫گ‬ᜋăཬ෈Ͱăᘲ੺κֲă๫Ⴌჯֲă೻ࠃЂҹă೻ࠃჯκֲඈ઼Ă‫่̚׎‬ѣ ჯᇇ֎ᄃᄋΟ۞߆ᛨវրࠎ‫׌‬ᛨ‫ט‬Ă‫઼΁׎‬छ۞߆ᛨវր࠰ࠎкᛨ‫ט‬Ą

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 65 ഇƟϔ઼ 104 ѐ 9 ͡

25

Ёăඕᄬ ࡶ݈͛Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬၁னВᙊϔ͹۞‫ޘט‬щଵֽᑭෛԧ઼༊݈۞ጳ߆វ ‫ט‬Ăົ൴னԧ઼༊݈۞ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ೀͼБ൒ͣ৿˯ࢗЧีࢋІĄְ၁˯Ăԧ ઼༊݈ጳ߆វ‫۞ט‬Чี‫ޘט‬నࢍ‫ځ‬ពઐШкᇴϔ͹ሀёĂВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠ ‫ܧ‬૱ᓠऴĞWu, 2013ğĄࢵАĂಶԧ઼Ᏼᓝ‫֏҃ޘט‬Ă઼ົᏴ‫֭ࠎט‬ϲё ಏ˘Ᏼડ‫׌‬ை‫ט‬Ğmixed-member majoritarian System, MMMĂᖎჍ֭ϲ‫ט‬ğ Ă ‫̚׎‬෹࿅˛ј۞यѨߏͽಏ˘Ᏼડ࠹၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ᏼ΍Ă่ѣ̙‫ˬז‬ј۞यѨ Ϥ߆ᛨЩಏּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬Ᏼ΍Ă߇ፋ઼࣎ົᏴ‫ૻܼט‬አкᇴϔ͹҃‫ܧ‬Вᙊϔ ͹۞ჟৠćᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ‫ࠎޘט‬ᛏ۰Бोჟৠ‫ܧ‬૱‫ځ‬ព۞࠹၆кᇴ‫ט‬Ă҃‫̈ܧ‬ ᛨ‫إ‬ѣᇆᜩ۩ม۞‫׌‬዇ՙᏴ‫ٕט‬ᏴፄԸை‫ט‬Ą߇ԧ઼઼ົᄃᓁ௚Ᏼ‫࠰ט‬ᛳ кᇴϔ͹ሀё˭۞Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬Ą‫׎‬ѨĂಶԧ઼઼ົᄃ̰ᅦ۞ᙯܼ҃֏Ăԧ઼ ઼ົ̚۞߆ᛨវրд֭ϲ‫۞ט‬Ᏼ‫ט‬ᇆᜩ˭ԛј‫׌‬ᛨ‫ט‬Ăд‫׌‬ᛨ‫ॾ۞ט‬Ԋ ˭Ă઼ົ̚хд඾यѨ࿅Η۞ಏ˘߆ᛨĂ߆‫ݭع‬ၗࠎࡎពкᇴϔ͹ჟৠ۞ ˘ᛨ̰ᅦĂ҃‫׍ྵܧ‬Вᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞ᓑЪ̰ᅦĄ ௐˬĂಶԧ઼ᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ۞ᙯܼ҃֏Ăጐგԧ઼ᓁ௚֭Ϗጾѣ͹જྋ ೸઼ົ۞ᝋ˧Ăҭᓁ௚ࣘЇે߆ᛨ͹यĂᓁ௚଀ͽ౅࿅ᛨᅾ̶֗มତ޽೭ ઼ົྻүĂᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝ม৿ͻᝋ˧πᏊ۞পҒĂ֭ϏၓពВᙊϔ͹۞ჟ ৠĄௐαĂಶԧ઼ᓁ௚데೥۞ᙯܼ҃֏Ăԧ઼ᅦ೥Ϥᓁ௚ۡତЇ‫׻‬Ă઼ ົ၆ᅦ೥ࣧώጾѣ۞ˠְТຍᝋд࣒ጳ‫ޢ‬జ‫פ‬ঐĄд၁ᅫྻү˯Ă่̙Ї ‫׻‬ᅦ೥ߏᓁ௚ҋҖ፾ᕝ۞ᝋ˧Ă̙ืநົϲ‫۞ੰڱ‬ຍԠĂͷᓁ௚၆ᅦ೥Ϻ ጾѣҺᖚᝋĂᓁ௚데೥д၁ᅫྻү˯ԛј˯˭۞͹ଂᙯܼĄጐგԧ઼ጳ ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ᅦ೥ጾѣઘཌᝋĂҭдᓁ௚၆ᅦ೥ጾѣЇҺᝋĂͷᅦ೥ҋ‫ࠎا‬ᓁ௚ ˭ᛳ۞ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăᅦ೥౅࿅ઘཌᝋ଀ͽ஝‫ט‬ᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞‫ޘט‬Αਕ֭ϏၓពĄ ѩγĂԧ઼ᓁ௚데೥ᝋ˧ቑಛ۞ࠧቢ‫ܧ‬૱ሀቘĂᓁ௚่̙͹ೠ઼֨ăγ Ϲă‫ְث׌‬ચඈᅳાĂ၆‫ٺ‬ᅦ೥͹ೠ۞˘ਠໄ߁ّҖ߆ᅳા˵ΞᐌॡᏴፄ ّг̬ˢĂ߇ԧ઼ᓁ௚데೥̝ม৿ͻ‫ځ‬ቁ۞ᝋ˧̶ֳĂВᙊϔ͹۞ჟৠ ̙֭ၓពĄЯѩፋវ៍၅ԧ઼༊݈۞ጳ߆វ‫ט‬Ă‫׍‬ѣВᙊϔ͹ჟৠ۞Ηᓁ ௚‫ט‬ٙื‫׍‬౯۞‫ޘט‬щଵĂኜтֹ̈ᛨѣϠх۩ม۞઼ົᄃᓁ௚Ᏼ‫ט‬ăᓑ

