Recycling
Recycling Ashley Winkey, Shawn Brown & Shaunise Hasting Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Daniela Syed Stevenson University, Stevenson, Maryland
Introduction
Results
Discussion
To recycle is to convert something into something reusable. According to Clayton (2011), the human population on earth has grown more in the last 50 years than it did in the previous four million years. Tons of trash is discarded on a daily bases. It is very important to recycle to reduce harmful chemicals in the air, deforestation, the destruction of forests and increase energy. There are a lot of places that focus on recycling; such as, schools. Schools stress the importance of recycling to help train
When comparing men and woman the results show that ratings of attraction of the woman in the white shirt (M = 4.69, SD = 1.23) were lower than ratings of attraction for the same woman wearing the red shirt (M = 4.96, SD = 1.06), t(85) = -1.06, p = .29, d = -.23 (See Table 1). The ratings of attraction of the man wearing the white shirt (M = 4.92, SD = 1.60) were lower than the ratings of attraction of the same man wearing the red shirt (M = 4.96, SD = 1.50) (See Table 2), t (85) = -.13, p = .90, d = -.03.
The lack of significance for the test may be due to participants rating against their sexual preference. Participants may feel uncomfortable when rating a gender that they are not comfortable with. This could have caused participants to rate the models as less attractive than most would assume.
up the generation to create a healthy environment. Several studies have been conducted to better understand how college students responding to seeing the proper disposal bins and properly discharge trash (Kelly, T. C., Mason, I. G., Leiss, M. W., & Ganesh, S., 2005; Lee, E. B., 2008; Lounsbury, M., 2001; O’connor, R. T., Lerman, D. C., Fritz, J. N., & Hodde, H. B., 2010; Schurtz, W., P., Oskamp, S., & Maineri, T., 1995; Smyth, D. P., Fredeen, A. L., & Booth, A. L., 2010). The purpose of this study is to observe college students action to recycle properly within campus cafes.
Figure 1. Bar graph of college students’ (N=60) percentage of recycling by gender.
Figure 2. Bar graph of college students’ (N=60) percentage of recycling by ethnicity.
Hypothesis College students’ who see the proper recycling bins, signs and awareness to recycle will properly dispose their trash accordingly.
Method • • • • •
A convenience sample of 60 undergraduate students from Stevenson University cafeterias; Rockland, Mustang Corral and Pandinis were a part of the observational study. Students were observed and recorded of the success to properly discard paper or plastic into the correct disposable bin, ethnicity and gender. Recording scale consisted of a “y”; properly recycling, and “x”; failure to properly recycle, abbreviations. Students gender is indicated along with their possible ethnicity. The data were then coded and entered into SPSS. A t-test was conducted in order to compute the results.
The purpose of this study was to further examine the influence of the color red on physical attraction. It was predicted that participants would rate the models in red as more attractive. In this study, the models pictured in red were rated higher than those in white, but this difference was not statistically significant. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported by the results.
In conclusion, the results of this study are not congruent with previous studies which suggested that the color red increases attraction. Although the results of this study are not significant, when compared with previous studies it is likely that individuals wearing red are perceived as more attractive. Perhaps, this was not found in the current study due to the small sample size. This research as well as future research will contribute to knowledge about the red effect and whom it does and does not effect. Elliot et al. (2010), suggests that red increases attraction while Tanaka & Tokuno (2011) suggest that red causes avoidance motivation and the present study does not confirm or deny either. The mixed results of the previous literature as well as the present study suggests that there is much more to learn about the influence of the color red on attraction.
References Figure 3. Bar graph of percentage of properly material disposed by type of material.
Table 1. The means and standard deviations of results for the female. Shirt Color
N
M
SD
White
36
4.70
1.24
Red
50
4.96
1.07
Table 2. The means and standard deviations of results for the male. Shirt Color
N
M
SD
White
36
4.92
1.60
Red
50
4.96
1.50
Kelly, T. C., Mason, I. G., Leiss, M. W., & Ganesh, S. (2005). Elsevier. University Community Responses to On-Campus Resource Recycling, 47, 42-55. Lee, E. B. (2008). Journal Of Environmental Education. Environmental Attitudes and Information Sources among African American College Students, 40, 29-42. Lounsbury, M. (2001). Administrative Science Quarterly. Institutional Sources of Practice Variation: Staffing College and University Recycling Programs, 46, 29-56. O’connor, R. T., Lerman, D. C., Fritz, J. N., & Hodde, H. B. (2010). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Effects of Number and Location of Bins on Plastic Recycling at a University, 43, 711-715. Schurtz, W., P., Oskamp, S., & Maineri, T. (1995). Journal of environmental psychology. Who Recycles and When? A Review of Personal and Situational Factors, 15, 105-121. Smyth, D. P., Fredeen, A. L., & Booth, A. L. (2010). Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Reducing solid waste in higher education: The first step towards ‘greening’ a university campus, 54, 1007-1016.