26

Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬тң၁னВᙊϔ͹ĉ

ᛂ̄ಕ

Ъ̰ᅦ۞߆‫ݭع‬ၗăᓁ௚ᄃ઼ົ̝ม۞ᝋ˧πᏊăᓁ௚데೥ม̝ม۞ᝋ ˧̶ֳĂдԧ઼ԆБ;̝ᗒтĄԧ઼༊݈ጳ߆ྻү˯۞Ч჌ใ෪Ăͽ̈́ۤ ົЧࠧ၆‫ٺ‬ϫ݈ጳ߆វ‫ט‬ኜк۞Բෞᄃ‫ܧ‬ᛉĂߙ჌඀‫˯ޘ‬ϒߏԧ઼ጳ߆វ ‫ט‬నࢍ‫ن‬ரВᙊϔ͹ჟৠĂ͉࿅ૻአкᇴϔ͹ჟৠٙౄј۞৿εĄ т‫ڍ‬ԧࣇٚᄮέ៉ߏ˘࣎‫׍‬ѣ˘‫ڡ̶ؠ‬඀‫۞ޘ‬к̶̮‫ົۤڡ‬Ă֭វᄮ ‫ז‬ԧ઼༊݈̙Т߆ᛨᄃ୉ཏ̝มᙯ‫઼ٺ‬छᄮТă௚፾ϲಞͽ̈́ࢦ̳̂В߆ ඉ۞኏ࡎϬ࠼Ă൑‫౅ڱ‬࿅Ķ̣Ȉΐ˘ķ۞кᇴՙࣧ‫݋‬ଵੵ͌ᇴຍ֍҃ۡତ ྋՙĂ҃ѣυࢋ౅࿅Ч჌‫ޘט‬щଵৼˢႽΞਕкᇴ۞ຍ֍ĂВᙊϔ͹۞ந ‫଀ࣃܮه‬ӍˠࢦෛĂВᙊϔ͹ٙૻአ۞‫ޘט‬щଵ‫଀ࣃܮ‬ԧࣇдซҖጳ߆Լ ࢭॡ̟ͽણ੩Ąᓁ̝Ăώ͛ᑕྍਕдநኢᄃ၁ચ˯೩ֱֻ຋੒ᚥĄдநኢ ˯Ăώ͛۞ጯఙᆊࣃ̂‫ٯ‬ѣˬĈ˘ߏྃ· Lijphart ᛚࢗкᇴϔ͹ᄃВᙊϔ ͹ॡ‫ن‬ரΗᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ᗒ႒ć˟ߏ૟Ηᓁ௚‫ࡁ۞ט‬տᄃВᙊϔ͹۞ࡁտઇ˞ ాඕćˬߏдΗᓁ௚‫ט‬Ѩᙷ‫ࡁ۞ݭ‬տ̚ĂͽВᙊϔ͹۞֎‫ޘ‬ቁᄮᓁநᓁ௚ ‫۞఺ט‬ᐹ෸ّĄд၁ચ˯Ăώ͛၆‫ٺ‬Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬ᑕтң၁னϔ͹ٙ೩΍۞‫ט‬ ‫ޙޘ‬ၹĂᑕΞүࠎԧ઼༊݈ۤົЧࠧ‫ޥ‬Ᏸጳ߆Լࢭᛉᗟॡ۞ણ҂Ą

ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ‫ڒ‬ᚶ͛Ă2012Ă IJ߆‫ع‬វ‫ט‬ăᏴᓝ‫ޘט‬ᄃ߆ᛨវրijĂՔѣ‫م‬ăӓϜ̋ĞበğĂ Įᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎‫࠻ޘ‬Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬įĂέΔĈ̣‫ݑ‬ဦ३̳ΦĂࢱ 291-339Ą ӓϜ̋Ă2012ĂIJΗᓁ௚‫ט‬ĈБ஧൴णᄃࡁտᛉ඀ijĂՔѣ‫م‬ăӓϜ̋ĞበğĂ Įᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎‫࠻ޘ‬Ηᓁ௚‫ט‬į ĂέΔĈ̣‫ݑ‬ဦ३̳ΦĂࢱ 1-28Ą ӓᏐाĂ2006ĂIJᏴ‫ט‬Լត۞ᇆᜩůଂ SNTV ‫ז‬Ķ֭ϲёಏ˘Ᏼડ‫׌‬ை‫ט‬ķijĂ ӓࢦᖃăӓϜ̋ĞበğĂĮጳ߆ԼࢭĈࡦഀăྻүᄃᇆᜩįĂέΔĈ̣‫ݑ‬ ဦ३̳ΦĂࢱ 271-303Ą ౘछಈĂ2006ĂIJϔ͹ᙷ‫ݭ‬ᄃ߆‫ع‬ᒻड़ĈՂ೼‫ݣ‬প۞ϔ͹̶ᙷijĂĮ˟Ȉ˘͵ ࡔįĂ49: 155-159Ą ోϒ‫ܪ‬Ă2012Ă IJဥඕέ៉ĂᔙШ̂ᓑЪ߆‫ع‬ijĂ࡚ᚊफ࿪̄ಡĂhttp://www.myformosa.com/article.aspx?cid=5&id=20635Ă2014/8/5Ą

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เᐅૅăጌछჯĂ2012Ă IJُ‫ھ‬ᖡୢܲĂችާ٦̂ᓑЪij ĂᓑЪಡĂ1/12ĂA25Ą ᛂ̄ಕĂ2013ĂIJࣘट֭ᄊٕ޸྅˯ྮĉ— ଂ̰ᅦ‫ט‬ᄃᓁ௚‫ט‬ᐹК᜜ኢᑭෛ Ηᓁ௚‫۞ט‬ӀၑijĂĮᄂ៉ϔ͹‫؞‬ΏįĂ10(4): 1-48Ą ᛂ̄ಕăͳຽϲĂ2013ĂIJᏴፄԸை‫ט‬ᄃࡻ઼઼ົᏴ‫ט‬ԼࢭijĂĮ‫ڌ‬ӓ߆‫ڼ‬ጯ ಡįĂ31(2): 71-137Ą