Introduction
Results
Discussion
To recycle is to convert something into something reusable. According to Clayton (2011), the human population on earth has grown more in the last 50 years than it did in the previous four million years. Tons of trash is discarded on a daily bases. It is very important to recycle to reduce harmful chemicals in the air, deforestation, the destruction of forests and increase energy. There are a lot of places that focus on recycling; such as, schools. Schools stress the importance of recycling to help train
When comparing men and woman the results show that ratings of attraction of the woman in the white shirt (M = 4.69, SD = 1.23) were lower than ratings of attraction for the same woman wearing the red shirt (M = 4.96, SD = 1.06), t(85) = -1.06, p = .29, d = -.23 (See Table 1). The ratings of attraction of the man wearing the white shirt (M = 4.92, SD = 1.60) were lower than the ratings of attraction of the same man wearing the red shirt (M = 4.96, SD = 1.50) (See Table 2), t (85) = -.13, p = .90, d = -.03.
The lack of significance for the test may be due to participants rating against their sexual preference. Participants may feel uncomfortable when rating a gender that they are not comfortable with. This could have caused participants to rate the models as less attractive than most would assume.
up the generation to create a healthy environment. Several studies have been conducted to better understand how college students responding to seeing the proper disposal bins and properly discharge trash (Kelly, T. C., Mason, I. G., Leiss, M. W., & Ganesh, S., 2005; Lee, E. B., 2008; Lounsbury, M., 2001; O’connor, R. T., Lerman, D. C., Fritz, J. N., & Hodde, H. B., 2010; Schurtz, W., P., Oskamp, S., & Maineri, T., 1995; Smyth, D. P., Fredeen, A. L., & Booth, A. L., 2010). The purpose of this study is to observe college students action to recycle properly within campus cafes.
Figure 1. Bar graph of college students’ (N=60) percentage of recycling by gender.
Figure 2. Bar graph of college students’ (N=60) percentage of recycling by ethnicity.
Hypothesis College students’ who see the proper recycling bins, signs and awareness to recycle will properly dispose their trash accordingly.
Method • • • • •
A convenience sample of 60 undergraduate students from Stevenson University cafeterias; Rockland, Mustang Corral and Pandinis were a part of the observational study. Students were observed and recorded of the success to properly discard paper or plastic into the correct disposable bin, ethnicity and gender. Recording scale consisted of a “y”; properly recycling, and “x”; failure to properly recycle, abbreviations. Students gender is indicated along with their possible ethnicity. The data were then coded and entered into SPSS. A t-test was conducted in order to compute the results.
The purpose of this study was to further examine the influence of the color red on physical attraction. It was predicted that participants would rate the models in red as more attractive. In this study, the models pictured in red were rated higher than those in white, but this difference was not statistically significant. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported by the results.
In conclusion, the results of this study are not congruent with previous studies which suggested that the color red increases attraction. Although the results of this study are not significant, when compared with previous studies it is likely that individuals wearing red are perceived as more attractive. Perhaps, this was not found in the current study due to the small sample size. This research as well as future research will contribute to knowledge about the red effect and whom it does and does not effect. Elliot et al. (2010), suggests that red increases attraction while Tanaka & Tokuno (2011) suggest that red causes avoidance motivation and the present study does not confirm or deny either. The mixed results of the previous literature as well as the present study suggests that there is much more to learn about the influence of the color red on attraction.
References Figure 3. Bar graph of percentage of properly material disposed by type of material.
Table 1. The means and standard deviations of results for the female. Shirt Color
N
M
SD
White
36
4.70
1.24
Red
50
4.96
1.07
Table 2. The means and standard deviations of results for the male. Shirt Color
N
M
SD
White
36
4.92
1.60
Red
50
4.96
1.50
Kelly, T. C., Mason, I. G., Leiss, M. W., & Ganesh, S. (2005). Elsevier. University Community Responses to On-Campus Resource Recycling, 47, 42-55. Lee, E. B. (2008). Journal Of Environmental Education. Environmental Attitudes and Information Sources among African American College Students, 40, 29-42. Lounsbury, M. (2001). Administrative Science Quarterly. Institutional Sources of Practice Variation: Staffing College and University Recycling Programs, 46, 29-56. O’connor, R. T., Lerman, D. C., Fritz, J. N., & Hodde, H. B. (2010). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Effects of Number and Location of Bins on Plastic Recycling at a University, 43, 711-715. Schurtz, W., P., Oskamp, S., & Maineri, T. (1995). Journal of environmental psychology. Who Recycles and When? A Review of Personal and Situational Factors, 15, 105-121. Smyth, D. P., Fredeen, A. L., & Booth, A. L. (2010). Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Reducing solid waste in higher education: The first step towards ‘greening’ a university campus, 54, 1007-1016.