˟ăࡻ͛ొ̶ Bormann, Nils-Christian. 2010. “Patterns of Democracy and Its Critics.” in http:// democracy.livingreviews.org/index.php/lrd/article/viewFile/lrd-2010-3/24. Latest update 5 August 2014. Bühlmann, M, M Germann, and A Vatter. 2011. “The Multidimensionality of Democracy: Institutional Patterns and Democratic Quality: Lijphart’s Democratic Quality Thesis Revisited.” in http://www.zora.uzh.ch/54827/1/Lijphart_Multidimensional_B% C3%BChlmann_et_al.pdf. Latest update 5 August 2014. Duverger, Maurice. 1966. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. Trans. Barbara and Robert North. New York: Wiley. Elgie, Robert. 2007. “Varieties of Semi-Presidentialism and Their Impact on Nascent Democracies.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 3(2): 53-71. Flanagan, Tom. 2001. “The Alternative Vote.” Policy Options 22(6): 37-40. Horowitz, Donald L. 1991. Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Horowitz, Donald L. 2000. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Horowitz, Donald L. 2008. “Conciliatory Institutions and Constitutional Processes in Post-Conflict States.” William and Mary Law Review 49(4): 33-49. Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng. 2013. “Arend Lijphart and Consociationalism.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy Special Issue: 87-101. Kaiser, André. 1997. “Types of Democracy: From Classical to New Institutionalism.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 9(4): 419-444. Lijphart, Arend. 1969. “Consociational Democracy.” World Politics 2(2): 207-225. Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Lijphart, Arend. 2004. “Constitutional Design for Divided Societies.” Journal of Democracy 15(2): 96-109. Moestrup, Sophia. 2007. “Semi-Presidentialism in Young Democracies: Help or

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Hindrance?” In Semi-Presidentialism Outside Europe, eds. Robert Elgie and Sophia Moestrup. London: Routledge, 30-55. Pasquino, Gianfranco. 2000. “Patterns of Democracy, Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries.” West European Politics 23(3): 232-233. Punnett, R. M. 1991. “The Alternative Vote Re-visited.” Electoral Studies 10(4): 281-298. Reilly, Benjamin. 1997. “The Alternative Vote and Ethnic Accommodation: New Evidence from Papua New Guinea.” Electoral Studies 16(1): 1-11. Reilly, Benjamin. 2002. “Electoral Systems for Divided Societies.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 156-170. Reilly, Benjamin. 2006. Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific. Oxford: Oxford University. Shugart, Matthew Søberg. 2005. “Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns.” French Politics 3: 323-351. Shugart, Matthew Søberg and John M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vatter, Adrian. 2009. “Lijphart Expanded: Three Dimensions of Democracy in Advanced OECD Countries?” European Political Science Review 1(1): 125-154. Whitehead, Laurence. 2013. “The Westminster System: ‘Modle’ or ‘Muddle’?” Taiwan Journal of Democracy Special Issue: 9-38. William, Brian D. 2013 “How Consensual Are Consensus Democracies? A Reconsideration of the Consensus/Majoritarian Dichotomy and a Comparison of Legislative Roll-Call Vote Consensus Levels from Sixteen Countries.” in http://www.democracy.uci.edu/files/democracy/docs/conferences/grad/Williams %20-%20Consensus%20Democracies.pdf. Latest update 5 August 2014. Wu, Yu-shan. 2013. “Comparing Taiwan and the CEE Trio: The Impact of Social and Institutional Factors on Democracy.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy Special Issue: 87-101.

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How is Consensus Democracy Realized under Semi-Presidentialism?* Tzu-chiao Su**

Abstract Arend Lijphart divides democracy into two patterns, majoritarian democracy and consensus democracy, and sorts out the different kinds of political institutions into these two patterns. Lijphart’s analysis is highly valued and praised by scholars of comparative politics; however, semi-presidentialism was unfortunately omitted in his analysis. This paper tries to fill the gaps in Lijphart’s analysis where semipresidentialism is neglected, studying how to fully embody the spirit of consensus democracy under semi-presidentialism. This paper argues that consensus democracy will be adequately realized under semi-presidentialism if the president’s and parliament’s powers can be balanced, the president’s and prime minister’s powers can be shared, and the coalition cabinet formed by each and every major party in the parliament can be established. Such triangular relationship between the president, parliament and cabinet can be built through the following institutional arrangements. Proportional representation or mixed-member proportional system should be adopted for the parliamentary election. The presidential electoral system should be a runoff vote or an alternative vote. The parliament should have the power of consent over the appointment of the prime minister, and the president should not have the power to proactively dissolve the parliament or the power to remove the prime minister. Furthermore, the prime minister should be provided with the comprehensive power of countersignature, and the scope of authority for the president and prime minister should also be clearly defined. Keywords: Consensus Democracy, Majoritarian Democracy, Constitutional System, Semi-presidentialism

* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.65 (1-30) ** Tzu-chiao Su is an associate

professor of the department of Public Administration and Management, Chinese Culture University. E-mail: [email protected]

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